Academic literature on the topic 'Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Ahlawat, RASHMI. "Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger: A Socio –Political Study of Poverty and Injustice." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 2, no. 6 (2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v2i6.24.
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Aravind Adiga’s Man Booker Prize winning debut novel The White Tiger is sharp, fascinating, attacks poverty and injustice. The White Tiger is a ground breaking Indian novel. Aravind Adiga speaks of suppression and exploitation of various sections of Indian society. Mainly a story of Balram, a young boy’s journey from rags to riches, Darkness to Light transforming from a village teashop boy into a Bangalore entrepreneur. This paper deals with poverty and injustice. The paper analyses Balram’s capability to overcome the adversities and cruel realities. The pathetic condition of poor people try to make both ends meet. The novel mirrors the lives of poor in a realistic mode. The White Tiger is a story about a man’s journey for freedom. The protagonist Balram in this novel is a victim of injustice, inequality and poverty. He worked hard inspite of his low caste and overcame the social hindrance and become a successful entrepreneur. Through this novel Adiga portrays realistic and painful image of modern India. The novel exposes the anxieties of the oppressed.
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Pan, Wenbin, Hongming Fu, and Peng Zheng. "Regional Poverty and Inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou City Cluster in China Based on NPP/VIIRS Night-Time Light Imagery." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (2020): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062547.
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Poverty and inequality remain outstanding challenges in many global regions. Understanding the underlying social and economic conditions is important in formulating poverty eradication strategies. Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Night-Time Light (NTL) images and multidimensional socioeconomic data between 2012 and 2018, this study measured regional poverty and inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou city cluster in the People’s Republic of China. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Theil index decomposition method were used to establish an Integrated Poverty Index (IPI) and a regional inequality index, respectively. The results indicated that: (1) The poverty index is affected by the geographical location, policies, and resources of a district/county. A significant logarithmic correlation model between VIIRS Average Light Index (ALI) and IPI was established. (2) The Theil index derived from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) indicators showed that overall inequality and between-prefecture inequality declined, while within-prefecture inequality remained unchanged. In terms of the contributions to regional inequality, the contribution of within-prefecture inequality is the largest. The results indicated that Suomi National Polar Partnership/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP/VIIRS) night-time data can help to perform district/county-level poverty assessments at small and medium spatial scales, although the evaluation effect on regional inequality is slightly lower.
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Tarozzi, Alessandro, and Angus Deaton. "Using Census and Survey Data to Estimate Poverty and Inequality for Small Areas." Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 4 (2009): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.4.773.
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Ayanda Malindi Krige, Kerryn, and Margie Sutherland. "Helenvale’s recycling initiative – catalysing community-driven social entrepreneurship." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, no. 4 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2016-0278.
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Subject area This case was developed to explore what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It tells the story of Neil Campher, a self-identified social entrepreneur working in South Africa, a country that has recently been awarded middle income status by the World Bank despite sharing a ranking with Syria on the Human Development Index. In environments of deep market failure, what does social enterprise look like? and can you sustain change in communities of extreme poverty? The case looks at the academic characteristics of social entrepreneurs and applies them to Neil to see if he “qualifies”. It has a particular focus on the bricoleur social entrepreneur. It explores concepts of poverty, and looks at sustainability, achieved through asset-based community development. It explores the need for organisations to transition in response to the environment and provides a tool to assess sustainability. The value of the paper is in exploring what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It also raises important questions on sustainability in environments which are inherently constrained. Study level/applicability This case study is aimed at students of social entrepreneurship, development studies, sustainable livelihoods and asset-based development. It is written at an Honours level and is therefore appropriate for use in customised or short programmes. The case study is a good introduction for students with a background in business (e.g. Diploma in Business Administration/MBA/custom programmes) who are wanting to understand social enterprise and blended theories of social and economic change. Case overview The case study follows self-identified social entrepreneur Neil Campher in the grime and crime-ridden township of Helenvale, outside Port Elizabeth, in South Africa. Campher has given up his glitzy career as a financier in the economic hub of Johannesburg and returned to his home town, drawn by a need to give back. Helenvale used to be where he and his school friends would hide from the apartheid police, but as an adult, his friends are focused on strengthening and progressing the community. Campher’s entry point to change is a small waste recycling project, and the case study looks at how he uses this as a lever to achieve deeper structural change in the community. The teaching case exposes several questions around social entrepreneurship and change: what is social entrepreneurship in an emerging context and is Campher a social entrepreneur? What is community led change and can it be sustainable? Campher’s dilemma is around sustainability – has his extensive involvement of the community been enough to achieve progress in Helenvale? Expected learning outcomes The case study gives insight into social entrepreneurship in a developing country context. It highlights the nuances in definition and introduces the importance of context in shaping the social entrepreneur. The case is an opportunity for students to interrogate ideas on poverty and classical interpretations of social entrepreneurship and relate them to a small community that mirrors the macro country context in South Africa. The case study shows how asset-based approaches to development are interlinked with basic principles of social entrepreneurship. It shows that sustainability is more than a secure and predictable income stream and the need for community engagement and commitment to the solution. In tackling these issues, the case questions sustainability potential and the need for the organisation to transition to respond to opportunity and the changing environment. Supplementary materials Video X1 5minute video interview with Neil Campher 5min: YouTube Video of Campher from Interview 1 www.leadingchange.co.za (live from 01 April 2016) Video News report of gang violence in Helenvale 3min: YouTube. This is a quick visual introduction to Helenvale. It is a news clip, so is particularly focused on the angle of the story. It includes interviews with residents. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=TluLpTuEq8I Northern Areas burning 2min: YouTube is a collection of video footage from a local reporter which shows Helenvale and its surroundings. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCW-Hp24vMI shows the Text Global Competitiveness Report: South Africa; the first page gives additional information on social and economic development in South Africa, highlighting developed/developing country attributes. It also highlights how Helenvale is a microcosm of the negative social development indicators in South Africa (http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=ZAF). Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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MARX, IVE. "The Dutch ‘Miracle’ Revisited: The Impact of Employment Growth on Poverty." Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 3 (2007): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001092.
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The past decade has been marked by the coming to prominence of social policy doctrines at the centre of which sits the idea that poverty reduction is best achieved through increased levels of labour market participation. A major reference point in the debate is the Netherlands, where a radical policy shift from passive benefit adequacy towards boosting labour market participation was initiated around the late 1980s and where it has been vigorously pursued since. The Netherlands is routinely praised for achieving a meteoric rise in employment, while maintaining extensive social protection and low levels of poverty and inequality. This article shows that unprecedented employment growth during the 1980s and 1990s went accompanied with comparatively small reductions in absolute poverty and a rise in relative poverty among the working-age population. These developments are linked to the main features of Dutch economic and social policy. The article also draws out some general lessons.
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Kormishkina, Ludmila Aleksandrovna, Evgenij Danilovich Kormishkin, and Eka Revazievna Ermakova. "Social well-being as a reflection of socioeconomic inequality in the country." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 3 (March 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2021.3.36049.
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This article substantiates social well-being of the population as one of the key indicators of socioeconomic inequality. The author advances a scientific idea is that the system of allocation of income and national wealth formed in the post-Soviet Russia, when excessive advantages of some (small social groups) are provided at the cost of limiting functional capabilities of others (larger social groups), which severely contradicts the basic principles of inclusive society and cannot be recognized as socially fair. The conducted analysis of the peculiarities of inequality in post-Soviet Russia describes it as “socially unfair” and excessive. Such inequality negatively affects social well-being of the individuals. It is demonstrated that excessive inequality, with characteristic massive poverty (absolute and relative), in the meta-space of social well-being of the population or the Russian Federation, the prevalent type of life realization of an individual is the “negative expectations”; most significant risk factors for the worsening of social well-being are moral and emotional state of society and some status characteristics of the individual (level of education, professional activity). Using cluster analysis, the author tests the hypothesis on the impact of excessive inequality upon the level of manifestation of deviant behavior of the people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the redistributive policy of the government aimed at reduction of socioeconomic inequality and improvement pf social well-being of the population.
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Marchetti, Stefano, Caterina Giusti, Monica Pratesi, et al. "Small Area Model-Based Estimators Using Big Data Sources." Journal of Official Statistics 31, no. 2 (2015): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2015-0017.
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Abstract The timely, accurate monitoring of social indicators, such as poverty or inequality, on a finegrained spatial and temporal scale is a crucial tool for understanding social phenomena and policymaking, but poses a great challenge to official statistics. This article argues that an interdisciplinary approach, combining the body of statistical research in small area estimation with the body of research in social data mining based on Big Data, can provide novel means to tackle this problem successfully. Big Data derived from the digital crumbs that humans leave behind in their daily activities are in fact providing ever more accurate proxies of social life. Social data mining from these data, coupled with advanced model-based techniques for fine-grained estimates, have the potential to provide a novel microscope through which to view and understand social complexity. This article suggests three ways to use Big Data together with small area estimation techniques, and shows how Big Data has the potential to mirror aspects of well-being and other socioeconomic phenomena.
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MOHAN, PREEYA, PATRICK WATSON, and ERIC STROBL. "NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS IN CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: OPPORTUNITY VERSUS NECESSITY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23, no. 04 (2018): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671850022x.
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Nascent entrepreneurship is important for economic growth and development because it often involves new firm creation and innovation. Besides the perceived ability to become an entrepreneur, determined by one’s human, social and financial capital, individuals must have a willingness to become self-employed as exhibited by their entrepreneurial motivation. A distinction is made between opportunity or “pull” entrepreneurs who set up a business to take advantage of an identified opportunity and necessity or “push” entrepreneurs who are forced to start a business to escape unemployment or poverty. This paper investigates nascent entrepreneurship in a selection of Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean (SIDS), along with differences between nascent opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. We use the 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS) for Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Probit regressions are used and comparisons between opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurs are made. The findings indicate that both socio-economic and perceptual factors affect nascent entrepreneurship and do so differently among opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs with important policy implications for encouraging new firm creation.
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Lara Alvarez, Jorge. "Multivariate robust estimation of inequality indices." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 10 (2015): 921–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0271.
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Purpose – The data employed to measure income inequality usually come from household surveys, which commonly suffer from atypical observations such as outliers and contamination points. This is of importance since a single atypical observation can make classical inequality indices totally uninformative. To deal with this problem, robust univariate parametric or ad hoc procedures are commonly used; however, neither is fully satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology to deal with this problem. Design/methodology/approach – The author propose two robust procedures to estimate inequality indices that can use all the information from a data set, and neither of them rely on a parametric distributional assumption. The methodology performs well irrespectively of the size and quality of the data set. Findings – Applying these methods to household data for UK (1979) and Mexico (2006 and 2011), the author find that for UK data the Gini, Coefficient of Variation and Theil Inequality Indices are over estimated by between 0.02 and 0.04, while in the case of Mexico the same indices are over estimated more deeply, between 0.1 and almost 0.4. The relevance of including atypical observations that follow the linear pattern of the data are shown using the data from Mexico (2011). Research limitations/implications – The methodology has two main limitations: the procedures are not able to identify a bad leverage outlier from a contamination point; and in the case that the data has no atypical observations, the procedures will tag as atypical a very small fraction of observations. Social implications – A reduction in the estimate of inequality has important consequences from a policy maker perspective. First, ceteris paribus, the optimal amount of resources destinated to directly address inequality/poverty. Those “extra” resources can be destinated to promote growth. Notice that this is a direct consequence of having a more egalitarian economy than previously thought, this is due to the fact that poor people will actually enjoy a bigger share of any national income increment. This also implies that, in order to reduce poverty, public policies should focus more on economic growth. Originality/value – To the knowledge, in the inequality literature this is the first methodology that is able to identify outliers and contamination points in more than one direction. That is, not only at the tails of the distribution, but on the whole marginal distribution of income. This is possible via the use of other variables related to income.
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Makler, Harry, Walter L. Ness, and Adrian E. Tschoegl. "Inequalities in Firms’ Access to Credit in Latin America." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 03n04 (2013): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0024.
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A variety of social and economic institutions have contributed to the decline in poverty and inequality in Latin America. We focus on the bank-SME nexus because of the importance of banks as a source of finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and the potential role that SMEs can play as sources of innovation, employment, and in reducing poverty and inequality. Our regression analysis of data from World Bank (WB) surveys of firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico shows that firms that are smaller, newer, less technically advanced, and less well-located firms are more likely to report being credit constrained. The factors that did not count are executive characteristics such as gender, education, and experience in the sector, and firm performance or foreign ownership. Firms that worked with several banks, developed affiliations to business groups or were in trade and political associations were less likely to report credit constraint.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Werlang, Filho Armindo. "POLÍTICAS DE FINANCIAMENTO AOS MICROEMPREENDEDORES: UMA FERRAMENTA NO COMBATE À DESIGUALDADE SOCIAL." Universidade Catolica de Pelotas, 2010. http://tede.ucpel.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/127.
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-13<br>This work was guided by the study of the policies of small scale financing, which, if well implemented, can represent an alternative to fighting poverty and social inequality, because through them we can bring economic development to the poor. In this work, we approach the goal, the key question, the guiding questions, the investigative method and the nature and structure of the research. Additionally, the social reality of the development of the Capitalist Way of Production (CWP) is exposed and presents the Micro entrepreneurship as one possible alternative for facing this reality. The development consists of three chapters, in which the first indicates the system of credit to small entrepreneurs as a viable tool to combat poverty and social inequality. The second chapter addresses the micro and small enterprises and social issues, emphasizing the potential for generating employment and income of these companies as well as their difficulties. In the third chapter, "The Credit for the Micro entrepreneur and Social Inequality , discusses the policies of credit for micro entrepreneurs deployed in the country, addressing, among other things, the legislation that regulates credit programs to small entrepreneur, the main obstacles to their development and deployment, key initiatives and also the support needed for the proper performance of programs in the country. A reference to solidarity finance and small scale credit is made, spanning their definitions, brief history of micro entrepreneurship and articulating them to the legacy of Professor Yunus with the creation and operation of the Grameen Bank. The characteristics of the adopted policies, from the Grameen Bank, which resulted in success and an example for the world economy are also discussed. The credit to small entrepreneur is seen from the perspective of credit unions and community banks, which deal with poor people's access to credit as a mean of reducing social inequality, thus making the link between the system of credit to small entrepreneurs and poverty alleviation and social and economic inequality in the country. In this chapter, poverty and social inequality are focused from the postulate of Amartya Sen, because according to the author, the use of freedom as an agent for change is about incentives for credit access. At last, the results which this very research proposed are exposed<br>Este trabalho foi norteado pelo estudo das políticas de financiamento de pequena monta, que, se bem implantadas, podem representar uma alternativa para o combate à pobreza e à desigualdade social, pois através delas pode-se levar o desenvolvimento econômico à população pobre. Na apresentação deste estudo, são abordados o objetivo, a questão-chave, as questões norteadoras, o método investigativo e a natureza e estruturação da pesquisa. Além disso, expõe-se a realidade social decorrente do desenvolvimento do Modo de Produção Capitalista (MPC) e se apresenta o microempreendedorismo como uma das possíveis alternativas de enfrentamento dessa realidade. O desenvolvimento é constituído por três capítulos, em que o primeiro aponta o sistema de crédito ao pequeno empreendedor como uma ferramenta viável de combate à pobreza e à desigualdade social. O segundo capítulo aborda as micro e pequenas empresas e a questão social, enfatizando a potencialidade de geração de trabalho e renda dessas empresas, bem como as suas dificuldades. No terceiro capítulo, O Crédito para o Microempreendedor e a Desigualdade Social , discute-se a política de crédito aos microempreendedores implantada no país, abordando-se, entre outros aspectos, a legislação vigente que regulamenta os programas de crédito ao microempreendedor, os principais obstáculos à implantação e desenvolvimento deles, as principais iniciativas e também os apoios necessários ao bom desempenho dos programas no país. Faz-se, ainda, referência às finanças solidárias e ao crédito de pequena monta, perpassando as suas definições, breve histórico do micro empreendedorismo e os articulando ao legado do professor Yunus, com a criação e funcionamento do Grameen Bank. As características das políticas adotadas, a partir do Grammen Bank, que resultaram em sucesso e exemplo para o mundo econômico são também discorridas. O crédito ao microempreendedor é visto sob a ótica das cooperativas de crédito e dos bancos comunitários, que tratam o acesso das pessoas pobres ao crédito como forma de diminuir a desigualdade social, fazendo, dessa forma, o elo entre o sistema de crédito ao pequeno empreendedor e a diminuição da pobreza e desigualdade social e econômica no país. Nesse capítulo, a pobreza e a desigualdade social são focalizadas a partir do postulado de Amartya Sen, pois, segundo o autor, o uso da liberdade como agente para mudanças trata-se de incentivos para o acesso ao crédito.
Nas considerações finais, são expostos os resultados a que a presente pesquisa se propôs
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McLennan, David. "The lived experience of inequality in post-apartheid South Africa : measuring exposure to socio-economic inequality at small area level." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eede1ec4-62d2-4dd3-8175-29c81cb301ca.
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South Africa has undergone a remarkable political transformation since the birth of democracy in 1994, yet it remains plagued by extremely high levels of socio-economic inequality, violent crime and social unrest. Although inequality is often regarded as a major driver of many social problems, the evidence base concerning inequality in South Africa is relatively limited, consisting primarily of national level Gini coefficients or General Entropy measures based upon household income, expenditure or consumption data. In this thesis I argue that these broad national level measures say little about people's actual day-to-day lived experiences of inequality and how these individual experiences of inequality may be shaped by the local geographical areas in which people live and go about their daily lives. I construct a series of empirical measures of exposure to socio-economic inequality which reflect the socio-spatial environments in which people live. I argue that these new measures can be used as explanatory factors in the study of other social outcomes, both at an individual level (for example, individuals' attitudes) and at an area level (for example, rates of violent crime). Exposure to inequality is measured both from the perspective of the 'poor' population and the perspective of the 'non-poor' population and the measures are constructed and presented at small area level using the Datazone statistical geography. I analyse the spatial distribution of exposure to inequality and find that exposure to inequality is typically highest in urban neighbourhoods, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. I develop a measure of intensity of exposure in order to highlight areas with both high exposure and high levels of deprivation. I also present one example of how my new measures can be used to explore associations with other outcomes, specifically looking at the relationship between people's lived experience of inequality and their attitudes towards inequality and redress.
Books on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Pestieau, Pierre, and Mathieu Lefebvre. Poverty and Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0002.
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This chapter is about the state of inequality and poverty in Europe. We observe differences in poverty rates and income inequality across European countries. At the one extreme, there are the Benelux and Nordic countries with little poverty and small inequalities. At the other extreme, there is a mixed group consisting of Southern, Eastern, and Anglo- Saxon countries. Changes in poverty and inequality over time have been rather small. A number of reliable signals, such as aging and restrictive public finance point to an increase of poverty and inequality in the near future. Finally, we show that beyond the traditional social polarization based on income and wealth, there is a deeper and multicausal divide that represents the most serious challenge to our welfare states.
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Keohane, Georgia Levenson. Capital and the Common Good. Columbia University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231178020.001.0001.
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Despite social and economic advances around the world, poverty and disease persist, exacerbated by the mounting challenges of climate change, natural disasters, political conflict, mass migration, and economic inequality. While governments commit to addressing these challenges, traditional public and philanthropic dollars are not enough. Here, innovative finance has shown a way forward: by borrowing techniques from the world of finance, we can raise capital for social investments today. Innovative finance has provided polio vaccines to children in the DRC, crop insurance to farmers in India, pay-as-you-go solar electricity to Kenyans, and affordable housing and transportation to New Yorkers. It has helped governmental, commercial, and philanthropic resources meet the needs of the poor and underserved and build a more sustainable and inclusive prosperity. Capital and the Common Good shows how market failure in one context can be solved with market solutions from another: an expert in securitization bundles future development aid into bonds to pay for vaccines today; an entrepreneur turns a mobile phone into an array of financial services for the unbanked; and policy makers adapt pay-for-success models from the world of infrastructure to human services like early childhood education, maternal health, and job training. Revisiting the successes and missteps of these efforts, Georgia Levenson Keohane argues that innovative finance is as much about incentives and sound decision-making as it is about money. When it works, innovative finance gives us the tools, motivation, and security to invest in our shared future.
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Woodhouse, Barbara Bennett. The Ecology of Childhood. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814794845.001.0001.
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This book uses the ecological model of child development together with ethnographic and comparative studies of two small villages, in Italy and the US, as its framework for examining the well-being of children in the aftermath of the Great Recession. Global forces, far from being distant and abstract, are revealed as wreaking havoc in children’s environments even in economically advanced countries of the OECD. Falling birth rates, deteriorating labor conditions, fraying safety nets, rising rates of child poverty and a surge in racism and populism are explored in the dish of the village as well as data-based studies. Globalism’s discontents—unrestrained capitalism and technological change, rising inequality, mass migration, and the juggernaut of climate change--are rapidly destabilizing and degrading the social and physical environments necessary to our collective survival and well-being. This crisis demands a radical restructuring of our macrosystemic value systems. Rejecting metrics such as GDP, Efficiency and Bigness, this book proposes instead an ecogenerist theory that asks whether our policies and politics foster environments in which children and families can flourish. It proposes, as a benchmark, the family supportive human rights principles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. The author uses stories from actual children’s lives, in both small and urban settings, to explore the ecology of childhood and illustrate children’s rights principles in action. The book closes by highlighting ways individuals can work at the local and regional levels to create more just and sustainable worlds that are truly fit for children.
Book chapters on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Semali, Ladislaus M. "Women Entrepreneurs Address Poverty and Social Change Through Empowering Grassroots Initiatives in Tanzania." In Socio-Economic Development. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7311-1.ch070.
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This chapter investigates the story of Jitahidi women in Tanzania to understand the dynamics of empowerment at the grassroots level. The stories chronicled in this chapter present self-reliance events, motivations, and practical initiatives of a small entrepreneurial group of women, organized with shoe-string budgets. Their goal was to establish a women's collective strength that could unleash women's lives from oppressive economic regimes, patriarchal traditions, gender inequality, gender discrimination, and socio-historical legacies that exploit women everywhere. The study revealed that dialogical way of thinking and underlying conventions wrapped-up in Women in Development activities in Tanzania were critical in providing the vision that guided the Jitahidi group to create a space for transformation and potential to empower women so as to define their own educational needs and create political organizations within the local community.
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Wong, Yue Chim Richard. "The Challenge of Poverty, Near-Poverty, and Inequality in 21st-Century Hong Kong." In Fixing Inequality in Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888390625.003.0040.
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The essays in this volume show that poverty, near-poverty, and inequality are multi- faceted conditions. They have coalesced into a growing economic and social condition in Hong Kong, which is also developing into a difficult political problem. The origins can be traced to the effects of economic globalization and China’s opening in the 1980s. It then grew during the late 1990s and worsened in the early 21st century. Many rich cities in the world have experienced similar phenomena. First, a small fraction of the population is in poverty; some may even be destitute. Second, the middle class begins sinking as growing numbers of its members become less able to afford a comfortable life in the manner they are used to. Third, income inequality and inequality in the ownership of wealth rise, especially as a result of escalating property prices. Unlike in other places, in Hong Kong these conditions are developing at a faster pace and with greater severity.
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Leisering, Lutz. "Towards a Theory of Social Assistance." In The Global Rise of Social Cash Transfers. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754336.003.0010.
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This chapter sets out a theory of social assistance (including social cash transfers), which covers both the global North and South, and discusses the future of income security in the South beyond social cash transfers. It is argued that social assistance constitutes a small but vital component of social security and social citizenship—‘residual but fundamental’. It is further argued that social assistance is ‘fundamental but not comprehensive’, i.e. the challenge of universalizing social citizenship extends beyond relieving poverty. To confront the problem of inequality and get the middle classes on board, cash transfers need to be embedded in a broader, multi-tiered architecture of social security, which increases political support also for cash transfers. Still, despite the fundamental contributions of social assistance and the positive effects of cash transfers in many countries of the South, these programmes remain Janus-faced, entailing inclusions and exclusions, recognition and stigma, autonomy and social control.
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Pillay, Gnanam, and Sylvia Kaye. "Exploring Social Entrepreneurship for the Creation of Sustainable Livelihoods in South Africa." In Incorporating Business Models and Strategies into Social Entrepreneurship. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8748-6.ch014.
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Although social entrepreneurship has grown rapidly in developed and many developing countries around the world, it is still in its infancy in South Africa. To date, there is limited research available about social entrepreneurship in South Africa. While there are many reasons for its slow development in this country, a significant reason is the poor understanding of the concept, which would preclude investment in programmes, policies and research. This chapter presents an overview of South African issues and analyses how social entrepreneurial development can address some of the problems and issues. The more pressing problems include extreme inequality, high poverty levels and unemployment, a weak Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise (SMME) sector, fragmented communities and an economic system that needs to strengthen both social and economic development. The chapter presents the model developed as a result of research that contextualizes social entrepreneurial development for a South African market.
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Ruddy, Anthony. "The new ‘spectral army’: biography and youth poverty on Teesside’s deprived estates." In Youth Marginality in Britain. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330523.003.0017.
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Anthony Ruddy examines the experiences of young people growing up in contexts of multiple deprivation and material hardship in a small, deindustrialised town in North East England. Using ethnographic and biographical subjective narratives from young people he focuses on the interplay between youth poverty and material inequality, resistance and the ordinary lives of young people from marginalized communities. This is a study on significant financial hardship and deep poverty intersects with structural economic and social degeneration, discrimination and individual victimization. He offers direct emotional insight into the lives of young adults who on a day-to-day basis experience different forms of marginalisation as part of their struggle of transition to adulthood.
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Essien, Essien. "Ethical Dilemma of the Digital Divide in the Threshold of Social Inequalities in Africa." In Ethics and Decision-Making for Sustainable Business Practices. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3773-1.ch005.
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Despite the ubiquitous nature of the internet in our daily lives today, the digital divide discourse in Africa highlights the inequitable social distribution of ICT access. The failure to have equitable social access to ICT tools, or a lack of skills to operate them, clearly depicts a technological predicament and a metaphor that questions the social gaps between humans that can access and use the web, and those that cannot. Relying on content analysis of extensive literature on the digital divide, this paper explores the notion of digital divide social inequalities in Africa, especially as it concerns how it should be understood, valued and managed. Findings, reveals that though the new information technologies are rapidly changing lives of a small but growing number of people across Africa, decisions on content, knowledge and participation excludes Africans. The digital divide therefore, has the potential to create, perpetuate and exacerbate morally objectionable conditions that can replicate poverty, construct exclusion and foregrounds social inequality in many African societies.
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Pfau-Effinger, Birgit, and Thordis Reimer. "The interplay of welfare state policies with supply- and demand-side factors in the production of marginalised part-time employment among women in Germany." In Dualisation of Part-Time Work. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348603.003.0010.
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In the early 2000s, Germany's Red-Green government introduced a new type of marginal employment in the form of 'Minijob' legislation. In the context of the dualisation strategy of the German welfare state, Minijob legislation has supported firms in extending the secondary segment of marginal jobs. However, Minijobs are associated with particularly low social security and high poverty risks, and these positions are primarily staffed by women. Therefore, the extension of the Minijob system has contributed to the persistence of traditional structures of gender inequality. This empirical study examines how demand and supply side factors interact with welfare state institutions and politics in the production of marginal employment of women in part-time jobs. Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we used logistic regression to analyse women's risk of working in Minijobs based on family, educational, biographical and workplace characteristics. The research results identify both supply side and demand side factors as being significant in shaping a situation whereby married women with small children and lower levels of education who work in small, non-public firms are particularly exposed to the risks of marginal employment in Minijobs.
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Del Percio, Enrique. "Argentina: The Philosophical Resistance to the Conquest of the Soul1." In A Post-Neoliberal Era in Latin America? Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529200997.003.0008.
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In 1976, a terrible dictatorship was established in Argentina, even before Foucault claimed with crystal clarity that the fundamental difference between classical liberalism and neoliberalism was the substitution of the homo economicus −related to the exchange− by the homo economicus as entrepreneur of himself (lecture delivered on 14 March 1979); and also before Margaret Thatcher (in Ronald Butt’s interview, Sunday Times, 3 May 1981) confirmed Foucault´s analysis stating that: “Economics are the method; the object is to change the heart and soul”. In the same year, Milton Friedman received the Nobel Prize in Economics. The explicit purpose of the Military Junta was to promote a profound cultural transformation, based on the premise that the causes of the alleged “underdevelopment” were not so much economical but cultural and political. Nevertheless, as García Delgado and Molina (2006) pointed out, the problem is not related to a sort of inevitable structural poverty, due to the culture of our people. It is a matter of a decline in society, produced by the policy orientation of the dictatorship. Until then, the income distribution was similar to that of the countries from the Southern Europe with an almost frictional unemployment. Until the coup d’état, Argentina had a poverty rate of 8% and the best distributive structure of income in Latin America. However, 1976 was a turning point; the surge of the neoliberal model promoted a process of over-indebtedness, wealth concentration, unrestricted opening of markets with an unfavourable exchange rate for national industry, labour flexibilization, with the insertion in a competitive globalization of “savage capitalism” that “strengthened the asymmetries and transfers of resources from the periphery to the centre. This concept differs from thinking about inequality as a problem related to culture, corruption and poor institutional quality” (García Delgado, 2006).Despite the overwhelming adverse evidence, it is still a commonplace to blame all the ills of our society on that culture, the maximum expression of which would be Peronism. In fact, the great majority of disappeared people during the dictatorship were Peronist political, trade union and social leaders. The motto of the Ministry of Economics during the dictatorship was “towards a change of mentality”. The current Argentine situation, in terms of advances of neoliberalism as well as resistances to it, cannot be understood without referring to the dictatorship. In Poratti words, “the coup d’état of 1976 does not only put an end to a government, a political system and project, but also to a 'world' in which Argentinians were living at least from the independence project of 1810. In those days, there was not an abrupt differentiation between generations and, in many aspects, people could identify themselves, diachronically, with a historical line beyond the particular generational characteristics” (Various Authors, 2009).These aspects go along with others that appeared in other areas, such as the implementation of new computer and communication technologies and, as a consequence, individual and social fragmentation. The impact of these technologies on daily life was decisive to the emergence of what some authors, like Sloterdijk (2002), called “mass individualism.” No doubt, this is a necessary aspect to explain the rise of the neoliberal subjectivity in developed countries. Yet, in Argentina, the existence of political, social, trade-union and ecclesiastical movements based on popular roots, with solidarity as a fundamental value, hampered the conquest of the “heart and soul” in 1976; and they are still now an obstacle to be overcome by sectors interested in imposing a neoliberal model. It is impossible to explain any isolated phenomenon of popular resistance to the hegemonic attempts from neoliberalism without analysing the common conceptions and understandings found in Argentina. Indeed, the popular culture substrate in Argentina is made up, mainly, by the confluence of different cultures: Andean, Guaraní Indians, Afro and Criollo (native). All of them are characterized by their relational and solidarity conceptions, intrinsically opposed to a subjectivity that conceives the individual as an entrepreneur of himself/herself.
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Hochschild, Jennifer L., and Nathan Scovronick. "School Reform." In American Dream and Public Schools. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195152784.003.0008.
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AMERICANSGIVE A GRADE OF “B PLUS” to the schools attended by their own children, a “B minus” to the public schools in their community, and a “C” to the public schools nationally. Incumbent politicians extol the impact of the educational reforms they have sponsored while insurgents point to the problems that remain. Some analysts call for an “autopsy” on public education, others insist that such rhetoric represents a “manufactured crisis” comprised of “myths [and] fraud.” The American public education system is not in crisis. Some public schools are impressive and many are doing a good job, although most are not as good as they should be. In a few places, chiefly in poor urban districts (and in some poor rural districts as well), schools are failing miserably; they provide the evidence for people who see a crisis. Once again the most serious problems result from inequality. In part because of home and community influences, poor children often come to school less ready to learn than others, and they face more obstacles to educational success as they grow up. Parents and communities can and must contribute to alleviating this problem, just as social policies such as full employment, universal health insurance, and family allowances could help. As we have seen, however, it is the schools to which we have given the central responsibility to make the American dream work, to provide the structure and tools that all children need to pursue their dreams and maintain democracy. America has chosen to invest in schools rather than these other social policies to try to equalize opportunity; if our nation allows public education to fail the children who most need its help, then the dream is merely a sham. We cannot simultaneously substitute schools for other policies to alleviate poverty and permit schools to shirk the tasks needed to do the job. School reform can help poor children, and others, improve their performance. The movement for high standards has created a mechanism that can help all students to learn more. Preschool, summer school, and small classes can help them.
Conference papers on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Velkovska, Ivana. "THE COST OF NEGATIVE INCOME TAX AS A FISCAL MEASURE TO TACKLE POVERTY IN NORTH MACEDONIA." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0002.
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This paper makes an effort to evaluate the cost of negative income tax as a fiscal measure aiming to tackle the persistent high poverty rate in Macedonia. Poverty, income inequality and unemployment are expected to rise all around the world due to the pandemic corona virus outbreak and the subsequent economic crisis. Governments around the world have already implemented measures similar to universal basic income with the purpose of increasing household consumption and stimulating aggregate demand but also to mitigate the devastating effects that the recent unfavorable economic developments have on the citizens living in poverty or are at the risk of poverty. However, shrinking fiscal spaces of small economies could be an obstacle to implement such policies. Compared to universal basic income, negative income tax is a less costly policy option that targets the population living in poverty instead of providing payments to everyone regardless of their income. The analysis based on the available data is indicating that implementing such policy would cost as much as 9.7 billion MKD per year, which is 4% of the planned state budget revenues for Y2020, 8% of the planned social transfers for Y2020 and 29% of the funds that the state has made available for tackling the COVID 19 crisis so far. In addition, the negative income tax could trigger various positive effects on the economy. Since poor people spend almost all of their income, it could be expected that implementing negative income tax would rise household consumption. According to the empirical analysis in this paper, household consumption is in highest correlation to GDP growth in Macedonia compared to the other explanatory variables (government consumption, investments, import and export).
Reports on the topic "Small Entrepreneur, Poverty, Social Inequality"
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Pritchett, Lant, and Martina Viarengo. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/069.
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The learning crisis in developing countries is increasingly acknowledged (World Bank, 2018). The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) include goals and targets for universal learning and the World Bank has adopted a goal of eliminating learning poverty. We use student level PISA-D results for seven countries (Cambodia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Senegal, and Zambia) to examine inequality in learning outcomes at the global, country, and student level for public school students. We examine learning inequality using five dimensions of potential social disadvantage measured in PISA: sex, rurality, home language, immigrant status, and socio-economic status (SES)—using the PISA measure of ESCS (Economic, Social, and Cultural Status) to measure SES. We document four important facts. First, with the exception of Ecuador, less than a third of the advantaged (male, urban, native, home speakers of the language of instruction) and ESCS elite (plus 2 standard deviations above the mean) children enrolled in public schools in PISA-D countries reach the SDG minimal target of PISA level 2 or higher in mathematics (with similarly low levels for reading and science). Even if learning differentials of enrolled students along all five dimensions of disadvantage were eliminated, the vast majority of children in these countries would not reach the SDG minimum targets. Second, the inequality in learning outcomes of the in-school children who were assessed by the PISA by household ESCS is mostly smaller in these less developed countries than in OECD or high-performing non-OECD countries. If the PISA-D countries had the same relationship of learning to ESCS as Denmark (as an example of a typical OECD country) or Vietnam (a high-performing developing country) their enrolled ESCS disadvantaged children would do worse, not better, than they actually do. Third, the disadvantages in learning outcomes along four characteristics: sex, rurality, home language, and being an immigrant country are absolutely large, but still small compared to the enormous gap between the advantaged, ESCS average students, and the SDG minimums. Given the massive global inequalities, remediating within-country inequalities in learning, while undoubtedly important for equity and justice, leads to only modest gains towards the SDG targets. Fourth, even including both public and private school students, there are strikingly few children in PISA-D countries at high levels of performance. The absolute number of children at PISA level 4 or above (reached by roughly 30 percent of OECD children) in the low performing PISA-D countries is less than a few thousand individuals, sometimes only a few hundred—in some subjects and countries just double or single digits. These four hard lessons from PISA-D reinforce the need to address global equity by “raising the floor” and targeting low learning levels (Crouch and Rolleston, 2017; Crouch, Rolleston, and Gustafsson, 2020). As Vietnam and other recent successes show, this can be done in developing country settings if education systems align around learning to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning processes to improve early learning of foundational skills.