Academic literature on the topic 'Slurry mortar'

This paper aims to propose and characterize a sustainable hydraulic mortar entirely obtained by the reuse of waste materials, with marble slurry coming from quarries in the north-western Sicily and glass powder coming from a waste collection plant in Marsala (Province of Trapani). The first was used as raw material to produce the mortar binder by a kilning and slaking process, while the second was used as a pozzolanic additive. The chemical and morphological characterization of the marble slurry was done by XRD, FTIR, STA and SEM analyses. Glass powder was analyzed through particle size distribution measurements, XRD and standard pozzolanic tests. Hydraulic mortars constituted by slaked lime from kilned marble slurry and waste glass powder (LGS) were prepared beside commercial Natural Hydraulic Lime (NHL) based mortars (NGS) and air-hardening lime (LSS)-based mortars. Mechanical and absorption properties of the mortars were investigated as a function of the grain size of the glass powder by means of three-point bending and compressive strength tests, capillary uptake, helium pycnometry and simultaneous thermal analysis. The results demonstrated that the formulation LGS exhibits significantly improved mechanical and absorption properties compared to air-hardening mortars (LSS). It confirms the possibility of producing a more sustainable hydraulic mortar exclusively from waste materials for civil engineering.

Slurry erosion tests were performed on various types of repairing mortars in order to determine the factors influencing the abrasion-erosion resistance of some mortars. An in-house built apparatus was used, which produced a slurry jet that impinged the surface of mortar specimens with an incidence angle of 45° and a velocity of 18.5 m/s. The results showed that the epoxy mortars were the most erosion resistant compared with cementitious grouts and polymer-modified cement-based mortars. The erosion of mortars is controlled by the wear of the binder (epoxy or cement paste), and a strong relation exists between the erosion resistance of the mortar and the absence of microporosity in the binder. The results also suggest that to minimize the exposed areas of the binder, well-graded, i.e., small- and large-size, sand particles should be used. Key words: abrasion, erosion, repair mortars, cementitious grouts, polymer-modified cement-based mortars, epoxy mortars, hydraulic structures.

Self-healing mortar with various healing agent was prepared by sealing the healing agent in glass capsules. Waterglass, metakaolin slurry, and metakaolin slurry and waterglass were used as healing agent. The restoration of compressive strength of self-healing mortar was characterized by damaging the mortar at 7 and 28 days and curing for another 1, 7 and 28 days. The compressive strength of mortar with healing agent of waterglass was restored after curing for another 7 days under the condition of damaging at 7 or 28 days, and developed with a similar trend to that of the control specimen when damaged at 7 days but was not fully restored in the long term when damaged at 28 days. The compressive strength of mortar with healing agent of metakaolin or metakaolin and waterglass was restored after curing for another 7 days when damaged at 7 or 28 days, and developed with a similar trend to that of the control specimen in the long term under the condition of damaging at 7 or 28 days. Metakaolin slurry can restore the compressive strength of mortar at both early and later age damage. The combination of metakaolin and waterglass restored and further improved the compressive strength of self-healing mortar.

In this study, the effect of polishing brick powder replacement cement slurry method on water absorption of motar is discussed. A series of mortar samples are prepared for testing water penetration amount at unit surface area with square of time and permeable porosity. The results show that the replacement of cement slurry with polished brick powder will increase the permeable pore of mortar and increase the sorptivity per unit area, thus effectively reducing the sorptivity of mortar at the same water cement ratio or strength.

Uniaxial compression and bending test of CA mortar, which have six different dosage of emulsified asphalt and the same dry material, is carried out with a electronic universal test machine. It turns out that: when the dosage of emulsified asphalt is lacked, the CA mortar cannot be uniform and stable slurry system; within the range of 300~680 mL emulsified asphalt, slurry state of mortar is good, no separation, and have good liquidity, in this range, with the increasing dosage of emulsified asphalt, compressive strength, elastic modulus and peak strain are gradually reduced, while ratio of bending strength to compressive strength rise at the beginning, then decline within a narrow range; The 1st and 2nd slurry is not stable, they appear separation and the surfaced asphalt, which have similar appearance and mechanical properties to cement mortar, and the last four groups of test results have great difference from the former two groups.

It is not easy to disperse metakaolin in the cement concrete uniformly. The reunite phenomenon caused by lamellar structure and fine particles can reduce the properties of concrete. The fluidity of mortar were studied by recombining polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium methyl-dinaphthalene sulfonate (NNO) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) with the metakaolin slurry, and then the internal structural properties of the different cement-based materials were analysed. The experimental results showed that when the ratio of MK and H2O was 35 : 65, the metakaolin slurry could reduce the adverse effect of metakaolin on the fluidity of mortar to a certain extent. The slurry prepared by P1N2H2, P2N1H2 and P2N1H1 composite dispersant dispersed more uniformly in the mortar than other groups. The hydration caused by these types of slurry during cement formation consumed Ca(OH)2 crystals sufficiently, which led to generating more dense C-S-H gel structure in the final cement-based materials.

In the marble industry, a lot of marble is wasted in the form of odd blocks of various sizes and slurry consisting of water and micro-fine particles. The slurry on drying converts into powder. Both slurry and powder have adverse effects on the environment. This research is focused on the gainful utilization of waste marble powder (WMP) by converting it into a valuable binding material. For this purpose, WMP and clay were collected, and their physical and chemical properties were determined. A mix of WMP and clay was prepared and burnt at a temperature around 1300 oC. The burnt mix was ground to powder form to get marble cement (MC). The MC was then used in mortar. The compressive and flexural strengths of mortar cubes and prisms were determined. Apart from this, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis were also carried out. The chemical composition showed that the MC has 52.5% di-calcium silicate (C2S) and 3.5% tri-calcium silicate (C3S).The compressive strength of MC mortar after 28 days curing is 6.03 MPa, which is higher than M1 mortar of building code of Pakistan (5 MPa). The compressive strength of MC mortar after one year is 20.67 MPa, which is only 17% less than OPC mortar.

Filling mortar construction techniques of stone masonry is a innovation and improvement on construction technology. It uses the pressure of water slurry washed sand, relying on the impact and gravity filling the small gap of the mortar and stones. which a has good surface to form the stone body. Test by adjusting the amount of mixing on cement mortar and water, the ratio of water-cement and sand-lime on mortar study compared the performance impact on the mortar, initially identified the ratio on technical requirements of construction which mixing the mortar. On the basis of this test proposed the method using mortar, designed to verifies on using the mortar to fill the small gap, and to determine the optimal mixing on mortar for this new construction technology foundation.

Sulfate attack was one of the most important factors affecting the durability of cement slurry in mine corrosive environment. For water stopping and reinforcement projects in wellbore or working face under sulfate erosion environment, mineral admixtures were often used to improve the sulfate resistance of cement slurry. The physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar with 0, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% UEA expansive agent content under the conditions of 0.6%, 3% and 15% sodium sulfate solution concentration were investigated through the full immersion test for 19 months in the laboratory. The results showed that the strength of mortar specimens decreased with the increase of UEA expansive agent content, but in the sulfate attack environment, the ability to resist sulfate attack could be significantly improved. In order to ensure the early strength of mortar and reduce the cost, the best effect of UEA expansion agent was 4%.

A grande ocorrência de manifestações patológicas em revestimentos de argamassa associadas à falha de aderência a substratos de concreto cada vez mais chama a atenção do meio técnico, pois além de prejuízos às edificações, pode representar risco aos usuários, motivando diversos trabalhos sobre o assunto. Abordando o problema, a presente dissertação teve como tema a aderência de revestimentos de argamassa à substratos de concreto estrutural. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foram realizadas uma pesquisa em cima de dados de ensaios de resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa em obras e edificações em uso e um programa experimental executado em laboratório. A pesquisa analisou dados obtidos de determinações de resistência de aderência à tração em revestimentos de argamassa de construções e edificações em uso em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente na capital Porto Alegre. As informações foram coletadas de ensaios em analogia à NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) realizados pelo Departamento de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (CIENTEC/RS) entre 1998 e 2009, totalizando 2616 resultados. Foram correlacionados resistências de aderência, regiões de ruptura e tipos de revestimentos e substratos com o objetivo de analisar as interações destes parâmetros com os resultados de aderência. Entre as constatações destacam-se a aderência dos revestimentos aplicados sobre substratos de concreto estrutural, inferior aos substratos de alvenaria, que apresentaram média de aderência 60 % superior, e a maior ocorrência e menor valor médio de resistência das rupturas na interface concreto/chapisco nos ensaios realizados em revestimentos sobre concreto, resultados que ressaltam a importância do tema abordado e o programa experimental desta dissertação. O experimento realizado em laboratório analisou a influência da cura do chapisco na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa sobre painéis de concreto utilizando diferentes chapiscos, três convencionais e um industrializado (do tipo adesivo e aplicado com desempenadeira). Dos chapiscos convencionais, dois utilizaram CP IV-32 com traços 1:2 e 1:3 (em volume) e um utilizou CP II-Z e traço 1:3. As camadas de chapisco, logo após sua aplicação, receberam diferentes tratamentos de cura, variando a temperatura do ambiente (23°C e 50°C) e a umidificação das amostras, mantendo-se fixas a umidade do ambiente, os substratos e os revestimentos aplicados após cura dos chapiscos. A resistência de aderência à tração dos revestimentos foi verificada segundo a NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). O chapisco industrializado apresentou resistência de aderência 156 % superior à média dos chapiscos convencionais. Entre os chapiscos convencionais, o cimento utilizado mostrou influência significativa na aderência, onde o CP II-Z apresentou resultados superiores ao CP IV. A temperatura de cura também foi significativa nos valores de aderência dos chapiscos, que apresentaram queda significativa de 47,3 % quando curados com temperatura de 50°C. Corpos-de-prova moldados das argamassas de chapisco e curados de forma equivalente aos chapiscos dos painéis foram ensaiados quanto à resistência mecânica e absorção por capilaridade, segundo as NBR’s 13279 e 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectivamente, onde foram percebidos efeitos significativos da temperatura e tipo de cura e tipo de chapisco nos resultados.
The high occurrence of pathologies in the mortar coverings associated with the failure of adhesion to concrete substrate increasingly catch the attention of technical community, as well as damage to buildings, can pose a hazard to users, resulting in several works on the subject. Approaching the subject, this paper was titled the adhesion of mortar renderings to structural concrete substrates. In addition to the literature review, were conducted a research upon data from tests on bond strength of mortar renderings in works and buildings in use and an experimental program performed in laboratory. The study analyzed data obtained from measurements of bond tensile strength in mortar renderings of constructions and buildings in use in cities of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the capital Porto Alegre. Information was collected from tests in analogy to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) conducted by the Department of Construction Material of the Foundation of Science and Technology (CIENTEC/RS) between 1998 and 2009, totaling 2616 results. Resistances were correlated to adherence, regions of rupture and types of renderings and substrates in order to analyze the interactions of these parameters with the bond strength results. Among the findings highlight the adherence of coatings applied to substrates of structural concrete, below the masonry substrates, which showed an average 60% higher, and a higher rate and lower mean resistance of the breaks at the interface concrete/slurry in the trials performed in coatings on concrete, results that accentuate the importance of the theme and the experimental program of this paper. The laboratory experiment examined the influence of slurry mortar curing on the bond strength of mortar renderings on concrete panels using different slurry mortars, three conventional and one industrialized (adhesive type and applied with spattle). Two of conventional mortars used CP IV-32 1:2 and 1:3 volume proportion and one used CP II-Z and 1:3 proportion. Soon after its application, the layer of slurry mortar, received different curing treatments, varying the temperature (23°C and 50°C) and humidification of the samples, keeping fixed the ambient humidity, substrate concretes and renderings applied after slurry curing. The bond tensile strength of renderings was verified according to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). The industrialized slurry mortar presented bond strength 156% higher than the average conventional slurrys. Among conventional mortars, cement used showed significant influence on bond strength, where the CP II-Z showed better results than the CP IV. The curing temperature was also significant in the bond strength values of slurrys, which decreased significantly from 47.3% when cured at 50°C. Specimens of slurry mortars and cured in an equivalent manner to rendered panels were tested for mechanical strength and absorption by capillarity, according to NBR's 13,279 and 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectively, which were perceived significant effects of temperature and type of curing and type of mortars on the results.

O maior uso do concreto de alta resistência, o uso de desmoldante e/ou o emprego de fôrmas plastificadas são fatores que cada vez mais contribuem para a superfície do concreto tornar-se lisa e de baixa porosidade superficial. Dessa forma, há prejuízo da absorção capilar que deve existir na camada superficial da base, de modo a permitir a penetração e a ancoragem dos produtos de hidratação da argamassa de revestimento no interior do substrato, garantindo a ancoragem mecânica. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação é resultado de um trabalho experimental realizado para investigar a influência da rugosidade gerada pelos tratamentos superficiais realizados nos substratos de concreto, com ou sem desmoldante, tais como lavagem por hidrojateamento, escovação, lixamento, apicoamento e uso de retardador de pega de superfície, na aderência do revestimento de argamassa. Para atender os objetivos propostos, moldaram-se prismas de concreto em três níveis de resistência fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa e 45 MPa), cujas superfícies foram tratadas e preparadas com chapisco convencional, traço 1:3 e chapisco adesivo. A argamassa de revestimento empregada foi industrializada. O programa experimental envolveu primeiramente a caracterização inicial dos materiais utilizados na confecção dos prismas de concreto, bem como das argamassas empregadas. Como caracterização dos substratos tratados, foram realizados ensaios para caracterizar a superfície, quanto à rugosidade e sucção capilar. A rugosidade foi avaliada em duas dimensões, através de perfis, de acordo com parâmetros normalizados, e também em três dimensões, através da superfície específica. Após o tratamento dos substratos, foi feita a aplicação da camada de chapisco, convencional e industrializado, e posteriormente, a aplicação da argamassa de revestimento, em camada única. Por fim, os revestimentos aplicados foram avaliados quanto à resistência de aderência e extensão de aderência. Com os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o uso do desmoldante prejudica a sucção capilar de substratos de concreto de fc28 igual ou inferior a 35 MPa. Conclui-se também que concretos de fc28 igual a 25 MPa possuem porosidade suficiente para garantir ancoragem mecânica, não necessitando de tratamento superficial, assim como quando se utiliza chapisco industrializado em qualquer concreto. Ao se utilizar chapisco convencional, a resistência de aderência aumenta a medida que se aumenta a rugosidade da superfície.
The widespread use of high resistance concrete , the use of lubricant and the employment of plastic-coated molds are factors that more and more contribute to the flat surface and low porosity of the concrete. Thus, there is damage of the capillary absorption that should exist in the substrate superficial layer, in order to allow the entrance and the anchorage of the hydration products of the coating mortar inside the substrate, guaranteeing the mechanical anchorage. In this way, the present dissertation resulted as experimental work realized to investigate the influence of the rugosity generated by the superficial treatments in the concrete substrate, with or without lubricant, such as wash with high pressure water jetting, brushing, grinding, milling and use of retarder of surface, in the adherence of the coating mortars. To reach the proposed objectives, concrete prisms were molded in three levels of resistance fc28 (25 MPa, 35 MPa and 45MPa), its surfaces were treated and prepared with conventional slurry mortar and adhesive slurry mortar. The coating mortar was industrialized. The experimental program involved the initial characterization of the materials used in concrete and mortars. To characterize the concrete surface tests were realized to characterize the rugosity and sorptivity. The rugosity was evaluated in two dimensions, through profiles, in accordance with parameters normalized, and also in three dimensions, through specific surface. Slurry mortar industrialized and conventional was applied after the substrate treatment, and the covering mortar was applied after in only one layer. Finally, the coverings applied were evaluated on the bond strength and adherence extension. The results obtained showed us that the use of the lubricant damages capillary suction on the concrete substrate 35MPa. Concretes 25MPa possess enough porosity to guarantee mechanical anchorage, not needing superficial treatment, as well when slurry mortar industrialized is used in any concrete. The resistance of adherence increases when the rugosity of the surface increases.

A prevenção de manifestações patológicas em revestimentos de argamassa, em especial os descolamentos, é refletida no interesse das empresas construtoras e pesquisadores por um maior conhecimento das propriedades dos elementos constituintes do sistema, bem como dos fatores externos. Destes pode-se citar as variáveis que intervêm nos mecanismos de aderência, porém que não são controláveis, como a temperatura, umidade e ventilação. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho objetiva analisar a influência da ação do vento e da temperatura elevada durante a cura da argamassa de chapisco na aderência dos revestimentos externos de argamassa aplicados em substratos de concreto. Foram moldados prismas nas dimensões 40x45x10cm, com resistência aos 28 dias de 37MPa. Utilizou-se 3 argamassas de chapisco, uma dosada em obra com traço 1:5,67 (em massa com areia seca) e outras duas industrializadas de diferentes fabricantes. Também foram utilizadas 3 argamassas de revestimento, uma dosada em obra com traço 1:0,78:6,5 (em massa com areia seca), e outras duas industrializadas de diferentes fabricantes, sendo os mesmos das argamassas de chapisco. Combinou-se os tipos de argamassa de chapisco e revestimento juntamente com o modo de preparo de cada para a composição de diferentes sistemas de revestimento, num total de 90 combinações aplicadas em 45 prismas. Em todos eles, uma das faces recebia a ação do vento durante a cura de três dias da argamassa de chapisco e em 18 deles ambas as faces recebiam também a ação da temperatura de 40°C (os demais eram curados a 23°C). As argamassas de revestimento eram curadas durante 28 dias a uma temperatura de 23±2°C, sem a ação do vento. A umidade relativa do ar foi fixada em 60±5%. Foram realizados ensaios de resistência de aderência à tração do revestimento pela NBR 13528/95 e ensaios e de caracterização do concreto do substrato e das argamassas, estes últimos conforme prescrições da NBR 13281/05. Corpos-de-prova das argamassas de chapisco também foram curadas sob as mesmas condições a que os primas foram submetidas. As resistências médias de aderência obtidas variaram de 0,01 a 0,32MPa para chapiscos convencionais, 0,03 a 0,36MPa para os industrializados 1 e 0,06 a 0,33MPa para os industrizados 2. Com os dados obtidos fez-se análise estatística de variância (ANOVA). Os resultados demonstraram que a ação da ventilação e do calor influenciaram de forma significativa a resistência de aderência, sendo responsáveis por uma queda de 0,014MPa e 0,085MPa, respectivamente. Também se mostraram significativas as variáveis tipo de argamassa de chapisco e de revestimento.
The prevention of pathological manifestations in mortar renderings, in special case the detachment, reflected a concern of researches and construction companies aiming the knowledge of materials and rendering systems properties, as well as any other external factors. In this case, some variables that intervene (however not-controllable) in the bond strength mechanisms can be cited, as the temperature, humidity and ventilation. In this context, this work objective to analyze the influence of wind and high temperature during the slurry mortar cure and this relationship with the bond of external mortar renderings in concrete substrates. Concrete prisms of 40x45x10cm had been molded, with strength at 28 days of 37MPa. Three mixes of slurry mortars had been used, one proportioned in situ with a cement/aggregate proportion of 1:5,67(in mass) and two other different pre-mixed slurry mortars. Also three mixes of rendering mortars had been used, one proportioned in situ with a cement/limestone/aggregate proportion of 1:0,78: 6,5 (in mass), and two other different premixed mortars. A total of 45 prisms with 90 combinations (with the different slurry and rendering mortars, as well as different sample preparations) had been produced. For each prism, one of the rendered faces had been assayed simulating the wind action during the three days cure of the slurry mortar and in 18 from both them the faces covered also had been assayed with the action of 40ºC temperature (the others were cured at 23°C). Rendering mortars were cured at 23±2°C during 28 days, without wind influence. The humidity was fixed in 60±5%. The mortars (according NBR 13281/05) and concrete substrata characterization, as well as assays of tensile bond strength of the rendering (according NBR 13528/95) had been carried through. Samples of slurry mortars were also cured over the same conditions the prisms were submited. All data obtained had been statistically analyzed trough variance analysis (ANOVA). The results had demonstrated that the wind effect and the heat condition had influenced significantly the bond strength. The type of slurry or rendering mortar had also revealed significant effect in the bond strength.

Revestimentos de argamassa, embora largamente utilizados, ainda e cada vez mais, geram interesse, tanto por parte do meio acadêmico quanto pelas empresas construtoras. Este fato se deve pela, sempre presente, necessidade de melhoria da tecnologia, visando, principalmente, maior conhecimento dos elementos constituintes do sistema de revestimento e, também, devido ao grande número de manifestações patológicas ocorridas neste tipo de revestimento, em especial o descolamento. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da camada de preparo da base, o chapisco, quanto a sua forma de aplicação e composição, na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa aplicados sobre substrato de concreto de baixa porosidade. Para isso, foram moldadas placas de concreto com dimensões de (35x25x5)cm e resistência, aos 28 dias de, aproximadamente, 30MPa, que receberam argamassa de chapisco e posteriormente foram revestidos com argamassa de revestimento. Afim de isolar o efeito do chapisco, nesta pesquisa, o substrato de concreto e a argamassa de revestimento foram mantidos fixos, sendo, então, o chapisco o único elemento variável do sistema. Em relação ao chapisco variou-se sua forma de aplicação (manual e mecanizada), sua composição, onde foi analisada a mudança de granulometria (uma contínua e bem graduada e uma descontínua e mal graduada), a introdução de sílica ativa e de aditivo retentor de água. O substrato de concreto teve cura submersa em água e cal, durante 28 dias, e a argamassa de chapisco e a argamassa de revestimento foram curadas à temperatura de 23±2°C e umidade relativa do ar de 60±10% por 3 e 28 dias, respectivamente. Após 59 dias do início da moldagem, o conjunto “substrato+chapisco+argamassa de revestimento” foi submetido aos ensaios de resistência de aderência à tração e ao cisalhamento. A partir dos resultados obtidos é possível afirmar que quanto a forma de aplicação, a aplicação mecanizada utilizada, de recipiente acoplado, a canequinha, não gerou resultados satisfatórios, uma vez que para as características da argamassa de chapisco utilizada, sendo está de alta relação água/cimento, a aplicação resultou em uma camada desuniforme, mostrando que aplicação manual, mesmo rústica, para chapiscos ainda é a melhor escolha. Quanto a composição do chapisco, os melhores resultados obtidos para a resistência de aderência foram obtidos com chapiscos confeccionados com areia de granulometria contínua e bem graduada. A introdução da sílica no chapisco mostrou uma tendência de melhora para a resistência de aderência à tração e uma melhoria significativa, comprovada por análise estatística, na resistência ao cisalhamento e a introdução de aditivo retentor de água, promoveu uma melhora significativa na resistência de aderência à tração e uma tendência de melhora na resistência de aderência ao cisalhamento.
Although widely used, mortar wall coverings still generate interest by both academia and construction companies. This fact is caused by the ever-present need for improved technology, having as principal objective the more refined knowledge about the constituents of the coating system and also the large number of pathologies occurring in this type of siding, in particular its detachment. In this context, this study had the objective of analizing the influence of the application form and composition of slurry mortar on the bonding strength of coatings applied over concrete substrate. For this, concrete plates of 35x25x5cm were molded, with compressive strength at 28 days of, approximately, 30MPa. After that, the plates were coated with coating mortar and slurry mortar. In order to isolate the effect of slurry mortar in this research, the concrete substrate and mortar coating were kept fixed, and the slurry mortar is the only variable element of the system. It was varied the form of application (manual and mechanized), the composition, where were analyzed the change of sand granulometry (a continuous and well-graded, a discontinuous and bad-graded), the introduction of silica and water retaining additive. The concrete substrate was curing in water and lime for 28 days, and mortar coating and slurry mortar were cured at 23±2°C and relative humidity of 60±10%, for 3 and 28 days, respectively. After 59 days from the start of the molding of concrete plates, the "substrate+slurry mortar+mortar coating" samples were subjected to tests of tensile bond strength and shear. From the results obtained, were is can be said that the mechanized application form used did not generate satisfactory results, possibly due to high water/cement ratio of the slurry mortar used, resulting in an uneven layer, showing that manual application, even rustic, for slurry mortar is still the best choice. For the composition of slurry mortar, the best results for bond strength were obtained with slurry mortars made with well-graded sand with a continuous granulometric. The introduction of silica in the slurry mortar showed a tendency to increase the tensile bond strength and a significant increase, proven by statistical analysis, in shear bond strength. The introduction of water retaining additive, a significant improvement in tensile bond strength and a tendency to increase the shear bond strength.

The analysis of adhesion mechanisms between mortar lining and porous substrates has been the target of innumerous researchers due to its importance in ensuring system performance. Based on the theoretical reference of the topic, this work of experimental nature aimed to analyze the influence of the superficial topography of ceramic blocks in bonding slurry mortars and their relationship with the set of characteristics of fine aggregates that make up slurry mortars. Initially, the substrates and component materials of the mortars were characterized according to the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards; afterwards, characterization tests of fresh and hardened mortars were carried out. In the testing phase, the blocks received the slurry mortars. The experimental variables studied were: three types of ceramic blocks (ceramic sealing block with smooth surfaces, ceramic sealing block with horizontal grooved surfaces, and ceramic sealing block with vertical grooved surfaces); and two types of slurry mortars (one was prepared with coarse sand and the other with medium sand). Thus, six interfaces were evaluated through aspects of bonding strength and permeability and absorption by the pipe method. In order to observe the extent of adhesion and involvement of the grains of sand through the paste of the slurry mortars, interface analyses were conducted through observation by magnifying glass and petrographic microscope. The characteristics of the sands that influence the performance of fresh and hardened slurry mortars were analyzed, with emphasis on the textural parameters of the sands, which were evaluated with the aid of petrographic analysis. Results showed that there is direct correlation between the extent of adhesion provided by the grooves of the blocks, and bond tensile strength, made possible by the fluid nature of the slurry mortar. Therefore, this indicates the strong influence of the type of ceramic block on results of bond strength. On the other hand, the study of the characteristics of the sands, represented mainly by the granulometric composition, density, unitary mass, void content, degrees of roundness and sphericity, and mineralogy, proved to be useful in order to understand the role of the fine aggregates in the performance of the slurry mortar. Additionally, we observed that the tensile bonding strength was higher for the slurry mortars with coarse sand than with medium sand, when comparing the same type of block, although the tests have pointed to non-significant differences. This fact can be explained by the small difference between some of the characteristics of the sand used; however, the coarse sand studied seems to provide greater integration of the grains involved by the mortar paste, which was indicated by the degree of roundness. Moreover, it was also possible to observe direct relations in achieving results when comparing the permeability and absorption by the pipe method with the initial rate of absorption test (IRA) and extended IRA test. The final observation is that the basic treatment using slurry mortar can provide several benefits: increased roughness of the base, increased tensile bonding strength, adjustment of the suction capacity. This way, it was possible to homogenize the absorption of water by the substrate, thus avoiding different screeding times and performance for the lining layer. Thus, the treatment of the base with the use of slurry mortar can increase the performance and durability of the mortar lining.
A análise dos mecanismos de aderência entre argamassas de revestimento e substratos porosos tem sido alvo de muitos pesquisadores, devido à importância que tem para garantir o desempenho do sistema. Com base no referencial teórico sobre o tema, este trabalho de natureza experimental teve como objetivo principal analisar a influência da topografia superficial de blocos cerâmicos na aderência de argamassas de chapisco e a sua relação, ainda, com o conjunto de características dos agregados miúdos que compõem as argamassas de chapisco. Inicialmente, os substratos e os materiais componentes das argamassas foram caracterizados através do grupo de normas da Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas; na sequência, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização das argamassas nos estados fresco e endurecido. Na fase de testes, os blocos receberam as argamassas de chapisco. As variáveis experimentais estudadas foram: três tipos de blocos cerâmicos (bloco cerâmico de vedação com faces lisas, bloco cerâmico de vedação com faces ranhuradas horizontais, e bloco cerâmico de vedação com faces ranhuradas verticais); e dois tipos de argamassas de chapisco (uma elaborada com areia grossa e outra com areia média). Dessa forma, surgiram seis interfaces que foram avaliadas através de aspectos relacionados à resistência de aderência à tração e à permeabilidade e absorção pelo método do cachimbo. Na intenção de observar a extensão de aderência e o envolvimento dos grãos de areia pela pasta das argamassas de chapisco, foram feitas análises da interface através da observação por lupa estereoscópica e microscópio petrográfico. Foram pesquisadas as características das areias que influem no desempenho das argamassas de chapisco em seu estado fresco e endurecido, com ênfase nos parâmetros texturais das areias, avaliados com auxílio da análise petrográfica. Os resultados mostraram que há correlação direta entre a extensão de aderência, proporcionada pelas ranhuras dos blocos cerâmicos e a resistência de aderência à tração, possibilitada pela natureza fluida da argamassa de chapisco, indicando, assim, a forte influência do tipo de bloco cerâmico nos resultados de aderência à tração. De outro lado, o estudo das características das areias, representadas, principalmente, pela composição granulométrica, massa específica, massa unitária, índice de vazios, graus de arredondamento e esfericidade e mineralogia revelou-se útil no sentido de compreender o papel dos agregados miúdos perante o desempenho das argamassas de chapisco. Notou-se que a resistência de aderência à tração foi maior para as argamassas de chapisco com areia grossa do que com areia média, quando se compara um mesmo tipo de bloco, embora os testes tenham apontado diferenças não significativas. Esse fato pode ser explicado pela pouca diferença entre algumas das características das areias utilizadas; porém, a areia grossa estudada parece proporcionar um maior entrosamento dos grãos envolvidos pela pasta da argamassa, indicado pelo grau de arredondamento. Foram observadas, ainda, relações diretas na obtenção de resultados quando se compara a permeabilidade e absorção pelo método do cachimbo com o ensaio do índice de absorção inicial de água (AAI) e AAI estendido. A constatação final é de que o tratamento de base através do emprego de chapisco pode proporcionar vários benefícios: aumento da rugosidade da base, aumento da resistência de aderência à tração e regulagem da capacidade de sucção. Possibilitando, com isso, homogeneizar a absorção de água por parte do substrato, evitando diferentes tempos de sarrafeamento e desempeno para a camada de revestimento. Assim, o tratamento da base com uso do chapisco pode aumentar o desempenho e a durabilidade dos revestimentos de argamassa.

Avaliação da aderência de chapiscos em substratos de concretos estruturais. Com o objetivo de aprimorar a microestrutura da zona de interface argamassa/concreto e aumentar a resistência de aderência do revestimento, utilizou-se chapisco com baixa relação água/aglomerante e adição da sílica ativa extraída da casca de arroz como tratamento da zona de interface da argamassa e substrato. Para avaliar a aderência do revestimento realizaram-se ensaios de determinação da resistência de aderência à tração. Utilizou-se a técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura associada à espectrografia por dispersão de energia para analisar a microestrutura da zona de interface do chapisco e concreto. Os resultados do programa experimental evidenciaram que, quando se utiliza a sílica extraída da casca de arroz no chapisco, em teores de 5% em relação à massa de cimento, há aumentos significativos de resistência de aderência do revestimento. Nos estudos microestruturais, foi possível observar que devido às ações físicas e químicas da sílica da casca de arroz, formou-se uma microestrutura densa, de baixa porosidade e com a presença de produtos hidratados pouco cristalinos na interface chapisco/concreto. A implementação de uma ponte de ligação constituída por chapiscos com sílica ativa, entre os substratos e as argamassas de revestimento, mostrou-se eficiente em superfícies muito lisas ou em materiais pouco porosos, como no caso das estruturas de concreto armado.
The present thesis evaluates the adherence of slurry mortars in substrates of structural concretes. To optimize the microstructure of the interfacial transition zone of mortar and concrete and to improve the adherence of mortar renderings, slurry mortars of lower water/cement ratio with silica obtained from rice husk were used as treatment of interfacial transition zone. In order to evaluate adherence, bond strength tests were realized. The microstructural characterization of the interfacial transition zone of slurry mortars and concrete was performed by scanning electronic microscopy. The results indicate that adding silica obtained from rice husk into the slurry mortars increases the bond strength. Moreover, the formation of a dense microstructure is observed in the interfacial transition zone of slurry mortar and concrete due to the microfiller effect and high pozzolanic activity of the silica obtained from rice husk. The implementation of a connection bridge constituted by slurry mortars with the addition of the silica obtained from rice husk between the substrate and the mortar rendering showed to be efficient in the substrates with low porosity, as in the case of concrete structures.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
A extração e transformação da pedra natural são duas atividades de uma indústria que está presente em todo mundo, devido, principalmente à sua importância para a construção civil. Estas atividades, estão relacionadas à geração de grandes quantidades de resíduo, que por sua vez ficam armazenados a céu aberto e sem uma aplicabilidade definida. De modo a combater o seu amontoar, existe cada vez mais, um investimento no sentido de melhorar e encontrar soluções para dar vazão a este resíduo, visto a sua presença ser um incómodo para o ser humano e para o próprio planeta. Assim, na eventualidade de encontrar uma solução, este projeto recai, sobre o estudo da possibilidade da incorporação desses mesmos resíduos, mais precisamente as Lamas, na composição de argamassas. Para a realização deste estudo, foi criado um programa experimental, que permitiu avaliar as características inicialmente propostas. Realizaram-se três tipos diferentes de amassaduras, nas quais a percentagem e o estado de aplicação da Lama na argamassa foi mudando, desde conforme recebida (húmida), passando pelo estado seco e terminando no estado cozido. No fim da concretização deste estudo, foi possível realizar uma comparação entre as várias amassaduras realizadas com incorporação de Lama, bem como a comparação com a argamassa Padrão, que serviu como referencia para a realização da parte experimental. Assim foi possível demostrar, que num estado alterado, este tipo de Lama pode vir a ser adotado como um material de construção, podendo ser economicamente viável, para além de ter um impacto ambiental positivo e proporcionar a diminuição de utilização de recursos naturais. A sua incorporação nas argamassas, dependendo da percentagem e do estado em que foi aplicado, pode ser positiva e permitir a essa argamassa atingir valores muito próximos dos de referência, o que permite a sua aplicação.
The extraction and processing of natural stone are two activities of an industry that is present throughout the world, mainly due to its importance for the construction industry. These activities are related to the generation of large amounts of waste, which in turn are stored in the open and without a defined applicability. In order to tackle there pile, there is increasingly an investment to improve and find solutions to give output to this residue, since their presence is a discomfort for humans and the planet itself. So in the event of a solution, this project rests on the study of the possibility of incorporating such waste, slurry more precisely, in the composition of mortars. For this study, an experimental program was created, which allowed evaluating the characteristics originally proposed. There were three types of dents in which the percentage and state of applying the mortar mud has changed since as received (wet) passing through the dry state and ending in the cooked state. At the end of achieving this study it was possible to make a comparison between various dents made incorporating mud, as well as comparison with standard mortar, which served as reference for carrying out the experimental part. Thereby it was possible to demonstrate that an altered state, this type of mud might be adopted as a material of construction and may be economically feasible, in addition to having a positive environmental impact and to the decrease of utilization of natural resources. Its incorporation into the mortar depending on the percentage and the state in which it is applied, can be positive and allow the mortar to reach values close to those of reference, which allows their application.

SADÍLEK, J. Libraries, information centers and their services in the context of ethical problems of the 21st century. Prague: Charles University, Faculty of Philosophy, 2017. 136 pp. Diploma thesis. The diploma thesis deals with questions of predominantly information ethics and encounter in practice. The aim of the thesis is to describe and analyze the ethical problems associated with information institutions, as well as to conduct research in Czech libraries. The work is divided into five parts. The first part deals with the theory of several types of ethics, describes the information society and also presents a topic of creative common theme as a topic of citation ethics. The second part deals with the codes of ethics of some information institutions, then devoted to libraries as a main interest of the work, described their definition and system in the Czech Republic. Subsequently is presented topic of ethic and libraries. The third part summarizes the topic of ethical codes and ethics on the websites of supranational, largely library organizations, along with some national ethical codes. The fourth part presents two examples of studies, one focusing on the Code of Ethic and the other on ethics violations in one of the libraries in Florida. The last, fifth part presents library research in the...

The thesis deals with the conflict of social worker´s responsibilities in the FOCUS organization. The theoretical part is focused on the characteristics of the organization and the issues of its target group, which is mental illness - schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It describes the work of social workers with this target group. It also introduces issues conflict, ethical problem, ethical dilemmas and responsibility. The other part of the thesis is empiric, research fosuced on identifying, analyzing and trying to evulaute the conflict of responsibilities of selected social workers of Focus ČB. For data-analysis I used a method of creating groups. According to them, I grouped the information with similar features.

This diploma thesis deals with the reflection of aspects and factors in social work within the agenda of benefits in material distress, affecting the human rights of clients of social workers of HN at CoP LO. The scope of ordinary social workers of HN at CoP LO on the agenda of benefits in material distressis the processing of applications, providing advice and appropriate services, which affect both legislative, ethical and other documents of the organization, as well as the role of social workers in their work representing their competence, attitudes and values that imply to intervention with clients. Other aspects and factors that have a relevant impact on the human rights of clientsare the cooperation with other entities active in the environment and working conditions of social workers. Research of the thesis was through quantitative methods in the form of semi-standardized interview focused on mapping and factors that affect the implementation of the rights of clients. Questions have been targeted on subjective perceptions and opinions of the respondents in the area of benefits in material distress in Ceske Budejovice, regarding examined aspectsand factors that I have outlined above. The result of my thesis is the finding that the fulfilment of the rights of clients is negatively affected by the high administrative participation rates of social workers, which subsequently affects the individual approach, roles, competencies, values of social workers, and in cooperation with other agencies and organizations that are important to the saturation ofclients' needs. Officers of benefits of benefits in material distress from the position of the first-line workers do not have sufficient powers in defending the rights of their clients. It has been appealed to social workers to have been properly compiled their administrative formalities. The consequence of this administrative burden is the sideline of the individual of intervention with clients with the aim of saturation of their needs.

A theory of slurring terms must explain how and why uses of slurs function to dehumanize. On extant expressivist views, speakers express contempt for targets on account of being in the group. This chapter argues that explaining how slurs dehumanize requires more than encoding the speaker’s contempt toward the target and group. It requires appreciating the intricate moral-psychological structure of contempt, in particular that contempt, as a moral emotion, involves taking those properties that are the basis for regarding the target contemptuously as fundamental to the targets’ identity as a person. This feature of contempt is reflected in slurs’ semantics. Understanding contempt is also needed to defend expressivism from important objections.

This chapter shows how contemporary reviews of Romantic poetry, and the hostile rhetoric of insanity they used, both stigmatized and popularized the Romantic mad poet. A forensic rhetoric, drawing directly on medical ideas of partial insanity and critical ‘moral management’, was deployed by the periodical press in the first quarter of the nineteenth century—first the quarterlies like the Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Review, then later new capricious and aggressive magazines such as Blackwood’s, and more quotidian or staid journals—against all of the major Romantic poets. The chapter shows, moreover, how the polemical terms in which Romantic poets were dismissed also held the seeds of their later canonization. The periodical critics, while they used slurs of meaningless insanity to dismiss poetry for political and reactionary ends, also spread the fame of ‘mad genius’, turning a marginalized opinion on the link between creativity and disorder into a cultural phenomenon.