Journal articles: 'Small-cell architecture'

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Ni, Wei, and Iain B. Collings. "A New Adaptive Small-Cell Architecture." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 31, no. 5 (2013): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2013.130502.

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Satturwar, Swati, and Liron Pantanowitz. "Architectural aspects of cell-blocks as small biopsies." Cytojournal 18 (March 4, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cytojournal_4_2021.

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Cell-block preparations have become an essential part of integrated cytology diagnosis. They are essentially microbiopsies that are formalin fixed and embedded in paraffin. This has become more prevalent with greater sample procurement due to the advent of newer biopsy techniques and needles. Cell-blocks allow retrieval of small tissue fragments from cytology specimens that sometimes cannot be processed by alternate cytologic techniques. They represent concentrated, cell-enriched preparations that provide cytologists with the opportunity to evaluate cellular architecture, as well as to perform ancillary testing. A cell-block compatible sample may thus obviate the need for a more invasive procedure such as a tissue biopsy. Microscopic examination of cell-blocks is quick, avoids obscuring material, permits cells to be evaluated in one focal plane, and allows the histologic architecture such as glandular differentiation, papillary formations, and sometimes invasion to be easily identified. This new era of “cytohistology” accordingly requires practicing cytologists to become more familiar with histopathology. This review article discusses the benefit of various architectural patterns identifiable in cell-blocks employed as an adjunct to Pap tests, exfoliative fluid specimens, and fine-needle aspirations.

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Kriegsmann, Mark, Christian Haag, Cleo-Aron Weis, et al. "Deep Learning for the Classification of Small-Cell and Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Cancers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12061604.

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Reliable entity subtyping is paramount for therapy stratification in lung cancer. Morphological evaluation remains the basis for entity subtyping and directs the application of additional methods such as immunohistochemistry (IHC). The decision of whether to perform IHC for subtyping is subjective, and access to IHC is not available worldwide. Thus, the application of additional methods to support morphological entity subtyping is desirable. Therefore, the ability of convolutional neuronal networks (CNNs) to classify the most common lung cancer subtypes, pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ADC), pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), was evaluated. A cohort of 80 ADC, 80 SqCC, 80 SCLC, and 30 skeletal muscle specimens was assembled; slides were scanned; tumor areas were annotated; image patches were extracted; and cases were randomly assigned to a training, validation or test set. Multiple CNN architectures (VGG16, InceptionV3, and InceptionResNetV2) were trained and optimized to classify the four entities. A quality control (QC) metric was established. An optimized InceptionV3 CNN architecture yielded the highest classification accuracy and was used for the classification of the test set. Image patch and patient-based CNN classification results were 95% and 100% in the test set after the application of strict QC. Misclassified cases mainly included ADC and SqCC. The QC metric identified cases that needed further IHC for definite entity subtyping. The study highlights the potential and limitations of CNN image classification models for tumor differentiation.

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Yu, Bo, Liuqing Yang, Hiroyuki Ishii, and Sayandev Mukherjee. "Dynamic TDD Support in Macrocell-Assisted Small Cell Architecture." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 33, no. 6 (2015): 1201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2015.2417013.

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Velez, Daniel O., Sural K. Ranamukhaarachchi, Aditya Kumar, et al. "3D collagen architecture regulates cell adhesion through degradability, thereby controlling metabolic and oxidative stress." Integrative Biology 11, no. 5 (2019): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/intbio/zyz019.

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AbstractThe collagen-rich tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in directing the migration behavior of cancer cells. 3D collagen architectures with small pores have been shown to confine cells and induce aggressive collective migration, irrespective of matrix stiffness and density. However, it remains unclear how cells sense collagen architecture and transduce this information to initiate collective migration. Here, we tune collagen architecture and analyze its effect on four core cell-ECM interactions: cytoskeletal polymerization, adhesion, contractility, and matrix degradation. From this comprehensive analysis, we deduce that matrix architecture initially modulates cancer cell adhesion strength, and that this results from architecture-induced changes to matrix degradability. That is, architectures with smaller pores are less degradable, and degradability is required for cancer cell adhesion to 3D fibrilar collagen. The biochemical consequences of this 3D low-attachment state are similar to those induced by suspension culture, including metabolic and oxidative stress. One distinction from suspension culture is the induction of collagen catabolism that occurs in 3D low-attachment conditions. Cells also upregulate Snail1 and Notch signaling in response to 3D low-attachment, which suggests a mechanism for the emergence of collective behaviors.

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Rong, Bo, Mehrdad Dianati, Liang Zhou, George K. Karagiannidis, and Chenwei Wang. "5G MmWave Small Cell Networks: Architecture, Self-Organization, and Management." IEEE Wireless Communications 25, no. 4 (2018): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwc.2018.8454519.

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Nkenyereye, Lionel, Ramavath Prasad Naik, Jong-Wook Jang, and Wan-Young Chung. "Software-Defined Small Cell-Linked Vehicular Networks: Architecture and Evaluation." Electronics 12, no. 2 (2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12020304.

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Vehicle-to-everything services are in the implementation phase, and automakers agree that V2X would improve the safety-critical applications already deployed. 3GPP Release 12 introduces LTE-V for V2V and V2I services. The LTE-V is extended to C-V2X to support V2N. Because of the challenge of high mobility in the V2X system, cutting-edge technologies, such as SDN and small cell in 5G networks, pave the way to the next generation of vehicular networks. SDN is a network technology concept that divides the data and control planes. The OpenFlow protocol is used for communication between the control layer and the network layer in SDN. Different from wireless traditional cellular base stations, small cells are lower-power cell sites that are deployed every few blocks. Small cells can transmit data using mid- and high-band spectrums. Small cell-linked road side unit (RSU) is considered a key enabling technology because it has the capability to create a logical cluster platform residing at the edge of the network, which provides high computation performance. Accordingly, we consider a novel distributed software-defined small cell-linked road side unit vehicular network architecture (diSRsVN). Based on diSRsVN, logical software-defined on-board wireless vehicle, and topology discovery over diSRsVN are presented. The proposed architecture is evaluated under an omnet++ network simulator. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed architecture, which improves the packet delivery ratio and minimizes end-to-end delay.

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Qian, Li Ping, Yuan Wu, Haibo Zhou, and Xuemin Shen. "Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Vehicular Small Cell Networks: Architecture and Solution." IEEE Network 31, no. 4 (2017): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2017.1600278.

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Kryvenko, Oleksandr N. "Small Cell-like Change in Central Zone Histology—A New Observation Mimicking Cribriform Intraductal Prostatic Adenocarcinoma." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 29, no. 6 (2021): 635–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10668969211003966.

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A small cell-like change in prostate has been described in high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), intraductal prostatic adenocarcinoma, and invasive prostate cancer. It occurs when these processes have a cribriform architecture. To date, small cell-like change has not been described in benign glands. Herein, I describe such a change in cribriform central zone histology from a radical prostatectomy with a spatially remote treatment naïve Grade Group 3 prostate cancer. The cancer did not have cribriform morphology or intraductal prostatic adenocarcinoma. The small cell-like change was positive for racemase in PIN-4 cocktail and no nuclei were highlighted by Ki-67. This is the first report of a small cell-like change in benign prostate tissue. Although rare, such finding in cribriform architecture of central zone histology can potentially be misinterpreted as a neoplastic process.

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Yu, Bo, Liuqing Yang, and Hiroyuki Ishii. "Load Balancing With 3-D Beamforming in Macro-Assisted Small Cell Architecture." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 15, no. 8 (2016): 5626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2016.2563430.

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Burger, Peter C., Dennis K. Pearl, Kenneth Aldape, et al. "Small Cell Architecture—A Histological Equivalent of EGFR Amplification in Glioblastoma Multiforme?" Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 60, no. 11 (2001): 1099–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnen/60.11.1099.

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Hu, E., L. M. Weiss, R. T. Hoppe, and S. J. Horning. "Follicular and diffuse mixed small-cleaved and large-cell lymphoma--a clinicopathologic study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 3, no. 9 (1985): 1183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.1985.3.9.1183.

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The clinical records and initial biopsy materials from 76 patients with mixed small-cleaved and large-cell lymphoma containing both a follicular and diffuse architectural pattern were reviewed. The characteristics of this group, treated at Stanford University Medical Center (SUMC) between 1963 and 1983, are described. The 5-year actuarial survival and freedom from progression are 70% and 27.5%, respectively. Classification according to the degree of follicularity indicated that patients with focally follicular areas (ie, less than 25% of the histologic section) have a significantly worse freedom from progression and overall survival at 5 years compared with those patients with a predominantly follicular architecture (ie, greater than 50% follicular areas). Based on our analysis, we feel that the degree of follicularity is an important prognostic factor and that mixed lymphoma patients with only focally follicular areas behave more like an intermediate-grade lymphoma and should be treated aggressively.

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Susmitha, K., M. Naresh Kumar, M. Gurulakshmi, L. Giribabu, and M. Raghavender. "Novel photoanode architecture for optimal dye-sensitized solar cell performance and its small cell module study." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 3 (2017): 439–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00046d.

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Present work demonstrates a novel photoanode for dye sensitized solar cell, consists of a top active layer is developed over scatter layer, promote improved usage of sunlight for conversion into electricity.

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Hirokawa, Nobutaka. "Molecular architecture and functions of the neuronal cytoskeleton." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (1990): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100157541.

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In this symposium I will present our studies about the molecular architecture and function of the cytomatrix of the nerve cells. The nerve cell is a highly polarized cell composed of highly branched dendrites, cell body, and a single long axon along the direction of the impulse propagation. Each part of the neuron takes characteristic shapes for which the cytoskeleton provides the framework. The neuronal cytoskeletons play important roles on neuronal morphogenesis, organelle transport and the synaptic transmission. In the axon neurofilaments (NF) form dense arrays, while microtubules (MT) are arranged as small clusters among the NFs. On the other hand, MTs are distributed uniformly, whereas NFs tend to run solitarily or form small fascicles in the dendrites Quick freeze deep etch electron microscopy revealed various kinds of strands among MTs, NFs and membranous organelles (MO). These structures form major elements of the cytomatrix in the neuron. To investigate molecular nature and function of these filaments first we studied molecular structures of microtubule associated proteins (MAP1A, MAP1B, MAP2, MAP2C and tau), and microtubules reconstituted from MAPs and tubulin in vitro. These MAPs were all fibrous molecules with different length and formed arm like projections from the microtubule surface.

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Pratik, Jangale, and Sayed Aqsa. "Analysis of Hybrid DAS-Small Cell Architectures for Dense 5G Deployments." International Journal of Leading Research Publication 5, no. 9 (2024): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14838533.

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The rapid proliferation of 5G technology has amplified the need for innovative solutions to address the challenges of dense urban deployments. Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) and small cells, individually, have limitations in providing seamless coverage and capacity in such environments. This paper explores a hybrid architecture combining DAS and small cells, offering a comparative analysis of performance, deployment costs, and technical challenges. Use cases, simulation results, and potential solutions for handover management and interference mitigation are discussed. The findings demonstrate the hybrid model’s capability to optimize resource utilization and enhance Quality of Service (QoS) in dense 5G networks.

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Hitchcock, Peter F. "Mature, growing ganglion cells acquire new synapses in the retina of the goldfish." Visual Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (1993): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000362x.

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AbstractThe goldfish retina grows throughout the animal’s life, primarily by a balloon-like expansion. With this expansion, dendritic arbors of ganglion cells show scaled growth; arbors increase in size from small to large with no change in their architecture (Hitchcock & Easter, 1986; Bloomfield & Hitchcock, 1991). The study reported here showed that ganglion cell arbors acquire new synapses with this growth. Arbors from a single type of ganglion cell in retinas of small, young and large, old fish were intracellularly filled with horseradish peroxidase, examined electron microscopically, and the synapses contacting them counted and compared (small arbors vs. large arbors). The small and large arbors had similar numbers and orders of dendritic branches (i.e. similar architectures), but the large arbors were significantly larger than the small ones. The increase in arbor size was correlated with a 2.7x and 1.9x increase in the number of ribbon and conventional synaptic contacts, respectively. The addition of new synapses is proposed as a mechanism by which the signaling properties of the enlarging ganglion cells can remain constant.

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Fortes, Sergio, Alejandro Aguilar-García, Raquel Barco, Felix Barba, Jose Fernández-luque, and Alfonso Fernández-Durán. "Management architecture for location-aware self-organizing LTE/LTE-a small cell networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 53, no. 1 (2015): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2015.7010548.

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Li, Zifan, Mihail L. Sichitiu, and Xuesong Qiu. "Fog Radio Access Network: A New Wireless Backhaul Architecture for Small Cell Networks." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 14150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2886449.

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Kourtis, Michail-Alexandros, Begona Blanco, Jordi Perez-Romero, et al. "A Cloud-Enabled Small Cell Architecture in 5G Networks for Broadcast/Multicast Services." IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting 65, no. 2 (2019): 414–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tbc.2019.2901394.

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Pearsall, Allan Dorland. "Ultrastructural architecture of pulmonary small-granule cell clusters in adult syrian golden hamster." American Journal of Anatomy 186, no. 2 (1989): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001860207.

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Makhoul, Christian, Prajakta Gosavi, and Paul A. Gleeson. "The Golgi architecture and cell sensing." Biochemical Society Transactions 46, no. 5 (2018): 1063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20180323.

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An array of signalling molecules are located at the Golgi apparatus, including phosphoinositides, small GTPases, kinases, and phosphatases, which are linked to multiple signalling pathways. Initially considered to be associated predominantly with membrane trafficking, signalling pathways at the Golgi are now recognised to regulate a diverse range of higher-order functions. Many of these signalling pathways are influenced by the architecture of the Golgi. In vertebrate cells, the Golgi consists of individual stacks fused together into a compact ribbon structure and the function of this ribbon structure has been enigmatic. Notably, recent advances have identified a role for the Golgi ribbon in regulation of cellular processes. Fragmentation of the Golgi ribbon results in modulation of many signalling pathways. Various diseases and disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration, are associated with the loss of the Golgi ribbon and the appearance of a dispersed fragmented Golgi. Here, we review the emerging theme of the Golgi as a cell sensor and highlight the relationship between the morphological status of the Golgi in vertebrate cells and the modulation of signalling networks.

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SHIN, YOUNG SAN, JAE-KYUNG WEE, JONG-CHAN HA, JI-HOON LIM, YONG-JU KIM, and YOUNG-SANG SON. "A SEAMLESS-CONTROLLED DIGITAL PLL USING DUAL LOOPS FOR HIGH SPEED SOCS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 04 (2011): 741–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661100758x.

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A new dual-loop digital phased-locked loop (DPLL) architecture is presented. This novel architecture is designed to provide a wide operating frequency range, high precision, and small jitter, and fits over a relatively small area. To achieve these characteristics, the architecture is implemented using a coarse loop with an UP/DOWN counter and a coarse digital-to-analog converter (DAC) to rapidly reduce the phase error, and a fine loop with a time-to-digital converter (TDC) and a fine DAC to provide more precision. Furthermore, the seamless-frequency tracking architecture based on a code conversion between the coarse cell and the fine cell of the DAC is devised to improve the lock-in stability. The chip is fabricated with Dongbu HiTek 0.18-μm CMOS technology. It has a wide operation range of 0.4–1.4 GHz, and an area of 0.195 mm2. The measured results show 15.64 ps peak-to-peak jitter and 2.22 ps rms jitter, and a power dissipation of 16.2 mW at 1 GHz.

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Tinkum, Kelsey L., Kristina M. Stemler, Lynn S. White, et al. "Fasting protects mice from lethal DNA damage by promoting small intestinal epithelial stem cell survival." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 51 (2015): E7148—E7154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509249112.

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Short-term fasting protects mice from lethal doses of chemotherapy through undetermined mechanisms. Herein, we demonstrate that fasting preserves small intestinal (SI) architecture by maintaining SI stem cell viability and SI barrier function following exposure to high-dose etoposide. Nearly all SI stem cells were lost in fed mice, whereas fasting promoted sufficient SI stem cell survival to preserve SI integrity after etoposide treatment. Lineage tracing demonstrated that multiple SI stem cell populations, marked by Lgr5, Bmi1, or HopX expression, contributed to fasting-induced survival. DNA repair and DNA damage response genes were elevated in SI stem/progenitor cells of fasted etoposide-treated mice, which importantly correlated with faster resolution of DNA double-strand breaks and less apoptosis. Thus, fasting preserved SI stem cell viability as well as SI architecture and barrier function suggesting that fasting may reduce host toxicity in patients undergoing dose intensive chemotherapy.

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Oliveira, Jauvane C. de, and Nicolas D. Georganas. "VELVET: An Adaptive Hybrid Architecture for Very Large Virtual Environments." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, no. 6 (2003): 555–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603322955888.

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Collaborative virtual environment (CVE) concepts have been used in many systems in the past few years. Applications of such technology range from military combat simulations to various civilian commercial applications. The architectures available today provide support for a number of users, but they fail if too many users are together in a small “space” in the virtual world. This paper introduces VELVET, an adaptive hybrid architecture that allows a greater number of users to interact through a CVE. This is accomplished through an adaptive filtering scheme based on multicasting. VELVET also supports small groups of users, but its use in large environments shows the greatest potential, better handling local concentrations of activity than region-, cell-, orlocale-based approaches. VELVET introduces a novel adaptive area of interest management that supports heterogeneity amongst the various participants. This allows users in a supercomputer with high-speed networking to successfully collaborate with others in not-so-powerful systems behind a slow dial-up connection.

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Lorthioir, Justine, Ludovic Arzel, Stéphane Ginestar, Lionel Assmann, and Nicolas Barreau. "17.2% efficiency CuIn1−xGaxSe2 thin-film based mini-module thanks to alternative architecture yielding 81% fill factor." EPJ Photovoltaics 10 (2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2019003.

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An alternative to conventional Cu(In,Ga)Se2 module structure is proposed and experimentally investigated. This alternative module structure, which consists in applying metallic buses to connect monolithically adjacent cells in series, is likely to offer the opportunity of minimizing both optical and electrical losses observed in conventional module structure compared to small area cells. The fabrication process of such alternative modules is presented. The performances achieved are discussed in comparison with a standard small-area-cell elaborated simultaneously. Despite slightly lower output voltage per cell, the alternative module structure demonstrates an efficiency of 17.2% (with 81% fill factor), against 16.4% (with 75% fill factor) for the standard cell. This promising result opens new routes to decrease the gap observed between small-area-cells and industrial modules.

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Scott, Alan, David Mohr, Hua Ling, Robert Scharpf, Peng Zhang, and Gregory Liptak. "Characterization of the Genomic Architecture and Mutational Spectrum of a Small Cell Prostate Carcinoma." Genes 5, no. 2 (2014): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes5020366.

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Reinmuth, Niels, Elisabeth Piegelbrock, Miriam Raedel, et al. "Prognostic significance of vessel architecture and vascular stability in non-small cell lung cancer." Lung Cancer 55, no. 1 (2007): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.09.025.

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Abd El-atty, Saied M., and Zakaria M. Gharsseldien. "Performance analysis of an advanced heterogeneous mobile network architecture with multiple small cell layers." Wireless Networks 23, no. 4 (2016): 1169–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1218-y.

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Zhou, Yiheng, Kainan Ma, Qian Sun, Zhaoyuxuan Wang, and Ming Liu. "Edge-Guided Cell Segmentation on Small Datasets Using an Attention-Enhanced U-Net Architecture." Information 15, no. 4 (2024): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info15040198.

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Over the past several decades, deep neural networks have been extensively applied to medical image segmentation tasks, achieving significant success. However, the effectiveness of traditional deep segmentation networks is substantially limited by the small scale of medical datasets, a limitation directly stemming from current medical data acquisition capabilities. To this end, we introduce AttEUnet, a medical cell segmentation network enhanced by edge attention, based on the Attention U-Net architecture. It incorporates a detection branch enhanced with edge attention and a learnable fusion gate unit to improve segmentation accuracy and convergence speed on small medical datasets. The AttEUnet allows for the integration of various types of prior information into the backbone network according to different tasks, offering notable flexibility and generalization ability. This method was trained and validated on two public datasets, MoNuSeg and PanNuke. The results show that AttEUnet significantly improves segmentation performance on small medical datasets, especially in capturing edge details, with F1 scores of 0.859 and 0.888 and Intersection over Union (IoU) scores of 0.758 and 0.794 on the respective datasets, outperforming both convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transformer-based baseline networks. Furthermore, the proposed method demonstrated a convergence speed over 10.6 times faster than that of the baseline networks. The edge attention branch proposed in this study can also be added as an independent module to other classic network structures and can integrate more attention priors based on the task at hand, offering considerable scalability.

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Chen, Feng, Baishun Su, and Zongpu Jia. "HASSDE-NAS: Heuristic–Adaptive Spectral–Spatial Neural Architecture Search with Dynamic Cell Evolution for Hyperspectral Water Body Identification." Information 16, no. 6 (2025): 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/info16060495.

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The accurate identification of water bodies in hyperspectral images (HSIs) remains challenging due to hierarchical representation imbalances in deep learning models, where shallow layers overly focus on spectral features, boundary ambiguities caused by the relatively low spatial resolution of satellite imagery, and limited detection capability for small-scale aquatic features such as narrow rivers. To address these challenges, this study proposes Heuristic–Adaptive Spectral–Spatial Neural Architecture Search with Dynamic Cell Evaluation (HASSDE-NAS). The architecture integrates three specialized units; a spectral-aware dynamic band selection cell suppresses redundant spectral bands, while a geometry-enhanced edge attention cell refines fragmented spatial boundaries. Additionally, a bidirectional fusion alignment cell jointly optimizes spectral and spatial dependencies. A heuristic cell search algorithm optimizes the network architecture through architecture stability, feature diversity, and gradient sensitivity analysis, which improves search efficiency and model robustness. Evaluated on the Gaofen-5 datasets from the Guangdong and Henan regions, HASSDE-NAS achieves overall accuracies of 92.61% and 96%, respectively. This approach outperforms existing methods in delineating narrow river systems and resolving water bodies with weak spectral contrast under complex backgrounds, such as vegetation or cloud shadows. By adaptively prioritizing task-relevant features, the framework provides an interpretable solution for hydrological monitoring and advances neural architecture search in intelligent remote sensing.

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Wu, Chia-Lun, Tsung-Tao Lu, Chin-Tan Lee, et al. "Evolution towards Coordinated Multi-Point Architecture in Self-Organizing Networks for Small Cell Enhancement Systems." Electronics 12, no. 11 (2023): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112473.

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This paper explores applications of the coordinated multi-point (CoMP) architecture operation of enhanced node B (eNB) in wireless communication networks featuring device-to-device (D2D) signaling. This is applied to cellular phone coverage for rapid mass transit systems, such as the Taiwan high speed rail transport system, and indoor public environments. The paper is based on formulas pertaining to the link between budget design and guidelines, as well as principles and theories of engineering practice, allowing designers to analyze and fully control the uplink and downlink signals and output power of fiber repeaters linking cellular phones to base stations. Finally, we employ easily installed cellular-over-fiber optic solutions for a small cell enhancement (SCE) system with novel architecture based on a leakage coaxial cable system using LTE-A technology. As a result, we successfully applied enhanced coverage designs for distributed antenna systems. These can be used to create self-organizing networks (SoN) for an Internet of Things.

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Zhang, Bin, and Yi Liu. "Distributed Resource Allocation for Green HetNets with Renewable Energy Resources." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 08 (2021): 2159029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001421590291.

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In fifth generation (5G) systems, green heterogeneous network (HetNet) is capable of achieving energy efficiency by densely deploying renewable-powered small cells. However, the small cells may suffer performance degradation due to the limited backhaul from macro base station (BS) and renewable intermittency. In this paper, we introduce a distributed HetNet architecture in which the renewable-powered small cell BSs collaboratively exchange information and allocate the spectrum and power resources by themselves. Considering the uncertainty of the available spectrum, renewable energy supply and traffic loads, a stochastic optimization problem is formulated to maximize the energy efficiency for distributed small cell BSs. A distributed resource allocation algorithm is proposed to obtain the optimal spectrum and power allocating strategies for each small cell. Finally, the numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

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Abbas, Mohamed Abdelhamid. "An Early Robot Architecture for Cancer Healing." International Journal of Computational Models and Algorithms in Medicine 2, no. 4 (2011): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcmam.2011100103.

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Treating cancer tumors is a main goal of cancer research. The author of this paper identify a new manner to treat cancer tumors more effectively using a recommended architecture of a nanorobot called CANBOT. It contains a number of nano-components: an actuator, temperature sensor, chemical sensor, and microcontroller. CANBOT starts its role by moving toward the tumor cells using the actuator. It senses the tumor cell by capturing its image and sensing its chemicals by the chemical sensor. When CANBOT distinguishes the tumor, it verifies the survival of the tumor cells by its temperature sensor. CANBOT increases the temperature of the tumor cell through the warmer. Sensing of the cancer chemicals starts over to detect the remaining existence of cancer cells. The suggested nanorobot injects the cell with the drug from a tiny tank throughout a nano pump with a small pine needle. A nano-microcontroller controls the mechanism of CANBOT formative the role of each one and the appropriate sequences. The position of the proposed nanorobot is simulated with reference to the position of the tumor using an analytical model. The conclusion is drawn that destroying the tumor requires instilling the robot into the cancer tumor directly for effective treatment.

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Saha, Rony Kumer, and Chaodit Aswakul. "Incentive and Architecture of Multi-Band Enabled Small Cell and UE for Up-/Down-Link and Control-/User-Plane Splitting for 5G Mobile Networks." Frequenz 71, no. 1-2 (2017): 95–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/freq-2016-0014.

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Abstract In this paper, a multi-band enabled femtocell base station (FCBS) and user equipment (UE) architecture is proposed in a multi-tier network that consists of small cells, including femtocells and picocells deployed over the coverage of a macrocell for splitting uplink and downlink (UL/DL) as well as control-plane and user-plane (C-/U-plane) for 5G mobile networks. Since splitting is performed at the same FCBS, we define this architecture as the same base station based split architecture (SBSA). For multiple bands, we consider co-channel (CC) microwave and different frequency (DF) 60 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) bands for FCBSs and UEs with respect to the microwave band used by their over-laid macrocell base station. All femtocells are assumed to be deployed in a 3-dimensional multi-storage building. For CC microwave band, cross-tier CC interference of femtocells with macrocell is avoided using almost blank subframe based enhanced inter-cell interference coordination techniques. The co-existence of CC microwave and DF mmWave bands for SBSA on the same FCBS and UE is first studied to show their performance disparities in terms of system capacity and spectral efficiency in order to provide incentives for employing multiple bands at the same FCBS and UE and identify a suitable band for routing decoupled UL/DL or C-/U-plane traffic. We then present a number of disruptive architectural design alternatives of multi-band enabled SBSA for 5G mobile networks for UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, including a disruptive and complete splitting of UL/DL and C-/U-plane as well as a combined UL/DL and C-/U-plane splitting, by exploiting dual connectivity on CC microwave and DF mmWave bands. The outperformances of SBSA in terms of system level capacity, average spectral efficiency, energy efficiency, and control-plane overhead traffic capacity in comparison with different base stations based split architecture (DBSA) are shown. Finally, a number of technical and business perspectives as well as key research issues of SBSA are discussed.

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Jaffer, Syed S., Ashiq Hussain, Paulo V. Klaine, Muhammad Z. Shakir, and Muhammad A. Qureshi. "Hybrid passive optical network–free-space optic-based fronthaul architecture for ultradense small cell network." Optical Engineering 59, no. 07 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.59.7.075104.

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Koch, Alexander R., Cari L. Johnson, and Lisa Stright. "Does fluvial channel-belt clustering predict net sand to gross rock volume? Architectural metrics and point-pattern analysis of a digital outcrop model." Journal of Sedimentary Research 89, no. 11 (2019): 1109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2019.60.

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ABSTRACT Spatial point-pattern analyses (PPAs) are used to quantify clustering, randomness, and uniformity of the distribution of channel belts in fluvial strata. Point patterns may reflect end-member fluvial architecture, e.g., uniform compensational stacking and avulsion-generated clustering, which may change laterally, especially at greater scales. To investigate spatial and temporal changes in fluvial systems, we performed PPA and architectural analyses on extensive outcrops of the Cretaceous John Henry Member of the Straight Cliffs Formation in southern Utah, USA. Digital outcrop models (DOMs) produced using unmanned aircraft system-based stereophotogrammetry form the basis of detailed interpretations of a 250-m-thick fluvial succession over a total outcrop length of 4.5 km. The outcrops are oriented roughly perpendicular to fluvial transport direction. This transverse cross-sectional exposure of the fluvial system allows a study of the system's variation along depositional strike. We developed a workflow that examines spatial point patterns using the quadrat method, and architectural metrics such as net sand to gross rock volume (NTG), amalgamation index, and channel-belt width and thickness within moving windows. Quadrat cell sizes that are ∼ 50% of the average channel-belt width-to-thickness ratio (16:1 aspect ratio) provide an optimized scale to investigate laterally elongate distributions of fluvial-channel-belt centroids. Large-scale quadrat point patterns were recognized using an array of four quadrat cells, each with 237× greater area than the median channel belt. Large-scale point patterns and NTG correlate negatively, which is a result of using centroid-based PPA on a dataset with disparately sized channel belts. Small-scale quadrat point patterns were recognized using an array of 16 quadrat cells, each with 21× greater area than the median channel belt. Small-scale point patterns and NTG correlate positively, and match previously observed stratigraphic trends in the fluvial John Henry Member, suggesting that these are regional trends. There are deviations from these trends in architectural statistics over small distances (hundreds of meters) which are interpreted to reflect autogenic avulsion processes. Small-scale autogenic processes result in architecture that is difficult to correlate between 1D datasets, for example when characterizing a reservoir using well logs. We show that 1D NTG provides the most accurate prediction for surrounding 2D architecture.

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Grossman, Rachel, Oz Haim, Shani Abramov, Ben Shofty, and Moran Artzi. "Differentiating Small-Cell Lung Cancer From Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Brain Metastases Based on MRI Using Efficientnet and Transfer Learning Approach." Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment 20 (January 1, 2021): 153303382110049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15330338211004919.

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Differentiation between small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) brain metastases is crucial due to the different clinical behaviors of the two tumor types. We propose the use of a deep learning and transfer learning approach based on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive classification of SCLC vs. NSCLC brain metastases. Sixty-nine patients with brain metastasis of lung cancer origin were included. Of them, 44 patients had NSCLC and 25 patients had SCLC. Classification was performed with EfficientNet architecture on crop images of lesion areas and based on post-contrast T1-weighted, T2-weighted and FLAIR imaging input data. Evaluation of the model was carried out in a 5-fold cross-validation manner, and based on accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. The best classification results were obtained with multiparametric MRI input data (T1WI+c+FLAIR+T2WI), with a mean overall accuracy of 0.90 ± 0.04, and F1 score of 0.92 ± 0.05 for NSCLC and 0.87 ± 0.08 for SCLC for the validation data and an accuracy of 0.87 ± 0.05, with an F1 score of 0.88 ± 0.05 for NSCLC and 0.85 ± 0.05 for SCLC for the test dataset. The proposed method provides an automatic noninvasive method for the classification of brain metastasis with high sensitivity and specificity for differentiation between NSCLC vs. SCLC brain metastases. It may be used as a diagnostic tool for improving decision-making in the treatment of patients with these metastases. Further studies on larger patient samples are required to validate the current results.

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Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen, Jonas, Vijayalakshmi Santhakumar, Robert J. Morgan, Ramon Huerta, Lev Tsimring, and Ivan Soltesz. "Topological Determinants of Epileptogenesis in Large-Scale Structural and Functional Models of the Dentate Gyrus Derived From Experimental Data." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 2 (2007): 1566–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00950.2006.

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In temporal lobe epilepsy, changes in synaptic and intrinsic properties occur on a background of altered network architecture resulting from cell loss and axonal sprouting. Although modeling studies using idealized networks indicated the general importance of network topology in epilepsy, it is unknown whether structural changes that actually take place during epileptogenesis result in hyperexcitability. To answer this question, we built a 1:1 scale structural model of the rat dentate gyrus from published in vivo and in vitro cell type–specific connectivity data. This virtual dentate gyrus in control condition displayed globally and locally well connected (“small world”) architecture. The average number of synapses between any two neurons in this network of over one million cells was less than three, similar to that measured for the orders of magnitude smaller C. elegans nervous system. To study how network architecture changes during epileptogenesis, long-distance projecting hilar cells were gradually removed in the structural model, causing massive reductions in the number of total connections. However, as long as even a few hilar cells survived, global connectivity in the network was effectively maintained and, as a result of the spatially restricted sprouting of granule cell axons, local connectivity increased. Simulations of activity in a functional dentate network model, consisting of over 50,000 multicompartmental single-cell models of major glutamatergic and GABAergic cell types, revealed that the survival of even a small fraction of hilar cells was enough to sustain networkwide hyperexcitability. These data indicate new roles for fractionally surviving long-distance projecting hilar cells observed in specimens from epilepsy patients.

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Co, Hannah L., and Edward HM Wang. "Giant cell tumor of the small bones of the foot." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 26, no. 3 (2018): 230949901880116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499018801168.

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Aims: This study aims to determine whether giant cell tumor of bone of the foot (GCTB-F) is more aggressive than GCTB at other sites using data from a single institution. Patients and Methods: We reviewed all patients with GCTB seen by our Unit from 1993 to 2012. Patients with GCTB-F were compared with all other patients with GCTB in terms of demographics and presentation. This group of GCTB-F was then compared with patients with GCTB of the appendicular skeleton (GCTB-AS) in terms of treatment and oncologic outcome at follow-up of at least 2 years. Results and conclusion: There were seven patients with GCTB-F (2.6%), most consulted over 12 months after symptoms. Compared to other GCTB ( n = 262), a bigger proportion of patients (28.5%) presented as recurrent lesions. All seven patients were classified as Campanacci III but none had lung metastasis at presentation or on follow-up. Compared to the group of 124 GCTB-AS, no GCTB-F patient received intralesional surgery. The 14% recurrence rate can be explained by contaminated non-intralesional surgery due to the advanced presentation and the technically challenging architecture of the foot. It would seem the aggressive tag of GCTB-F is not due to aggressive biologic behavior but to a combination of delayed presentation, delayed diagnosis, and difficult surgery.

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Müller, Andreas. "Nest architecture and pollen hosts of the boreoalpine osmiine bee species Hoplitis (Alcidamea) tuberculata (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae)." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 47 (December 22, 2015): 53–64. https://doi.org/10.3897/JHR.47.7278.

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Although Hoplitis tuberculata is a rather common bee species in the upper montane and subalpine zone of the Alps, its biology is only fragmentarily known. In the present publication, both nest architecture and pollen host spectrum are described. H. tuberculata nests in insect borings in dead wood, where one to several brood cells are built in a linear series. Examination of four nests obtained from trap nests revealed three peculiar characteristics of its nest architecture: i) the 0.3-0.5 cm thick partitions between the brood cells are three-layered consisting of two walls built from masticated leaves which enclose an interlayer that is densely packed with pebbles, earth crumbs and other small particles; ii) in the majority of the nests, a vestibule varying in length from 2.2-8.9 cm and loosely filled with small particles is present between the outermost cell partition and the nest plug; iii) the nest is sealed by a 1.2-1.9 cm long plug consisting of two walls of masticated leaves which enclose a space that is densely packed with small particles and divided up by one to three additional walls. The nest architecture of H. tuberculata is unique among Palaearctic osmiine bees; however, it corresponds to that of three North American species closely related to H. tuberculata. Microscopical analysis of female pollen loads and brood cell provisions revealed that H. tuberculata is polylectic with a strong preference for Fabaceae. Among the Fabaceae, Lotus and Hippocrepis were by far the most important pollen hosts. Non-Fabaceae taxa represented by substantial proportions in pollen loads or cell provisions were Helianthemum (Cistaceae), Vaccinium (Ericaceae) and Rubus (Rosaceae).

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Shalumon, K. T., K. P. Chennazhi, Shantikumar V. Nair, and R. Jayakumar. "Development of Small Diameter Fibrous Vascular Grafts with Outer Wall Multiscale Architecture to Improve Cell Penetration." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 9, no. 7 (2013): 1299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2013.1630.

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Koehne de Gonzalez, A., and A. del Portillo. "P754 Beyond Paneth cell metaplasia: Small intestinal metaplasia of the sigmoid colon in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 17, Supplement_1 (2023): i885—i886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac190.0884.

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Abstract Background Paneth cells are normally found in the small intestine, and when found in the left colon, they represent Paneth cell metaplasia (PCM). This finding indicates a chronic inflammatory state and is seen in some patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, small intestinal differentiation beyond PCM has not been reported. We report a broader range of small intestinal metaplasia in the sigmoid colon in patients with IBD, including loss of expression of the colonic marker SATB2, presence of a brush border and villous architecture, and gain of expression of the small intestinal markers CD10 and HepPar1. We perform a pilot study to investigate the frequency, staining patterns, and clinical correlates of this metaplastic phenomenon. Methods A database search for sigmoid biopsies for the words “Paneth cell metaplasia” from 2010-2018 returned 862 cases. The 100 most recent consecutive cases with a history of IBD were reviewed and confirmed to have PCM in non-neoplastic sigmoid biopsies in 96 cases. Of these, 94 blocks from 91 patients (age range 7-88, median age 43, 53% male, 74% ulcerative colitis (UC), 23% Crohn’s disease, 3% IBD) were on file. IHC staining for HepPar1, CD10, and SATB2 was performed on each case. Results Of the 94 cases, 13 (13.8%) had HepPar1 positivity, 5 (5.3%) had CD10 positivity, 2 (2.1%) had SATB2 loss, 1 (1.1%) had reduced SATB2 expression, and 2 showed villous architectural features. Extensive positivity for CD10 was seen in 3 (3.2%) cases, and one case showed all 3 IHC markers of small intestinal metaplasia. Of the CD10+ cases, there were 3 UC, 1 Crohn's, and 1 IBD (Table 1). The index case (sigmoid colon) showed a brush border (Figure 1) and intermixed small (Figure 2, red arrows) and large bowel (Figure 2, black arrows) differentiation. Conclusion A range of small intestinal differentiation may be seen in the left colon in IBD patients, including PCM, the presence of brush border, villous architecture, CD10 and HepPar1 positivity, and reduced or lost SATB2 expression. Since the frequency of HepPar1+&gt;CD10+&gt;SATB2 loss, there may be a sequence of small intestinal metaplasia, with PCM occurring first, and loss of SATB2 reflecting more advanced metaplasia. Previous studies suggest that SATB2 and HepPar1 are helpful in distinguishing between inflamed ileal pouch vs rectal cuff in patients with IBD, and that CD10 could be used to distinguish between ileum and colon in anastomoses, but our data refute these claims. SATB2 loss has been described in dysplastic lesions in patients with IBD, and thus these markers could serve as biomarkers of progression to dysplasia.

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Davidson, Carla, Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, and Patrick von Aderkas. "Description of a novel organ in the gametophyte of the fern Schizaea pusilla and its contribution to overall plant architecture." Botany 86, no. 10 (2008): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-085.

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Plant architecture is determined by cell division and growth, thus simulation models describing these processes are ideal for determining how local development produces the overall plant form. Because fern gametophytes are structurally simple, they are ideal for investigating the effects of cellular growth and division on plant form. In this work we examine the gametophytic development of Schizaea pusilla Pursh., a small, bog-adapted fern whose gametophyte forms as a mass of single-celled filaments. Using light and scanning electron microscopy we made detailed observations of gametophyte development to generate data for a simulation mechanical model of S. pusilla gametophyte development. To examine how plant architecture is an emergent property of cell division, we constructed a simulation model expressed using the formalism of L-systems. While developing a model of growth in this fern we discovered a previously undescribed structure that contributes to the architecture of this plant, which we term knots. We document the development of knots and demonstrate how they contribute to the overall plant architecture.

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Wideman, Jeremy G., Gordon Lax, Guy Leonard, et al. "A single-cell genome reveals diplonemid-like ancestry of kinetoplastid mitochondrial gene structure." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1786 (2019): 20190100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0100.

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Euglenozoa comprises euglenids, kinetoplastids, and diplonemids, with each group exhibiting different and highly unusual mitochondrial genome organizations. Although they are sister groups, kinetoplastids and diplonemids have very distinct mitochondrial genome architectures, requiring widespread insertion/deletion RNA editing and extensive trans -splicing, respectively, in order to generate functional transcripts. The evolutionary history by which these differing processes arose remains unclear. Using single-cell genomics, followed by small sub unit ribosomal DNA and multigene phylogenies, we identified an isolated marine cell that branches on phylogenetic trees as a sister to known kinetoplastids. Analysis of single-cell amplified genomic material identified multiple mitochondrial genome contigs. These revealed a gene architecture resembling that of diplonemid mitochondria, with small fragments of genes encoded out of order and or on different contigs, indicating that these genes require extensive trans -splicing. Conversely, no requirement for kinetoplastid-like insertion/deletion RNA-editing was detected. Additionally, while we identified some proteins so far only found in kinetoplastids, we could not unequivocally identify mitochondrial RNA editing proteins. These data invite the hypothesis that extensive genome fragmentation and trans -splicing were the ancestral states for the kinetoplastid-diplonemid clade but were lost during the kinetoplastid radiation. This study demonstrates that single-cell approaches can successfully retrieve lineages that represent important new branches on the tree of life, and thus can illuminate major evolutionary and functional transitions in eukaryotes. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Single cell ecology’.

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Jeucken, Kim C. M., Merlijn H. Kaaij, Jasper Rip, et al. "Splenic Architecture and Function Requires Tight Control of Transmembrane TNF Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (2022): 2229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042229.

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Soluble tumor necrosis factor (sTNF) is an important inflammatory mediator and essential for secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) development and function. However, the role of its transmembrane counterpart (tmTNF) in these processes is less well established. Here, the effects of tmTNF overxpression on SLO architecture and function were investigated using tmTNF-transgenic (tmTNF-tg) mice. tmTNF overexpression resulted in enlarged peripheral lymph nodes (PLNs) and spleen, accompanied by an increase in small splenic lymphoid follicles, with less well-defined primary B cell follicles and T cell zones. In tmTNF-tg mice, the spleen, but not PLNs, contained reduced germinal center (GC) B cell fractions, with low Ki67 expression and reduced dark zone characteristics. In line with this, smaller fractions of T follicular helper (Tfh) and T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells were observed with a decreased Tfh:Tfr ratio. Moreover, plasma cell (PC) formation in the spleen of tmTNF-tg mice decreased and skewed towards IgA and IgM expression. Genetic deletion of TNFRI or –II resulted in a normalization of follicle morphology in the spleen of tmTNF-tg mice, but GC B cell and PC fractions remained abnormal. These findings demonstrate that tightly regulated tmTNF is important for proper SLO development and function, and that aberrations induced by tmTNF overexpression are site-specific and mediated via TNFRI and/or TNFRII signaling.

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Tao, Ran, and Wuling Liu. "Enhancing Small-Cell Capacity with Wireless Backhaul." Electronics 13, no. 4 (2024): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040797.

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Recently, hyperdense small cells have been proposed to meet the challenge of the tremendous increment in cellular data service requirements. To reduce the deployment cost, as well as operated cost, these small cells are usually connected to limited backhauls, in which case the backhaul capacity may become a bottleneck in busy hours. In this paper, we propose an optimal scheme for the small cells to utilize the macrocell links as its wireless backhaul. Based on stochastic geometry, the analytical expressions of network capacity with in-band and out-band wireless backhaul are derived and validated using simulation results. The optimized results show that our proposed scheme can significantly improve the network performance in scenarios with a high traffic load.

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Al-Ibraheemi, Alyaa, Cory Broehm, Munir R. Tanas, et al. "Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumors With Atypical Presentations: A Report of 34 Cases." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 27, no. 3 (2018): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896918817140.

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Objectives. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive round cell sarcoma that arises in the abdominal cavity/pelvis of young males. We sought to expand its clinicopathologic spectrum. Methods. Cases of DSRCT presenting in patients >30 years of age or tumors arising outside of the abdominal cavity/pelvis were retrieved. Results. Thirty-four cases were identified. Sixteen tumors arose at atypical sites (head/neck, intracranial, thigh, axilla/shoulder, inguinal/paratesticular, intraosseous, and uterine corpus). The remaining 18 patients were older than 30 years, and their tumors involved the abdomen or pelvis. The majority of cases showed areas with classic histology, while 6 cases exhibited solid growth and 5 showed macronodular architecture. Cytologic appearance included round cell, rhabdoid, epithelioid, and small cell. Conclusion. DSRCT may arise at nonabdominal locations in both pediatric and adult populations, as well as intra-abdominally in older adults, and these tumors exhibit high rates of metastasis and morbidity.

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Kim, Sungwook. "D2D-Enabled Small Cell Network Control Scheme Based on the Dynamic Stackelberg Game." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (December 6, 2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7965767.

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For current and future cellular networks, small cell structure with licensed and unlicensed bandwidth, caching content provisioning, and device-to-device (D2D) communications is seen as a necessary architecture. Recently, a series of control methods have been developed to address a myriad of challenges in next-generation small cell networks. In this study, we focus on the design of novel D2D-enabled small cell network control scheme by allowing caching and unlicensed D2D communications. Motivated by game theory and learning algorithm, the proposed scheme adaptively selects caching contents and splits the available bandwidth for licensed and unlicensed communications. Under dynamically changing network environments, we capture the dynamics of the network system and design a new dynamic Stackelberg game model. Based on a hierarchical and feedback based control manner, small base stations and users can be leaders or followers dynamically while improving 5G network performance. Simulations and performance analysis verify the efficiency of the proposed scheme, showing that our approach can outperform existing schemes by about 5%~15% in terms of bandwidth utilization, cache hit ratio, and system throughput.

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Jiang, Huilin, Wenxiang Zhu, Xiang Song, and Guilu Wu. "IMPSO and Linear Programming-Based Energy-Efficient Cell Association Algorithm for Backhaul-Constrained Ultra-Dense Small-Cell Networks." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (November 23, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583570.

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This paper studies the energy efficiency optimization problem for coordinated multipoint (CoMP)-enabled and backhaul-constrained ultra-dense small-cell networks (UDNs). Energy efficiency is an eternal topic for future wireless communication networks; however, taking actual bottleneck of the backhaul link and the coordinated network architecture into consideration, it is difficult to find an effective way to improve the energy efficiency of the network. Aiming at this problem, we propose to combine cell association, subchannel allocation, backhaul resource allocation, and sleep/on of the cells together to develop an optimization algorithm for energy efficiency in UDN and then solve the formulated energy efficiency optimization problem by means of improved modified particle swarm optimization (IMPSO) and linear programming in mathematics. Simulation results indicate that nearly 13 % energy cost saving and 21 % energy efficiency improvement can be obtained by combining IMPSO with linear programming, and the backhaul link data rate can be improved by 30 % as the number of small cells increases. From the results, it can be found that by combining IMPSO with linear programming, the proposed algorithm can improve the network energy efficiency effectively at the expense of limited complexity.

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Wang, Mu, Nurullah Karakoc, Lorenzo Ferrari, et al. "A Multi-Layer Multi-Timescale Network Utility Maximization Framework for the SDN-Based LayBack Architecture Enabling Wireless Backhaul Resource Sharing." Electronics 8, no. 9 (2019): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8090937.

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With the emergence of small cell networks and fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, the backhaul becomes increasingly complex. This study addresses the problem of how a central SDN orchestrator can flexibly share the total backhaul capacity of the various wireless operators among their gateways and radio nodes (e.g., LTE enhanced Node Bs or Wi-Fi access points). In order to address this backhaul resource allocation problem, we introduce a novel backhaul optimization methodology in the context of the recently proposed LayBack SDN backhaul architecture. In particular, we explore the decomposition of the central optimization problem into a layered dual decomposition model that matches the architectural layers of the LayBack backhaul architecture. In order to promote scalability and responsiveness, we employ different timescales, i.e., fast timescales at the radio nodes and slower timescales in the higher LayBack layers that are closer to the central SDN orchestrator. We numerically evaluate the scalable layered optimization for a specific case of the LayBack backhaul architecture with four layers, namely a radio node (eNB) layer, a gateway layer, an operator layer, and central coordination in an SDN orchestrator layer. The coordinated sharing of the total backhaul capacity among multiple operators lowers the queue lengths compared to the conventional backhaul without sharing among operators.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Small-cell architecture'

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