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1
Haites, Ruth E., Anne E. Watt, Derek A. Russell, and Helen Billman-Jacobe. "Infection of Slugs with Theronts of the Ciliate Protozoan, Tetrahymena rostrata." Microorganisms 9, no. 9 (2021): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9091970.
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Tetrahymena rostrata is a free-living ciliated protozoan and is a facultative parasite of some species of terrestrial mollusks. It is a potential biopesticide of pest slugs, such as the grey field slug, which cause considerable damage to crops. T. rostrata has several developmental forms. Homogeneous preparations of the feeding stage cells (trophonts) and excysted stage cells (theronts) were compared for their ability to infect and kill Deroceras reticulatum slugs. Theronts were more effective and remained viable and infective, even after prolonged starvation.
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Dively, Galen P., and Terrence Patton. "An Evaluation of Cultural and Chemical Control Practices to Reduce Slug Damage in No-till Corn." Insects 13, no. 3 (2022): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13030277.
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Slugs, primarily the gray garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Müller), are the most damaging non-arthropod pest of corn grown in conservation tillage systems in the US. These mollusks favor decaying plant residue on the soil surface, which provides food, shelter and optimum microenvironmental conditions for their development and survival. Here, field plot experiments evaluated several cultural and chemical control practices to suppress slug activity and feeding injury during early seedling growth. The use of row cleaners to remove surface residue over the seed row and starter fertilizer applied different ways during planting significantly reduced the percentage and severity of plants damaged by slugs by negatively affecting their activity around emerging seedlings and providing more favorable conditions for plants to outgrow and tolerate feeding injury. As rescue treatments, reduced rates of a 4% molluscicide bait applied as a directed band over the seed row, and broadcasted solutions of urea-based nitrogen applied under calm winds at night provided effective slug control. Practical considerations of these treatments are discussed, as well as changes in weather patterns and current planting practices that have had contrasting effects on slug populations and their potential damage.
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Tan, Li, and Parwinder S. Grewal. "Endotoxin Activity of Moraxella osloensis against the Grey Garden Slug, Deroceras reticulatum." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 8 (2002): 3943–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.8.3943-3947.2002.
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ABSTRACT Moraxella osloensis is a gram-negative bacterium associated with Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, a slug-parasitic nematode that has prospects for biological control of mollusk pests, especially the grey garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum. This bacterium-feeding nematode acts as a vector that transports M. osloensis into the shell cavity of the slug, and the bacterium is the killing agent in the nematode-bacterium complex. We discovered that M. osloensis produces an endotoxin(s), which is tolerant to heat and protease treatments and kills the slug after injection into the shell cavity. Washed or broken cells treated with penicillin and streptomycin from 3-day M. osloensis cultures were more pathogenic than similar cells from 2-day M. osloensis cultures. However, heat and protease treatments and 2 days of storage at 22°C increased the endotoxin activity of the young broken cells but not the endotoxin activity of the young washed cells treated with the antibiotics. This suggests that there may be a proteinaceous substance(s) that is structurally associated with the endotoxin(s) and masks its toxicity in the young bacterial cells. Moreover, 2 days of storage of the young washed bacterial cells at 22°C enhanced their endotoxin activity if they were not treated with the antibiotics. Furthermore, purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the 3-day M. osloensis cultures was toxic to slugs, with an estimated 50% lethal dose of 48 μg per slug, thus demonstrating that the LPS of M. osloensis is an endotoxin that is active against D. reticulatum. This appears to be the first report of a biological toxin that is active against mollusks.
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Remezok, M., T. M. Kolombar, O. V. Parhomenko, and V. V. Brygadyrenko. "Influence of aromatic substances on locomotor activity of Deroceras agreste slugs." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 3 (2022): 247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022232.
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The global climate changes are causing an increase in the number and harmfulness of slugs. Deroceras agreste (Linnaeus, 1758) (Stylommatophora, Agriolimacidae) is a polyphagous phytophage that damages over 150 species of plants, including many vegetables, cultivated berries and grasses. Other than decrease in yield, slugs cause deterioration of consumer qualities of the products, promote infections of plants, and are intermediate hosts of some parasites of mammals and birds. Thus, slugs impose great losses on agricultural farming, and therefore the objective of our study was determining the variability of locomotor activity of D. agreste slugs in reaction to aromatic substances. We determined repellent or attractive effects of those substances for the purpose of further using the obtained data for plant protection. We tested 52 substances and their mixtures, which were conditionally divided into the following groups: chemical solvents, plant extracts, aromatizers, organic acids and synthetic cosmetic additives. Only dimethyl sulfoxide could be identified as an attractant. All the rest of the substances increased the speed of the slugs to various degrees, but had no significant effect on the direction of the animals’ movement. Gasoline increased the speed of the slugs’ movement by 3.20 times, xylene by 4.56. The most effective organic acids and aromatizers to increase the moving speed of slugs were avobenzone and formic acid: the first caused a 2.83-fold increase in the moving speed, the other a 3.16-fold increase. Only one of 13 aromatic substances changed the direction of the slugs’ movement during the experiment – β-ionone. As with the plant extracts, the highest effect on locomotor activity of slugs was exerted by tree bark of Quillaja saponaria (3.64-fold) and Aesculus hippocastanum extract (4.33-fold). Furthermore, together with Capsicum frutescens, they changed the direction the mollusks were moving in, and therefore could be used as repellents. Synthetic cosmetic additives hydrolyzed silk and chrysalide oil exerted the greatest effects on the lcomotor activity of slugs (3.16 and 3.20 times, respectively). A total of 78.6% of the slugs moved away from chrysalide oil, and thus this oil may be suggested as a repellent, as well as mousse de babassu and cocamidopropyl betaine (84.6% and 78.6%, respectively). Therefore, a large amount of the tested substances to one or another extent made the slugs move faster, but most of them did not alter the direction in which the slugs were moving.
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Chichvarkhin, Anton. "Shallow water sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from the northwestern coast of the Sea of Japan, north of Peter the Great Bay, Russia." PeerJ 4 (December 8, 2016): e2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2774.
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The coast of northern Primorye region, north of Peter the Great Bay has been sparsely studied in regards to its molluscan fauna, with just a few works reviewing the distribution of local mollusks. This work presents a survey of the shallow water heterobranch sea slugs currently occurring around Kievka Bay to Oprichnik Bay, Russia. Thirty-nine species of sea slugs were found in this study and the new speciesCadlina olgaesp. nov., described herein. Most (24) of the species occurring in the area have widespread ranges in the northern Pacific Ocean. The eight species are endemic for the Sea of Japan and adjacent part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Seven other occur also in northern Atlantic and Arctic waters. Thirteen found species are not known from Peter the Great Bay but known from adjacent northern Pacific waters. The finding of a previously undescribed species emphasizes the need of further surveys, particularly in subtidal and deeper waters, in order to improve the knowledge on this neglected fauna in Primorye.
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Araya, Juan Francisco, and Ángel Valdés. "Shallow water heterobranch sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) from the Región de Atacama, northern Chile." PeerJ 4 (May 2, 2016): e1963. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1963.
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The coast of northern Chile has been sparsely studied in regards to its invertebrate fauna, with just a few works reviewing the distribution of local mollusks. This work presents a survey of the shallow water heterobranch sea slugs currently occurring around the port of Caldera (27 °S), in the Región de Atacama, northern Chile. Eight species of sea slugs were found in this study:Aplysiopsiscf.brattstroemi(Marcus, 1959),Baptodoris peruviana(d’Orbigny, 1837),Diaulula variolata(d’Orbigny, 1837),Doris fontainiid’Orbigny, 1837,Onchidella marginata(Couthouy in Gould, 1852),Phidiana lottini(Lesson, 1831),Tyrinna delicata(Abraham, 1877) and the new speciesBerthella schroedlisp. nov., described herein. All of the species found in the area are endemic to South America, having distributions in the southeastern Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans, from Ancash, Perú to Peninsula Valdés, Argentina, and two of them represent species which are endemic to the Chilean coasts (Aplysiopsiscf.brattstroemiandBerthella schroedli). The finding of a previously undescribed species emphasizes the need of further surveys, particularly in subtidal and deeper waters, in order to improve the knowledge on this neglected fauna in Atacama.
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Furfaro, Giulia, Fabio Vitale, Cataldo Licchelli, and Paolo Mariottini. "Two Seas for One Great Diversity: Checklist of the Marine Heterobranchia (Mollusca; Gastropoda) from the Salento Peninsula (South-East Italy)." Diversity 12, no. 5 (2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12050171.
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The Salento peninsula is a portion of the Italian mainland separating two distinct Mediterranean basins, the Ionian and the Adriatic seas. Several authors have studied the marine Heterobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) fauna composition living in the Ionian Sea, but to date further knowledge regarding this interesting group of mollusks is still needed. Recent studies have corroborated the peculiarity of the Mediterranean Sea showing high levels of endemism and cryptic diversity. On the other hand, marine sea slugs have been revealed to be important indicators of the marine ecosystem’s health, due to their species-specific diet that consist of a vast variety of sessile and benthic invertebrates. A baseline study of the marine Heterobranchia diversity is therefore a necessary step to reveal the hidden diversity and to monitor the possible presence of alien species. The present study shows results from approximately 600 scientific dives carried out during a nine-year period in all of the main submarine habitats of the studied area, while accounting for the marine Heterobranchia from both the Ionian and Adriatic Seas. With this contribution, the list of marine Heterobranchia inhabiting the Salento Peninsula rises to 160. Furthermore, it also reports, for the first time, the presence of one alien species and three new records for Italian waters. Ecological notes and geographical distribution for each added species are provided together with animal iconography, consisting mainly of in situ photographs, for species identification.
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Qvarnstrom, Yvonne, James J. Sullivan, Henry S. Bishop, Robert Hollingsworth, and Alexandre J. da Silva. "PCR-Based Detection of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Tissue and Mucus Secretions from Molluscan Hosts." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 5 (2006): 1415–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01968-06.
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ABSTRACT Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a common cause of human eosinophilic meningitis. Recent outbreaks of this infection have shown that there is a need to determine the distribution of this nematode in the environment in order to control transmission. A. cantonensis is generally identified morphologically in the molluscan intermediate host by microscopic examination, which can be labor-intensive. The aim of this study was to develop a PCR-based method to detect A. cantonensis directly from molluscan tissue. A total of 34 Parmarion cf. martensi (Simroth) semislugs, 25 of which were naturally infected with A. cantonensis, were used to develop this assay. Tissue pieces (approximately 25 mg) were digested with pepsin-HCl to recover third-stage larvae for morphological identification or were used for DNA extraction. PCR primers were designed to amplify 1,134 bp from the Angiostrongylus 18S rRNA gene, and the amplicons produced were sequenced for identification at the species level. Both microscopy and the PCR-DNA sequencing analysis indicated that the same 25 semislugs were positive for A. cantonensis, showing that the two methods were equally sensitive and specific for this application. However, morphological detection requires access to living mollusks, whereas molecular analysis can also be performed with frozen tissue. The PCR-DNA sequencing method was further evaluated using tissue from Veronicella cubensis (Pfeiffer) slugs and mucus secretions from infected P. martensi. To our knowledge, this is the first use of a PCR-based method to confirm the presence of A. cantonensis in mollusks collected in the environment.
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Barua, Archita, Christopher D. Williams, and Jenna L. Ross. "A Literature Review of Biological and Bio-Rational Control Strategies for Slugs: Current Research and Future Prospects." Insects 12, no. 6 (2021): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060541.
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Terrestrial gastropod molluscs (slugs and snails) (Mollusca: Gastropoda) cause significant crop damage around the world. There is no formal approach for differentiating between slugs and snails; however, an organism is usually considered a slug when there is no external shell, or when the shell is small in comparison to the body, and a snail when there is a large external shell. Although snails are an important pest of many crops, this review focuses on slug pests and their nonchemical control measures. A recent study by the UK Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board concluded that the failure to control slugs could cost the UK agriculture industry over GBP 100 million annually, with similar figures reported around the world. Whilst slugs are mostly controlled using chemical molluscicide products, some actives have come under scrutiny due to their detrimental environmental effects and impact on nontarget organisms. This has resulted in the ban of actives such as methiocarb in the UK and EU, and, more recently, the ban of metaldehyde in the UK. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find alternative and effective nontoxic solutions in the interest of global food security. In this paper, we have integrated extant literature on the three main biological control agents of slugs, namely nematodes, carabid beetles and sciomyzid flies, and various promising bio-rational slug control strategies. The review also highlights current research gaps and indicates some relevant potential future directions towards developing environmentally benign slug control solutions.
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Toso, Yann, Francesco Martini, Agnese Riccardi, and Giulia Furfaro. "Unraveling the Sea Slug Fauna from an Extremely Variable Environment, The ‘Passetto’ Rocky Tide Pools (North Adriatic Sea)." Water 16, no. 12 (2024): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16121687.
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The Mediterranean Sea is known to be a hot spot for marine biodiversity, especially if considering the highly specialized Heterobranchia mollusks. In recent years, there has been increasing effort to fill some knowledge gaps existing on Mediterranean heterobranch diversity, but, to date, several potentially interesting habitats remain unexplored. In fact, most studies have been focused on sea slugs inhabiting coastal areas and lakes, but those living in extremely variable areas like Mediterranean rocky tide pools remain almost completely ignored even if it is reported worldwide that they can host a high sea slug diversity. In this context, the rocky tide pool system near the ‘Passetto’ urban beach (Ancona, Italy) in the North Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea) represents a biodiversity hot spot, highlighting the importance of the conservation of this peculiar habitat. A preliminary quantitative survey on the associated Heterobranchia unveiled a thriving community residing in this limited and fragile habitat, and it inspired a more detailed investigation as performed in the present study. In order to reveal the presence of species that have gone unnoticed, an in-depth study was carried out between 2018 and 2022, which aimed to amplify the knowledge on this vulnerable environment and the fauna associated with this as yet poorly known habitat. Tide pooling activities corroborated by photographic analyses allowed the recording of 45 taxa in total and the addition of 25 species to the previously known list. Within those, (i) two species were potentially new to science, (ii) one was recorded in the Mediterranean Sea for the first time, (iii) two species were added to the Italian fauna, and (iv) one species constituted a new record for Sector 9 of the Italian Seas.
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Ali, Reham Fathey, and David Gwyn Robinson. "Four records of new to Egypt gastropod species including the first reported Tropical Leatherleaf slug Laevicaulis alte (d’A. de Férussac, 1822) (Pulmonata: Veronicellidae)." Zoology and Ecology 30, no. 2 (2020): 138–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35513/21658005.2020.2.8.
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A survey of terrestrial mollusks was performed during their activity season in various spots of gardens, nurseries and agricultural fields in Cairo, Giza as well as in some neighboring areas between December 2014 and October 2018. Several invasive terrestrial gastropod species were identified. These gastropods are invasive and abundant pests causing considerable and serious damage to agricultural areas in the Nile Delta Region of Egypt. The specimens were collected from different locations in the governorates of Cairo and Giza. A total of 12 species (8 species of terrestrial snails and 4 of slugs) were identified by their shell characteristics and genital-anatomical characters. The following four species were identified for the first time in Egyptian gardens and nurseries: 1) Polygyra cereolus (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1816), 2) Oxychilus cf. cellarius (O. F. Müller, 1774), 3) Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1816) and 4) Laevicaulis alte (d’ A. de Férussac, 1822), which is particularly injurious to agricultural production. The other invasive species reported in this study were recorded in other agricultural fields and are common pests of gardens, nurseries and agricultural areas in Egypt. This study presents essential information on each species, their original and current distribution in Egyptian agricultural fields.
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Wilson, M. J., and G. M. Barker. "Slugs as Pasture Pests." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 15 (January 1, 2011): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.15.2011.3194.
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Several invasive European slug species are thriving in New Zealand and have become important pests of many crops. In pasture, they are particularly damaging to white clover during renovation and the problem may be exacerbated by direct drilling. Slug feeding causes both lethal and sublethal damage that reduces clover establishment and thus pasture quality. Much less is known about slug damage to established pastures and the degree to which slugs limit pasture persistence. Established pastures frequently support large slug populations that feed on clover and the application of molluscicides can reduce slug numbers and increase the proportion and yields of clover. Future research on these pests should concentrate on determining damage thresholds, breeding resistant clover varieties and developing agronomic practices that favour natural enemies. In the long term, there is much potential for developing microbiological pesticides that target slugs. Keywords: molluscs, slugs, clover
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Rodriguez, R., A. S. S. Sandri, S. M. Porto, et al. "Invasive slug Meghimatium pictum (Stoliczka, 1873) infected by Angiostrongylus costaricensis Morera & Céspedes, 1971, and the possible risk of human infection associated with grape consumption." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 6 (2018): 775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000822.
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AbstractMany molluscs may be infected with angiostrongylid larvae. Following the histopathological diagnosis of abdominal angiostrongyliasis in a grape farmer from southern Brazil, molluscs in the area were investigated. During a nocturnal search, 245 specimens of slugs were collected and identified as the invasive Chinese slug Meghimatium pictum. Angiostrongylus costaricensis worms were recovered from mice that were experimentally infected with larvae obtained from 11 (4.5%) of the molluscs. This study presents the first report of M. pictum being identified as an intermediate host for A. costaricensis. Most of the slugs were collected from grape plants, which suggests that transmission may be associated with grape consumption.
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Howlett, S. A., G. Burch, U. Sarathchandra, and N. L. Bell. "A bioassay technique to assess the molluscicidal effects of microbes." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4799.
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Terrestrial slugs (Order Stylommatophora) can cause significant damage in cropping and pastoral systems Pathogenic microbes have long been shown to have potential as biocontrol agents for insect pests and a number of retail products are available but there is no equivalent product for molluscs A research program is underway to investigate the potential of micro organisms as slug biocontrol agents and this paper describes a bioassay methodology that can be used to assess the molluscicidal properties of bacterial isolates Its feasibility has been demonstrated in laboratory tests against pest slugs of the genus Deroceras Fourteen bacterial strains were screened by feeding them to the slugs in a mix based on oat bran a food that is highly palatable to these molluscs Mortality was assessed 3 and 4 days after introduction of the treated food Two of the bacterial strains tested resulted in significant mortality killing 100 slugs within 4 days
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Dang, Vinh T., Kirsten Benkendorff, Tim Green, and Peter Speck. "Marine Snails and Slugs: a Great Place To Look for Antiviral Drugs: TABLE 1." Journal of Virology 89, no. 16 (2015): 8114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00287-15.
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Molluscs, comprising one of the most successful phyla, lack clear evidence of adaptive immunity and yet thrive in the oceans, which are rich in viruses. There are thought to be nearly 120,000 species of Mollusca, most living in marine habitats. Despite the extraordinary abundance of viruses in oceans, molluscs often have very long life spans (10 to 100 years). Thus, their innate immunity must be highly effective at countering viral infections. Antiviral compounds are a crucial component of molluscan defenses against viruses and have diverse mechanisms of action against a wide variety of viruses, including many that are human pathogens. Antiviral compounds found in abalone, oyster, mussels, and other cultured molluscs are available in large supply, providing good opportunities for future research and development. However, most members of the phylum Mollusca have not been examined for the presence of antiviral compounds. The enormous diversity and adaptations of molluscs imply a potential source of novel antiviral compounds for future drug discovery.
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Kunkel, Brian, William J. Cissel, John F. Tooker, et al. "Nematodes Associated with Terrestrial Slugs in Mid-Atlantic (Delaware, USA) Soybean." Agronomy 13, no. 3 (2023): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030645.
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Slugs are cryptic terrestrial pests that target a wide range of crops and are especially damaging to seedlings. Management of these invertebrates mostly relies on synthetic chemistry. These molecules can be efficient against slugs and snails but can be toxic to other organisms (e.g., dogs) and harmful to the environment (e.g., leaching into surface and groundwater). The usage of pathogenic nematodes has been effective in several crops and European countries. A survey was conducted to investigate the presence of natural populations of malacopathogenic nematodes in soybean in the mid-Atlantic region. Slugs were sampled in nine fields across Delaware at various distances from the field edges (0 m, 5 m, 10 m, 15 m). Soil cover and soil type were also recorded. Invertebrates were brought back to the laboratory. Slugs were monitored for four weeks, and mortality was classified into one of three categories: (1) death with the presence of nematodes; (2) death with the presence of fungi; (3) death without the presence of nematodes or fungi. Nematodes associated with slugs were identified based on 18S rRNA sequencing. The distance from the field edge did not impact the number of trapped slugs and the incidence of slug death associated with the presence of nematodes. Overall, nematodes were collected from ca. 20% of the slug cadavers, and most have previously been associated with slugs (ca. 35% of deaths associated with fungi and ca. 45% not associated with nematodes or fungi). The number of captured slugs and slug death associated with the presence of nematodes were positively correlated with ground cover. Soil type impacted both the number of captured slugs and the presence of pathogenic nematodes. This survey provides a first insight into the natural populations of mollusk-associated nematodes in the mid-Atlantic region. This knowledge may contribute to implementing cultural practices favoring these natural enemies of slug pests.
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Vanderburgh, Daryl J., and R. C. Anderson. "Seasonal changes in prevalence and intensity of Cosmocercoides dukae (Nematoda: Cosmocercoidea) in Deroceras laeve (Mollusca)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 7 (1987): 1662–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-255.
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A natural population of Deroceras laeve was examined regularly for the presence of Cosmocercoides dukae (Holl, 1928) Travassos, 1931. Transmission of C. dukae in D. laeve occurred in late spring and early summer before adult slugs from the previous year died in July. Transmission to juvenile slugs (hatched from eggs laid in spring) continued in late summer and fall. Histological sections of slugs exposed experimentally to larvae of C. dukae revealed that larvae penetrate slug tissues. Arion fasciatus, Arion hortensis, and Zonitoides nitidus represent new host records for C. dukae.
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LINDQVIST, I., B. LINDQVIST, and K. TIILIKKALA. "Birch tar oil is an effective mollusc repellent: field and laboratory experiments using Arianta arbustorum (Gastropoda: Helicidae) and Arion lusitanicus (Gastropoda: Arionidae)." Agricultural and Food Science 19, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960610791015050.
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Populations of two molluscs, the land snail Arianta arbustorum and the Iberian slug Arion lusitanicus, have increased substantially in many places in the northern Fennoscandia in recent years. This has resulted in considerable aesthetic and economic damage to plants in home gardens and commercial nurseries. Birch tar oil (BTO), is a new biological plant protection product, and was tested against these molluscs. In this study we examined whether 2 types of BTO, used either alone, mixed together, or mixed with Vaseline®, could be applied as 1) a biological plant protection product for the control of land snails by direct topical spray application, 2) as a repellent against snails when painted on a Perspex® fence, and 3) as a repellent against slugs when smeared on pots containing Brassica pekinensis seedlings. Both the fences and the pots with seedlings were placed in each field with a high population of the target organism. When applied as a spray on snails, BTO did not act as a toxic pesticide but rendered the snails inactive for a period of several months. The BTO barriers were effective in repelling both snails and slugs. However, the repellent effect of BTO alone against the molluscs was short-term. Repeated treatments were required to keep the slugs away from the plants and we found that the interval between treatments should not exceed two weeks. A collar fastened around the rim of the pots, combined with the BTO treatment, did not give any additional benefit in hindering slugs from invading the plants. Most noticeably, the BTO+Vaseline® mixture prevented the land snails from passing over the treated fences for up to several months. The results of these experiments provide evidence that BTO, especially when mixed with Vaseline®, serves as an excellent long-term repellent against molluscs.;
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Benocci, Andrea, and Giuseppe Manganelli. "Early research on anatomy and mating of land slugs and snails: Francesco Redi's (1684) Osservazioni." Archives of Natural History 39, no. 2 (2012): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2012.0094.
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In 1684 the Italian scientist Francesco Redi published one of the first detailed studies on land gastropods. It included the mating and functional anatomy of limacid slugs, functional anatomy of helicid snails and morpho-anatomical comparisons of land and marine slugs and snails. His research was based on a few marine species (an unidentified gastropod, the neogastropod Hexaplex trunculus and aplysiid opisthobranchs), several land snails (including the large helicid Helix lucorum) and some limacid slugs (probably different species of the Limax corsicus group and perhaps Limacus flavus). Redi's investigations are generally accurate and his description of slug mating is much more detailed than the earlier account by Martin Lister. However, his survey also contains minor oversights and mistakes: he did not identify major organs of mollusc anatomy (radula, salivary glands and certain genital structures), his illustration of mating slugs is unrealistic and he overlooked important anatomical differences between marine and land slugs. His most remarkable oversight is hermaphroditism: although he observed slug mating, knew that no differences existed between partners, and was probably aware of earlier literature on the androgynous nature of land snails, he failed to conclude that they are hermaphrodite.
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O'Hanlon, Aidan, Ronan Fahy, and Michael J. Gormally. "Indication of interference competition between the EU-protected Kerry slug Geomalacus maculosus and the native tree slug Lehmannia marginata in Ireland." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (2020): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa017.
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ABSTRACT Interspecific competition plays a major role in organizing biological communities. Competition can involve direct (e.g. aggression) or indirect (e.g. avoidance) interactions, and can influence the behaviour, distribution and fitness of interacting species. Competition appears to be common among marine and terrestrial snail species, but the potential role of interspecific competition in the structure of terrestrial slug communities remains poorly known. This study examined whether competition between two terrestrial slug species, Geomalacus maculosus and Lehmannia marginata, contributes to the abundance of each species in a modified habitat (commercial conifer forest) in Ireland. Geomalacus maculosus is an EU-protected species but was probably an ancient introduction to Ireland, whereas L. marginata is unprotected but is native and widespread. A negative association was observed between the abundances of each species in field plots, sampled fortnightly over a 19-month period. The presence of other slug species and some environmental variables also influenced the abundances of L. marginata and G. maculosus. Behavioural experiments found no evidence of direct aggressive interactions between G. maculosus and L. marginata. However, L. marginata exhibited an aversion to G. maculosus mucus trails, suggesting an indirect mechanism of competition. Conversely, G. maculosus behaviour was not modified by the presence of L. marginata mucus. Results from field and laboratory studies together suggest that both species may compete in modified habitats. To our knowledge, these results provide the first experimental evidence of a negative long-term association between sympatric slugs, and the first evidence that mucus trails can act as a mechanism of interspecific interference competition in slugs.
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Li, Haojun, Runa Zhao, Yingna Pan, Hui Tian, and Wenlong Chen. "Insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) extract against Limax maximus (Mollusca, Limacidae) at different developmental stages and its chemical constituent analysis." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0298668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298668.
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Limax maximus, or great gray slug, is a common agriculture pest. The pest infests crops during their growth phase, creating holes in vegetable leaves, particularly in seedlings and tender leaves. A study was conducted to assess the insecticidal activity of Ageratina adenophora extract against these slugs. Factors such as fecundity, growth, hatching rate, offspring survival rate, protective enzyme activity, and detoxifying enzyme activity were examined in slugs exposed to the extract’s sublethal concentration (LC50) for two different durations (24 and 48 h). The phytochemical variability of the extracts was also studied. The LC50 value of the A. adenophora extract against L. maximus was 35.9 mg/mL. This extract significantly reduced the hatching rate of eggs and the survival rate of offspring hatched from exposed eggs compared with the control. The lowest rates were observed in those exposed for 48 h. The survival, growth, protective enzyme, and detoxification activity of newly hatched and 40-day-old slugs decreased. The A. adenophora extract contained tannins, flavonoids, and saponins, possibly contributing to their biological effects. These results suggest that the extract could be used as an alternative treatment for slug extermination, effectively controlling this species.
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MAURER, Rafael Lucyk, Carlos GRAEFF-TEIXEIRA, José Willibaldo THOMÉ, Luís Antônio CHIARADIA, Hiroko SUGAYA, and Kentaro YOSHIMURA. "Natural infection of Deroceras laeve (Mollusca: gastropoda) with metastrongylid larvae in a transmission focus of abdominal angiostrongyliasis." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 44, no. 1 (2002): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652002000100009.
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Angiostrongylus costaricensis is a nematode parasitic of rodents. Man may become infected by ingestion of the third stage larvae produced within the intermediate hosts, usually slugs from the family Veronicellidae. An epidemiological study carried out in a locality in southern Brazil (western Santa Catarina State) where these slugs are a crop pest and an important vector for A. costaricensis has documented for the first time the natural infection of Deroceras laeve with metastrongylid larvae. This small limacid slug is frequently found amid the folds of vegetable leaves and may be inadvertently ingested. Therefore D. laeve may have an important role in transmission of A. costaricensis to man.
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Barbosa, Tatiane Alves, Silvana Carvalho Thiengo, Monica Ammon Fernandez, Jucicleide Ramos-de-Souza, and Suzete Rodrigues Gomes. "The Zoonotic Angiostrongylus cantonensis and the Veterinary Parasite Aelurostrongylus abstrusus Infecting Terrestrial Gastropods from Urban Areas of Macapá, Brazilian Amazon Region." Pathogens 13, no. 3 (2024): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13030255.
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Metastrongyloidea includes nematodes that parasitize mammals, mainly infecting their respiratory and cardiovascular systems, and are responsible for emerging zoonosis in the world. Terrestrial mollusks are their main intermediate hosts, with few exceptions. Here we present the results of a malacological survey to know the distribution of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Macapá, Amapá, in the Brazilian Amazon region, after the report of a case of eosinophilic meningitis in 2018. Mollusks were collected in 45 neighborhoods between March 2019 and February 2020. They were identified, parasitologically analyzed, and their nematodes parasites were identified based on the morphology and MT-CO1 sequencing. Infections of An. cantonensis were observed in Achatina fulica, Sarasinula linguaeformis and Subulina octona. These are the first records of the natural infection of the last two species by An. cantonensis in the Brazilian Amazon region. The angiostrongylid Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, which parasitizes cats, was also detected parasitizing A. fulica and Diplosolenodes occidentalis. This is also the first record of the slug D. occidentalis infected by Ae. abstrusus. The highest infection rates were recorded in neighborhoods where the environment conditions favor the proliferation of both mollusks and rodents. The results demonstrate the ample distribution of An. cantonensis in Macapá and the need for surveillance and mollusk vector control in Brazil and other countries.
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FRANK, THOMAS. "SLUG DAMAGE AND NUMBERS OF SLUGS IN OILSEED RAPE BORDERING ON GRASS STRIPS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 64, no. 4 (1998): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/64.4.461.
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Kahrić, Adla, Dejan Kulijer, and Dalila Delić. "Six species of sea slugs (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) new for the marine fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina." Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 72, no. 1 (2023): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cszma-2023-0006.
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Abstract In this paper six heterobranch mollusc species are reported for the first time for Bosnia and Herzegovina: Berthellina edwardsi (Vayssiere, 1896), Felimida luteorosea (Rapp, 1827), Thuridilla hopei (Verany, 1853), Dendrodoris grandiflora (Rapp, 1827), Camachoaglaja africana (Pruvot-Fol, 1953) and Felimare villafranca (Risso, 1818). The study was conducted in October 2021 on Klek Peninsula and in Neum Bay (eastern Adriatic Sea, Bosnia and Herzegovina). This paper significantly extends the knowledge of the national marine heterobranch molluscs fauna, almost doubling the number of species known for the country, as only seven heterobranch species were reported for Bosnia and Herzegovina until now.
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Podroužková, Štěpánka, Magda Drvotová, Jan Podroužek, and Eva Šizlingová. "Příspěvek k poznání měkkýšů CHKO Český les [A contribution to the knowledge of molluscs of the Český les PLA]." Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 21 (December 15, 2022): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mab2022-21-120.
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This paper presents the most interesting findings from inventory surveys of small-scale protected areas in the Český les PLA from 2020 and 2021. The total number of mollusc species in the Český les has increased by two wetland species, Vertigo angustior and V. antivertigo. Several localities have been added to the single site of Nesovitrea petronella and the until recently undifferentiated slug Arion obesoductus. In some reserves the results can be compared with previous surveys, and from three others we present the first data on the occurrence of molluscs.
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Van_Toor, R. F. "The effects of pesticides on Carabidae (Insecta Coleoptera) predators of slugs (Mollusca Gastropoda) literature review." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4543.
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Predation of slugs by Carabidae may contribute significantly to slug control in an integrated approach in pasture and arable crops Carabidae are susceptible to many insecticides used in field crops and to the molluscicide methiocarb but populations tend to recover within 1 month through migration from adjacent areas However in the longterm repeated insecticide and molluscicide treatments may affect carabid numbers and diversity in agricultural habitats The effect of pesticides on carabid populations can be reduced in soils rich in organic matter and recovery enhanced by establishment of beetle refugia in conservation headlands and winter cover crops and by avoiding deep and frequent soil cultivation
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Ferreira-Jr, Augusto Luiz, Iarema Carvalho, Susete Christo Wambier, and Theresinha Monteiro Absher. "New records of marine “sea slugs” (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Heterobranchia) in the outlets of the estuary systems in Paraná, southern Brazil." Check List 11, no. 1 (2015): 1548. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.1.1548.
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Four species of shell-less marine gastropods, collectively called “sea slugs”, are newly recorded from outlets of estuarine systems, the Paranaguá estuarine complex and Guaratuba Bay, on the coast of Paraná state. These include a marine pulmonate slug, Onchidella indolens (Gould, 1852) (Eupulmonata: Systellommatophora: Onchidellidae); two species of sea hares, Bursatella leachii de Blainville, 1817 (Euthyneura: Sacoglossa: Aplysiidae) and Elysia serca Er. Marcus, 1955 (Euthyneura: Sacoglossa: Plakobranchidae); and one species of nudibranch, Spurilla braziliana MacFarland, 1909 (Nudipleura: Aeolidiidae). Egg mass shapes of E. serca and B. leachii are newly described.
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Williams, Emily J., Sheena C. Cotter, and Carl D. Soulsbury. "Consumption of Rodenticide Baits by Invertebrates as a Potential Route into the Diet of Insectivores." Animals 13, no. 24 (2023): 3873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13243873.
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Non-target species are commonly exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides worldwide, which may pose a key threat to declining species. However, the main pathway of exposure is usually unknown, potentially hindering conservation efforts. This study aimed to examine whether baits mixed with the biomarker rhodamine B can be used to track invertebrate consumption of rodenticides in a field environment, using this to observe whether invertebrate prey are a potential vector for anticoagulant rodenticides in the diet of insectivores such as the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). Rhodamine B baits were found to create an observable response. Uptake was negligible in captured insects; however, 20.7% of slugs and 18.4% of snails captured showed uptake of bait. Maximum temperature, distance from bait, proximity to buildings, and the addition of copper tape to bait boxes all influenced the rate of bait uptake in molluscs. Based on these data, it seems likely that molluscs could be a source of rodenticide poisoning in insectivores. This research demonstrates which prey may pose exposure risks to insectivores and likely environmental factors, knowledge of which can guide effective mitigation measures. We suggest that further investigation into using mollusc repellents around bait boxes should be considered.
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de Silva, Samantha Mirhaya, David Chesmore, Jack Smith, and Gordon Port. "Listening to Slugs: Acceptability and Consumption of Molluscicide Pellets by the Grey Field Slug, Deroceras reticulatum." Insects 12, no. 6 (2021): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060548.
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Gastropod damage to crop plants has a significant economic impact on agricultural and horticultural industries worldwide, with the Grey Field Slug (Deroceras reticulatum (Müller)) considered the main mollusc pest in the United Kingdom and in many other temperate areas. The prevailing form of crop protection is pellets containing the active ingredient, metaldehyde. Metaldehyde can cause paralysis and death in the mollusc, depending on the amount ingested. The paralysing effects may result in reduced pellet consumption. A greater understanding of metaldehyde consumption may reveal an area that can be manipulated using novel molluscicide formulations. Novel pellet types included commercial metaldehyde pellets coated so that metaldehyde is released more slowly. In both laboratory and arena trials, an audio sensor was used to record individual slugs feeding on a variety of pellet types, including commercially available toxic pellets (metaldehyde and ferric phosphate) and novel metaldehyde formulations. The sensor was used to record the length of each bite and the total number of bites. There was no significant difference in the length of bites between pellet types in laboratory trials. Novel pellets were not consumed more than commercial pellet types. Commercial pellet types did not differ in consumption.
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Pieterse, Annika, Louwrens R. Tiedt, Antoinette P. Malan, and Jenna L. Ross. "First record of Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) in South Africa, and its virulence against the invasive slug, Deroceras panormitanum." Nematology 19, no. 9 (2017): 1035–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003105.
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Worldwide interest in Phasmarhabditis originates from the successful commercialisation of P. hermaphrodita as a biological control agent against molluscs in Europe. To date, P. hermaphrodita has not been isolated from South Africa and, therefore, the formulated product may not be sold locally. During a survey for mollusc-associated nematodes, P. papillosa was dissected from the slug, Deroceras reticulatum, collected from George, South Africa. The nematode was identified using a combination of morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic techniques. Virulence tests were conducted which demonstrated that P. papillosa caused significant mortality to the European invasive slug Deroceras panormitanum. Additional data are provided in the morphometrics of the infective juvenile and in the molecular identification, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene. This is the first report of P. papillosa from the African continent and of its virulence against D. panormitanum.
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FRANK, THOMAS. "SLUG DAMAGE AND NUMBER OF SLUGS (GASTROPODA: PULMONATA) IN WINTER WHEAT IN FIELDS WITH SOWN WILDFLOWER STRIPS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 64, no. 3 (1998): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/64.3.319.
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Rumpho, Mary E., Jared M. Worful, Jungho Lee, et al. "Horizontal gene transfer of the algal nuclear gene psbO to the photosynthetic sea slug Elysia chlorotica." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 46 (2008): 17867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0804968105.
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The sea slug Elysia chlorotica acquires plastids by ingestion of its algal food source Vaucheria litorea. Organelles are sequestered in the mollusc's digestive epithelium, where they photosynthesize for months in the absence of algal nucleocytoplasm. This is perplexing because plastid metabolism depends on the nuclear genome for >90% of the needed proteins. Two possible explanations for the persistence of photosynthesis in the sea slug are (i) the ability of V. litorea plastids to retain genetic autonomy and/or (ii) more likely, the mollusc provides the essential plastid proteins. Under the latter scenario, genes supporting photosynthesis have been acquired by the animal via horizontal gene transfer and the encoded proteins are retargeted to the plastid. We sequenced the plastid genome and confirmed that it lacks the full complement of genes required for photosynthesis. In support of the second scenario, we demonstrated that a nuclear gene of oxygenic photosynthesis, psbO, is expressed in the sea slug and has integrated into the germline. The source of psbO in the sea slug is V. litorea because this sequence is identical from the predator and prey genomes. Evidence that the transferred gene has integrated into sea slug nuclear DNA comes from the finding of a highly diverged psbO 3′ flanking sequence in the algal and mollusc nuclear homologues and gene absence from the mitochondrial genome of E. chlorotica. We demonstrate that foreign organelle retention generates metabolic novelty (“green animals”) and is explained by anastomosis of distinct branches of the tree of life driven by predation and horizontal gene transfer.
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Symondson, W. O. C., and J. E. Liddell. "The detection of predation by Abax parallelepipedus and Pterostichus madidus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on Mollusca using a quantitative Elisa." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 4 (1993): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300040074.
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AbstractThe potential of carabid beetles as natural control agents of slugs was investigated using a quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The crop contents of two species, Abax parallelepipedus (Piller & Mitterpacher) and Pterostichus madidus (Fabricius) collected between May and December 1990, were analysed using an anti-mollusc haemolymph antiserum. The mass, immunological reaction and calculated mollusc content of each beetle crop was determined. Mollusc content was calculated as ‘fresh mollusc equivalent’, and the probable quantities of degraded material present are discussed in relation to predator and prey species. 89.5% of A. parallelepipedus and 42% of P. madidus were found to contain mollusc proteins. Although approximately the same proportion of male and female A. parallelepipedus tested positive, females contained greater quantities of mollusc remains. Approximately 39% of male and 45% of female P. madidus tested positive, and overall female crops contained significantly more material. The calculated amount of mollusc remains found in females was also greater. Over time, the immunological reactivity of A. parallelepipedus crop samples varied significantly. However, when crop weight was taken into consideration, the calculated quantity of mollusc found in strongly reacting samples was not significantly different between months in either species. Neither the immunological response nor the quantity of mollusc remains varied over time in P. madidus, although significant differences were found in overall crop weights. A significant correlation was found between the proportion of mollusc in beetle crops and crop mass in A. parallelepipedus, but not in P. madidus. Correlations between soil temperatures and crop mass, immunological reactivity and mollusc content were not significant in either species. The improved methods of quantifying predation from ELISA data, employed in this study, were an important part of a larger on-going investigation of the role of predation in slug population dynamics within agricultural systems.
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Oktavia Pradikaningrum, Novi, Tatik Chikmawati, and Tri Heru Widarto. "Kepadatan dan Persebaran Parmarion pupillaris pada 10 Jenis Sayuran di Desa Dlangu, Kecamatan Trawas, Kabupaten Mojokerto." Jurnal Sumberdaya Hayati 8, no. 2 (2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jsdh.8.2.75-81.
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Vegetables are one of horticultural commodities having a relatively short life cycle. Pest is one of the problems faced in vegetable cultivations. One specie that often attack vegetables is Parmarion pupillaris (Mollusca). It is a semi-slug that has a small bump transparent coat and shell on its back. These semi-slugs are often found eating leaves, stems, flowers and fruit of the vegetables. The aims of the study were to study distribution patterns, density, feeding activity and size distribution of the P. pupillaris in 10 species of vegetables in Dlangu Village, Trawas District, Mojokerto Regency. The observation plots were chosen randomly by determining three plots of each species sized 1m x 1m plot with three replications. Direct observation of feeding activities was conducted at night. Measurement of body length was conducted directly at the time of observation. Data analysis of density and distribution patterns used the quadratic method and Morisita Index. The results of this study showed that the highest P. pupillaris density found in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), 8.7 ind / m2, while the lowest density was found in corn (Zea mays), 0.5 ind / m2. P. pupillaris found had medium and small sizes. Distribution patterns of semi-slugs based on the Morisita Index is categorized as clump.
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HOGAN, JACQUI M., and GORDON R. STEELE. "DYE-MARKING SLUGS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 52, no. 2 (1986): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/52.2.138.
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Bieler, Rüdiger, Timothy M. Collins, Rosemary Golding, et al. "Replacing mechanical protection with colorful faces–twice: parallel evolution of the non-operculate marine worm-snail genera Thylacodes (Guettard, 1770) and Cayo n. gen. (Gastropoda: Vermetidae)." PeerJ 11 (October 9, 2023): e15854. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15854.
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Vermetid worm-snails are sessile and irregularly coiled marine mollusks common in warmer nearshore and coral reef environments that are subject to high predation pressures by fish. Often cryptic, some have evolved sturdy shells or long columellar muscles allowing quick withdrawal into better protected parts of the shell tube, and most have variously developed opercula that protect and seal the shell aperture trapdoor-like. Members of Thylacodes (previously: Serpulorbis) lack such opercular protection. Its species often show polychromatic head-foot coloration, and some have aposematic coloration likely directed at fish predators. A new polychromatic species, Thylacodes bermudensis n. sp., is described from Bermuda and compared morphologically and by DNA barcode markers to the likewise polychromatic western Atlantic species T. decussatus (Gmelin, 1791). Operculum loss, previously assumed to be an autapomorphy of Thylacodes, is shown to have occurred convergently in a second clade of the family, for which a new genus Cayo n. gen. and four new western Atlantic species are introduced: C. margarita n. sp. (type species; with type locality in the Florida Keys), C. galbinus n. sp., C. refulgens n. sp., and C. brunneimaculatus n. sp. (the last three with type locality in the Belizean reef) (all new taxa authored by Bieler, Collins, Golding & Rawlings). Cayo n. gen. differs from Thylacodes in morphology (e.g., a protoconch that is wider than tall), behavior (including deep shell entrenchment into the substratum), reproductive biology (fewer egg capsules and eggs per female; an obliquely attached egg capsule stalk), and in some species, a luminous, “neon-like”, head-foot coloration. Comparative investigation of the eusperm and parasperm ultrastructure also revealed differences, with a laterally flattened eusperm acrosome observed in two species of Cayo n. gen. and a spiral keel on the eusperm nucleus in one, the latter feature currently unique within the family. A molecular phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear rRNA gene sequences (12SrRNA, trnV, 16SrRNA, 28SrRNA) strongly supports the independent evolution of the two non-operculate lineages of vermetids. Thylacodes forms a sister grouping to a clade comprising Petaloconchus, Eualetes, and Cupolaconcha, whereas Cayo n. gen is strongly allied with the small-operculate species Vermetus triquetrus and V. bieleri. COI barcode markers provide support for the species-level status of the new taxa. Aspects of predator avoidance/deterrence are discussed for these non-operculate vermetids, which appear to involve warning coloration, aggressive behavior when approached by fish, and deployment of mucous feeding nets that have been shown, for one vermetid in a prior study, to contain bioactive metabolites avoided by fish. As such, non-operculate vermetids show characteristics similar to nudibranch slugs for which the evolution of warning coloration and chemical defenses has been explored previously.
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Kramarenko, S. S., and A. S. Kramarenko. "Assortative mating in Gastropoda: A meta-analysis." Biosystems Diversity 31, no. 3 (2023): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012330.
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The term ‘assortative mating’ denotes situations when the choice of a mating partner is nonrandom and the phenotypes across mate pairs are correlated, either positively or negatively. Assortative mating has been registered as a particular type of behaviour in many taxa of animals, including various vertebrate and invertebrate species. The aim of this study is to conduct a meta-analysis of published data concerning assortative mating in various taxa of Gastropoda. In total, we found 36 published peer-reviewed papers that consider the size-assortative mating in Gastropoda. 32 species belonging to different taxonomic groups of this class were studied, which provided 58 cases for further analysis. The range of estimates of the strength of assortment between individuals for species included into our meta-analysis (46 cases) is very wide: from –0.155 (Brephulopsis cylindrica) to +0.966 (Veronicella sloanii). Integrally, for the studied species of Gastropoda, the average weighted estimate of the strength of assortment between the sizes of copulating individuals was 0.381 ± 0.014. It revealed that virtually all the points representing individual studies form a funnel-shaped dispersion on a scatterplot that lies along the line representing the estimate of the generalized mean rgen = 0.343 and uniformly fill the funnel-shaped space between the lines of 95% confidence interval of the correlation coefficient for a given sample size adjusted for the overall mean. The distribution of the estimates of the correlation coefficient between copulating individuals among the various gastropod species has a shape close to the normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov's d = 0.061; P > 0.20). Moreover, most estimates are concentrated within a range from 0.2 to 0.6. We found that the probability of obtaining reliable estimates of the correlation coefficient between the sizes of copulating individuals is dependent upon the number of pairs used in the analysis (binary logistic regression: χ2 = 8.92; df = 1; P = 0.0028). It can be argued that the existence of the negative size-assortative mating in Gastropoda has not yet been proved. On the other hand, if only statistically significant cases of size-assortative mating are considered (37 cases out of 58, or 63.7%), the average weighted estimate of the strength of assortment between sizes of copulating mollusks is 0.439 ± 0.015 (95% confidence interval: 0.409–0.468). If we consider the mating system and the environment simultaneously, the positive size-assortativity is most pronounced among the gonochoristic snails living in the aquatic environment (0.448 ± 0.021) while among the aquatic hermaphroditic species it is the weakest (0.315 ± 0.028). Terrestrial hermaphrodites (land snails and slugs) take the middle position. The numerous examples of the assortative mating with respect to different morphological traits, either quantitative or qualitative, have been described in various species of aquatic and land snails.
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Nermuť, Jiří, Vladimír Půža, and Zdeněk Mráček. "Re-description of the slug-parasitic nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider, 1859 (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae)." Nematology 17, no. 8 (2015): 897–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002911.
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Alloionema appendiculatum is a common juvenile parasite of many terrestrial molluscs. Its third-stage juveniles (dauers) invade the foot muscle of snails and slugs and develop into fourth-stage juveniles, which then leave the host. Later they mature and reproduce in the soil. A population of A. appendiculatum was isolated from infected individuals of the invasive slug Arion vulgaris (= A. lusitanicus), collected in the city of České Budějovice, Czech Republic, and was designated as the AL strain. This nematode is also able to reproduce on pig kidney in laboratory culture. Our isolate was compared primarily with the description published by Mengert (1953) and in some aspects with the original description published by Schneider (1859). Insufficient morphology, morphometrics, phylogeny and an absence of pictorial material encouraged us to re-describe this frequent slug parasite and to add some new information on its life-cycle. The species is characterised by the absence, in adults, of ridges in the lateral fields. At this life stage the stoma is short, narrow and approximately twice as long as it is broad. Fourth-stage female juveniles produce a mucus-like substance from the phasmids. Males possess six pairs of papillae and a single inconspicuous papilla. The nematode has both parasitic and saprophytic life-cycles. Parasitic adults are bigger than the saprophytes and have a thick, digitate tail, whereas the smaller saprophytic generation has a filiform tail. The species is amphimictic, displaying a higher proportion of females, but males are frequent.
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A, Singh. "Introduction and Sources of Molluscicides." Medicinal & Analytical Chemistry International Journal 8, no. 1 (2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/macij-16000195.
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The term "molluscicide" refers to any drug used to control or eradicate soft-bodied invertebrates, such slugs and snails. These chemicals are commonly employed in agriculture, horticulture, and public health programs to manage mollusc populations that can cause damage to crops, transmit diseases, or infest water bodies. Molluscicides can be categorized into chemical and non-chemical methods. Chemical molluscicides include metaldehyde, iron phosphate, copper sulphate, and synthetic molluscicides like carbamates. In most slug pellets intended for crop protection, the active component is metaldehyde. For those that supply drinking water, this poses a problem. Therefore, it's critical to comprehend this compound's origins, transportation, and environmental destiny. Monitoring and analytical methods for finding metaldehyde in environmental matrices are some of the topics covered in this critical study. Along with possible watershed management plans and activities helpful for reducing the environmental impact of this molluscicide, novel methods for removing metaldehyde from drinking water are given.
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Schikov, Evgenij V. "Some adventitious species of terrestrial molluscs Central Asia." Ruthenica, Russian Malacological Journal 27, no. 2 (2017): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35885/ruthenica.2017.27(2).3.
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Limax flavus Linnaeus, 1758 not previously recorded in Central Asia was found in Uzbekistan. The total number of adventitious species in Central Asia is 12; six species are migrants from Asia (Caucasus); six from Europe. Nine species were found before 1990, while three after 1991. Seven species of these are slugs (58%); nine of adventitious species are kolonozoids, three - epecozoids.
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Zabludovskaya, S., and I. Badanin. "The Slug Mite Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) Oudemansi (Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) from Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 44, no. 2 (2010): e-19-e-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-010-0009-7.
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The Slug MiteRiccardoella (Proriccardoella) Oudemansi(Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) from UkraineThe mite Riccardoella (Proriccardoella) oudemansi (Prostigmata, Ereynetidae) parasitizing the lung mollusks, is redescribed based on numerous specimens from Ukraine. These mites were first found in the fauna of Ukraine in the early 1990th.
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PAKARINEN, ELISABET. "AUTOTOMY IN ARIONID AND LIMACID SLUGS." Journal of Molluscan Studies 60, no. 1 (1994): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/60.1.19.
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BARAHONA-SEGOVIA, RODRIGO M., JUAN FRANCISCO ARAYA, and LAURA PAÑINAO-MONSÁLVEZ. "New records of the giant planarian Polycladus gayi Blanchard, 1845 (Platyhelminthes: Geoplanidae) with notes on its conservation biology." Zootaxa 4822, no. 4 (2020): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4822.4.9.
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Land planarians (Tricladida:Geoplanidae) comprise about 910 species distributed in four subfamilies and can be found on all continents except Antarctica (Sluys & Riutort 2018; Sluys 2019). The Neotropical region possesses nearly 31% of all the described terrestrial planarian species, most of them belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae (Sluys 1999; Grau & Carbayo 2010). Land planarians are mostly habitat-specialists, living in the humid soils of native forest, and predating on invertebrates like earthworms, isopods, mollusks and harvestmen, among others (Ogren 1995; Carbayo & Leal-Zanchet 2003; Boll & Leal-Zanchet 2016). Although most planarian species seem to be physiologically sensitive, for example to environmental moisture, a few land planarian genera like Bipalium Stimpson and Obama Carbayo et al., have successfully invaded many habitats, even in highly perturbed areas (Kawaguti 1932; Sluys 2019). Therefore, some of these invertebrate species appear to be good candidates as habitat quality bioindicators according to some authors (Sluys 1998; Gerlach et al., 2013; Negrete et al., 2014).
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PIETERSE, ANNIKA, ANTOINETTE P. MALAN, LAURA M. KRUITBOS, WILLEM SIRGEL, and JENNA L. ROSS. "Nematodes associated with terrestrial slugs from canola fields and ornamental nurseries in South Africa." Zootaxa 4312, no. 1 (2017): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4312.1.12.
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A survey of nematodes that use terrestrial slugs as definitive hosts, was conducted in canola fields and ornamental nurseries located in the Western Cape province of South Africa. A total of 3290 slugs were collected from 22 different sites. On the identification of the slugs, they were vivisected and examined for internal nematodes. After identifying the nematodes found, on the basis of their morphological characteristics, their identity was confirmed using molecular sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1, 5.8S, ITS-2), D2-D3 expansion segments of the large subunit (LSU or 28S) and small subunit (SSU or 18S) ribosomal DNA. Of the 22 sites investigated, 13 had nematodes present, with 8 % of the slugs being found to be infected with nematodes. Seven nematode species were confirmed, including Agfa flexilis, Angiostoma margaretae, Angiostoma sp. (SA1), Caenorhabditis elegans, mermithid sp. (SA1), Phasmarhabditis sp. (SA3) and Phasmarhabditis sp. (SA4). In addition, several Angiostoma spp. were also isolated, but could only be identified to genus level due to limited material. Of the seven confirmed species, four were previously undescribed. This is the first record of A. margaretae associating with Deroceras panormitanum, Deroceras reticulatum, Lehmannia valentiana and Oopelta polypunctata. Also, this is the first time that a mermithid has been found associating with molluscs in South Africa.
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Martin, Scott M. "Terrestrial Snails and Slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Maine." Northeastern Naturalist 7, no. 1 (2000): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3858431.
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Martin, Scott M. "TERRESTRIAL SNAILS AND SLUGS (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA) OF MAINE." Northeastern Naturalist 7, no. 1 (2000): 33–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2000)007[0033:tsasmg]2.0.co;2.
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HAUSDORF, BERNHARD. "INTRODUCED LAND SNAILS AND SLUGS IN COLOMBIA." Journal of Molluscan Studies 68, no. 2 (2002): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/68.2.127.
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Graeff Teixeira, C., J. W. Thomé, S. C. C. Pinto, L. Camillo-Coura, and H. L. Lenzi. "Phillocaulis variegatus: an intermediate host of Angiostrongylus costaricensis in south Brazil." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 84, no. 1 (1989): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761989000100012.
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Molluscs collected in five localities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) were digested and examined. The infected slugs were identified as Phyllocaulis variegatus and the larvae found were inoculated per os into mice. After 50 days, worms with the caracteristics of Angiostrongylus costaricensis were recovered from the mesenteric arterial system. The results establish the role of P. variegatus as intermediate host of A. costaricensis in south Brazil, where many cases of abdominla angiostrongyliasis have been diagnosed.
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Rumpho, Mary E., Elizabeth J. Summer, and James R. Manhart. "Solar-Powered Sea Slugs. Mollusc/Algal Chloroplast Symbiosis." Plant Physiology 123, no. 1 (2000): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.123.1.29.
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