Academic literature on the topic 'Small business, security measures'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Lee, Chang-Moo. "The Strategic Measures for the Industrial Security of Small and Medium Business." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614201.
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The competitiveness of companies increasingly depends upon whether they possess the cutting-edge or core technology. The technology should be protected from industrial espionage or leakage. A special attention needs to be given to SMB (small and medium business), furthermore, because SMB occupies most of the companies but has serious problems in terms of industrial security. The technology leakages of SMB would account for more than 2/3 of total leakages during last five years. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to analyze the problems of SMB in terms of industrial security and suggest the strategic solutions for SMB in South Korea. The low security awareness and financial difficulties, however, make it difficult for SMB to build the effective security management system which would protect the company from industrial espionage and leakage of its technology. The growing dependence of SMB on network such as internet, in addition, puts the SMB at risk of leaking its technology through hacking or similar ways. It requires new measures to confront and control such a risk. Online security control services and technology deposit system are suggested for such measures.
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Ncubukezi, Tabisa. "Impact of information security threats on small businesses during the Covid-19 pandemic." European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 21, no. 1 (2022): 401–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/eccws.21.1.453.
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Information is a significant asset of any organization. The increased information demand by all parties has gained attention and raised security concerns – especially in this digital era where everyone depends heavily on the Internet. The Internet and online platforms expose valuable information to various information threats. These pervasive threats compromise information privacy, safety, and security. Legitimate people and criminals compete to access information. Criminals use innovative ways to gradually increase information security threats, especially in the small business sector with only a minimal budget for proactive security measures. Due to the scarcity of academic research on information security threats for small businesses, this study presents the impact of security threats on businesses during the global Covid-19 pandemic.
 A qualitative survey within the interpretive approach was used to gather data from 20 small businesses in Western Cape, South Africa, to fill this gap. The study used judgmental sampling to select research participants who are business owners. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results indicated the knowledge gap relating to information threats, even though most businesses are familiar with the costly and negative impact of threats on business operations, resulting in business discontinuity. However, some small business sectors showed minimal awareness a6nd understanding of information security threats, their impact, and proactive mitigation strategies. The study concluded with recommendations to protect against information security threats.
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Altufeva, N. V. "DIGITALIZATION OF BUSINESS. SMALL BUSINESS PROBLEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF PANDEMIC AND SUPPORT MEASURES." Vestnik of Samara State University of Economics 2, no. 196 (2021): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/1993-0453-2021-2-196-26-34.
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The purpose of this study is to identify the problems of small business development in the context of digitalization, followed by the development of a set of measures to support business in the regions of Russia. In accordance with the goal, the author sets the following tasks: to analyze business development in the context of a pandemic and digitalization; to identify the advantages and disadvantages of the impact of digitalization on business development; to develop a set of measures to support business. The scientific novelty consists in identifying the key problems of business development in the context of digitalization and adaptation of innovations and investments in the digital business of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The analysis of business development based on the results of the research of the NAFI Research Centre is carried out. The problems, pros and cons of business development in the context of digitalization are considered. A set of measures for the development and support of business is suggested, including the development of a law on the protection of business in the Internet, which will provide support in the field of legal and information security for small and medium-sized businesses.
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Gorodianska, L. V., and L. V. Tsiukalo. "INFORMATION SECURITY OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION." Collection of scientific works of the Military Institute of Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, no. 70 (2021): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-481x/2021/70-11.
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The article defines and analyzes the characteristic features of modern society digitalization, in particular the digital economy. It is noted that progress in the digital technology environment requires the application of information security measures, primarily in the financial and economic activities of small businesses. The interpretation of the definitions «information security» and «economic security» has been clarified. Attention is drawn to a conscious understanding of the interaction between people and technology during the digital transformation of the economy in such a way that the latest technologies must adapt to people, and not vice versa. It is emphasized that such an understanding can come only in the process of training and acquiring appropriate professional competencies, especially among small businesses. The types of small businesses information that are subject to protection and components of economic security are determined. Proposals have been formed for the creation of a comprehensive security program, which should include an action plan aimed at protecting the functioning of the enterprise's information system from external and internal influences, and a set of measures designed to protect the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data from internal and external, malicious and accidental threats. Information security of small businesses in the context of digitalization should be based on the following positions: the management of the enterprise should regularly train all employees in the principles of Information Security, data protection and protect physical data carriers from cyber attacks; the corporate network should be segmented, and access to it – controlled; partnership with service providers from the point of view of information security should be equivalent; remote access to the corporate network of the enterprise, which is now becoming more widespread, should be as secure as possible and comply with information security standards. A promising area of further research is the development of a set of measures at the state level, which includes streamlining the simplified tax system, promoting the development of innovative entrepreneurship, cluster organization of small businesses, the formation of a modern information infrastructure to support entrepreneurship, the formation of a favorable business climate.
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Belyaevskaya-Plotnik, Lyubov A., Larisa S. Artamonova, and Polina A. Andreeva. "MEASURES TO SUPPORT SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES IN THE ARCTIC AS A FACTOR IN ENSURING THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE MACROREGION." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1-2 (2020): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-1-2-16.
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The article discusses the problems of supporting small and medium-sized businesses in the regulatory space of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The most problematic issue is that at present, the Arctic regions of the country are deprived of special conditions for doing business. All existing support measures, enshrined in regulatory legal acts, are fairly standard, as well as for other regions of the country and do not ensure the economic security of the Arctic zone during a crisis. To justify the need to support small businesses in the analyzed macro-region, an analysis of individual indicators of its socio-economic development was carried out. The methods of analysis, synthesis, and the graphical-analytical method used in the study gave a clear picture of the fact that the Arctic is deprived of special conditions for doing business, all legislatively supported measures of support are standard, as for other regions of Russia and are not exclusive in relation to the subjects of the Arctic zone. Also, existing regulatory legal acts do not determine the features of environmental regulation in the Arctic, which affects the development and functioning of small and medium-sized businesses in these regions, and also does not provide the necessary level of their economic security.
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Popova, S. V. "SMALL BUSINESS: ILLUSIONS AND REALITY." Scientific Review: Theory and Practice 10, no. 10 (2020): 2301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2020-10-10-2301-2312.
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In post-industrial society, there is an increase in the role of small business as an integral element of the reproduction process. The activities of small and medium-sized businesses in our country are carried out on the basis of the established global trends. Difficulties in the dynamics of this sphere are formed under the influence of increased concentration of production and consolidation of enterprises, which gives rise to a number of problems and contradictions. Considering small business as the most important component of the market economy, its role in solving the problems of creating a competitive environment and ensuring employment should be noted. The scientific literature on the problem under consideration shows the versatility in the authors’ views of the small business role in economic development. This problem is disclosed in sufficient detail in the works of foreign authors (M Weber, J. Gelbraith, P. Drucker, W. Sombart, R. Cantillon, R Coase, J. Keynes, K. Marx, A. Marshall, L. Mises, A. Smith, J. Schumpeter and others). In Russia, L. Abalkin, A. Anchishkin, K. Bazhenov, S. Witte, V. Inozemtsev, M. Lapusta, L. Slutsky, P. Stolypin, M. Tugan-Baranovsky, A. Chayanov and etc. considered this problem. The article reveals the role of small business in the Russian economy, as well as the problems and contradictions of its functioning. On the basis of a systematic analysis of the current trends, the problems, efficiency and significance of small business are identified. Research has shown that the role of small businesses is greatly exaggerated. Small business development acts as a factor in reducing unemployment. In the process of economic activity, a number of problems arise that the enterprises themselves cannot solve. A set of measures is required to support this activity and overcome the crisis. It is important that small and medium-sized enterprises can form their own accumulation fund, which can be used to adapt in the face of stagnation, which will increase the size of the labor force and labor productivity. The crisis of small and medium-sized businesses leads to a multiplier effect in the economy, which reduces the volume of GDP. As a result of the “concentration of capital” among large producers, smallscale production becomes unproductive and unprofitable. The opportunities for obtaining loans from small businesses are very limited. Modern high-tech productive equipment is not available to most. In many enterprises, there is no separation in order to save financial resources on wages. The social security of employees is low. The prosperity of any country in a post-industrial society depends on big business; small business is only an auxiliary sphere of activity. Relying on small business, it is impossible to improve the quality of life, to ensure economic growth and national security. The results of the study can be used in determining the strategic guidelines of economic policy and choosing development priorities.
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Zakharkin, О., L. Zakharkina, Yu Bilous, and V. Holovata. "ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS ON THE FINANCIAL SECURITY OF BUSINESS IN UKRAINE." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 4 (2020): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.4-03.
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The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business activities in Ukraine and the world and its financial security. The analysis showed that the economy of Ukraine, like most countries in the world, has suffered significant losses from the introduction of anti-epidemic restrictions on business activities, which manifested itself in falling GDP, industrial production index, investment activity. Due to the temporary or complete cessation of business, the unemployment rate has increased significantly. The pandemic crisis also harmed enterprises' financial results, which declined significantly in all economic activities, especially in industry, transport, temporary accommodation, and catering, where the share of unprofitable enterprises reaches 73%. Thus, the problem of ensuring the financial security of business becomes relevant. The work aims to develop methodological approaches to assessing the impact of the pandemic crisis on businesses' financial security and to identify effective ways to ensure such security. The research used scientific abstraction, comparative and systematic analysis and synthesis, systematization, and logical generalization. It was determined that small and medium-sized businesses were most affected by the pandemic, where more than 60% of entrepreneurs had a strong negative impact. Large businesses suffered less, but they also suffered significant losses due to declining business activity and demand in domestic and foreign markets. The pandemic had the least impact on agriculture, which suffered the least losses, primarily due to the slight impact of restrictions on this business's activities. The paper systematized the risks arising from the pandemic crisis factors and identified their manifestations and financial consequences for the business. Studies have shown that such effects manifest themselves in the form of total or partial loss of profits, problems with debt repayment, reduced financial stability, liquidity, increased receivables, increased costs of anti-epidemic measures, and so on. Thus, the procedure for assessing the business's financial security is to take into account all the factors that shape the financial position of businesses during a pandemic crisis.
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SHOPSKA, Yuliya. "THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF RESEARCH AND FEATURES OF ENSURING FINANCIAL SECURITY OF THE SMALL ENTERPRISE SECTOR OF THE REGION." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 304, no. 2(1) (2022): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-304-2(1)-15.
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The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study and the features of financial security of the small business sector in the region. Scientific approaches to the essential interpretation of the concept of financial security of the state are generalized. The key characteristics of the theoretical and methodological foundations of financial security of the enterprise are given. The semantic specifics of the concept of economic security of the industry, sector of the national economy are revealed. On this basis, the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of economic and financial security at different levels of management of economic development and established that the financial security of the small business sector is a characteristic: (1) the state of protection of its subjects from internal and external financial and economic challenges and threats, their financial security, financial and economic efficiency, strength and balance of financial condition, stability and solvency, trends in capitalization at the micro level and the financial system in general, ( 2) measures to realize the financial and economic interests of stakeholders in this sector, (3) the ability of the state to ensure guarantees of financial security and stability of the sector, especially at the regional level. The internal structure of financial security of the small business sector of the region is determined. The scientific novelty of the research results is the further development of theoretical and methodological foundations of financial security research at the sectoral level by determining its internal structure (for the small business sector of the region), consisting of components: (1) ability to markets and rights), (2) sustainability, efficiency, protection (against risks and threats, as well as financial and economic efficiency of management and investment), (3) development (ability to maintain a sustainable trajectory of improving the key financial and economic characteristics of both entities and the sector as a whole). The structural components of the financial security of the small business sector of the region are resource, financial and economic, investment, monetary, insurance and debt.
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BAYCHEROVA, A. R., Yu V. OREL, and F. K. SEMENOVA. "FUNCTIONING CONDITIONS AND DIRECTIONS OF SUPPORTING SMALL AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS IN POST-PANDEMIC REALITIES." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 3, no. 4 (2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.04.03.008.
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This article examines the influencing factors caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on the agri-food sector of the economy. Measures to adapt agribusiness to post-pandemic realities are outlined. As the agri-food complex has responded with relatively small losses to the situation caused by the pandemic, food security risks remain. In this regard, the article outlines the directions for improving economic policy to increase the sustainability of the agri-food sector of the economy.
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Derbenova, Yana, Ganna Kashyna, Serhii Leontovych, Olena Ablova, Oksana Dmitrieva, and Lyudmyla Yaremenko. "Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Entrepreneurial Capacity and Financial Security in Ukraine." SHS Web of Conferences 126 (2021): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112608002.
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The article analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on business activities in Ukraine and the world and its financial security. The analysis showed that the economy of Ukraine and most countries of the world suffered significant losses from the introduction of anti-epidemic restrictions on business activity, which turned out to be in the fall of GDP, index of industrial production investment activity. Because of temporary or complete shutdown of business the unemployment rate increased significantly. The pandemic crisis also negatively impacted the financial results of enterprises, which decreased significantly in all kinds of economic activities, especially in industry, transport, temporary accommodation and catering, where the share of unprofitable enterprises reaches 73%. Thus, the problem of ensuring the financial security of business becomes relevant. The aim of the work is to develop methodological approaches to assessing the impact of the pandemic crisis on the financial security of business and to identify effective ways of ensuring such security. In the process of research methods of scientific abstraction, comparative and system analysis and synthesis, systematization and logical generalization were used. It was determined that the pandemic affected small and medium businesses most of all, where a strong negative impact was experienced by more than 60% of entrepreneurs. Large businesses were less affected, but they also suffered significant losses due to the decline in business activity and demand in the domestic and foreign markets. Agriculture was least affected by the pandemic, which suffered the least losses, primarily due to the insignificant impact of restrictions affecting the activities of this business. The paper systematized the risks arising from the factors of the pandemic crisis, identifying their manifestations and financial implications for business. As shown by the research, such consequences are manifested in the form of full or partial loss of profits, problems with debt repayment, reduction of financial stability, liquidity, increase in accounts receivable, increased costs for anti-epidemic measures, etc. Thus, the procedure for assessing the business’s financial security is to take into account all factors that shape the financial situation of business entities during a pandemic crisis in a comprehensive manner.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Schuessler, Joseph H. "General Deterrence Theory: Assessing Information Systems Security Effectiveness in Large versus Small Businesses." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2009. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9829/.
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This research sought to shed light on information systems security (ISS) by conceptualizing an organization's use of countermeasures using general deterrence theory, positing a non-recursive relationship between threats and countermeasures, and by extending the ISS construct developed in prior research. Industry affiliation and organizational size are considered in terms of differences in threats that firms face, the different countermeasures in use by various firms, and ultimately, how a firm's ISS effectiveness is affected. Six information systems professionals were interviewed in order to develop the appropriate instruments necessary to assess the research model put forth; the final instrument was further refined by pilot testing with the intent of further clarifying the wording and layout of the instrument. Finally, the Association of Information Technology Professionals was surveyed using an online survey. The model was assessed using SmartPLS and a two-stage least squares analysis. Results indicate that a non-recursive relationship does indeed exist between threats and countermeasures and that countermeasures can be used to effectively frame an organization's use of countermeasures. Implications for practitioners include the ability to target the use of certain countermeasures to have desired effects on both ISS effectiveness and future threats. Additionally, the model put forth in this research can be used by practitioners to both assess their current ISS effectiveness as well as to prescriptively target desired levels of ISS effectiveness.
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Lategan, Neil. "Epirismm: an enterprise information risk management model." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/541.
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Today, information is considered a commodity and no enterprise can operate without it. Indeed, the information and the supporting technology are pivotal in all enterprises. However, a major problem being experienced in the business environment is that enterprise risk cannot be managed effectively because business and information-related risk are not congruently aligned with risk management terminology and practices. The business environment and information technology are bound together by information. For this reason, it is imperative that risk management is synergised in the business, ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and information environments. A thorough, all inclusive, risk analysis exercise needs to be conducted in business and supporting environments in order to develop an effective internal control system. Such an internal control system should reduce the exposure of risk and aid the safeguarding of assets. Indeed, in today’s so-called information age, where business processes integrate the business and ICT environments, it is imperative that a unary internal control system be established, based on a holistic risk management exercise. To ensure that the enterprise, information and ICT environments operate free of the risks that threaten them, the risks should be properly governed. A model, EPiRISMM (Enterprise Information Risk Management Model) is proposed that offers to combine risk management practices from an ICT, information, governance, and enterprise perspective because there are so many overlapping aspects inherent in them. EPiRISMM combines various well-known standards and frameworks into one coherent model. By employing EPiRISMM, an enterprise will be able to eliminate the traditional segmented approach of the ICT department and thus eliminate any previous discontinuity in risk management practices.
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Bedi, David Seikokotlelo. "Information security in hospitality SMMEs in the Cape Metropole area: policies and measures in the online environment." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1693.
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Thesis submitted in the fulfilment of the requirements for the degree
Master of Technology: Office Management and Technology
In the Faculty of Business
At the Cape Peninsula University of Technology
2013<br>In the past Small Medium and Micro Enterprises (SMMEs) used to be confined to a particular geographical location to conduct their business. This is no longer the case especially since the introduction of the internet. The World Wide Web (Web) now offers SMMEs an opportunity to market, communicate, advertise, purchase and sell goods and services online 7 days a week, 24 hours a day around the globe. However, doing business online is not without risk, as companies also have to ensure that they have adequate security measures in place. SMMEs need to be kept updated on security threats that keep on emerging. They need to keep their information secure in order to avoid unnecessary losses. The advances in modern technology, especially with computers that are connected to the internet have resulted in SMMEs being exposed to cyber-attacks. In most cases, these companies do not have the financial muscle to effectively address such data breaches. Even though cyber-attacks are on the rise, hospitality SMMEs still leave themselves vulnerable to these attacks. Data breaches can be a result of both internal and external attacks. Research indicates that internal attacks are not easy to detect thus making them more deadly than external attacks. It is therefore, important for SMME to come up with policies that will curb inside attacks. However, information security policies are not common amongst hospitality SMMEs.
SMMEs are not always aware of the risks that they are exposed to even though their customers expect them to keep information secure whenever they conduct online business. Most of the hospitality SMMEs are expected to provide online bookings. Credit cards are commonly used in this instance and if the information is not kept secure, companies may face lawsuits from customers. Even though the majority of the hospitality SMMEs indicate that they keep credit card data secure, there are still cases where some do not ensure secure transactions whenever credit card information is exchanged. Vulnerability assessment in order to check if there are any loopholes in networks is rarely carried out by SMMEs. These companies hire IT experts on a temporary basis; further exposing themselves as they there is no one to monitor their networks on a daily basis. In most cases SMMEs believe that technology is their answer to security problems. They omit the human aspect of security.
Even though SMMEs indicate that data loss is one of the challenges they are facing, they still fail to put measures in place to address this. This research examines measures and policies implemented by hospitality SMMEs in their quest to address
data security breaches. Only hospitality SMEs that are connected to the internet are used in this research.
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Reiner, Monika. "Safety, health, environment and quality framework for small and medium-sized entreprises in the Durban area." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19404.
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Thesis (MBA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2011.<br>A company’s primary goal is to make money. Simple as it may seem, this is not always easily achieved, and sustainability of the business may be a serious challenge. In an effort to make a profit, important aspects of safety, health, environment and quality (SHEQ) may sometimes be neglected. Some small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) merely do not have the understanding or the capacity to address all the important aspects of SHEQ, thereby placing the company under potential financial and legal risks. A survey was conducted in SMEs based in the Durban area to ascertain their level of legislative and voluntary system standard awareness and implementation. The questionnaire responses indicated that general awareness of legislation such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act, the Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act, the National Environmental Management Act and voluntary system standards such as ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001 was relatively good, on the whole. However, implementation of the mandatory environmental requirements associated with the National Environmental Management Act was low, as was the implementation of the voluntary standards.
Management and implementation of SHEQ responsibilities and requirement in larger organisations may be divided amongst various discipline specialists. However, in the SME these various disciplines may be the responsibility of one person, and often this person is the managing director. As such, this individual may not always have adequate time or understanding of the legal requirements of SHEQ aspects. There may also be a lack of understanding of the potential cost implications in not managing SHEQ aspects, and similarly budgeting requirements of managing SHEQ aspects appropriately. This research report introduces and summarises key SHEQ legislation and voluntary management system standards, such as the Occupational Health and Safety Act, the National Environmental Management Act, local bylaws, and introduces the ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001.
Since some characteristics of the disciplines of health and safety, environment and quality may overlap, combining these into an integrated management system has merit. Such an integrated system can save the company time and money. This research report reviews some pertinent business requirements associated with SHEQ and presents an integrated management system guideline for the SME business owner.
Business management, today, needs to learn from past business management developments. Successful and sustainable business management is not only about making a profit, but also incorporates a significant human resource management focus, health and safety assurance, the mitigation of potential environmental impacts from operations, whilst ensuring that quality standards of products and services are competitive.
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Gundu, Tapiwa. "Towards an information security awareness process for engineering SMEs in emerging economies." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007179.
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With most employees in Engineering Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) now having access to their own personal workstations, the need for information security management to safeguard against loss/alteration or theft of the firms’ important information has increased. These Engineering SMEs tend to be more concerned with vulnerabilities from external threats, although industry research suggests that a substantial proportion of security incidents originate from insiders within the firm. Hence, technical preventative measures such as antivirus software and firewalls are proving to solve only part of the problem as the employees controlling them lack adequate information security knowledge. This tends to expose a firm to risk and costly mistakes made by naïve/uninformed employees. This dissertation presents an information security awareness process that seeks to cultivate positive security behaviours using a behavioural intention model based on the Theory of Reasoned Action, Protection Motivation Theory and the Behaviourism Theory. The process and model have been refined and verified using expert review and tested through action research at an Engineering SME in South Africa. The main finding was information security levels of employees within the firm were low, but the proposed information security awareness process increased their knowledge thereby positively altering their behaviour.
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Walker, Elizabeth A. "Small business owners' measures of success." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2001. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1039.
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Small business plays a significant part in the economy of all nations because of its revenue contribution and as a generator of employment. In the Australian context, small businesses account for 85% of all businesses, employ 40% of the total workforce and contribute $75 billion annually to Industry Gross Product. All of these numerical indicators highlight the financial importance of small business, which is also how small business success has traditionally been measured. These traditional success measures have been by increases in financial performance criteria, such as return on investment, turnover or profit, or by increases in number of staff.
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Patterson, Joanna. "Cyber-Security Policy Decisions in Small Businesses." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4551.
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Cyber-attacks against small businesses are on the rise yet small business owners often lack effective strategies to avoid these attacks. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the strategies small business owners use to make cyber-security decisions. Bertalanffy's general systems theory provided the conceptual framework for this study. A purposive sample of 10 small business owners participated in the interview process and shared their decision-making methodologies and influencers. The small business owners were vetted to ensure their strategies were effective through a series of qualification questions. The intent of the research question and corresponding interview questions was to identify strategies that successful small business owners use to make cyber-security decisions. Data analysis consisted of coding keywords, phrases, and sentences from semi structured interviews as well as document analysis. The following themes emerged: government requirements, peer influence, budgetary constraints, commercial standards, and lack of employee involvement. According to the participants, budgetary constraints and peer influence were the most influential factors when making decisions regarding cyber-security strategies. Through exposing small business owners to proven strategies, the implications for social change include a reduction of their small business operating costs and assistance with compliance activities.
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Stols, J. A. (Jeanne Anine). "Review of small business tax relief measures in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41575.
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Small businesses form an essential part of any country’s economy and these businesses are essential for growth and employment opportunities. It is however recognised that the success of small businesses are dependent on a few factors of which tax relief measures are one. The South African Government is supporting small businesses in our country through various initiatives and current small business tax relief measures form part of these initiatives.
This study focuses on only two such tax relief measures namely section 12E of the Income Tax Act for entities that qualify as a small business corporation and Turnover Tax for entities that qualify as micro businesses. These two tax relief measures aim to give small businesses reduced tax rates to assist them to grow and contribute towards job creation in South Africa. The unemployment rate in South Africa in the second quarter of 2013 was 25.6%. This is thus one indication that the tax relief measures per section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax are possibly not meeting the objectives of assisting small businesses to grow and alleviate unemployment.
This study focuses on researching the current small business tax relief measures in South Africa. The study thus commences with a literature review regarding the small business tax relief measures per section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax. It also includes detailed discussions regarding the criteria which should be met by small businesses to qualify for the tax relief per section 12E and Turnover Tax. The study then proceeds to obtain and analyse data through a questionnaire to accountants regarding their opinion of the current small business tax relief measures. Finally the study researches the objectives set out by SARS for section 12E of the Income Tax Act and Turnover Tax to determine whether these objectives have been met or not and to critically compare this to the responses from the accountants on the same subject.
As a result this study will assist the South African Government to determine areas for possible improvement in the current small business tax relief measures. Improvements in such tax relief measures could then contribute positively towards the economy of South Africa as a whole.
The small business tax relief measures were however limited to those already implemented in South Africa and further research could possibly be conducted regarding such tax relief measures in other developing countries similar to South Africa.<br>Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013.<br>lmchunu2014<br>Taxation<br>unrestricted
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Coertze, Jacques Jacobus. "A framework for information security governance in SMMEs." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1014083.
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It has been found that many small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) do not comply with sound information security governance principles, specifically the principles involved in drafting information security policies and monitoring compliance, mainly as a result of restricted resources and expertise. Research suggests that this problem occurs worldwide and that the impact it has on SMMEs is great. The problem is further compounded by the fact that, in our modern-day information technology environment, many larger organisations are providing SMMEs with access to their networks. This results not only in SMMEs being exposed to security risks, but the larger organisations as well. In previous research an information security management framework and toolbox was developed to assist SMMEs in drafting information security policies. Although this research was of some help to SMMEs, further research has shown that an even greater problem exists with the governance of information security as a result of the advancements that have been identified in information security literature. The aim of this dissertation is therefore to establish an information security governance framework that requires minimal effort and little expertise to alleviate governance problems. It is believed that such a framework would be useful for SMMEs and would result in the improved implementation of information security governance.
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Valella, William. "Securing open source Virtual Private Networks a study in Linux security /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2001. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0000362.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2001.<br>Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 188 p.; also contains graphics. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.
Books on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Katzke, Stuart W. A small business guide to computer security. U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Business Development, 1987.
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Subcommittee hearing on data security: Small business perspectives. U.S. G.P.O., 2007.
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Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. How to prevent small business fraud: A manual for business professionals. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners, 2002.
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International Federation of Accountants. Small and Medium Practices Task Force. Controlling computers in business: Physical security. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2003.
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International Federation of Accountants. Small and Medium Practices Task Force. Controlling computers in business: Logical access security. PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2003.
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Alexander, Philip. Home and small business guide to protecting your computer network, electronic assets, and privacy. Praeger Publishers, 2009.
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Siljander, Raymond P. Introduction to business and industrial security and loss control: A primer for public law enforcement and private security personnel. Thomas, 1991.
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Advancing security and commerce at our nation's ports: The goals are not mutually exclusive : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session, Washington, DC, September 27, 2006. U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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Brottsförebyggande rådet (Sweden). Arbetsgruppen för tekniskt brottsskydd. Tekniskt brottsskydd för bostäder och mindre företag: Marknadsanalys, behov, förslag. Utredningsenheten, Brottsförebyggande rådet, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Shumilina, Vera, and Irina Yunkina. "ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF THE PANDEMIC ON BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT." In Business security management in modern conditions. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60258635de9f86.69865062.
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The article analyzes the impact of COVID-19 coronavirus infection on the development of small and medium-sized businesses. Special attention is paid to the study of the main causes of bankruptcy of enterprises. An assessment of the decline in Russia's GDP during the beginning of the pandemic was made. The necessary measures to reduce the impact of the pandemic on business development are summarized.
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Köpke, Corinna, Kushal Srivastava, Louis König, et al. "Impact Propagation in Airport Systems." In Cyber-Physical Security for Critical Infrastructures Protection. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69781-5_13.
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AbstractThe effective protection of critical infrastructure against cyber and physical security threats involves many different steps from initially the identification of risks to finally the implementation of counter measures in the infrastructure. To derive counter measures and to come to intelligent decisions facing the identified risks, the impact calculation plays a central role. The impact of a specific threat can propagate through the systems of the infrastructure and thus needs to be analysed carefully. In this paper, the role of impact propagation of cyber-physical threats for infrastructure protection is discussed, exemplified for airport systems. In the ongoing EU-H2020 project SATIE (Security of Air Transport Infrastructure of Europe) a toolkit is developed containing two tools for impact propagation, namely the Business Impact Assessment (BIA) and the Impact Propagation Simulation (IPS). Both tools are described and for a small test case the propagation of a cyber threat and the transformation into a physical threat is demonstrated in a network representation as well as an agent-based model of the airport’s systems employing the IPS.
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Fox, Grace. "Understanding and Enhancing Consumer Privacy Perceptions in the Cloud." In Palgrave Studies in Digital Business & Enabling Technologies. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54660-1_4.
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Abstract The recent increase in highly publicised cloud breaches, coupled with issues surrounding transparency and control in the cloud, highlights the importance of understanding and addressing privacy in this context. The extant cloud privacy literature has a tendency to focus on technical solutions to address security and privacy together, but a small emerging body of literature acknowledges the importance of consumers’ privacy perceptions in the context of cloud computing. Given the breadth of cloud applications and the situational nature of privacy, it is imperative to unpack the role of privacy in this complex domain. This chapter leverages the broader privacy literature in the Information Systems field to identify potential measures to enhance consumer privacy in the cloud context and highlights a number of paths for research to further our knowledge of consumer privacy perceptions in the various cloud contexts.
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Shatokhina, Julia I., Olga V. Nikulina, Elena Yu Penkova, Nadezhda V. Torosyants, and Anna V. Tsykora. "State Support Measures for Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises as a Form of Ensuring Economic Security in a Context of COVID-19 Pandemic: Russian and Foreign Practices." In Business 4.0 as a Subject of the Digital Economy. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90324-4_116.
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Both, David, and Cyndi Bulka. "Security." In Linux for Small Business Owners. Apress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8264-9_17.
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Manning, Anna. "Data Protection, Security, and Privacy Policy." In Databases for Small Business. Apress, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-0277-7_8.
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Pradhan, Astik Kumar, Jitendra Kumar Rout, and Niranjan Kumar Ray. "Exploring and Presenting Security Measures in Big Data Paradigm." In Services and Business Process Reengineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1007-3_4.
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Shumilina, Vera, and Anastasiaya Borzykh. "ECONOMIC SECURITY OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED BUSINESSES." In Business security management in modern conditions. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_602586359d7f87.67068324.
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The article highlights the place of small business in the general economic system of the Russian Federation, analyzes the role of economic security in the system of small and medium-sized businesses. The main aspects that influence the level of economic security of small and medium enterprises are revealed.
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Kamat, Pooja, and Apurv Singh Gautam. "Recent Trends in the Era of Cybercrime and the Measures to Control Them." In Handbook of e-Business Security. Auerbach Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429468254-10.
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Shumilina, Vera, and Sergey Nikitin. "BANKRUPTCY IN SMALL BUSINESS IN CONNECTION WITH THE PANDEMIC." In Business security management in modern conditions. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/chapter_60258635e9e650.37516173.
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The coronavirus pandemic has had serious economic consequences. As a result, the demand for consumer goods and services has fallen sharply, and the service sector is suffering huge losses. Accordingly, revenue also fell, while the mandatory costs remained unchanged: loan payments, rent payments, salaries, taxes and social contributions. The resulting cash gap is likely to lead to massive bankruptcies.
Conference papers on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Kokrashvili, K., R. Kutateladze, and N. Pailodze. "SIGNIFICANT MEASURES OF STATE SUPPORT FOR BUSINESS (Comparative Analysis)." In Proceedings of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. RS Global Sp. z O.O., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_conf/25012021/7364.
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The paper describes the governmental activities for business support carried out by Georgia and foreign developed countries. The comparative analysis and the effectiveness of the results of the implemented measures have been presented and analyzed. The situation in Georgia has been highlighted and better opportunities of the support for small and medium-sized enterprises in our country have also been identified and presented in the given paper. State support for entrepreneurial activity is the deliberate creation of legal and economic conditions and incentives by the state for business development in the country. According to entrepreneurs, it is the state's responsibility to create all the conditions for business development in the country and also to assist the entrepreneurs in achieving their goals, such as maximizing profit, investment efficiency, risk minimization, entrepreneurial security, protection of property rights etc.
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Karatalov, Omurbek. "World Financial Crisis and its Affects on the Kyrgyz Economy." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00842.
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Аbstract 
 This paper has been investigated the main reasons world financial and economic crisis and defined the bases of split of the world financial environment. The paper offers ways of overcoming on financial and economic crisis in conditions of Kyrgyzstan within development of Eurasian economy. Priorities and strategy of development of the country on the near-term outlook for recovery from the crisis has been developed.In this paper has been used empirical, available historical data and individual professional knowledge in determination of priorities and strategy of development of the country on the near-term outlook for recovery from the crisis, improvement and preservation of stability of a macroeconomic situation, ensuring stability of a banking system, improvement of food, energy, industrial and ecological security are defined.This paper has been stated the main reasons of world financial and economic crisis and defined the bases of split of the world financial environment. The paper has identified the ways of overcoming on financial and economic crisis in conditions of Kyrgyzstan within development of Eurasian economy. The new economic model of development of the country is developed. Measures for demand stimulation are provided: reorientation to sectors with fast return; formation of the competitive environment for the purpose of the monopolist prevention, rendering financial support to subjects of small and average business.
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Gërvalla, Muhamet, and Shkëlqim Berisha. "Authentication in SaaS by implementing double security measures." In University for Business and Technology International Conference. University for Business and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ubt-ic.2014.63.
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Kazakova, N. S., and V. Z. Grigoryeva. "MEASURES OF STATE SUPPORT OF SMALL BUSINESS: RUSSIA AND CHINA." In RUSSIA AND CHINA: A VECTOR OF DEVELOPMENT. Amur State University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/rc.2019.1.28.
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Freitas, Reinaldo Borges de, Felipe Pagliuco Miranda, Adriano César Santana, Isabela Machado Papalardo de Moraes, and Terezinha de Jesus Rodrigues de Sousa. "INFORMATION SECURITY FRAMEWORK FOR BRAZILIAN SMALL BUSINESS." In 12th CONTECSI International Conference on Information Systems and Technology Management. TECSI, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5748/9788599693117-12contecsi/ps-2326.
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Zhao, Duanyang, S. M. Furnell, and A. Al-Ayed. "Automated Precautionary Measures for Managing System Security Vulnerabilities." In 2009 International Conference on E-Business and Information System Security (EBISS). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ebiss.2009.5137942.
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Isherwood, Donovan, and Marijke Coetzee. "Enhancing Digital Business Ecosystem trust and reputation with centrality measures." In 2011 Information Security for South Africa (ISSA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issa.2011.6027535.
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Zhou, Lixia. "Information System Evolution for Small Business." In 2009 Second International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isecs.2009.73.
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Wulf, Frederik, Susanne Strahringer, and Markus Westner. "Information Security Risks, Benefits, and Mitigation Measures in Cloud Sourcing." In 2019 IEEE 21st Conference on Business Informatics (CBI). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbi.2019.00036.
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Angelova, Milena. "THE DEFINITION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES - CHALLENGES IN ACCESSING SUPPORT MEASURES." In THE LAW AND THE BUSINESS IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/lbcs2020.26.
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The report analyzes the definition of small and medium enterprises, having in mind the many international definitions and the challenges in formulating its unambiguous content, given the significant differences between economies, business making conditions and the legal systems of individual countries. In the context of the problems, the challenges related to the application of the segmentation criteria and, respectively, in the access to support measures have been examined. Based on the research, summaries and conclusions applicable to Bulgaria are made.
Reports on the topic "Small business, security measures"
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Kissel, Richard. Small business information security :. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7621.
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Paulsen, Celia, and Patricia Toth. Small Business Information Security: The Fundamentals. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7621r1.
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Quak, Evert-jan, Amrita Saha, and Jodie Thorpe. National governments' support measures for small business during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) and Institute for Development Studies (IDS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36072/wp.24.
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McCall, Jamie, Brittany Weston, James Onorevole, John Roberson, and Jamie Andrews. Extraordinary Times Call for Extraordinary Measures: Use of Loans and Grants for Small Business Assistance During the COVID-20 Pandemic. Carolina Small Business Development Fund and ResilNC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/extraordinary.times.
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The financial losses caused by COVID-19 are extraordinary in scope and have affected every facet of the small business ecosystem. For entrepreneurs, recovery from the pandemic has similarly required extraordinary levels of assistance. We assess the connection between COVID-19 grant and loan emergency interventions with a variety of positive community economic development impacts. Our analysis draws from a survey of aid recipients across ten COVID-19 relief programs offered or administered by Carolina Small Business Development Fund between February 2020 and February 2022. The data highlight three main findings. First, while the pandemic’s economic damage was high across all underprivileged communities, in many cases the harms disproportionately accrued to Black-owned firms. Second, the results show that grant initiatives are better for short-term financial stability and are likely to position recipients for future financing opportunities. Finally, disaster loans are favored for outcomes related to higher employment retention and a creating a more favorable business sentiment outlook.
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Mäkelä, Antti, Tapio Tourula, Heikki Tuomenvirta, et al. Climate change impacts to the security of supply. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361645.
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Serious disruptions and exceptional circumstances for society, that the society tries to prepare for and act in them are at the center of security of supply. Current examples are the COVID pandemic and the ongoing energy crisis for which Finland's security of supply has also been strongly highlighted. Disturbances can also be caused by weather phenomena: in Finland, such examples are windstorms, severe thunderstorms, floods, and droughts, which can, at least in principle, paralyze the society. It is possible to prepare for the impacts of weather phenomena, but the ongoing rapid climate change makes it more complicated. Some of the weather phenomena that cause impacts are fast and violent (e.g. intense thunderstorms) and some occur more slowly (e.g. long heat waves), and climate change affects the phenomena in different ways. In this work, the estimated impacts of climate change on Finland's security of supply were investigated. The starting point was to gain an understanding of which weather phenomena and weather situations are central to security of supply and which sectors of security of supply are the most vulnerable. The work constituted of workshops and expert interviews organized with the National Emergency Supply Agency. In addition to the interviews, the work covered past significant weather situations in Finland that are known to have had significant societal impacts. Information was also extracted from recent literature, especially regarding the vulnerabilities and adaptability of different sectors in Finland. Estimates of the climate change impacts on the identified phenomena were combined with the collected information, resulting in a first understanding of how climate change affects Finland's security of supply. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the impacts of climate change on security of supply are quite complex, especially due to the wide spectrum of weather phenomena and their different impact mechanisms. In addition, the matter becomes more complicated by the fact that there is no clear distinction of what weather phenomenon actually is critical to security of supply and what is not. For example, could the increasing adverse impacts on health care due to the increasingly common heat conditions reach a serious societal disturbance situation at some point, if it is not sufficiently prepared in advance? Another key result is that in terms of security of supply, the direct effects of climate change are very small in Finland compared to many other countries. Although the climate in Finland has already changed considerably and will continue to change in the future, the biggest impacts to security of supply seem to be reflected from elsewhere: the experts of the National Emergency Supply Agency consider the worst situation to be a lack of food, water and habitable living environment in the world, which would also be reflected to Finland. Among the sectors, food/water and energy supply and logistics are perceived as the most vulnerable. The work mainly focused on the direct effects of climate change, i.e. the effects of climate change on the occurrence of various weather phenomena. However, the work also considers to some extent indirect effects, i.e. those reflected from other parts of the world, and transitional effects that result from climate change mitigation measures, especially from the rapid energy transition.
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Recommendations for Information Security and Reduction of Cyberrisks for Small Businesses. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004378.
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In this edition aimed at small businesses, a series of ten specific cybersecurity recommendations for small organizations are presented, which will allow the reader to outline a basic level of protection that helps reduce the cyber risks they face. exposed your organization, thus minimizing potential damage. The document is suitable even for companies that do not employ cybersecurity personnel, describing the basic steps for the protection of computer systems, business and customer information; making it possible to demand these steps as requirements from the company's technicians or IT and IT service providers. This publication is part of the “Best Practices in Cybersecurity” collection, a compendium of cybersecurity practices, methodologies, and recommendations for organizations, developed by the Israel National Cybersecurity Directorate (INCD), and adapted in this series by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), with the aim of facilitating access to this body of knowledge throughout the Latin American and Caribbean region.
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Financial Stability Report - First Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.1sem.eng-2020.
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In the face of the multiple shocks currently experienced by the domestic economy (resulting from the drop in oil prices and the appearance of a global pandemic), the Colombian financial system is in a position of sound solvency and adequate liquidity. At the same time, credit quality has been recovering and the exposure of credit institutions to firms with currency mismatches has declined relative to previous episodes of sudden drops in oil prices. These trends are reflected in the recent fading of red and blue tonalities in the performance and credit risk segments of the risk heatmaps in Graphs A and B.1 Naturally, the sudden, unanticipated change in macroeconomic conditions has caused the appearance of vulnerabilities for short-term financial stability. These vulnerabilities require close and continuous monitoring on the part of economic authorities. The main vulnerability is the response of credit and credit risk to a potential, temporarily extreme macroeconomic situation in the context of: (i) recently increased exposure of some banks to household sector, and (ii) reductions in net interest income that have led to a decline in the profitability of the banking business in the recent past. Furthermore, as a consequence of greater uncertainty and risk aversion, occasional problems may arise in the distribution of liquidity between agents and financial markets. With regards to local markets, spikes have been registered in the volatility of public and private fixed income securities in recent weeks that are consistent with the behavior of the international markets and have had a significant impact on the liquidity of those instruments (red portions in the most recent past of some market risk items on the map in Graph A). In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to those vulnerabilities, this Report presents a stress test that evaluates the resilience of credit institutions in the event of a hypothetical scenario thatseeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The scenario assumes a hypothetical negative growth that is temporarily strong but recovers going into the middle of the coming year and has extreme effects on credit quality. The results suggest that credit institutions have the ability to withstand a significant deterioration in economic conditions in the short term. Even though there could be a strong impact on credit, liquidity, and profitability under the scenario being considered, aggregate capital ratios would probably remain at above their regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. In this context, the recent measures taken by both Banco de la República and the Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia that are intended to help preserve the financial stability of the Colombian economy become highly relevant. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system’s security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth functioning of the payment system. Juan José Echavarría Governor
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2021. Banco de la República, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2021.
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Banco de la República provides a comprehensive overview of Colombia’s finan¬cial infrastructure in its Payment Systems Report, which is an important product of the work it does to oversee that infrastructure. The figures published in this edition of the report are for the year 2020, a pandemic period in which the con¬tainment measures designed and adopted to alleviate the strain on the health system led to a sharp reduction in economic activity and consumption in Colom¬bia, as was the case in most countries. At the start of the pandemic, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República adopted decisions that were necessary to supply the market with ample liquid¬ity in pesos and US dollars to guarantee market stability, protect the payment system and preserve the supply of credit. The pronounced growth in mone¬tary aggregates reflected an increased preference for liquidity, which Banco de la República addressed at the right time. These decisions were implemented through operations that were cleared and settled via the financial infrastructure. The second section of this report, following the introduction, offers an analysis of how the various financial infrastructures in Colombia have evolved and per¬formed. One of the highlights is the large-value payment system (CUD), which registered more momentum in 2020 than during the previous year, mainly be¬cause of an increase in average daily remunerated deposits made with Banco de la República by the General Directorate of Public Credit and the National Treasury (DGCPTN), as well as more activity in the sell/buy-back market with sovereign debt. Consequently, with more activity in the CUD, the Central Securi¬ties Depository (DCV) experienced an added impetus sparked by an increase in the money market for bonds and securities placed on the primary market by the national government. The value of operations cleared and settled through the Colombian Central Counterparty (CRCC) continues to grow, propelled largely by peso/dollar non-deliverable forward (NDF) contracts. With respect to the CRCC, it is important to note this clearing house has been in charge of managing risks and clearing and settling operations in the peso/dollar spot market since the end of last year, following its merger with the Foreign Exchange Clearing House of Colombia (CCDC). Since the final quarter of 2020, the CRCC has also been re¬sponsible for clearing and settlement in the equities market, which was former¬ly done by the Colombian Stock Exchange (BVC). The third section of this report provides an all-inclusive view of payments in the market for goods and services; namely, transactions carried out by members of the public and non-financial institutions. During the pandemic, inter- and intra-bank electronic funds transfers, which originate mostly with companies, increased in both the number and value of transactions with respect to 2019. However, debit and credit card payments, which are made largely by private citizens, declined compared to 2019. The incidence of payment by check contin¬ue to drop, exhibiting quite a pronounced downward trend during the past last year. To supplement to the information on electronic funds transfers, section three includes a segment (Box 4) characterizing the population with savings and checking accounts, based on data from a survey by Banco de la República con-cerning the perception of the use of payment instruments in 2019. There also is segment (Box 2) on the growth in transactions with a mobile wallet provided by a company specialized in electronic deposits and payments (Sedpe). It shows the number of users and the value of their transactions have increased since the wallet was introduced in late 2017, particularly during the pandemic. In addition, there is a diagnosis of the effects of the pandemic on the payment patterns of the population, based on data related to the use of cash in circu¬lation, payments with electronic instruments, and consumption and consumer confidence. The conclusion is that the collapse in the consumer confidence in¬dex and the drop in private consumption led to changes in the public’s pay¬ment patterns. Credit and debit card purchases were down, while payments for goods and services through electronic funds transfers increased. These findings, coupled with the considerable increase in cash in circulation, might indicate a possible precautionary cash hoarding by individuals and more use of cash as a payment instrument. There is also a segment (in Focus 3) on the major changes introduced in regulations on the retail-value payment system in Colombia, as provided for in Decree 1692 of December 2020. The fourth section of this report refers to the important innovations and tech¬nological changes that have occurred in the retail-value payment system. Four themes are highlighted in this respect. The first is a key point in building the financial infrastructure for instant payments. It involves of the design and im¬plementation of overlay schemes, a technological development that allows the various participants in the payment chain to communicate openly. The result is a high degree of interoperability among the different payment service providers. The second topic explores developments in the international debate on central bank digital currency (CBDC). The purpose is to understand how it could impact the retail-value payment system and the use of cash if it were to be issued. The third topic is related to new forms of payment initiation, such as QR codes, bio¬metrics or near field communication (NFC) technology. These seemingly small changes can have a major impact on the user’s experience with the retail-value payment system. The fourth theme is the growth in payments via mobile tele¬phone and the internet. The report ends in section five with a review of two papers on applied research done at Banco de la República in 2020. The first analyzes the extent of the CRCC’s capital, acknowledging the relevant role this infrastructure has acquired in pro¬viding clearing and settlement services for various financial markets in Colom¬bia. The capital requirements defined for central counterparties in some jurisdic¬tions are explored, and the risks to be hedged are identified from the standpoint of the service these type of institutions offer to the market and those associated with their corporate activity. The CRCC’s capital levels are analyzed in light of what has been observed in the European Union’s regulations, and the conclusion is that the CRCC has a scheme of security rings very similar to those applied internationally and the extent of its capital exceeds what is stipulated in Colombian regulations, being sufficient to hedge other risks. The second study presents an algorithm used to identify and quantify the liquidity sources that CUD’s participants use under normal conditions to meet their daily obligations in the local financial market. This algorithm can be used as a tool to monitor intraday liquidity. Leonardo Villar Gómez Governor