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Rahman, Mohammad Ataur, Afrin Jannat Dina, Mashrufah Khatun, and Sourav Das. "Livelihood assets and food consumption level of slum dwellers in some selected areas of Dhaka city of Bangladesh." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 7, no. 4 (December 25, 2022): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.070409.
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This study analyzes the socioeconomic characteristics, identifies the livelihood assets, determines the calorie intake level, and identifies the problems and constraints faced by the slum dwellers among randomly selected 60 households from Korail and Noyapara slums in Dhaka city. The study result reveals that the low share of old people in slums is nothing but a result of bad living and health conditions in slums. A very large share (almost 90 percent) of slum dwellers having less than 10 years of schooling is explained as an alarming sign. The amount of money the slum dwellers earn is 6 times lower compared to the average national income, which affects the slum dweller in a multidimensional way. For most of the key influencers of livelihood, this study finds that slum dwellers live in a vulnerable situation. Regarding calorie intake, about 90 percent of the total slum population belongs to ultra-poor, hard-core poor, and absolute poor categories, which need immediate action. As for problems and constraints, most of the slum dwellers indicate inadequate income, lack of housing space, water crisis, and lack of proper sanitation as their major problems.
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Kumar, Ashwani. "Human Rights And Slum Dwellers." Think India 22, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 2049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8639.
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Human rights are the basis of democracy. India is the largest democratic country in the world the success of democracy depend upon people participation in political system. Therefore it is necessary that all people should have basic human rights in real sense. Modern form of state has become welfare and the aim of state is man. So it becomes essential that every section of society need to get fundamental rights. Slum population in India is very large and being citizens of India they have a fundamental rights to get every facility that led to achieve right to life. Slums have variety of problems they are indicator of poverty, the right to education, standard of living, privacy property are violated. this paper covers some issues of human right violation in slum populations. Human right violation is widespread and systematic in slum people living in India. Denied their rights to adequate water, sanitation, quality education and health. The purpose of this study to see how human right is being violated in many forms among slum dwellers. Eviction and resettlement policies have removed the slums residents from job, transportation, school and food. This leading to greater insecurity, health problem, unemployment, child labour & violence among slum dwellers.
Keywords: Slums, Slum dwellers, Human Rights
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Satu, Shammi Akter, and Rowshon Ara Akter Juthi. "Factors, Nature and Impacts of Slum Dwellers Residential Mobility within the Dhaka City." International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability 6, no. 3 (August 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v6.n3.355.
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The pattern of residential mobility varies throughout the world. Slum populations consistently report higher rates of residential mobility than other populations. However, the pattern and the consequences of residential mobility of the slum dwellers are not well studied. Dhaka, the Capital of Bangladesh, has a large population, more than 14 million of which about 1.06 million live in slums with an increase of 60.73 percent in the last 17 years. The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the significant factors of residential mobility of slum dwellers; and (2) to examine the patterns of residential mobility of slum dwellers in three slums area located in Dhaka. This study further analyzed the impacts of residential mobility on the socio-economic aspect of the slum dwellers. For this research purpose, 267 households from three slums of Dhaka namely Kallyanpur slum, Agargaon slum, and Karwan Bazar railgate slum were selected through non-probability convenience sampling and interviewed. This study found that residential mobility was influenced by factors which are related to life cycle; employment, income and distress; land tenure and homeownership; neighbourhood condition and grouping issues. Among all the studied variables the most five significant factors influencing residential mobility are slum eviction, unavailability of utility services, marriage, changing job and getting homeownership status. It is revealed that the nature of the residential mobility for the surveyed slum dwellers is mainly negative and it poses a significant impact on the socio-economic aspects of life. The findings of the study pave the way to recommend specific measures for the slum dwellers to improve their condition by lessening the negative impacts of residential mobility.
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Sclar, Elliott D., and Mary E. Northridge. "Slums, Slum Dwellers, and Health." American Journal of Public Health 93, no. 9 (September 2003): 1381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.93.9.1381.
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Sharma, Ritu, Neeta Khurana, and Anna Bagrij. "Satisfaction of Life of Slum Dwellers Pre- and Post- Rehabilitation in India." Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X 5, no. 10 (April 8, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas051001.
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The present study was primary research intended to understand the quality of life of Slum Dwellers in Gujarat, India. Quality of life of 348 Slum Dwellers in Urban City of Gujarat was mapped on physical, psychological, social, environmental and economic factors using standardized psychometric tools and statistically computed to understand the variation across males and females of below poverty line residents of slums. Findings indicate a scenario of quality of life of slum dwellers before slum rehabilitation.
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Adamtey, Ronald, John Victor Mensah, and Gifty Obeng. "Making Cities Resilient in Ghana: The Realities of Slum Dwellers That Confront the Accra Metropolitan Assembly." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n1p70.
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Over the past three decades, various countries and stakeholders have aimed at having cities that can better handle natural and human-made disasters, protect human life, absorb the impact of economic, environmental and social hazards and promote well-being, inclusive and sustainable growth. This paper investigates how informal ties result in in-filling and the creation of slums in the context of efforts to make cities resilient in Ghana using the Accra Metropolis as case study. The United Nations Habitat classification of slums was used to purposively select two slum settlements in Accra for the study. The study used mixed methods of quantitative and qualitative approaches to collect data from April 2018 to August 2018. Quantitative data was collected from 400 slum dwellers while qualitative data was collected from eight focus group discussion sessions and in-depth interviews with at least one senior official from related institutions such as Accra Metropolitan Assembly (AMA), Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD), Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), Ministry of Works and Housing (MWH), Ministry of Inner City and Zongo Development (MICZD), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ghana Police Service, and Ghana National Fire Service. Descriptive techniques were used for the analysis. The findings are that informal ties contribute to in-filling in slums. Slum dwellers do not plan to return home, they are not involved in land use decision making and the slums have opportunities and challenges to the slum dwellers and AMA. The AMA should avoid forced eviction of slums and rather enforce development control bye-laws, implement slum upgrading programs, and involve slum dwellers in upgrading programs. Slum dwellers must cooperate with AMA to make Accra resilient. The mainstreaming of the issue of slums in all urban development agendas needs to be given the needed political and policy attention by central government and all stakeholders.
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Milbert, Isabelle. "Slums, Slum Dwellers and Multilevel Governance." European Journal of Development Research 18, no. 2 (June 2006): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09578810600717222.
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Metobo, Evans. "EFFECTS OF SLUM UPGRADING ON SECURITY MANAGMENT IN SOWETO SLUMS, ROYSAMBU SUB-COUNTY IN NAIROBI, KENYA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 8, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 479–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.81.9648.
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This paper uses data collected for an MA Thesis to explore the effects of slum upgrading on security management in Soweto slums, Roysambu sub-county in Nairobi, Kenya. The study was guided by three objectives to establish social effect of slum upgrading on security management in Kahawa Soweto slums; to examine the economic effect of slum upgrading on security management in Kahawa Soweto slums; and to establish the challenges of security management in the slum upgrading programme for Kahawa Soweto Slums. The study adopted a descriptive research design and random sampling to select 318 respondents (main respondents) and 10 Key informants (K.I). Questionnaire was the main method of data collection while interview was used to collect data from K.I. Data collected was organized, and systematically interpreted thematically by use of graphs, frequency tables, and percentages.
This study established the relationship between slum setting and rise of crime and insecurity in Kahawa Soweto slums in Roysambu sub-county in Nairobi, Kenya with 69.2% of respondents agreeing to this count. According to this study, poor roads, high poverty levels, low education levels, poor spatial designs/environmental design of slum area and housing, absence of police station and poor lighting predisposed the slum dwellers to crime and insecurity. According to this study slum upgrade will reduce crime and insecurity, given that special aspects such as improvement in spatial designs/environmental design of urban areas and housing with enhanced modern lighting will significantly reduce crime in slums by eliminating criminogenic and insecurity risk factors. Additionally, improved economic effects of slum upgrading on slum dwellers would build resilience to crime and insecurity. This includes; Job creation, provision of educational facilities such as vocational training institutes (polytechnics), basic education institutions (primary and secondary schools) as well as other skills enhancement institutions. Community empowerment aimed at income generating activities, construction of police station to provide security to the slum dwellers (77%), and construction of better roads (55.3%) were recommended to reduce crime and improved security management in Kahawa Soweto slums in Roysambu sub-county in Nairobi, Kenya.
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Solymári, Daniel, Edward Kairu, Ráhel Czirják, and István Tarrósy. "The impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of Kenyan slum dwellers and the need for an integrated policy approach." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 2, 2022): e0271196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271196.
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This paper aims to deal with the impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of disadvantaged persons living in slums in Kenya. Months after the first case of COVID-19 was reported in Kenya in March 2020, most of the studies that have been carried out pertaining to its impact on slum dwellers have concentrated on narrowly defined concerns e.g. the impact of COVID-19 on youth, gender based violence and nutrition. It is thus difficult to get a clear global picture of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the livelihoods of slum dwellers in Kenya. This paper relies on information gathered during a comprehensive qualitative micro study covering numerous aspects of slum dwellers’ livelihoods, as well as information that has been produced by the Ministry of Health, civil society organizations that work in specific slums, private research organizations as well as local and foreign media houses. The slums whose information is reported in this paper were selected to be indicative of the over 300 slums that are located in Nairobi and Mombasa, the two most important cities in Kenya. The analysis concludes that slum dwellers were potentially at a higher risk under the pressures of COVID-19 of deteriorating conditions with regard to the provision of health services, employment, gender-based violence, education and youth-related problems, and human rights violations, and offers several recommendations to the government.
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Pandey, Alok, and Ajay Bhardwaj. "Socio-Economic Status of Slum Dwellers: A Cross-Sectional Study of five slums in Varanasi City." Journal of Global Economy 17, no. 3 (November 9, 2021): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v17i3.632.
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The study focuses on the socio-economic status (SES) of slum dwellers in Varanasi city. From the five wards of Varanasi slums, 200 households were interviewed with a predesigned questionnaire. To show the status of the families in the slum, we used Kuppuswamy's socio-economic class. The average score of Kuppuswamy'ssocio-economic status of slum dwellers is 7.7. In Varanasi city, based on the Kuppuswamy SES score, families belong to Upper-lower SES, and their average SES is seven. The states should focus on poverty, unemployment, income, and essential services in city areas. The present study suggests improving the socio-economic condition, which led to improved social, educational, and income status in slums.
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Obembe, Taiwo A., Jonathan Levin, and Sharon Fonn. "Prevalence and factors associated with catastrophic health expenditure among slum and non-slum dwellers undergoing emergency surgery in a metropolitan area of South Western Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): e0255354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255354.
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Background Out of Pocket (OOP) payment continues to persist as the major mode of payment for healthcare in Nigeria despite the introduction of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). Although the burden of health expenditure has been examined in some populations, the impact of OOP among slum dwellers in Nigeria when undergoing emergencies, is under-researched. This study sought to examine the prevalence, factors and predictors of catastrophic health expenditure amongst selected slum and non-slum communities undergoing emergency surgery in Southwestern Nigeria. Methods The study utilised a descriptive cross-sectional survey design to recruit 450 households through a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires in 2017. Factors considered for analysis relating to the payer were age, sex, relationship of payer to patient, educational status, marital status, ethnicity, occupation, income and health insurance coverage. Variables factored into analysis for the patient were indication for surgery, grade of hospital, and type of hospital. Households were classified as incurring catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), if their OOP expenditure exceeded 5% of payers’ household budget. Analysis of the data took into account the multistage sampling design. Results Overall, 65.6% (95% CI: 55.6–74.5) of the total population that were admitted for emergency surgery, experienced catastrophic expenditure. The prevalence of catastrophic expenditure at 5% threshold, among the population scheduled for emergency surgeries, was significantly higher for slum dwellers (74.1%) than for non-slum dwellers (47.7%) (F = 8.59; p = 0.019). Multiple logistic regression models revealed the significant independent factors of catastrophic expenditure at the 5% CHE threshold to include setting of the payer (whether slum or non-slum dweller) (p = 0.019), and health insurance coverage of the payer (p = 0.012). Other variables were nonetheless significant in the bivariate analysis were age of the payer (p = 0.017), income (p<0.001) and marital status of the payer (p = 0.022). Conclusion Although catastrophic health expenditure was higher among the slum dwellers, substantial proportions of respondents incurred catastrophic health expenditure irrespective of whether they were slum or non-slum dwellers. Concerted efforts are required to implement protective measures against catastrophic health expenditure in Nigeria that also cater to slum dwellers.
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Mansoor, Hira, and Afshan Iram. "An Empirical Analysis of Well-being: A Case Study of Slum Area in Islamabad." iRASD Journal of Economics 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 760–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52131/joe.2023.0501.0114.
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Slums have long been a feature of urban life in Pakistan as well as throughout the globe. Nearly all slum locations may be found outside of cities. Slums, however, are prevalent in the center of Islamabad, notably on the sides of the riverine null. Notwithstanding, CDA has approved these slums, and most poor Christians reside in Islamabad's slums. Data was collected from 411 households by conducting a primary survey, and families were selected by snowball sampling. The present study has covered four major slum areas of Islamabad, including 100 quarters in F-6/2, the Faisal colony in G-7/2, the Hansa colony in G-8/1, and the France colony in F-7/4. This research's main objective is to empirically analyze the well-being of dwellers and explore the socioeconomic profile of slum dwellers. The present study considered six dimensions of well-being, including housing, education, assets, means of transportation, income, and consumption. We have also calculated poverty estimates and consumption inequality. Poverty estimates show that close to 57 percent population of slum areas was living below the poverty line. The incidence of poverty in slum areas is relatively higher than national poverty estimates.
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Rajan Maurya, Gurwinder Singh Badal, Adarsh Sharma,. "Empowering the Marginalized: Technology and Quality of Life in Amritsar's Smart City Slums." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 3 (September 11, 2023): 1006–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.421.
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Amritsar is the largest city in Punjab, north India, quantified based on its slum population. The present paper attempts to study the accessibility of essential facilities like safe drinking water, bathing provision, drainage connectivity, fuel used for cooking and electricity availability, and evaluate the quality of life in Amritsar slums. Primary data were collected using a multi-module interview schedule between August and September 2022 to achieve these research goals. Thus, 614 households were selected for a preliminary survey based on the location of slums in the city. The analysis identified that the availability of basic amenities and quality of life of slum dwellers varies among various slums; at the same time, the provision of these amenities also depends on the type, location and magnitude of multiple slums. Further, it was concluded that public planning agencies have failed to supply the required facilities to the economically weaker sections of society. In addition to Government efforts, there is a need to strengthen the private sector's role in slum up-gradation, participatory planning for slum areas and other inclusive planning measures to ensure basic amenities and better quality of life for the slum dwellers.
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Marx, Benjamin, Thomas Stoker, and Tavneet Suri. "The Economics of Slums in the Developing World." Journal of Economic Perspectives 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2013): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.27.4.187.
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The global expansion of urban slums poses questions for economic research as well as problems for policymakers. We provide evidence that the type of poverty observed in contemporary slums of the developing world is characteristic of that described in the literature on poverty traps. We document how human capital threshold effects, investment inertia, and a “policy trap” may prevent slum dwellers from seizing economic opportunities offered by geographic proximity to the city. We test the assumptions of another theory—that slums are a just transitory phenomenon characteristic of fastgrowing economies—by examining the relationship between economic growth, urban growth, and slum growth in the developing world, and whether standards of living of slum dwellers are improving over time, both within slums and across generations. Finally, we discuss why standard policy approaches have often failed to mitigate the expansion of slums in the developing world. Our aim is to inform public debate on the essential issues posed by slums in the developing world.
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Macchia, Alejandro, Daniel Ferrante, Gabriel Battistella, Javier Mariani, and Fernán González Bernaldo de Quirós. "COVID-19 among the inhabitants of the slums in the city of Buenos Aires: a population-based study." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e044592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044592.
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ObjectiveTo summarise the unfolding of the COVID-19 epidemic among slum dwellers and different social strata in the city of Buenos Aires during the first 20 weeks after the first reported case.DesignObservational study using a time-series analysis. Natural experiment in a big city.SettingPopulation of the city of Buenos Aires and the integrated health reporting system records of positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 tests.ParticipantsRecords from the Argentine Integrated Health Reporting System for all persons with suspected and RT-PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 31 January and 14 July 2020.OutcomesTo estimate the effects of living in a slum on the standardised incidence rate of COVID-19, corrected Poisson regression models were used. Additionally, the impact of socioeconomic status was performed using an ecological analysis at the community level.ResultsA total of 114 052 people were tested for symptoms related with COVID-19. Of these, 39 039 (34.2%) were RT-PCR positive. The incidence rates for COVID-19 towards the end of the 20th week were 160 (155 to 165) per 100 000 people among the inhabitants who did not reside in the slums (n=2 841 997) and 708 (674 to 642) among slums dwellers (n=233 749). Compared with the better-off socioeconomic quintile (1.00), there was a linear gradient on incidence rates: 1.36 (1.25 to 1.46), 1.61 (1.49 to 1.74), 1.86 (1.72 to 2.01), 2.94 (2.74 to 3.16) from Q2 to Q5, respectively. Slum dwellers were associated with an incidence rate of 14.3 (13.4 to 15.4).ConclusionsThe distribution of the epidemic is socially conditioned. Slum dwellers are at a much higher risk than the rest of the community. Slum dwellers should not be considered just another risk category but an entirely different reality that requires policies tailored to their needs.
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Barman, Dhiren. "Socio-Economic Condition of Slum Dwellers in Bankura Town: An Exploratory Analysis." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v12i1.6825.
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The word “slum” refers to informal settlements in which the condition of houses is bad and living conditions are very poor. In Bankura town, there are 295 total slums, which are home to 46,341 people. This represents around 33.73% of Bankura town’s overall population. The slum population in Bankura town is continuously increasing. The slum dwellers in Bankura town mainly deprived from education, metal road, water supply, drainage and sanitation system. Some basic amenities need urgent attention in slum area by ULB of Bankura town. i.e. water supply , drainage and sanitation, education, shelter and road etc. The highest number of slum population located in Ward nos. 4, 10, 12, 17, 19, and 20 and maximum number of BPL population is located in Ward no. 19 and 20. The highest number of illiterate slum population is found in Ward no. 4, 10, 12, 17, 19, 20 and 22. The highest number of households in Ward no. 19 is having remote access to drinking water; whereas in Ward no. 1 & 2 are having a lowest number of houses with remote access to drinking water sources. The highest number of houses with access road to house as kutcha road is found in Ward no. 19. The highest number of slum population identifying use of toilet as others, non-earning population, woman-earning member and drop out children in slum is observed in Ward no. 19. It is observed that slum population in Ward no. 19 and 20 are in worst condition in comparison to Ward no. 1 and 2. Development policies must be framed to prevent the formation of new slums and take necessary strategies for the development of socio-economic condition of slum dwellers in Bankura town.
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Ssemugabo, Charles, Sarah Nalinya, Grace Biyinzika Lubega, Rawlance Ndejjo, and David Musoke. "Health Risks in Our Environment: Urban Slum Youth’ Perspectives Using Photovoice in Kampala, Uganda." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010248.
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Due to increasing urbanization, many people find themselves living in slums that expose them to several health risks. We explored urban health risks that fall short of the planetary boundaries in an urban slum in Kampala, Uganda using photovoice. We selected, trained, and assigned ten youth (five females and five males) to take photos on urban health risks. The photographs were discussed, and transcripts were analyzed based on the doughnut economics model using content analysis in NVivo 12. Environments and actions of slum dwellers expose them to health risks, and cause them to live at the edge of planetary boundaries. Environmental sanitation challenges, including solid and liquid waste management, excreta management, and food hygiene and safety expose slum dwellers to risks at the edge of the lower boundary of the planet. Urban conditions expose slum dwellers to poor physical infrastructure, undesirable work conditions, pollution, and health and safety challenges. Crime, violence, and substance use were also viewed as vices that make slum environments dangerous habitats. On the other hand, practices like inhabiting wetlands and using biomass fuels in addition to traffic fumes expose slum dwellers to effects associated with living above the planetary boundaries. Urban youth reflected on health risks that have immediate effects on their health and day-to-day living. Urbanization, especially in low resource settings, needs to be cognizant of the ensuing risks to health and thus ensure sustainable growth.
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Jishamol, Dr B. "Slums of Chennai around the Buckingham Canal - with special reference to Govindaswamy Nagar." International Journal of Current Humanities & Social Science Researches (IJCHSSR) ISSN: 2456-7205, Peer Reviewed Journal 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52443/ijchssr.v2i2.66.
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Buckingham Canal bank was an important water - way of old Madras. It has been facing slow death due to many reasons such as encroachments by various constructions like MRTS (The Mass Rapid Transit System is popularly called MRTS), and also the Urban poor, the slum dwellers.
The slum dwellers face various problems like, flooding, insanitary conditions, health and socio-economic issues. One of the major issue is the eviction process. In this link, the Elango Street of Govindaswamy Nagar has been allotted by the Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board based on G.O.Ms.No 163 Housing (F) Department, Dated 28.02.1973.
Elango Street escapes all the natural problems the other slums are facing, but it is expected to be evicted. This critical issue made the researcher to compare Elango Street of Govindaswamy Nagar with the other slums on the banks of Central Buckingham Canal.
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Latif, Mahmuda Binte, Anjuman Irin, and Jannatul Ferdaus. "Socio-economic and health status of slum dwellers of the Kalyanpur slum in Dhaka city." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 29, no. 1 (September 27, 2016): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v29i1.29760.
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This research was carried out to examine the socio-economic and health condition of slum dwellers of Kalyanpur slum area. The study was both qualitative and quantitative type. In quantitative approach, primary data were used and collected from randomly selected (68 respondents) slum dwellers in the Kalyanpur slum area. The secondary data were collected from journal papers, articles, books, official documents, thesis papers, daily newspapers etc. By analyzing the survey, it is seen that slum dwellers were deprived of basic needs. The study helps to identify the slum problems such as food and housing problems, poor sanitation condition, poor quality or no sewerage and drainage, inadequate educational facilities, lack of utility services like gas facility, electricity connection, piped water supply etc. From this study it is observed that every family live in a slum in unhygienic environment in poor condition. The slum dwellers work as garments workers (24.2%), household workers (13.7%), rickshaw pullers (19.2%), street hawkers, day labourers, masons etc. The range of household income of slum dwellers was about Tk 6,000 - 10,000 and they spent most of their money on food (61.39% of income). It was also seen that most of the slum dwellers were affected by various kinds of seasonal and waterborne diseases like fever, asthma, skin diseases, diarrheoa, jaundice etc. The study finds that poor socio-economic status and inadequacy of urban services has had an immediate effect on urban health specially the slum poor in metropolitan cities in the country.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 29(1): 73-83, June-2016
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Swapan, Mohammad Shahidul Hasan, Saalem Sadeque, Md Sayed Iftekhar, and Neshen Sooben. "Predictors of the Intention to Participate in Slum Upgrading Projects: Perceptions of Slum Dwellers in Mauritius." Urbanisation 8, no. 1 (May 2023): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24557471231169126.
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A global shift in urban slum improvement programmes is underway to step beyond the conventional approach by practicing a more participatory approach. Previous studies have found that slum upgrading projects are likely to be ineffective and unsustainable without the active participation of slum dwellers. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the pathways to improve or enhance slum dwellers’ participation in slum upgrading projects. Several studies highlight the need to consider socio-psychological attributes of the community. However, empirical evidence of the comparative significance of these attributes in predicting participatory behavioural intention of the slum dwellers has not been previously explored. In this article, we examine the factors that influence slum dwellers’ intention to participate in slum upgrading projects in Mauritius, which has been one of the early implementers of UN-Habitat’s flagship initiative, Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme. We conducted a household survey in highly dense slum areas in Cité EDC and Barkly. Using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling approach to analyse the relationships among the constructs affecting participatory behaviour, we find that enhancement of awareness and trust on authority can promote willingness to participate at a higher level in slum upgrading projects. Such information can be useful to design appropriate pathways to increase effective participation in slum upgrading programmes.
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Koster, Martijn, and Pieter A. de Vries. "Slum politics." Focaal 2012, no. 62 (March 1, 2012): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2012.620107.
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This article envisages slum dwellers' politics in Recife, Brazil as a realm of possibility in which care and recognition are central. Community leaders are its main facilitators as articulators of slum dwellers' needs and aspirations. The article's notion of slum politics is an elaboration of Chatterjee's (2004) ideas on popular politics as a “politics of the governed.“ Yet the article critiques the governmentality perspective for its inability to envisage a politics of hope and possibility. It distinguishes among slum politics, governmental politics (projects and programs), and electoral politics (voting), which are entwined and interdependent, but different. Zooming in on a community leader's urban agriculture project, the article argues that this project, which from an outsiders' perspective may be considered non-viable, provided slum dwellers with possibilities to strive for community solidarity and personal recognition. Slum politics, the article concludes, is about claiming the right to be counted and recognized, and about the care for the other.
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Andavarapu, Deepika, and Mahyar Arefi. "Understanding resilience in urban slums." plaNext–Next Generation Planning 2 (April 1, 2016): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24306/plnxt.2016.02.007.
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Slums are typically perceived as substandard eyesores, corrupt, makeshift, impoverished and crime-ridden. The growing literature on resilience challenged these perceptions, and promoted new debates on their ingenuity and adaptability to overcome external circumstances. Yet these debates are often limited to short term coping and adaptive capacity of slum dwellers. In this paper we look at long-term transformation of a slum over a forty-year period. Holling’s Adaptive Cycle model is a useful tool to study the transformations occurring within a slum. The four phases of the adaptive cycle are: conservation (K), creative destruction/release (Ω), reorganization (α) and exploitation (r). The Ω and α phases are together known as the “backloop” and are the focus of this paper. This paper explores how the residents of Pedda Jalaraipeta slum in Visakhapatnam use their social capital (bonding, bridging and linkages) to survive and recover from disasters. Based on empirical ethnographic findings, this paper shows that when slum dwellers collaborate with government or non-government agencies their community can recover and retain its unique social and cultural identity.
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Kumari, Rashmi. "Urban environmental challenges associated with dynamics of slum settlement." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1084, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1084/1/012037.
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Abstract The urban environmental quality is one of the major issues which need immediate attention as it has direct impact on the human life around the globe. The growing population in the urban areas has put a pressure on the housing sector, which leads to slum formation, and the decreased environmental quality due to it. The urban system cannot be imagined without the slums as these are inexorable part of urban areas, especially in the developing nations. There is a direct association between the complex spatial arrangement and the socio-economic fabric of the slum dwellers. In the present study, the statistical analysis has been performed to establish the interrelation between the determinants of social and economic status of the slum dwellers, and the air quality. Further, the space syntax analysis on the selected case has been performed to understand the spatial dynamics and its interrelation with the socio-behavioural pattern of the slum in the study area of Patna city. The present investigation advocated to improving the quality of slum settlements for improving the quality of the environment.
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Caesandra, Violla, Hanny Wahidin Wiranegara, and Sugihartoyo Sugihartoyo. "Tingkat Keberlanjutan Pemanfaatan Ruang Publik Multifungsi di Permukiman Kumuh." TATALOKA 22, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/tataloka.22.3.354-365.
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Due to the limitation of slum dweller’s residence, they use public spaces for their daily activities. One kind of them is a park. Public space used for various kinds of activities by slum dwellers is called a multifunction public space. Utilization of multifunction public space can potentially lead to spatial use conflict which interfere with its functional sustainability. The aim of this research was to identify the level of sustainability of the utilization of a multifunction public space in the slum area. This research used a quantitative approach and a questionnaires survey method. Respondents were slum dwellers using the park. The total respondents was 96 by using the Lemeshow formula. The results showed that there were differences in the level of sustainability among three parks. The highest level of sustainable utilization is Pendongkelan, the medium level is Melati Indah, and the lowest level is Taman Anggrek. There were four aspects of sustainability which were measured. Diversity and harmony were two aspects determining sustainability. For sustainability of spatial utilization of the multifunction public space in the slum area need management to take care of the size of the park, the availability of park amenities, and its accessibility.
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Hossain, Basharat. "Do the Slum Dwellers Enjoy the Basic Constitutional and Economic Rights as a Citizen in Bangladesh?" Global Disclosure of Economics and Business 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2014): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/gdeb.v3i2.157.
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Bangladesh is a country of about 156million people including nearly 7.81 million of slum people. This paper investigates 28 years data for 1986- 2014 periods on the living standard of slum dwellers of Bangladesh. It presents the different forms of deprivations, sufferings and miseries of slum people from basic needs including social, constitutional and economic rights. More specifically, the wretchedness of slum dwellers in housing, drinking water, sanitation, food intake, healthcare, education, employment, income patterns, social status and security, economic and public assistance has been explored in this paper. In addition, poverty scenario and services of social organization among slum people has been focused in this paper. Finally, it recommends some policies to improve the living conditions of slum dwellers in Bangladesh.
JEL Classification Code: I31, I38, I13, I18, I25, E26, O18, O15, O17
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Rajabzadeh, Foruzan, Mirsaeed Yekaninejad, Mohammadali Moshtaq, Shima Kordi, Aliyu Tijani Jibril, Ahmad Reza Dorosty Motlagh, and Zahra Esmaeily. "The impact of slum dwelling on healthy eating index in the border of Tehran." Nutrition & Food Science 52, no. 1 (November 25, 2021): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-12-2020-0470.
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Purpose Life conditions for most slum dwellers are deplorable, with poor socio-economic status and high rates of malnutrition and communicable diseases. Studies have shown lower intake of many nutrients in such people, but no study yet has checked the quality of diet using Healthy Eating Index (HEI) in them. This study aims to assess the quality of diet among slum dwellers of Tehran using the HEI-2015. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 slum dwellers from two slums located on the border of Tehran city which is the capital of Iran. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select subjects for this study. Data on socioeconomic characteristics and 24-hours dietary recalls were obtained through face-to-face interviews with the respondents by trained personnel. Findings The overall diet quality of the respondents was poor, with a mean HEI score of 40.9 ± 23.7. About 84% of the participants had low overall HEI scores. A significant relation was seen in the following: the HEI and educational level (p = 0.044); the HEI and employment status (p = 0.001); and the HEI and chronic diseases (p = 0.049). There was no significant difference between the mean HEI score and marital status, welfare status and addiction status. From the findings, the diet of most of these slum dwellers needs modification. Therefore, taking measures to reduce slum dwelling and to improve the nutritional intake of this study population is needed. Originality/value The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
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Marwasta, Djaka. "Slum, Development in Yogyakarta City 1970-2000." Forum Geografi 15, no. 1 (July 20, 2016): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/forgeo.v15i1.4665.
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Slum, a dwelling that is statutorily unfit for human habitation, is still the big problem in, especially, cities of developing countries. This article highlights the development of slums in Yogyakarta City along 1970-2000, and it’s merely focused on spatial and socio-ecological development. The aims of the study is to analyze the distribution and development process of slum dwellings. Distribution of slum area is taken from interpretation of time-series aerial photos. The change of extent and distribution of slum is analyzed using Geographic Information System. To obtain the socio-economic characteristics of slum dwellers, the survey method is chosen. The respondent are selected randomly among head of household that represent each settlement units. Quality of settlement are determined by total score of 15 selected variables. The result shows that the first category of slum was increased 74.4 hectares from year 1970 to 2000, the second category was increased 47.6 hectares, and the third was 131.1 hectares. Nevertheless, the process of slum development in Yogyakarta City includes in "continuous" type, which slowly and long period of creation. Densification and aging process is two of the main causes of slum expansion. Distribution of slum unit were driven by rivers that next to city center. According to this research, it’s found out that the slum dwellers are characterized by the new migrant who had low income and education, working in the informal sector, and renting the house.
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Farah, Shayela, Mohoshina Karim, Nasreen Akther, Meherunnessa Begum, and Nadia Begum. "Knowledge and Practice of Personal Hygiene and Sanitation: A Study in Selected Slums of Dhaka City." Delta Medical College Journal 3, no. 2 (August 4, 2015): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v3i2.24425.
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Background: : Slum dwellers are likely to be among the most deprived people in urban areas. Poor hygiene practices and inadequate sanitary conditions play major roles in the increased burden of communicable diseases within developing countries like ours.Objective: To assess the knowledge and practice about personal hygiene and environmental sanitation in selected slums of Dhaka city.Materials and method: This cross sectional study was conducted in purposively selected urban slum areas of Moghbazar slum, Bashabo slum and T&T slum of Dhaka city during February 2014 to April 2014. Convenient sampling technique was applied. Semi-structured pre-tested questionnaire was used and face to face interview was conducted. Total 475 subjects, irrespective of age and sex, were included in this study.Results: Out of 475 respondents, more than fifty percent slum dwellers resided in tin shaded room while 21.7% in kacha houses. Sixty six percent of the respondents used to drink water from tube-well and 24% used supplied water provided by the city corporation. The study revealed that near 59% of the respondents used sanitary latrine. About 67% slum dwellers regularly practiced hand washing before taking meal and 59.2% respondents used soap after defecation. About fifty percent respondents brushed their teeth regularly with tooth paste. Regarding personal cleanliness, 81% subjects took bath regularly while 78% washed clothes irregularly. A statistically significant relation was found between washing of hands before meal (p=0.001), washing of hands after defecation (p=0.02), tooth brushing (p=0.001), bathing (p=0.009), washing of cloths (p=0.001), use of footwear (p=0.63) with knowledge of personal hygiene of the slum dwellers.Conclusion: Continuous community hygiene education along with adequate access to water supply and sanitation improves hygiene behaviour and policy makers and health care providers should have definite strategy and implementation.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2015; 3(2): 68-73
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Safdar, Muhammad Hassan, Riaz Ahmed, Najaf Hussain, Muhammad Arslan Safdar, and Tausif Ahmed. "Analyzing the Health Status of Slum Dwellers: An Evidence of Lahore, Pakistan." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 16, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs20221612702.
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Background: Miserable status of health and public health is one of the major problems of more than 1 billion people living in slums across the world. Most of the governments, do not pay due attention. Purpose: Current study is especially devised to highlight the major problems of slum population in relation with health and public health so that better policy measures might be suggested. The second most populous city of Pakistan is Lahore and it is the home of about 27 million people, slums area of Lahore were chosen as population. Methodology: Through stratified sampling technique 250 households from ten slums were chosen as a sample. Inferential and descriptive statistical techniques have been used study in hand. The logistic regression model has been used to analyze the impact of important socio-economic variables on the health status of the family. Results: From descriptive analysis, we know that about 73 percent of the slum residents have no access to even basic health facilities, 32 percent of the slum children are not immunized, 72 percent of the slum women give birth to children without any proper assistance and 56 percent do not receive antenatal check – ups during pregnancy. Further, about 66 percent of the dwellers have no access to safe drinking water while majority face unhygienic and poor solid waste management status. Conclusion: The results of regression model shows that per capita income, education level of the family head, availability of safe drinking water and employment status of the family have positive while smoking and drinking leave negative impact on the health status of the dwellers. The findings address the authorities concerned to take holistic and practical measures for betterment of human development. Keywords: Slums, Antenatal Care, Basic Health Facilities, Safe Water, Immunization, Solid Waste Management
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Gilbert, Alan. "Extreme Thinking About Slums and Slum Dwellers: A Critique." SAIS Review of International Affairs 29, no. 1 (2009): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sais.0.0031.
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Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha, Noemia, Jinshuo Li, Eliud Kibuchi, Zahidul Quayyum, Penelope Phillips-Howard, Abdul Awal, Md Imran Hossain Mithu, et al. "Economics of healthcare access in low-income and middle-income countries: a protocol for a scoping review of the economic impacts of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers compared with other city residents." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045441.
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IntroductionPeople living in slums face several challenges to access healthcare. Scarce and low-quality public health facilities are common problems in these communities. Costs and prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) have also been reported as high in studies conducted in slums in developing countries and those suffering from chronic conditions and the poorest households seem to be more vulnerable to financial hardship. The COVID-19 pandemic may be aggravating the economic impact on the extremely vulnerable population living in slums due to the long-term consequences of the disease. The objective of this review is to report the economic impact of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers in terms of costs and CHE. We will compare the economic impact on slum-dwellers with other city residents.Methods and analysisThis scoping review adopts the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley. The review is part of the accountability and responsiveness of slum-dwellers (ARISE) research consortium, which aims to enhance accountability to improve the health and well-being of marginalised populations living in slums in India, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone and Kenya. Costs of accessing healthcare will be updated to 2020 prices using the inflation rates reported by the International Monetary Fund. Costs will be presented in International Dollars by using purchase power parity. The prevalence of CHE will also be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for scoping reviews. We will disseminate our results alongside the events organised by the ARISE consortium and international conferences. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access international journal. Registration number at the Research Registry: reviewregistry947.
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Jose Paul, Neha Itty. "Critical Analysis of Slum Tourism: A Retrospective on Bangalore." Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 95–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.16.6.
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Slum tourism is a relatively unknown and controversial niche tourism segment. This form of tourism is mainly found in small pockets around the so-called third world. Slum tourism is famous in the Kibera slum in Nairobi and the Rochina slum in Rio de Janeiro. The largest slum in Asia, the Dharavi slum, became popular notably through the release of the Oscar-winning movie “Slumdog Millionaire” which highlighted the slum in Mumbai and thus brought the much-needed limelight on slum tourism otherwise known as poverty tourism. Slum tourism is the act of visiting low-income settlements also known as Favelas or simply as slums. Slum tourism has received mixed reviews of both a positive and negative character. A negative approach due to the very reason of it being seen as a means of showcasing the poor for the benefit of inquisitive tourists and critics say this form of tourism is voyeuristic and leads to the ill-treatment of slum dwellers. However, slum tourism can also lead to positive outcomes if managed in a sustainable manner it can develop employment opportunities for the slum dwellers. This paper deals with whether or not slum tourism has the potential of being developed in Bangalore, to find out if the much hype about slum tourism in Mumbai has created any demand for this niche market in Bangalore. A quantitative research methodology is used to investigate the matter. A survey and correlation analysis were conducted to delve into slum tours perspective of customers and travel agents of Bangalore. Findings of the study reveal that the potential customers or tourists are keen on taking such tours where as travel agents do not conduct slum tours as the profit margins are low.
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Banerjee, Shashwati, and Kishor Goswami. "Self-employed or Paid Employed: Who can Earn more among the Slum Dwellers and Why?" Progress in Development Studies 20, no. 1 (October 23, 2019): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993419870961.
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Past literature in the context of slum dwellers rarely acknowledges the occupational variation in informal job types. The dearth of studies also exists in specifying the informal types where public policy can result in their improved livelihoods. Based on 240 respondents settled in the slums of four districts of West Bengal, it analyses the types of informal employment in offsetting poverty of the slum dwellers. The participation of only 27 percent of the women in informal employment as compared to 73 percent of the male suggests the existence of gender gap in informal employment. The study finds that irrespective of the types of informal employment, the workers mostly belong to the economically weaker sections. The self-employed population is better regarding earning, using the formal account for savings, and job security (tenure). The findings suggest the enhancement of opportunities for the vendors and drivers among the self-employed, and the labourers working in the electrical and electronic sectors among the paid-employees. The district, gender, relationship status, and social network are among the major variables that determine the self-employment pattern of the slum dwellers.
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Mwanza, Martin Mwaka. "Challenges of Crime in City Slums: A Case Study of Mathare Slum in Nairobi County, Kenya." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 12 (December 23, 2023): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.1012.15064.
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This study focuses on the challenges of crime within Mathare slum in Nairobi County, Kenya. It has been necessitated by the continued concern on the constant presence of crime within the slum areas of Nairobi. Although there have been studies carried out on various challenges in slums, this study provides a detailed analysis of the security challenges faced by Mathare slum dwellers. The study sought to examine five major thematic areas; major causes of crime in Mathare slum, types and trends of crime within Mathare slum, crime reporting, criminal gangs in Mathare slum and fear of crime within Mathare slum. Questionnaires and key informant interviews were used to obtain data from respondents who included Mathare slum residents, police officers, area chiefs and community policing committees’ chairpersons from the thirteen villages in Mathare slum. The challenges of crime in Mathare slum were found to be a combination of multiple factors working in congruence to influence the commission of crime.
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Asantewaa Adofo, Ida, Oscar Agyemang Opoku, and Ebow Sampson. "Slum Health in Ghana: a Case of Old Fadama in The Accra." Asian Journal of Healthy and Science 3, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.58631/ajhs.v3i1.97.
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The study sought to assess the effect of slum on the health of its’ dwellers in Sodom and Gomorrah. The study adopted the explanatory design of the quantitative approach to examine the effect of slums on the quality of life of the slums inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah. With the aid of Krejcie and Morgan‘s (1970) sample size table, 306 respondents were selected and through convenience sampling, questionnaire were administered to the respondents. Moreover, the data were analyzed with the help of statistical software known as Statistical Product for Service Solution (SPSS version 25.0) by using frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation as well as linear regression and presented by using tables, and charts. It was evident from the reviews that the emergence of slums and its growth are offshoots of urbanisation. The search for greener pastures in the city centers and the improvement of the livelihood of slum dwellers were the major driving force for slum dwellers to migrate to the city centers. It was obvious from the study that migrants do not have life easy and promising as anticipated before embarking on their journeys. They become exposed to all kinds of risks, ranging from environmental to health. Within this context they device several means to survive. It is the argument of this thesis that government should engage private partnership to stem the tide down. Therefore, it is recommended that the government and private institutions and individuals provide intensive education support programs for the community. Education could be done through Community Publics Address systems (PA Systems), schools, workshops, seminars, and others.
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Obaitor, Olabisi S., Marion Stellmes, and Tobia Lakes. "Exploring Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Gentrification Processes in Intracity Slums in the Lagos Megacity." Geographies 4, no. 2 (April 2, 2024): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geographies4020015.
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There have been increasing calls in gentrification studies to examine the geography of gentrification in slums, as little is known about the patterns and processes of slum gentrification, especially in sub-Saharan African cities where slums house over 50% of the urban population. This study explored the spatiotemporal changes in slums in Lagos, Nigeria, between 1984 and 20 on the pattern and drivers of gentrification. Data were collected from 42 slums in Lagos through remote sensing (1984–2020) and a field survey (2020–2021). The study integrated geospatial analysis with quantitative and qualitative analysis to investigate the patterns and drivers of gentrification in Lagos slums. The findings show that between 1984 and 2020, all the sampled slums had undergone gentrification processes, apart from those that were completely cleared. However, many slums continue to have deprived areas as they continue to gentrify. Almost all the slum communities have experienced slum clearance in the past. Additionally, the current and new housing developments in the study have favored middle- to high-income groups, which has led to the displacement of previous slum residents. The study identified slum clearance, fires and floodings, the presence of palaces in the community, the proportion of deprived areas in 1984, government interest in the slum, and the size of the church as drivers of slum gentrification processes in Lagos. Finally, the findings show that the vulnerability of slum dwellers increases with slum gentrification. Therefore, this study recommended developing policies and programs, such as sustainable relocation and low-cost housing, to mitigate the negative consequences of slum gentrification, especially in cities with significant shares of low-income groups.
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Ssemugabo, Charles, Abdullah Ali Halage, Carol Namata, David Musoke, and John C. Ssempebwa. "A socio-ecological perspective of the facilitators and barriers to uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene interventions in a slum setting in Kampala, Uganda: a qualitative study." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 2 (April 20, 2020): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.124.
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Abstract We explored the facilitators and barriers to uptake of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) interventions among slum dwellers in Kampala, Uganda using a socio-ecological perspective. This qualitative exploration used focus group discussions with community members and key informant interviews with community leaders and technocrats to collect data. Among facilitators to uptake of WASH interventions were susceptibility to WASH-related diseases and low WASH knowledge levels at individual level, peer practices at household level, and promotion of WASH at organizational level. At community and public policy levels, community engagement and empowerment, and formation and enforcement of ordinances and bye-laws, respectively, motivated slums dwellers to adopt WASH interventions. Conversely, individual knowledge, beliefs, language, and financial status inhibited individuals from taking up WASH interventions. Negative peer practices and upbringing at peer level; unsupportive environments, and engagement of communities at organizational level; cultural beliefs and lack of space at community level; and unexamplary leaders and political interference barred slum dwellers in Kampala from embracing the WASH interventions. Uptake of WASH interventions in the slum community is influenced by a cascade of facilitators and barriers across the socio-ecological realm. Hence, a multi-faceted approach targeting all stakeholders is required in planning and implementation of WASH interventions.
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Solanki, Kinjal, Harsh Joshi, Alpesh Patel, and D. V. Bala. "Comparative Study of Oral Hygiene Among Urban and Urban Slum Dwellers of Ahmedabad." Journal of Medical Research and Innovation 2, S1 (November 1, 2018): e000152. http://dx.doi.org/10.32892/jmri.152.
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Aims and Objectives: To compare the oral hygiene practices and study the proportion of dental problems among urban and urban slum areas.
Methodology: An observational, cross sectional study was carried out in 150 people in urban and urban slum areas. The study duration was four months (June 2015 to September 2015). The data was collected in a pre-designed proforma. The knowledge of the community was considered with regards to oral hygiene and harmful effects of bad food habits and tobacco consumption. The oral problems and hygiene was assessed by using mouth mirror and probe. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 24.0 Software.
Results: Out of the total data collected, 75 of the data entries were obtained from urban area and urban slum area each. The age wise distribution was done as well in both the areas. Among them, most common age group was 20-45 years (50.7% in urban while 48.0% in urban slum) followed by 10-19 years, 46-60 years, 1-9 years and 60and above age group. The common symptoms observed like broken teeth (28%), gingivitis (13.30%), caries (21.10%) etc. were more in urban as compared to urban slum areas. Most common brushing practice was using paste (90%) followed by powder (10%) and salt (1%). More number of people in urban area (28%) consumes carbonated drinks as compared to urban slum (6.7%) (P value = 0.001). The proportion of sensitive teeth was more in urban (36%) as compared to urban slum (26.7%) (P value = 0.126). Most of the people in urban as well as urban slum area (97.3%) change their brush within 15 days-3 months.
Conclusion: The proportion of gingivitis, dental illness, grinding teeth, sensitive teeth are more commonly seen in urban areas as compared to that of the urban slums. However, the proportion of bleeding gums, awareness regarding dental problems, frequency of brushing teeth and pattern of brushing were almost similar in both of the areas.
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Naydenova, Elina, Arvind Raghu, Johanna Ernst, Sirazul A. Sahariah, Meera Gandhi, and Georgina Murphy. "Healthcare choices in Mumbai slums: A cross-sectional study." Wellcome Open Research 2 (December 5, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13127.1.
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Background: Informal urban settlements, known as slums, are the home for a large proportion of the world population. Healthcare in these environments is extremely complex, driven by poverty, environmental challenges, and poor access to formal health infrastructures. This study investigated healthcare challenges faced and choices made by slum dwellers in Mumbai, India. Methods: Structured interviews with 549 slum dwellers from 13 slum areas in Mumbai, India, were conducted in order to obtain a population profile of health-related socio-economic and lifestyle factors, disease history and healthcare access. Statistical tools such as multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the association between such factors and health choices. Results: Private providers (or a mixture of public and private) were seen to be preferred by the study population for most health conditions (62% - 90% health consultations), apart from pregnancy (43% health consultations). Community-based services were also preferred to more remote options. Stark differences in healthcare access were observed between well-known conditions, such as minor injuries, pulmonary conditions, and pregnancy and emerging challenges, such as hypertension and diabetes. A number of socio-economic and lifestyle factors were found to be associated with health-related decisions, including choice of provider and expenditure. Conclusions: Better planning and coordination of health services, across public and private providers, is required to address mortality and morbidity in slum communities in India. This study provides insights into the complex landscape of diseases and health providers that slum dwellers navigate when accessing healthcare. Findings suggest that integrated services and public-private partnerships could help address demand for affordable community-based care and progress towards the target of universal health coverage.
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Naydenova, Elina, Arvind Raghu, Johanna Ernst, Sirazul A. Sahariah, Meera Gandhi, and Georgina Murphy. "Healthcare choices in Mumbai slums: A cross-sectional study." Wellcome Open Research 2 (July 6, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13127.2.
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Background: Informal urban settlements, known as slums, are the home for a large proportion of the world population. Healthcare in these environments is extremely complex, driven by poverty, environmental challenges, and poor access to formal health infrastructures. This study investigated healthcare challenges faced and choices made by slum dwellers in Mumbai, India. Methods: Structured interviews with 549 slum dwellers from 13 slum areas in Mumbai, India, were conducted in order to obtain a population profile of health-related socio-economic and lifestyle factors, disease history and healthcare access. Statistical tools such as multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the association between such factors and health choices. Results: Private providers (or a mixture of public and private) were seen to be preferred by the study population for most health conditions (62% - 90% health consultations), apart from pregnancy (43% health consultations). Community-based services were also preferred to more remote options. Stark differences in healthcare access were observed between well-known conditions, such as minor injuries, pulmonary conditions, and pregnancy and emerging challenges, such as hypertension and diabetes. A number of socio-economic and lifestyle factors were found to be associated with health-related decisions, including choice of provider and expenditure. Conclusions: Better planning and coordination of health services, across public and private providers, is required to address mortality and morbidity in slum communities in India. This study provides insights into the complex landscape of diseases and health providers that slum dwellers navigate when accessing healthcare. Findings suggest that integrated services and public-private partnerships could help address demand for affordable community-based care and progress towards the target of universal health coverage.
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Shrivastava, Anand, Prof Ankita Shrivastava, and Prof Varsha Khetrapal. "Sustainable Slum Development." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1708–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47646.
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Abstract: The rapid urbanisation of the previous century increased the number of slum communities, which had a variety of negative effects and is today considered a severe problem for developing countries. This research highlights the difficulties of slum development that must be overcome to increase the potential and capacities of slum dwellers. By giving people the opportunity to participate in a "Learn to Earn Program," the slum will stop being a drain on the economy and instead become a driver. Slums are becoming an inescapable fact of life in many nations, especially in emerging nations. Although there are many slum upgrading strategies and techniques to alleviate urban poverty in emerging nations, the issue is only projected to become worse. In fact, the number of slum inhabitants has increased. Other governmental strategies that attempted to remove slums failed to consider the resources and opportunities that slums present. This is a reference to the requirement to modify the methods used in the development processes. Slums have negative effects on the environment and natural resources in addition to the issues they bring to humans. From this perspective, sustainable development is the primary means of achieving a genuine boom in the developing world, which confirms the necessity of improving slums holistically. As a result, this article embraces the idea of investing in the community's good features while also creating a comprehensive framework based on the three sustainability pillars of the economy, society, and environment.
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Dattatraya, Sali Nilesh. "The Problem and Prospects of Slum Dwellers in Urban Areas: Case Study of Nashik City." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2300–2306. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37712.
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Abstract: The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing and miserable living conditions. They are often overcrowded, with many people crammed into very small living spaces. Slums are not a new phenomenon. They have been a part of the history of almost all cities, particularly during the phase of urbanization and industrialization. Slums are generally the only type of settlement affordable and accessible to the poor in cities, where competition for land and profits is intense. The main reason for slum proliferation is rapid and non-inclusive patterns of urbanization catalyzed by increasing rural migration to urban areas.
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Banerjee, Shashwati, and Kishor Goswami. "Whether the industrial workers of slums have access to job insurance?" International Journal of Workplace Health Management 12, no. 3 (June 3, 2019): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-08-2018-0110.
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Purpose Securing a job in an industry is a boon for most of the slum dwellers. When the primary earner of a slum household suffers from occupational illness and injuries, without insurance coverage or partial coverage of insurance, this boon may become a curse in the long run. The occupational security and safety along with the fact that whether such workers are insured is an important aspect and has a close link with the expenditure on illness. Thus, the accessibility to employees’ insurance in the risky industrial occupation, particularly for slum dwellers, is crucial to protect them from falling into poverty. Studies on occupational health of the poor workers are either limited to informal sectors or remain industry specific and the analysis of their accessibility to job insurance is rarely done. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach The research questions are framed to analyze the types of insurance accessible to workers across various industries; the accessibility to insurance, however, varying across risk intensities of various industries; and the determinants of insurance accessibility of the industrial workers living in slums. The determinants of accessibility of job insurance are analyzed with a binary Logit model. A multi-stage random sampling technique is used to collect the primary data from 320 industrial workers living in the slums of the Indian state of West Bengal. Findings The industrial workers, irrespective of the types of industries, are exposed to a high-risk category without proper job insurance. The higher industrial income is not adequate to prevent financial hardships. Access to insurance is more likely for the respondents with job tenure of more than two years and less likely for the workers who are working for more than eight hours per day. Social implications This study provides a significant insight to the policymakers concerning health dynamics of the slum dwellers, which can improve their livelihood. Originality/value The analysis of the industry-specific risk intensities with accessibility to insurance contributes to understanding the coverage of the insurance scheme for the workers in slums.
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Haque, MA, MN Haque, MM Sultana, SM Hossen, and S. Paul. "Effect of Water Quality, Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Practices on Health of School Going Children of Urban Slum Areas." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24682.
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The study was carried out among the 246 school going children of urban slum of Tangail district and random sampling methods were applied. Slum population has been increasing in Bangladesh over the last three decades along with the growth and expansion of cities and towns.The facilities in urban slums were very much unsatisfactory due to lack of proper water supply and adequate hygiene and sanitation facilities. The good hygienic and sanitation knowledge and the practice have been found to be significantly low among the slum dwellers of Tangail district. Thewater supply and sanitation condition are improving very slowly in the urban slums of Tangail. Majority (94.7%) of the slum people use tube well water for drinking, cleaning and household purposes. The dustbin facility was the most neglected sector in these slums. Besides, Solid waste management and drainage system were totally unsatisfactory. It was observed that houses, shops, drains, roads etc. have been constructed unplanned and solid wastes were preserved on open places. Majority (58.1%) of the children did not ware sandal while going to latrine and did not cut finger nail regularly (54.5%). Most of the slum dwellers (63.4%) did not use cover for safety of the prepared food. It was observed that there was presence of pet/animal/insect in food preparation area of maximum households. Most of the people were unaware about toilet cleaning regularly. Findings of the study showed that 40.7% children were underweight, 28.9% children were stunted and 31.3% children were wasted. The child morbidity rate was high. Water quality, environmental sanitation and hygiene practices were positively correlated (r = 0 to +1) with health status of school going children. Thewater quality, environmental sanitation and hygiene practices have significant impact (p? 0.05) on the health of school going children of these slums.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 115-119 2015
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Human, Corlea. "Developing Sustainable Solutions for Slum Dwellers." Building Sustainable Legacies: The New Frontier Of Societal Value Co-Creation 2016, no. 8 (April 1, 2016): 60–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.8901.2016.ap.00005.
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Baumann, T. "Shack/Slum Dwellers International and banks." Environment and Urbanization 13, no. 2 (October 1, 2001): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624780101300211.
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Islam, MS, AM Anannya, MS Rahman, and MM Rahman. "Present Situation of Water Supply and Sanitation at Karail Slum Dhaka." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 161–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24692.
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The populations of the slums are increasing day by day at an alarming rate due to the urbanization of the country. The living condition in the slum area is very low. Generally slums are lacking from access to safe water, drainage and sanitation facilities and basic health care facilities. The study has been carried out to assess the present conditions of the water supply and sanitation of the Karail slum of Dhaka city. The research work was carried out by using Participatory Rural Appraisal tools including Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Household Survey. Poor physical environment with non-existent solid waste disposal system is very common phenomenon in Surveyed slum. Most of the people of the slum live under unhygienic environment. However, the level of hygiene knowledge and practice has been found to be significantly low among the Karail slum dwellers. The study in Karail area of Dhaka city has found that the sanitary and water supply conditions are improving very slowly. Comprehensive and sustained wastewater management in combination with sanitation and hygiene is central to good health, food security, and economic development for the slum people.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 161-163 2015
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Chauhan, Nelia Lois, Devendra Singh, and Bharat Kumar. "Detriments and Utilisation of Maternal Health Care Services in Urban slums of Agra City." Revista Review Index Journal of Multidisciplinary 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm2022.v02.n01.006.
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Access of slum population to basic services is a key indicator of the quality of life in slums in particular and the city in general. Basic infrastructure includes roads, sewer lines, storm water drains, community latrines, street lights, drinking water supply, school, electricity; health centers etc. In this paper research was a cross-sectional and descriptive survey conducted in the slums of Agra from March 2017 to March 2018.The study participants were women who had delivered babies 03 years prior to the survey along with the head of the families. The calculated size was 400 hundred households across the four zones of Agra city. The data collected was entered and analyzed using SPSS. The health of the slum communities is considerably worse off than the non- poor in urban area and is comparable to the rural figure. There are 48.47% women in India out which 22.2 % are in reproductive age. Due to the risk linked with child birth and child care women and children form the “vulnerable” group in need of health services. It is found that utilization of Maternal and Child Health services among the migratory and slum dwellers living in the Municipality area of Agra is not satisfactory. 44.1% reported that there were children born in the family during the last three years preceding the survey 35.5% of mothers delivered at home. The reasons given for not availing the ANC were, 34.4 % thought it was not necessary, 61.2% had financial problems. It is urgent requirement to establish sub centers of primary health in slum areas, where timing of these sub centers should be in such manner so that slum dwellers can avail health services.
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Basu, Koushambhi, and Salil Basu. "Urban poor women: Coping with poverty and ill-health in slums of Delhi." Social Change 30, no. 1-2 (March 2000): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004908570003000212.
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Urban poverty is a multi-dimensional problem which has been studied from different perspectives by various researchers. An important way of understanding the magnitude of urban poverty is by exploring the conditions of life in urban slums. More important is to understand the problems and needs of slum women who have the primary responsibility of their families. Any improvement in their status will directly benefit the families as a unit. This paper aims to highlight the perceptions, sufferings and felt needs of urban poor women, based essentially on case studies conducted in a slum of Delhi. A few suggestions for betterment in the quality of life of urban slum dwellers have also been given.
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Mamun, Muhammad, and Kaniz Fatima. "Slum Dwellers' perception about COVID-19: A Study in Dhaka Metropolis Slums." Technium Social Sciences Journal 21 (July 9, 2021): 728–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v21i1.3797.
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This research explored Dhaka slum dwellers’ (n=434 using convenience, quota, and judgmental sampling) view about COVID-19, its causes, preventive measures, potential high-risk groups, self-awareness, transmission prevention, orthodox beliefs, and vaccine effectiveness using 56 simple variables grouped in eight complex variables. The slum dwellers viewed COVID-19 as a fatal and chronic disease spread by Chinese. They perceive that direct contact with infected persons, cough and sneeze droplets, and physical proximity cause the disease. Regarding preventive measures, they think that they must wear masks, frequently wash hands, face, and feet, use soap or hand sanitizer to wash hands. They assume that hot water gargle, more lime/lemon intake, sunlight exposure, and physical activities can reduce the risk of infection. They also perceive that people of any age bear the risk of contagion; but asthmatic, heart and diabetic patients fall in the high-risk group. The slum people self-protect covering nose and mouth while sneeze and cough, take precaution if tested positive, and maintain social distance. They take this disease seriously, as such, they wear masks, avoid guests, friends, and mass transports. They subscribed that if affected they will be in self-quarantine and follow prescribed movement and lockdown decisions to prevent transmission. They believe that home quarantine is for the infected persons only. Slum residents are found to recognize preventive mechanism and self-awareness tactics; but they are carried away by some religious beliefs like the disease is Allah’s will, a curse from Allah, results of our misdeeds, and Allah will save COVID-affected people. Because of their doubt of vaccine effectiveness, they are not quite confident about taking vaccine. Overall, the respondents do not think that they are risk-free. It is found that some of their views are not factual, like COVID-19 is a chronic disease, spread by Chinese; sunrays, hot water gargle reduces risks; lime/lemon intake prevent the disease; or diabetic, asthmatic, and heart patients are at more risks. It is noted that most of the perceptional differences are observed with family types. Nuclear family respondents believe that cold weather causes it and perceive strongly that asthmatic patients are more susceptible to infection. They perceive similar risk of being affected if exposed to a diseased person; however, infected elderly people with comorbidities are more prone to serious illness. They blindly perceive that COVID-19 is all Allah’s will. Education wise, the participants differ in their opinion in almost all the variables. Female slum members firmly believe that Chinese has brought the disease; but males are noted to be more self-aware than females. Married slum residents strongly believe that sunlight exposure and physical activities can prevent the disease and hold the misconception that COVID-19 is a curse from Allah and results of all our misdeeds. Irrespective of their literacy level all respondents believe that Allah will save COVID-affected people. Further, occupation-wise slum dwellers have similar viewpoint about preventing the disease and curbing community transmission. Slum residents’ opinion related to causes of the disease and vaccination has no association with age and income. Older slum residents are found to be more self-aware and cautious in limiting disease transmission, although they possess stronger orthodox religious views and more dubious about vaccination. Slum dwellers’ perception to several aspects of COVID-19 are noticed to be weakly positively related with income, indicating that even when the relatively higher income groups retain views closer to reality, their tendency to be conscious and abide by protective mechanism to reduce risk and control spread of the disease is less as opposed to insolvent slum inhabitants. The factor analysis has found that the grouping variables and the factor variables are quite consistent. It is noted that “self-awareness” and “risk reduction” are the most important factors followed by perception regarding COVID-19 vaccine. In short, slum dwellers are not observed to have a very clear idea about COVID-19, its causes, prevention mechanism, etc. They are aware of some methods of self-protection and deterrence of transmission. However, it is to be ensured that they strictly follow the methods to protect themselves and avoid community spread of the disease.