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1
Sawhney, Upinder. "Slum Population In India: Extent And Policy Response." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) 2, no. 1 (January 7, 2016): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v2i1.62.
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<p>There is an evidence of large scale migration of the rural poor to the cities/towns in search of employment in India, especially since 1991when India adopted Economic Reform Programme. In the absence of any affordable housing , there has been a growth of slums in the urban areas of the country. The Government of India (GOI) has been incorporating certain programmes to alleviate poverty , create employment opportunities and encourage planned urban development in its public policy , yet there has been a fast emergence of slums in the Indian cities due to a number of factors. The present paper aims to analyze certain demographic attributes of the slum population in India , its socio-economic and environmental impact and the public policy response towards the same. It also reviews certain programmes designed by the government to control the growth of slums and the efforts to rehabilitate the slum-dwellers. The data and definition of slums in India are based on the census of 2001, 65<sup>th</sup> round of NSSO and other GOI documents.</p>
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Mohana Gayatheri, N., and P. Chennakrishnan. "A Study on Slums Population in India." Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.625.
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Slums are worldwide events and are present in almost all cities throughout the world. Unlucky children and adults living in slums are rejected from the various facilities and services needed by children and other adults, those who live in non-slum areas, so slum children need attention special. Slums provide many geographical constraints for service delivery. Most of them are built-in lowland areas and are prone to flooding; most do not have adequate drainage to avoid standing water during the rainy season including flooding, water lodging, excessive population, and narrow or muddy roads. Houses are usually made of fragile material and are vulnerable to fire and monsoon rains. Very high population density, very bad environmental conditions and very low socio-economic conditions are ubiquitous practical features. This is an important feature that has proven to be an obstacle to the education system for slum residents. Poor drainage, flooding and poor housing are mostly slums.
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Harshwardhan, Rahul, and V. K. Tripathy. "Urbanisation and Growth of Slum Population in Jharkhand: A Spatial Analysis." Space and Culture, India 3, no. 1 (June 18, 2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v3i1.134.
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The objective of this paper is to examine the relation between the pace of urbanisation and growth of slum population in Jharkhand. This paper also attempts to analyse the trends and patterns of growth of slum population at the district level in Jharkhand. In terms of urbanisation process of India, slums have become an integral part of urban scenario. In India, rapid growth of slums is the result of rural-urban migration of the rural poor to the cities/towns in search of employment in the last two decades. In the absence of any affordable housing, there has been growth of slums in the urban areas of the country. In India, out of a total population of 1.21 billion, 31.30% population resides in the urban areas, but 21.68% (61.8 million) of the total urban population live in the slums. Slums are considered as a major problem within the urban areas, particularly in relation to the issues of transportation, population growth, health and safety. The developing states or regions of India are more prone to this problem due to the lack of infrastructural development and heavy urban population pressure. Like other states of India, Jharkhand too is facing the problem of slums. After its separation from Bihar in 2000, the rate of urbanisation and the rate of growth of slums had gone high. The study reveals that in 2001, there were only 11 urban centers consisting of slum population but in 2011, it reached to 31. The slum population registers 23.68% growth while the urban population growth stands at 32%. This paper is primarily based on secondary data collected from different governmental agencies, particularly the Census data of population to analyse the spatial distribution of slum population in the districts of Jharkhand. This study explores the changing urbanisation scenario in Jharkhand and the growth of slums with respect to it.
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Jha, Darshan Kumar, and V. K. Tripathi. "Achieving Millennium Development Goals and India Vision 2020: Evidences from slums of Varanasi City." Space and Culture, India 2, no. 4 (April 9, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v2i4.116.
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The objective of this paper is to examine the achievements of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and India Vision 2020 in the context of the slums of Varanasi city. India has been facing the problem of growing urban poverty due to rapid urbanisation. According to the Census of India 2011, about 65 million people live in urban slums, which are overcrowded, polluted, unhygienic, and deprived of basic services. This paper compares the goals and targets of UN MDGs and India Vision 2020 with the status of the slum dwellers of Varanasi city. The study is based on primary data, which includes survey of 150 households of five different slums of Varanasi city. The study reveals that more than 70% people are illiterate, less than 35% of population access government health facilities, only 36% household use tap water, etc. This comparison portrays a pathetic picture of slums and the inabilities to achieve both MDGs and national goals.Key words:MDGs, India Vision 2020, Slums, Poverty, Quality of life, Varanasi City, India
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M., Jagadeesan, Polani Rubeshkumar, Mohankumar Raju, Manikandanesan Sakthivel, Sharan Murali, Ramya Nagarajan, Muthappan Sendhilkumar, et al. "Surveillance for face mask compliance, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, October-December, 2020." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 24, 2021): e0257739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257739.
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Purpose Government of Tamil Nadu, India, mandated the face mask wearing in public places as one of the mitigation measures of COVID-19. We established a surveillance system for monitoring the face mask usage. This study aimed to estimate the proportion of the population who wear face masks appropriately (covering nose, mouth, and chin) in the slums and non-slums of Chennai at different time points. Methods We conducted cross-sectional surveys among the residents of Chennai at two-time points of October and December 2020. The sample size for outdoor mask compliance for the first and second rounds of the survey was 1800 and 1600, respectively, for each of the two subgroups–slums and non-slums. In the second round, we included 640 individuals each in the slums and non-slums indoor public places and 1650 individuals in eleven shopping malls. We calculated the proportions and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the mask compliance outdoors and indoors by age, gender, region, and setting (slum and non-slum). Results We observed 3600 and 3200 individuals in the first and second surveys, respectively, for outdoor mask compliance. In both rounds, the prevalence of appropriate mask use outdoors was significantly lower in the slums (28%-29%) than non-slum areas (36%-35%) of Chennai (p<0.01). Outdoor mask compliance was similar within slum and non-slum subgroups across the two surveys. Lack of mask use was higher in the non-slums in the second round (50%) than in the first round of the survey (43%) (p<0.05). In the indoor settings in the 2nd survey, 10%-11% among 1280 individuals wore masks appropriately. Of the 1650 observed in the malls, 947 (57%) wore masks appropriately. Conclusion Nearly one-third of residents of Chennai, India, correctly wore masks in public places. We recommend periodic surveys, enforcement of mask compliance in public places, and mass media campaigns to promote appropriate mask use.
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Diwakar, Pranathi. "A Recipe for Disaster: Framing Risk and Vulnerability in Slum Relocation Policies in Chennai, India." City & Community 18, no. 4 (December 2019): 1314–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12457.
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This article investigates how governments use dramatic natural events such as disasters to justify potentially unpopular policy interventions. I use the case of the southern Indian city of Chennai to explore how different arms of the government have historically engaged with the question of slum tenure from the 1960s until the present moment. Using archival methods, I analyze policy documents to excavate how slums have been framed within the context of political and policy imperatives. I show that slums are framed as risky to themselves and the broader urban public, and are portrayed as dangerous, messy, or illegal. I analyze the role of the disaster moment in catalyzing slum relocation policies, and I argue that this moment allowed the government a new modality to frame slums as not just risky but also at risk, or vulnerable to disasters in their original locations. I make the case that the anti–poor policy of slum relocation has been justified as pro–poor by framing slums as not just risky, but also at risk. The framing of slums as at risk in Chennai has been necessary within the extant political matrix, which has historically courted slums for electoral success. The analysis of shifting slum policies offers new insight into how urban policy and politics of disaster vulnerability frame and interact with the urban poor in cities of the Global South.
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Kumar, Ashwani. "Human Rights And Slum Dwellers." Think India 22, no. 3 (October 23, 2019): 2049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8639.
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Human rights are the basis of democracy. India is the largest democratic country in the world the success of democracy depend upon people participation in political system. Therefore it is necessary that all people should have basic human rights in real sense. Modern form of state has become welfare and the aim of state is man. So it becomes essential that every section of society need to get fundamental rights. Slum population in India is very large and being citizens of India they have a fundamental rights to get every facility that led to achieve right to life. Slums have variety of problems they are indicator of poverty, the right to education, standard of living, privacy property are violated. this paper covers some issues of human right violation in slum populations. Human right violation is widespread and systematic in slum people living in India. Denied their rights to adequate water, sanitation, quality education and health. The purpose of this study to see how human right is being violated in many forms among slum dwellers. Eviction and resettlement policies have removed the slums residents from job, transportation, school and food. This leading to greater insecurity, health problem, unemployment, child labour & violence among slum dwellers.
Keywords: Slums, Slum dwellers, Human Rights
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Chimankar, Digambar Abaji. "Urbanization and Condition of Urban Slums in India." Indonesian Journal of Geography 48, no. 1 (August 2, 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.12466.
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The present paper attempted to study the urbanization in India and condition of urban slums in terms of water, sanitation, electricity, garbage collection and health care, and education which are supposed to be basic minimum needs for the slum dwellers. India is going through the process of rapid urbanization because of industrialization like other third world countries. The percent of urbanization increase from 27.8 percent in 2001 to 31.1 percent in 2011 census. The increase in the percentage of population in urban areas is because of natural growth, rural to urban migration and the reclassification of village and towns. The share of the slum population in the total urban population of the country was 18.3 percent in 2001 while in 2011 it was 17.4 percent. The condition of urban slums in India is to be improved so as to make them better for living.
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Shervani, Zameer, Deepali Bhardwaj, and Roma Nikhat. "Dharavi Slums (Mumbai, India): The Petri Dish of COVID-19 Herd Immunity." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 3, no. 3 (May 28, 2021): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.3.860.
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The first and second serosurvey results of COVID-19 antibodies in Dharavi and Cuffe Parade slums (Mumbai, India) were studied. The seroprevalence data of the slums explained the zero novel coronavirus cases reported in the slum dwellers verified first in real on the ground the concept of much needed herd immunity against the pandemic. First serosurvey data showed that more than half (57%) of the population of Dharavi was infected with the virus. The antibodies were waned off in two month time and diminished to 45%, as found in the second survey conducted after two months of the first survey. The antibodies prevalence was highest at 75% in Cuffe Parade slums of Mumbai. Initially, Dharavi slums were a hotspot of novel coronavirus which later became nearly a no-new infection zone. The herd immunity acquired in Dharavi residents stopped the new infection. One million Dharavi slum dwellers living in a crowded semi-isolated cluster mimic the petri-dish model of a human population which is now a near COVID-19 free zone due to the presence of antibodies in the residents. The infection rate in Maharashtra, India, and Dharavi slums was compared. The concept of herd immunity that occurred on the ground in real has been first established. The research is very useful to vaccinate populations to eradicate the pandemic from the globe.
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Rajeev, M. M. "Health Accessibility and Vulnerability among Marginalized Communities: A Study in Urban Slums in Kerala." Asian Review of Social Sciences 7, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/arss-2018.7.3.1464.
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The living environments and its direct impact on health and related areas are much significant in the socio- economic and environment studies. The vulnerability of the any marginalized sections of the societies needs to be studied and refereed for a change. As far as concerned, the slums are considerably disadvantaged to inadequate health, contaminated water sources, poor sanitation, unhygienic environment and poor quality of living. The census 2011 defines a slum as “residential areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation” because they are dilapidated, cramped, poorly ventilated, unclean, or “any combination of these factors which are detrimental to the safety and health” (Census, Govt of India, 2011). Roughly 1.37 crore households, or 17.4% of urban Indian households lived in a slum in 2011, data released by the registrar general and census commissioner’s office showed. The new data is difficult to compare with previous years, because the 2011 Census covers all 4,041 statutory towns in India, as compared to 2001 when only statutory towns with population over 20,000 were covered. The 2001 data had set India’s slum population at 15% of the total population. The objectives of the study are (1) to understand the major health issues existing in the urban slum (2) to understand the involvement of government and other stakeholders in addressing the multiple issues in the slums (3) to find out the major preventive strategies for addressing the various health issues in the urban slums (4) to highlight possible suggestions to improve the health conditions of the people living in the slums. The methodology employed in the study is analytical, based on a combination of qualitative and quantitative data generated through purposive sampling techniques as well as through focus groups discussions and interactions with stakeholders. A descriptive design was adopted for the study. The universe of the study consists of the two slums in Kollam Corporation. The researcher used random sampling method for selecting the samples and the researcher elicited primary data through questionnaire and for secondary data books, magazines and internet facilities were used. The total sample size is 120 respondents from 2 slums in Kollam district. The collected data from the respondents were tabulated and interpreted and later analyzed. The findings highlighted the slum dwellers need to make aware of the need for improvement in living conditions, and they must readily involve themselves with every phase of the rehabilitation. Practical and innovative approaches need to be put into practice to integrate slums within the cities. Governments need to pay more attention to slums and make concerted attempts to address this problem proactively.
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GHOSH, CHANDRALEKHA, and SAMAPTI GUHA. "DO MICRO ENTERPRISES CHOOSE MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS TO MEET THEIR FINANCIAL NEEDS? EVIDENCE FROM MUMBAI SLUMS." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 19, no. 03 (September 2014): 1450020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1084946714500204.
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The study empirically investigates types of microenterprises (MEs) resorting to microfinance institutions (MFIs) for their financial needs in the slums of Mumbai, India. The study is based on a primary survey of MEs, located in two different types of slums, namely "declared" and "undeclared," in Mumbai including the largest slum, "Dharavi," in India, Asia. Empirical results show that the MEs from the undeclared slums mainly depend on the MFIs. Apart from this fact, it has also been observed that MEs operating from private places and started their operation less than five years ago depend on the MFIs to meet their financial requirements. The other MEs are either depending on informal money lenders or their own resources for running their enterprises.
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Nakamura, Shohei. "Does slum formalisation without title provision stimulate housing improvement? A case of slum declaration in Pune, India." Urban Studies 54, no. 7 (February 23, 2016): 1715–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016632433.
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Though previous studies have examined how formalising land tenure affects housing improvements in informal settlements, the role of tenure security and its long-term influence remain unclear. In response, this paper quantitatively examines the extent to which formalising land tenure by way of slum declaration has stimulated housing improvements during the last three decades in the slums of Pune, India. Since slum declaration guarantees residents occupancy but not full property rights, this study focuses on how tenure security contributes to housing outcomes, such as materials, size, the number of floors and the amount of money spent for the improvements. Using original household survey data, analysis involving propensity score matching and difference-in-differences methods reveals that slum declaration has tripled a household’s likelihood of having added a second floor and, albeit less clear, increased the average amount of money spent on housing improvements. At the same time, slum declaration has not induced any improvement in housing materials, largely since many residents of non-formalised slums have also replaced materials. These results indicate that slum declaration, even in the long run, has continued to influence housing investments in Pune’s slums, in terms of both type and amount spent, though residents of non-formalised slums have also come to enjoy certain de facto tenure security. Among other implications for policy, these findings underscore that governments should at least provide legal assurance of occupancy rights in informal settlements, even if active interventions such as slum upgrading and titling are currently difficult.
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Chakraborty, Smarajit. "Vulnerability Assessment of Urban Marginalized Communities." International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 3, no. 4 (October 2016): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcesc.2016100103.
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The study addresses an improved understanding on the vulnerability of the people living in urban slums and objects to helping in prioritisation of efforts and optimal utilisation of limited resources for better health outcome. The study was conducted in the city of “Bhubaneswar” the state capital of Odisha in India. Focused Group Discussions were conducted in 75 slums of the city followed by a detailed analysis of the data collected. The predominant vulnerability of people living in the slums under the study is water logging and unhygienic locality. This has direct impacts on the general health particularly of children who are prone to allergies resulting in colds, asthma etc. The study also revealed that no slum falling in the category of the most vulnerable while 24 slums falling in least vulnerable and rest of 51 slums are moderately vulnerable out of 75 slums assessed. The study has important implications for the planners, program managers and policy makers of urban health especially for better for the people living in urban slums
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Sharma, Ritu, Neeta Khurana, and Anna Bagrij. "Satisfaction of Life of Slum Dwellers Pre- and Post- Rehabilitation in India." Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies ISSN 2394-336X 5, no. 10 (April 8, 2019): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmas051001.
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The present study was primary research intended to understand the quality of life of Slum Dwellers in Gujarat, India. Quality of life of 348 Slum Dwellers in Urban City of Gujarat was mapped on physical, psychological, social, environmental and economic factors using standardized psychometric tools and statistically computed to understand the variation across males and females of below poverty line residents of slums. Findings indicate a scenario of quality of life of slum dwellers before slum rehabilitation.
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De, Indranil, and Tirthankar Nag. "Deprivation in slums and child poverty: study on Kolkata." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): 739–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-11-2014-0226.
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Purpose – The study attempts to look into the poverty and deprivation in slums across various social and religious groups and its bearing on the children. It not only analyses income poverty but also looks at derivation of access to basic services including water, sanitation and drainage. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the income and non-income deprivation of childbearing and non-childbearing households. Design/methodology/approach – The study is based on a survey of 541 sample households selected from 23 slums of Kolkata, India. The authors have adopted a mixture of cluster sampling and systematic sampling technique. The slums of Kolkata have been segregated into three regions and further segregated by overlaying the population and average monthly income of slums. Slums have been selected randomly from these stratums. Households have been selected from the slums by systematic sampling method. Findings – The Muslim and backward caste households are more deprived with respect to income and access to basic services as compared to Hindu general (upper) caste. Deprivations with respect to income and basic services are more pronounced for households having child than for households not having child. Childbearing households are less likely to receive better water supply, sanitation and drainage services as compared to others due to their religious and residential identities. Slum children get affected by the complex political economy of basic service delivery. The study also finds that electoral competition has positive and political clientelism has negative impact on access to basic services. Research limitations/implications – The study is based on results obtained from survey in one city of India. Hence, these results cannot be generalized for India or for the developing countries taken together. Further studies across cities of developing countries are required to arrive at any generalized conclusion. Practical implications – The study suggests that public policies should attempt to disentangle minorities and children from the local political economy. Otherwise, deprivation and disparity even across low income households living in slums would persist. Deprivation of child bearing households would lead to a deteriorating future for the slum children. Social implications – This paper have pave the path for new generation public policy for the urban poor and minorities. Originality/value – This paper highlights the incidence of deprivation of minorities and childbearing households vis-à-vis other households in the slums. It contributes to the overall understanding on urban poverty.
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Razia, B. "Causes of Deprivation of Elementary Education in Children Living in Slums." European Journal of Education and Pedagogy 2, no. 3 (July 21, 2021): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2.3.133.
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Education plays an important role in uplifting the Socio-economic Status of a society. Significant proportions of urban poor population in India live in slum areas and are deprived of education. Large number of children living in slums (age group of 6-14 years) are out of school due to varied reasons. The researcher focused the study on the causes of non-enrolment and dropout of such deprived children. Incidental sampling technique was employed to collect the data from various households of 8 different slum localities of Aligarh city, India. Data collected from the parents through Structured Interview Schedule indicates that 43.06% children between the age group of 6-14 years have never enrolled in schools while 33.57% of total children dropped out due to varied reasons. The causes underlying non-enrolment and dropout of children living in slums have been discussed in detail in this paper.
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Habeeb, Riyan, and Sana Javaid. "Social Inclusion of Marginal in the Great Climate Change Debate: Case of Slums in Dehradun, India." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401983592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019835924.
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In times of climate change, it is said that the marginal population shall be the most adversely affected. This article attempts to explore the state of slums in Dehradun city and their susceptibility to climate change events, especially urban flooding. Taking the case of the state capital, we attempt to identify and demonstrate how the slum population is vulnerable to climate change events in the present and the future. Following risk-hazard approach, this article identifies and distinguishes vulnerable slums, per their sensitivity toward climate-led events using geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis. Climate change trends show increasing precipitation and temperature trends, which is in agreement with current events of such phenomena in the city. Through GIS, the slums were mapped and their proximity to streams and roads were taken into account to generate vulnerable hotspots with respect to numbers, population, and location. The article then inquires into the inclusion of such vulnerable slums in various relevant state- and national-level policies discussing challenges and issues in implementation. The article finally derives the possibilities for inclusion of such marginalized classes through ongoing Government of India missions.
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Mundhe, N. "IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING OF SLUMS IN PUNE CITY USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (December 5, 2019): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-57-2019.
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Abstract. In India, rapid growth of slums in urban areas, especially in metropolitan cities, has become a major problem for the planners and decision-makers. The slum expansion is mainly due to the rural-urban migration and pressure of the population on un-used, un-protected, and un-suitable public land. It leads to many issues like poverty, unemployment, lack of access to clean water, lack of durable housing, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, insufficient living area, inadequate sanitation, scarcity of land, inappropriate land use, skyrocketing land value and insecure tenure, etc. Planning controls are usually ineffective in slum areas due to lack of timely information and people having little regard for such things in the absence of any other alternative. In most of the municipal bodies, proper updated information/map of slums are not available, which, create a problem in the decision-making process. Thus, there is an imperative need to resolve above-mentioned issues with the help of Geospatial techniques. This paper aims to identify and mapping of slums in Pune City using Geospatial techniques. The slums were identified based on high-resolution satellite images such as Resourcesat-2 (LISS-IV) data with the help of visual interpretation and standard image processing techniques, i.e., image rectification, enhancement, and classification. Afterward, the database was created and labeled with the help of the GIS tool. In Pune, there is around 40 percent of the urban population resides in slums. Such a large proportion of slum population also adds to the burden of already scarce resources and on overall urban infrastructure. The entire slum population of the city was accommodated in a total of 477 slums of which 238 and 239 were declared and undeclared slums respectively. The most of the slums in Pune mainly occurred in the central part due to natural increases as well as migration. But, the peripheral areas it’s happen due to vacant land/open areas along to river, canal, railway line and hill slope. The study reveals that more than 200 slums are located near environmentally sensitive areas and encroachment activities are increased in southern part of the city i.e., Ambegaon Bk., Vithhal Nagar and Warje areas.
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Ahuja, Daman, and Kalpana B. "Emotional Behaviour of the Child Labour." International Journal of Political Activism and Engagement 7, no. 4 (October 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpae.2020100105.
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Emotional issues among child labour never received much attention as compared to physical aspects. A study was conducted in Delhi amongst the child labour and school-going children of the same socio-economic background, in this case the slums of Delhi (India) to study the behavior patterns of the children. Children within age group of 7-14 years were selected between school going and child labour category. A sample size was drawn. Five hundred children from each group were selected (n=1000) using probability proportionate sampling method across different slums. One hundred children (both 50 school-going and 50 child labour) from each slum were selected. Purposive convenience sampling technique was used to select the children in a particular slum. Strength and difficulty questionnaire (SDQ) devised by Robert Goodman was used as a tool. The children working as child labour in Delhi slums are found to be more prone to face emotional difficulties in behavioural aspects than the school-going children from the same socio-economic indicators.
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Auerbach, Adam Michael, and Gabrielle Kruks-Wisner. "The Geography of Citizenship Practice: How the Poor Engage the State in Rural and Urban India." Perspectives on Politics 18, no. 4 (March 13, 2020): 1118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592720000043.
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When and why do poor citizens expect the state to respond to their claims, and how do those expectations shape citizenship practice? Drawing on survey and qualitative research in northern India, our study reveals an expectations gap that complicates widely held views of the urban core versus the rural periphery. The urban poor residing in slums are dramatically less likely to believe that they will get a direct response from an official compared to similarly poor rural residents. Slum residents are also significantly more likely than villagers to report the presence of political brokers, who create mediated channels for claim-making. Reflecting on these patterns, we develop a place-based theory to explain sub-national variation in citizen-state engagement. We focus in the northern Indian context on three interrelated factors that shape the local terrain for citizenship practice: the greater visibility of social welfare provision in villages compared to slums; the greater depth of rural decentralization; and the greater strength of urban party organizations. Extending beyond northern India, we propose an analytical framework for the study of citizenship that examines how citizens’ local experiences of state institutions influence sub-national patterns of participation.
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AUERBACH, ADAM MICHAEL, and TARIQ THACHIL. "How Clients Select Brokers: Competition and Choice in India's Slums." American Political Science Review 112, no. 4 (July 11, 2018): 775–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305541800028x.
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Conventional models of clientelism often assume poor voters have little or no choice over which local broker to turn to for help. Yet communities in many clientelistic settings are marked by multiple brokers who compete for a following. Such competition makes client choices, and the preferences guiding such choices, pivotal in fueling broker support. We examine client preferences for a pervasive broker—slum leaders—in the context of urban India. To identify resident preferences for slum leaders, we conducted an ethnographically informed conjoint survey experiment with 2,199 residents across 110 slums in two Indian cities. Contra standard emphases on shared ethnicity, we find residents place heaviest weight on a broker's capability to make claims on the state. A survey of 629 slum leaders finds client-preferred traits distinguish brokers from residents. In highlighting processes of broker selection, and the client preferences that undergird them, we underscore the centrality of clients in shaping local brokerage environments.
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Dupont, Véronique, and M. M. Shankare Gowda. "Slum-free city planning versus durable slums. Insights from Delhi, India." International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 12, no. 1 (September 25, 2019): 34–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2019.1666850.
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Peteet, Jean Oulund, Louanne Hempton, John R. Peteet, and Kiran Martin. "Asha’s Response to COVID-19: Providing Care to Slum Communities in India." Christian Journal for Global Health 7, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v7i4.471.
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Slum populations, the most vulnerable to COVID-19, are emerging as hotspots for transmission of the virus. Comprehensive strategies for addressing this challenge exist, but reports of effective models for implementing them have been lacking. Asha, a 33-year old health and community development organization in Delhi, India, has responded to the pandemic by activating well-developed networks in the community to enact a range of interventions, with encouraging results. The success of Asha in controlling COVID-19 in the slums reflects the realization of the values Asha promotes in the community: dignity, empowerment, justice, non-violence, compassion, gratitude, generosity, optimism, joy, and simplicity. Although developed by a team of Christians and those of other faiths on Asha’s staff, these values enjoy broad-based support within a pluralistic, Hindu-influenced society. Keywords: COVID-19, pandemic, slums, values, community, health
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Khopkar, Sushama, Sangita Kulathinal, Suvi M. Virtanen, and Minna Säävälä. "Age at menarche and diet among adolescents in slums of Nashik, India." International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 27, no. 4 (November 1, 2015): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2014-0056.
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Abstract Background and aim: The role of dietary patterns in determining age at menarche is insufficiently understood in low-income countries. The relationship between dietary patterns, particularly the consumption of oil, and age at menarche in a slum-dwelling adolescent population in India is examined. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional baseline survey and anthropometric measurements among 10- to 19-year-old adolescents (n=545, female respondents 272, of whom 160 were post-menarcheal) and a household survey in two slums in the city of Nashik, Western India. By using mixed effects linear regression models, the association between age at menarche and household-wise use of sources of animal protein and oil and fat is examined. Results: Age at menarche (mean 13.7 years) in the slums studied was relatively high according to Indian standards. Age at menarche and the consumption of dairy products, meat, fish and eggs were not associated. The household per capita consumption of vegetable oil had an inverse association with a girl’s age at menarche, and there was an indication of a positive association between use of ghee (clarified butter) and age at menarche. These associations did not disappear when controlling for anthropometric status and socio-economic characteristics. Conclusion: Intake of fats and foods that are important sources of protein among underprivileged households in India is low and reflected in the relatively late age at menarche. The potential differences in the association between various types of fatty acids, energy intake and age at menarche in conditions of undernutrition requires further prospective study.
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Chandra, R., V. K. Srivastava, and S. Nirupam. "Impact of Urban Basic Services on Immunization Coverage In a Slum Area of Northern India." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 6, no. 3 (July 1992): 153–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959200600307.
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The Urban Basic Services (UBS) programme was launched in some of the urban slums in the major cities of India in the year 1986. The main objective of the Urban Basic Services (UBS) Program is to improve and upgrade the quality of life of the urban poor, particularly the women and children. The major thrust area under the UBS programme includes child survival and development, learning opportunities for women and children, water and sanitation, and community organization. The present study attempts to find out the impact of the UBS Program in terms of the immunization coverage carried out in slums covered by UBS and comparing it with non-UBS slums using the 30-cIuster sampling technique as suggested by WHO. The percentage of fully immunized children was higher (16.2%) in the UBS slums compared to 10.9% in non-UBS slums. The immunization coverage of children was slightly better in the UBS slums for BCG, DPT and Oral Polio Vaccines, while for measles it was 18.6% in UBS slums and 11.9% in non-UBS slums. The dropout rates for I to III doses of DPT was much higher (36.4%) in non-UBS slums as compared to 28% in UBS slums. The availability of immunization cards was found to be higher in both mothers (16.7%) and children (22.4%) in UBS slums compared to the non-UBS ones (5.2% and 8.6% respectively). The slums thus covered under the UBS program have done marginally better in immunization but it appears that to assess the overall impact of UBS, all the components of services and not merely immunization should be assessed.
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Mukherjee, Subham, Trude Sundberg, and Brigitta Schütt. "Assessment of Water Security in Socially Excluded Areas in Kolkata, India: An Approach Focusing on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene." Water 12, no. 3 (March 8, 2020): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030746.
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Water security is essential not only to ensure the availability and accessibility of water for drinking, producing food, washing, but also to maintain both human and environmental health. The 2011 Census of India reveals that 17.4% of urban households in India live in deprived areas in urban landscapes which are designated as slums in the Census dataset. The increasing number of people living in these areas poses serious challenges to the provision of basic urban water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) services. Perceived susceptibility of risks from contaminated water and lack of proper sanitation and hygiene will be addressed in the light of social exclusion factors. This study attempts to assess the present situation of water, sanitation and required hygiene provisions within the areas defined as slums by the Census of India 2011 in Kolkata, India. Based on the results obtained from the datasets from the census, and a household survey, we identified a lack of supplies associated with WaSH provisions in these areas of Kolkata. The WaSH provisions in the slum areas of Kolkata city are facing various issues related to regularity, quality and quantity of supplied water. Additionally, there is poor maintenance of existing WaSH services including latrine facilities and per capita allocation of a sustainable water security among the slum dwellers. By adding to our understanding of the importance of factors such as gender, religions, and knowledge of drinking water in deprived areas, the study analyses the links between both physical and social issues determining vulnerability and presence of deprivation associated with basic WaSH provisions as human rights of slum communities.
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Khopkar, Sushama A., Suvi M. Virtanen, and Sangita Kulathinal. "Anthropometric Characteristics of Underprivileged Adolescents: A Study from Urban Slums of India." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (December 24, 2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/197048.
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Purpose. The anthropometric status and growth of adolescents living in challenging conditions such as slums are insufficiently studied. The purpose here was to describe anthropometric characteristics and nutritional status of adolescents from urban slums of India and to study the factors affecting it. Methods. Anthropometric, socioeconomic and dietary habit data were collected using structured questionnaires of six hundred adolescents aged 10–19 years by house-to-house survey conducted in two randomly selected slums of Nashik, Western India. The growth of adolescents was compared using WHO and Indian reference populations. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to examine associations between anthropometric measures and income, mother’s education, household size, and dietary intake. Results. Prevalences of stunting and thinness were lower using the Indian reference population compared to that of WHO. Stunting was more prevalent than thinness in the study subjects, and boys suffered more than girls. The effect of age on stunting was different among boys than girls. A mother’s education was highly significantly associated with both stunting and thinness in both sexes. Household size and income were significantly associated with the nutritional status of girls. Conclusions. Educating mothers about the nutritional needs of adolescents may help to improve adolescents’ anthropometric profile and future health.
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Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha, Noemia, Jinshuo Li, Eliud Kibuchi, Zahidul Quayyum, Penelope Phillips-Howard, Abdul Awal, Md Imran Hossain Mithu, et al. "Economics of healthcare access in low-income and middle-income countries: a protocol for a scoping review of the economic impacts of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers compared with other city residents." BMJ Open 11, no. 7 (July 2021): e045441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045441.
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IntroductionPeople living in slums face several challenges to access healthcare. Scarce and low-quality public health facilities are common problems in these communities. Costs and prevalence of catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) have also been reported as high in studies conducted in slums in developing countries and those suffering from chronic conditions and the poorest households seem to be more vulnerable to financial hardship. The COVID-19 pandemic may be aggravating the economic impact on the extremely vulnerable population living in slums due to the long-term consequences of the disease. The objective of this review is to report the economic impact of seeking healthcare on slum-dwellers in terms of costs and CHE. We will compare the economic impact on slum-dwellers with other city residents.Methods and analysisThis scoping review adopts the framework suggested by Arksey and O’Malley. The review is part of the accountability and responsiveness of slum-dwellers (ARISE) research consortium, which aims to enhance accountability to improve the health and well-being of marginalised populations living in slums in India, Bangladesh, Sierra Leone and Kenya. Costs of accessing healthcare will be updated to 2020 prices using the inflation rates reported by the International Monetary Fund. Costs will be presented in International Dollars by using purchase power parity. The prevalence of CHE will also be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for scoping reviews. We will disseminate our results alongside the events organised by the ARISE consortium and international conferences. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access international journal. Registration number at the Research Registry: reviewregistry947.
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Kumar, Saurabh, Sudhir Prabhu, Arun P. Jose, Sowmya Bhat, Oliver D. Souza, and Narayana V. "Assessment of under-five immunization coverage among the population of slum areas in Mangalore taluk, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170758.
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Background: Immunization coverage is better in urban than rural areas. However, we anticipate and argue that within the urban areas disparities and inequities persist in immunization coverage and that the socioeconomically disadvantaged, particularly those who reside in slum areas are more vulnerable and may contribute to the lower uptake of immunization. The objectives of the study were to assess the under-five immunization coverage amongst the households in slums of Mangalore taluk and to identify determinants of full immunization uptake among under 5 in the slums population and to know the reasons for non-immunization or partial immunization of children.Methods: Community Based Cross sectional study was conducted in the notified slum areas of Mangalore during August-November 2015. Information was collected from the parents regarding vaccination of their children and sociodemographic variables using a semi-structured interview schedule.Results: 88 (57.7%) of under 5 children were fully immunized, 62 (41.3%) were partially immunized in the slum areas of Mangalore, Karnataka, India. Mean age of the children in our study was found to be 35.15 months. Immunization coverage was found to be associated with the presence of immunization card, occupation of mother, knowledge about universal immunization programme (UIP), knowledge about protection offered by vaccines.Conclusions: Unfortunately, the immunization coverage was found to be very bad in the slum areas of Mangalore city, Karnataka, India. There is an urgent need to ensure that regular health education sessions are conducted. Secondly, slum areas should be the target of RCH programme with special focus on immunization related activities e.g. ensuring that all households with children should have immunization cards, as the slum areas remain the neglected section of the society due to various reasons.
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KANUNGO, S., T. MAHAPATRA, B. BHADURI, S. MAHAPATRA, N. D. CHAKRABORTY, B. MANNA, and D. SUR. "Diarrhoea-related knowledge and practice of physicians in urban slums of Kolkata, India." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 2 (May 10, 2013): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001076.
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SUMMARYDiarrhoeal management practices are unsatisfactory in India especially in the slum areas. Dearth of information regarding physicians' diarrhoea-related knowledge and practice in India ncessitated this cross-sectional study of allopathic practitioners in the slums of Kolkata, to assess the distribution and interrelationship between physicians' characteristics, knowledge and practice regarding diarrhoea. A total of 264 randomly selected consenting practitioners were interviewed using a field-tested questionnaire. Nineteen percent had good overall knowledge, 49% and 80% prescribed antibiotics to diarrhoea and cholera patients, respectively, and 55% advised stool examination for every case. Qualified and Government physicians had better knowledge regarding diarrhoea [MBBS: odds ratio (OR) 5·96, P < 0·001; postgraduates: OR 9·33, P < 0·001; Government physicians: OR 11·49, P < 0·0001] and were less likely to prescribe antibiotics for all diarrhoea cases (MBBS: OR 0·30, P = 0·002; postgraduates: OR 0·20, P < 0·001; Government physicians OR 0·24, P < 0·029). Better knowledge was associated with a lower likelihood of prescribing antibiotics for diarrhoea (OR 0·72, P < 0·001), cholera (OR 0·78, P = 0·027) and investigative procedure (OR 0·85, P = 0·028). In the slums of Kolkata, diarrhoea-related knowledge and practice were poor with the exception of qualified physicians, hence an improvement in the knowledge of pharmacists and unqualified practitioners is necessary for the overall improvement of diarrhoeal management in these slums.
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Naydenova, Elina, Arvind Raghu, Johanna Ernst, Sirazul A. Sahariah, Meera Gandhi, and Georgina Murphy. "Healthcare choices in Mumbai slums: A cross-sectional study." Wellcome Open Research 2 (December 5, 2017): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13127.1.
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Background: Informal urban settlements, known as slums, are the home for a large proportion of the world population. Healthcare in these environments is extremely complex, driven by poverty, environmental challenges, and poor access to formal health infrastructures. This study investigated healthcare challenges faced and choices made by slum dwellers in Mumbai, India. Methods: Structured interviews with 549 slum dwellers from 13 slum areas in Mumbai, India, were conducted in order to obtain a population profile of health-related socio-economic and lifestyle factors, disease history and healthcare access. Statistical tools such as multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the association between such factors and health choices. Results: Private providers (or a mixture of public and private) were seen to be preferred by the study population for most health conditions (62% - 90% health consultations), apart from pregnancy (43% health consultations). Community-based services were also preferred to more remote options. Stark differences in healthcare access were observed between well-known conditions, such as minor injuries, pulmonary conditions, and pregnancy and emerging challenges, such as hypertension and diabetes. A number of socio-economic and lifestyle factors were found to be associated with health-related decisions, including choice of provider and expenditure. Conclusions: Better planning and coordination of health services, across public and private providers, is required to address mortality and morbidity in slum communities in India. This study provides insights into the complex landscape of diseases and health providers that slum dwellers navigate when accessing healthcare. Findings suggest that integrated services and public-private partnerships could help address demand for affordable community-based care and progress towards the target of universal health coverage.
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Naydenova, Elina, Arvind Raghu, Johanna Ernst, Sirazul A. Sahariah, Meera Gandhi, and Georgina Murphy. "Healthcare choices in Mumbai slums: A cross-sectional study." Wellcome Open Research 2 (July 6, 2018): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.13127.2.
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Background: Informal urban settlements, known as slums, are the home for a large proportion of the world population. Healthcare in these environments is extremely complex, driven by poverty, environmental challenges, and poor access to formal health infrastructures. This study investigated healthcare challenges faced and choices made by slum dwellers in Mumbai, India. Methods: Structured interviews with 549 slum dwellers from 13 slum areas in Mumbai, India, were conducted in order to obtain a population profile of health-related socio-economic and lifestyle factors, disease history and healthcare access. Statistical tools such as multinomial logistic regression were used to examine the association between such factors and health choices. Results: Private providers (or a mixture of public and private) were seen to be preferred by the study population for most health conditions (62% - 90% health consultations), apart from pregnancy (43% health consultations). Community-based services were also preferred to more remote options. Stark differences in healthcare access were observed between well-known conditions, such as minor injuries, pulmonary conditions, and pregnancy and emerging challenges, such as hypertension and diabetes. A number of socio-economic and lifestyle factors were found to be associated with health-related decisions, including choice of provider and expenditure. Conclusions: Better planning and coordination of health services, across public and private providers, is required to address mortality and morbidity in slum communities in India. This study provides insights into the complex landscape of diseases and health providers that slum dwellers navigate when accessing healthcare. Findings suggest that integrated services and public-private partnerships could help address demand for affordable community-based care and progress towards the target of universal health coverage.
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Ramana, B. V., Dasari Gayatri, and P. Radha Kumari. "A study to assess the utilization of health care services among fishermen communities in urban slums of Visakhapatnam city: a cross sectional study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 10 (September 22, 2017): 3835. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20174260.
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Background: In spite of an extensive primary health care system exists in India, yet it is inadequate in terms of coverage of the population, especially in rural areas and urban slums, and gross underutilization. Assessment of the utilization of health services is important for the health of a nation. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted during October 2012- September 2013 among 215 families residing in Kotha Jalaripeta fishermen community of urban slums of Visakhapatnam city. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data and was analyzed using SPSS 20 and valid inferences were drawn. Results: Majority (60.9%) of the slum dwellers preferred Government hospitals for adult health problems and (56.3%) for child health problems. Majority (82.4%) of them utilized Government Hospitals for maternal health services and (73.5%) for Inpatient care. Majority (80.9%) of them preferred Anganwadi centers for immunization services. Antenatal care utilization by slum women was found satisfactory. Conclusions: This study revealed a relatively higher utilization of government health services for different health problems when compared to the other studies regarding various aspects and dimensions of health services. But still health problems exist to a great extent and there is an urgent need to improve health services in urban slums.
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Sharma, Nidhi, Kiran Kumar H. V., and Shivesh Devgan. "A study on utilization of antenatal care services in urban slums of Amritsar city, Punjab, India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 3 (February 22, 2017): 698. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20170742.
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Background: Rapid urbanization in India is fuelling a growth in urban poverty, particularly in the urban slums where the quality of life is extremely poor. There have been limited efforts to capture the health of population living in urban slums and most severely affected are the women of childbearing age and children. So the present study was carried out to assess the utilization pattern of antenatal care and to identify the factors affecting it in urban slums of Amritsar city.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1600 houses selected randomly in four slum areas of Amritsar city in which 659 married women in the reproductive age group of 15-49 years who had at least 1 child and had delivered the last child in the last 3 years were found. Total 659 women were interviewed using a pre-designed and pre-tested proforma.Results: 58.4% of respondent women attended at least one antenatal visit during last pregnancy. Maximum (43.4%) attended 2 antenatal visits. Majority (64.4%) had their first antenatal visit in 2nd trimester. Majority (57.1%) consumed <100 IFA tablets. Majority (65.6%) were fully immunized with 2 doses/booster of TT. Lack of knowledge about ANC services was the reason given by most of the women (31.0%) for not attending any antenatal visit. The utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services by women was found to be significantly associated with their age, education, birth order, socio-economic status and husband’s education.Conclusions: The utilization of antenatal care services was found to be poor in the study population. Important barriers to service utilization were found to be lack of awareness and lack of felt need. This shows the need for intensive efforts to be made in slum areas to create awareness among women by Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) activities.
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Lodha, Rakesh, Nihar R. Dash, Arti Kapil, and Sushil K. Kabra. "Diphtheria in urban slums in north India." Lancet 355, no. 9199 (January 2000): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)04847-3.
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Routray, J. K., and A. K. Pradhan. "Slums and development programmes in eastern India." Habitat International 13, no. 4 (January 1989): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(89)90041-6.
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Jha, Yatindra Kumar. "Government Schemes and Its Implementation on Poverty Alleviation : A Special Study of U.P. Urban Areas in India." Think India 22, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8083.
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Urban poverty alleviation is the major thrust of development planning in India. However, poverty eradication is a daunting task as the problem is gradually increasing due to migration of rural poor people in urban centres. Urban poverty is a major challenge before the urban managers and administrators of the present time. Though the anti-poverty strategy comprising of a wide range of poverty alleviation and employment generating programmes has been implemented but results show that the situation is grim. Importantly, poverty in urban India gets exacerbated by substantial rate of population growth, high rate of migration from the rural areas and mushrooming of slum pockets. Migration alone accounts for about 40 per cent of the growth in urban population, converting the rural poverty into urban one. Moreover, poverty has become synonymous with slums. The relationship is bilateral i.e. slums also breed poverty. This vicious circle never ends. Most of the world’s poor reside in India and majority of the poor live in rural areas and about one-fourth urban population in India lives below poverty line. If we count those who are deprived of safe drinking water, adequate clothing, or shelter, the number is considerably higher. Moreover, the vulnerable groups such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, minorities, pavement dwellers etc., are living in acute poverty. Housing conditions in large cities and towns are depicting sub human lives of slum dwellers. With the reconstruction of poverty alleviation programmes in urban India, it is expected that social and economic benefits will percolate to the population below the poverty line. However, eradication of poverty and improving the quality of life of the poor remain one of the daunting tasks. Government of India has introduced numerous centrally sponsored schemes from time to time. Rajiv Awas Yojana, Rajiv Rin Yojana and National Urban Livelihood Mission are the new addition for poverty alleviation in urban area.
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Ajami, Alireza, Monika Kuffer, Claudio Persello, and Karin Pfeffer. "Identifying a Slums’ Degree of Deprivation from VHR Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Remote Sensing 11, no. 11 (May 29, 2019): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11111282.
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In the cities of the Global South, slum settlements are growing in size and number, but their locations and characteristics are often missing in official statistics and maps. Although several studies have focused on detecting slums from satellite images, only a few captured their variations. This study addresses this gap using an integrated approach that can identify a slums’ degree of deprivation in terms of socio-economic variability in Bangalore, India using image features derived from very high resolution (VHR) satellite images. To characterize deprivation, we use multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) and quantify deprivation with a data-driven index of multiple deprivation (DIMD). We take advantage of spatial features learned by a convolutional neural network (CNN) from VHR satellite images to predict the DIMD. To deal with a small training dataset of only 121 samples with known DIMD values, insufficient to train a deep CNN, we conduct a two-step transfer learning approach using 1461 delineated slum boundaries as follows. First, a CNN is trained using these samples to classify slums and formal areas. The trained network is then fine-tuned using the 121 samples to directly predict the DIMD. The best prediction is obtained by using an ensemble non-linear regression model, combining the results of the CNN and models based on hand-crafted and geographic information system (GIS) features, with R2 of 0.75. Our findings show that using the proposed two-step transfer learning approach, a deep CNN can be trained with a limited number of samples to predict the slums’ degree of deprivation. This demonstrates that the CNN-based approach can capture variations of deprivation in VHR images, providing a comprehensive understanding of the socio-economic situation of slums in Bangalore.
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Prusty, Santosh K., Bhuputra Panda, Abhimanyu S. Chauhan, and Jayanta K. Das. "Factors affecting immunization coverage in urban slums of Odisha, India: implications on urban health policy." Healthcare in Low-resource Settings 1, no. 2 (October 9, 2013): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/hls.2013.e18.
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Infectious diseases are major causes of morbidity and mortality among children. One of the most cost-effective interventions for improved child survival is immunization, which has significant urban-rural divides. Slum dwellers constitute about one-third of Indian population, and most children still remain incompletely immunized. The main purpose of this study was to understand the factors behind partial or non-immunization of children aged 12-23 months in slum areas of Cuttack district, India. Session-based audit and a population-based survey were conducted in the urban slums of Cuttack city, April-June 2012. Total 79 children were assessed and their mothers were interviewed about the nature and quality of immunization services provided. Children fully immunized were 64.6%. Antigen-wise immunization coverage was highest for Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (96.2%) and lowest for Measles (65.8%), which indicates high instances of late drop-out. Frequent illnesses of the child, lack of information about the scheduled date of immunization, frequent displacement of the family and lack of knowledge regarding the benefits of immunization were cited as the main factors behind coverage of immunization services. The study showed that there is an urgent need to revise the immunization strategy, especially for urban slums. District and sub-district officials should reduce instances of early and late dropouts and, in turn, improve complete immunization coverage. Community participation, intersectoral co-ordination and local decision making along with supportive supervision could be critical in addressing issues of drop-outs, supply logistics and community mobilization.
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De, Indranil, and Tirthankar Nag. "Local self-governance, ethnic division in slums and preference for water supply institutions in Kolkata, India." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (November 25, 2015): 750–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.127.
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This paper investigates the preferences for institutional mechanisms for improved water supply services across different ethnic communities in slums of Kolkata. The Muslim community prefers privatization of water supply as against paid public supply. The backward caste community prefers both paid public delivery and privatization. Residents of non-notified (NN) slums prefer paid public delivery as against privatization. Access to accountability mechanisms for water supply is lower for residents of Muslim dominated regions and NN areas. This is reflected by household perception about awareness of councilors regarding water supply conditions in the slums. The choice of alternative institution depends on the degree of risk of exclusion due to lack of access to accountability mechanisms. Notification of NN slums, higher revenue autonomy and capacity of local bodies, and innovations in scale neutral technologies may improve access to water supply by marginalized communities in slums.
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Liu, Ruoyun, Monika Kuffer, and Claudio Persello. "The Temporal Dynamics of Slums Employing a CNN-Based Change Detection Approach." Remote Sensing 11, no. 23 (November 29, 2019): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232844.
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Along with rapid urbanization, the growth and persistence of slums is a global challenge. While remote sensing imagery is increasingly used for producing slum maps, only a few studies have analyzed their temporal dynamics. This study explores the potential of fully convolutional networks (FCNs) to analyze the temporal dynamics of small clusters of temporary slums using very high resolution (VHR) imagery in Bangalore, India. The study develops two approaches based on FCNs. The first approach uses a post-classification change detection, and the second trains FCNs to directly classify the dynamics of slums. For both approaches, the performances of 3 × 3 kernels and 5 × 5 kernels of the networks were compared. While classification results of individual years exhibit a relatively high F1-score (3 × 3 kernel) of 88.4% on average, the change accuracies are lower. The post-classification results obtained an F1-score of 53.8% and the change-detection networks obtained an F1-score of 53.7%. According to the trajectory error matrix (TEM), the post-classification results scored higher for the overall accuracy but lower for the accuracy difference of change trajectories than the change-detection networks. Although the two methods did not have significant differences in terms of accuracy, the change-detection network was less noisy. Within our study area, the areas of slums show a small overall decrease; the annual growth of slums (between 2012 and 2016) was 7173 m2, in contrast to an annual decline of 8390 m2. However, these numbers hid the spatial dynamics, which were much larger. Interestingly, areas where slums disappeared commonly changed into green areas, not into built-up areas. The proposed change-detection network provides a robust map of the locations of changes with lower confidence about the exact boundaries. This shows the potential of FCNs for detecting the dynamics of slums in VHR imagery.
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Vaid, Uchita, and Gary W. Evans. "Housing Quality and Health: An Evaluation of Slum Rehabilitation in India." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 7 (September 23, 2016): 771–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916516667975.
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Slum rehabilitation programs in economically developing countries are designed to improve housing and enhance residents’ health and well-being. Yet no empirical research has directly investigated these objectives. Housing quality was assessed by trained raters on a walk-through among women in public housing as well as those currently in slums on wait-lists to relocate to public housing. Standardized, self-report measures of mental and physical health, quality of life, along with social ties in the neighborhood were assessed. Women who moved from slum housing to public housing manifest better physical and mental health but diminished social ties in comparison with women remaining in slum areas. Furthermore, housing quality, assessed by trained raters, largely explained the differences in health between the two groups. These quasi-experimental findings suggest that housing quality can enhance health and well-being of women, but that care must be taken to promote the maintenance of social capital following resettlement.
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Srivastava, Shilpi, Saurabh Kashyap, and Ashish Rawat. "Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Households of Sarvodaya Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India." Asian Journal of Medical Research 9, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.47009/ajmr.2020.9.4.mb2.
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Background: In the current scenario, the urbanization is happening at a faster pace and the economy is not able to match at par with urbanization, this In turn is causing problems of unavailability of safe and potable water along with proper sewage system, despecially in urban slums. As a result of the scenario many urban slums are still using poor quality pit latrines and even drawing water from nearby wells, water taps which are not complying with government norms. Space is also a big problem which is being faced by these slums, due to which there is a lack of enough spaces in the houses and nearby areas, therby causing overcrowding. Due to overcrowding, the space between houses, pit latrines, wells, taps and water bodies has decreased and thus the potential of contamination of water bodies by fecal microorganisms has increased drastically. Given the above knowledge, a study is much needed to estimate the presumptive and differential coliform count of water samples from the urban slum area in Lucknow. Subjects & Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted during the period of January to June 2019. Samples were collected from all the taps, hand pumps that were currently in use, along with potable water stored in households of Sarvodaya Nagar (an urban slum area), Lucknow and were processed in the Microbiology department of IIMS&R, Lucknow. Results: A total of 53(63%) samples were taken from Public supply, out of which 36(67. 9%) were found unsatisfactory and 17(32.0%) were intermediate, were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas sp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella Spp. Citrobacter, Enterococcus and Pseudornonas Spp., E.coli, Thermotolerent E.coli, Klebsiella respectively. In the study more than half of the samples were taken from the Public water supply. Out of these about seventy percent were unsatisfactory and were found to be contaminated with Pseudomonas. Conclusion: The proper sanitation, regular treatment, supervision of water sources, arid regular bacteriological assessment of all water sources for drinking should be planned and conducted.
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Meharda, Bharat, Sanjeev Kumar Sharma, Mahesh Keswani, and Rakesh Kumar Sharma. "A cross sectional study regarding awareness of HIV/AIDS and practices of condoms among slum dwellers of Ajmer, Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (June 28, 2019): 2604. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192886.
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Background: People living in slums are often deprived of health-care facilities and it make them vulnerable to infection like HIV/AIDS. Health education and behavioural changes is pivotal for prevention of HIV and HIV-related stigma. Methods: It was community based cross sectional study carried among 288 slum dwellers of Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.Results: Out of 288 study subjects (male and females in the group of 15-54 years) 144 (50%) males and 144 (50%) females. Out of 288 study subjects 278 (96.53%) were heard about HIV/AIDS. Out of 249 study subject who were aware about condom, 107 (42.97%) study subjects [74 (56.06%) male and 33 (28.21%) female] were presently using of condom. out of 278 study subject who had ever heard about HIV/AIDS majority 215 (77.34%) subjects got the information regarding HIV/AIDS through TV/cinemaConclusions: Present study shows that the study subjects of slums at Ajmer has inadequate awareness regarding the HIV/AIDS and poor practice of condoms.
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Saha, Rajib, and Tanjib Hassan Mullick. "Depression and its predictors among geriatric population in the urban slum of Bankura town of Eastern India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 1774. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20191420.
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Background: Depression is the leading cause of disease burden ranked as third worldwide and also common among elderly people. The study was conducted to find out the prevalence of depression and its correlates among geriatric slum dwellers.Methods: This community based cross-sectional, an observational analytical epidemiological study was conducted from January 2018 to April 2018 among geriatric people residing in the urban slums of Bankura town. Out of 295 slums, 30 slums were selected by cluster sampling method. From each cluster 7 geriatric people were selected by systematic random sampling method and data were collected by interview method using interviewer-administered both close and open-ended, the predesigned pretested questionnaire which included 15 items Geriatric depression scale short form (GDS-SF). To reveal the ultimate predictor variables, bivariate analysis and followed by logistic regression was done.Results: Out of 210 people 59.1% was suffering from depression. In multiple logistic regression, we found that people who were suffering from chronic illness were 10.3 times more depressed. Married people were 6 times more depressed than others and 60 to 69 years people were found 4.4 times more depressed than elder geriatrics. People who belonged to poor socio-economic status (IV+V), were found as 2.7 times more depressed. Decision maker within the family was observed more depressed 1.8 times than others.Conclusions: Chronic illness, economic insecurity due to lower socio-economic status, over-thinking of marital people for their spouse’s security and health and newer identity as ‘senior citizen’ attributed to depression among geriatrics people.
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Swaminathan, Hema, and Arnab Mukherji. "Slums and Malnourishment: Evidence From Women in India." American Journal of Public Health 102, no. 7 (July 2012): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300424.
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Swaminathan, Sumathi, Mario Vaz, and Anura V. Kurpad. "Protein intakes in India." British Journal of Nutrition 108, S2 (August 2012): S50—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512002413.
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Indian diets derive almost 60 % of their protein from cereals with relatively low digestibility and quality. There have been several surveys of diets and protein intakes in India by the National Nutrition Monitoring Board (NNMB) over the last 25 years, in urban and rural, as well as in slum dwellers and tribal populations. Data of disadvantaged populations from slums, tribals and sedentary rural Indian populations show that the protein intake (mainly from cereals) is about 1 gm/kg/day. However, the protein intake looks less promising in terms of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), using lysine as the first limiting amino acid, where all populations, particularly rural and tribal, appear to have an inadequate quality to their protein intake. The protein: energy (PE) ratio is a measure of dietary quality, and has been used in the 2007 WHO/FAO/UNU report to define reference requirement values with which the adequacy of diets can be evaluated in terms of a protein quality corrected PE ratio. It is likely that about one third of this sedentary rural population is at risk of not meeting their requirements. These levels of risk of deficiency are in a population with relatively low BMI populations, whose diets are also inadequate in fruits and vegetables. Therefore, while the burden of enhancing the quality of protein intake in rural India exists, the quality of the diet, in general, represents a challenge that must be met.
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Rani, Divya, Jitendra Singh, Dilaram Acharya, Rajan Paudel, Kwan Lee, and Shri Singh. "Household Food Insecurity and Mental Health Among Teenage Girls Living in Urban Slums in Varanasi, India: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 8 (July 26, 2018): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15081585.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the relation between household food insecurity and mental health problems in teenage girls living in urban slums. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 5 urban slums in Varanasi, India, between September 2016 and July 2017. A probability proportion to size (PPS) method was employed to select 5 of 210 urban slums at a first stage, and in the second stage, 418 teenage girls were chosen randomly from selected households. The Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) and mental health inventory tools were employed to assess food insecurity and mental health status. Multivariable logistic regression analysis with at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to assess the association between household food insecurity and mental health status. Of 418 respondents, 47.6% were food insecure; 64.1%, 57.7%, and 58.4% had high levels of anxiety, depression, or psychological distress, respectively; and 57.2% exhibited a medium level of loss of behavioral control. Furthermore, teenage girls from food insecure households were more likely to have high levels of anxiety, depression, loss of behavioral control and psychological distress than those living in food secure households. This study shows food insecurity is independently associated with mental health problems among teenage girls. Food insecurity in Indian slums should be addressed by specific public health intervention programs that provide access to sufficient safe, nutritious food.
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Sreekant P., Jayaprakash T., and Iyenger P. "Seasonal Distribution of Diarrhea among Children aged 1-5 Years in Slums of Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Door to Door Survey." International Healthcare Research Journal 4, no. 6 (September 21, 2020): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/0406.09185.
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INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea, a water borne disease is very prevalent in children under 5 years of age and lead to serious consequences among them if not treated on time. AIM: To assess the Seasonal Distribution of diarrhea among children aged 1-5 years in slums of southern IndiaMATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was a planned door to door survey via a standard, pre-validated and pre-tested questionnaire among the slums the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Data was collected from the mothers/caretakers of children aged 1-5 years regarding Diarrheal episodes in the past one year. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 and by applying the independent samples t-test as well as the multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2684 children were reported having diarrhea, out of which there were slightly more females (52.1%) as compared to males (47.9%). 55.1% of children were treated at home, while 34.2% needed consultation and 10.7% required hospitalization. Most cases were reported in the monsoon season (39.3%), followed by summer (30.6%), winter(22.5%) and autumn (7.6%). The independent samples t-test (p=0.03) as well as the multivariate logistic regression (p=0.01) showed significant results while comparing the occurrence of diarrhea in monsoon seasons in comparison to other seasons.CONCLUSION: Further studies are advised among slum dwellers so that proper and tailor made programs can be directed in reducing the effect of diarrhea in children residing in slums in southern India.
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Joshi, Ashish, Bhavya Malhotra, Chioma Amadi, Menka Loomba, Archa Misra, Shruti Sharma, Arushi Arora, and Jaya Amatya. "Gender and the Digital Divide Across Urban Slums of New Delhi, India: Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): e14714. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/14714.
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Background Disparities in access to specific technologies within gender groups have not been investigated. Slum settings provide an ideal population to investigate the contributing factors to these disparities. Objective This study aimed to examine gender differences in mobile phone ownership, internet access, and knowledge of SMS text messaging among males and females living in urban slum settings. Methods A convenience sampling approach was used in sample selection from 675 unnotified slums. A total of 38 slum sites were then selected across four geographic zones. Of these, 10% of the households in each slum site was selected from each zone. One household member was interviewed based on their availability and fulfillment of the eligibility criteria. Eligible individuals included those aged 18 years and above, residing in these slums, and who provided voluntary consent to participate in the study. Individuals with mental or physical challenges were excluded from the study. Results Our results showed that females were half as likely to own mobile phones compared with males (odds ratio [OR] 0.53, 95% CI 0.37-0.76), less likely to have internet access (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.56-1.11), or know how to send text messages (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.66-1.31). The predictors of mobile phone ownership, internet access, and text messaging between males and females included age, individual education, housing type, and the number of earning members in a household in the adjusted analysis. Among males, the number of earning members was a predictor of both mobile phone ownership and text messaging, whereas household education was a predictor of both internet access and text messaging. Age and individual education only predicted internet access, whereas housing type only predicted text messaging. Among females, household education was a predictor of all the technology outcomes. Age and type of toilet facility only predicted mobile phone ownership; housing type only predicted internet access whereas television ownership with satellite service and smoking behavior only predicted text messaging. Conclusions Our study findings showing disparate access to technology within gender groups lend support for further research to examine the causal mechanisms promoting these differences to proffer significant solutions. Specifically, our study findings suggest that improving household education is crucial to address the disparate access and usage of mobile phones, the internet, and text messaging among women in slum settings. This suggestion is due to the consistency in household educational level as a predictor across all these technology indicators. In addition, the mechanisms by which the number of household earning members influences the disparate access to technology among men call for further exploration.