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Ahlawat, RASHMI. "Aravind Adiga’s The White Tiger: A Socio –Political Study of Poverty and Injustice." IJOHMN (International Journal online of Humanities) 2, no. 6 (2016): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijohmn.v2i6.24.
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Aravind Adiga’s Man Booker Prize winning debut novel The White Tiger is sharp, fascinating, attacks poverty and injustice. The White Tiger is a ground breaking Indian novel. Aravind Adiga speaks of suppression and exploitation of various sections of Indian society. Mainly a story of Balram, a young boy’s journey from rags to riches, Darkness to Light transforming from a village teashop boy into a Bangalore entrepreneur. This paper deals with poverty and injustice. The paper analyses Balram’s capability to overcome the adversities and cruel realities. The pathetic condition of poor people try to make both ends meet. The novel mirrors the lives of poor in a realistic mode. The White Tiger is a story about a man’s journey for freedom. The protagonist Balram in this novel is a victim of injustice, inequality and poverty. He worked hard inspite of his low caste and overcame the social hindrance and become a successful entrepreneur. Through this novel Adiga portrays realistic and painful image of modern India. The novel exposes the anxieties of the oppressed.
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Pan, Wenbin, Hongming Fu, and Peng Zheng. "Regional Poverty and Inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou City Cluster in China Based on NPP/VIIRS Night-Time Light Imagery." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (2020): 2547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062547.
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Poverty and inequality remain outstanding challenges in many global regions. Understanding the underlying social and economic conditions is important in formulating poverty eradication strategies. Using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Night-Time Light (NTL) images and multidimensional socioeconomic data between 2012 and 2018, this study measured regional poverty and inequality in the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou city cluster in the People’s Republic of China. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the Theil index decomposition method were used to establish an Integrated Poverty Index (IPI) and a regional inequality index, respectively. The results indicated that: (1) The poverty index is affected by the geographical location, policies, and resources of a district/county. A significant logarithmic correlation model between VIIRS Average Light Index (ALI) and IPI was established. (2) The Theil index derived from Gross Domestic Product (GDP) indicators showed that overall inequality and between-prefecture inequality declined, while within-prefecture inequality remained unchanged. In terms of the contributions to regional inequality, the contribution of within-prefecture inequality is the largest. The results indicated that Suomi National Polar Partnership/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP/VIIRS) night-time data can help to perform district/county-level poverty assessments at small and medium spatial scales, although the evaluation effect on regional inequality is slightly lower.
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Tarozzi, Alessandro, and Angus Deaton. "Using Census and Survey Data to Estimate Poverty and Inequality for Small Areas." Review of Economics and Statistics 91, no. 4 (2009): 773–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/rest.91.4.773.
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Ayanda Malindi Krige, Kerryn, and Margie Sutherland. "Helenvale’s recycling initiative – catalysing community-driven social entrepreneurship." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 6, no. 4 (2016): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2016-0278.
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Subject area This case was developed to explore what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It tells the story of Neil Campher, a self-identified social entrepreneur working in South Africa, a country that has recently been awarded middle income status by the World Bank despite sharing a ranking with Syria on the Human Development Index. In environments of deep market failure, what does social enterprise look like? and can you sustain change in communities of extreme poverty? The case looks at the academic characteristics of social entrepreneurs and applies them to Neil to see if he “qualifies”. It has a particular focus on the bricoleur social entrepreneur. It explores concepts of poverty, and looks at sustainability, achieved through asset-based community development. It explores the need for organisations to transition in response to the environment and provides a tool to assess sustainability. The value of the paper is in exploring what social entrepreneurship looks like in an emerging market context. It also raises important questions on sustainability in environments which are inherently constrained. Study level/applicability This case study is aimed at students of social entrepreneurship, development studies, sustainable livelihoods and asset-based development. It is written at an Honours level and is therefore appropriate for use in customised or short programmes. The case study is a good introduction for students with a background in business (e.g. Diploma in Business Administration/MBA/custom programmes) who are wanting to understand social enterprise and blended theories of social and economic change. Case overview The case study follows self-identified social entrepreneur Neil Campher in the grime and crime-ridden township of Helenvale, outside Port Elizabeth, in South Africa. Campher has given up his glitzy career as a financier in the economic hub of Johannesburg and returned to his home town, drawn by a need to give back. Helenvale used to be where he and his school friends would hide from the apartheid police, but as an adult, his friends are focused on strengthening and progressing the community. Campher’s entry point to change is a small waste recycling project, and the case study looks at how he uses this as a lever to achieve deeper structural change in the community. The teaching case exposes several questions around social entrepreneurship and change: what is social entrepreneurship in an emerging context and is Campher a social entrepreneur? What is community led change and can it be sustainable? Campher’s dilemma is around sustainability – has his extensive involvement of the community been enough to achieve progress in Helenvale? Expected learning outcomes The case study gives insight into social entrepreneurship in a developing country context. It highlights the nuances in definition and introduces the importance of context in shaping the social entrepreneur. The case is an opportunity for students to interrogate ideas on poverty and classical interpretations of social entrepreneurship and relate them to a small community that mirrors the macro country context in South Africa. The case study shows how asset-based approaches to development are interlinked with basic principles of social entrepreneurship. It shows that sustainability is more than a secure and predictable income stream and the need for community engagement and commitment to the solution. In tackling these issues, the case questions sustainability potential and the need for the organisation to transition to respond to opportunity and the changing environment. Supplementary materials Video X1 5minute video interview with Neil Campher 5min: YouTube Video of Campher from Interview 1 www.leadingchange.co.za (live from 01 April 2016) Video News report of gang violence in Helenvale 3min: YouTube. This is a quick visual introduction to Helenvale. It is a news clip, so is particularly focused on the angle of the story. It includes interviews with residents. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=TluLpTuEq8I Northern Areas burning 2min: YouTube is a collection of video footage from a local reporter which shows Helenvale and its surroundings. The site www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCW-Hp24vMI shows the Text Global Competitiveness Report: South Africa; the first page gives additional information on social and economic development in South Africa, highlighting developed/developing country attributes. It also highlights how Helenvale is a microcosm of the negative social development indicators in South Africa (http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=ZAF). Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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MARX, IVE. "The Dutch ‘Miracle’ Revisited: The Impact of Employment Growth on Poverty." Journal of Social Policy 36, no. 3 (2007): 383–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001092.
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The past decade has been marked by the coming to prominence of social policy doctrines at the centre of which sits the idea that poverty reduction is best achieved through increased levels of labour market participation. A major reference point in the debate is the Netherlands, where a radical policy shift from passive benefit adequacy towards boosting labour market participation was initiated around the late 1980s and where it has been vigorously pursued since. The Netherlands is routinely praised for achieving a meteoric rise in employment, while maintaining extensive social protection and low levels of poverty and inequality. This article shows that unprecedented employment growth during the 1980s and 1990s went accompanied with comparatively small reductions in absolute poverty and a rise in relative poverty among the working-age population. These developments are linked to the main features of Dutch economic and social policy. The article also draws out some general lessons.
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Kormishkina, Ludmila Aleksandrovna, Evgenij Danilovich Kormishkin, and Eka Revazievna Ermakova. "Social well-being as a reflection of socioeconomic inequality in the country." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 3 (March 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2021.3.36049.
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This article substantiates social well-being of the population as one of the key indicators of socioeconomic inequality. The author advances a scientific idea is that the system of allocation of income and national wealth formed in the post-Soviet Russia, when excessive advantages of some (small social groups) are provided at the cost of limiting functional capabilities of others (larger social groups), which severely contradicts the basic principles of inclusive society and cannot be recognized as socially fair. The conducted analysis of the peculiarities of inequality in post-Soviet Russia describes it as “socially unfair” and excessive. Such inequality negatively affects social well-being of the individuals. It is demonstrated that excessive inequality, with characteristic massive poverty (absolute and relative), in the meta-space of social well-being of the population or the Russian Federation, the prevalent type of life realization of an individual is the “negative expectations”; most significant risk factors for the worsening of social well-being are moral and emotional state of society and some status characteristics of the individual (level of education, professional activity). Using cluster analysis, the author tests the hypothesis on the impact of excessive inequality upon the level of manifestation of deviant behavior of the people in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Recommendations are formulated on amending the redistributive policy of the government aimed at reduction of socioeconomic inequality and improvement pf social well-being of the population.
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Marchetti, Stefano, Caterina Giusti, Monica Pratesi, et al. "Small Area Model-Based Estimators Using Big Data Sources." Journal of Official Statistics 31, no. 2 (2015): 263–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2015-0017.
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Abstract The timely, accurate monitoring of social indicators, such as poverty or inequality, on a finegrained spatial and temporal scale is a crucial tool for understanding social phenomena and policymaking, but poses a great challenge to official statistics. This article argues that an interdisciplinary approach, combining the body of statistical research in small area estimation with the body of research in social data mining based on Big Data, can provide novel means to tackle this problem successfully. Big Data derived from the digital crumbs that humans leave behind in their daily activities are in fact providing ever more accurate proxies of social life. Social data mining from these data, coupled with advanced model-based techniques for fine-grained estimates, have the potential to provide a novel microscope through which to view and understand social complexity. This article suggests three ways to use Big Data together with small area estimation techniques, and shows how Big Data has the potential to mirror aspects of well-being and other socioeconomic phenomena.
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MOHAN, PREEYA, PATRICK WATSON, and ERIC STROBL. "NASCENT ENTREPRENEURS IN CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES: OPPORTUNITY VERSUS NECESSITY." Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 23, no. 04 (2018): 1850022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s108494671850022x.
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Nascent entrepreneurship is important for economic growth and development because it often involves new firm creation and innovation. Besides the perceived ability to become an entrepreneur, determined by one’s human, social and financial capital, individuals must have a willingness to become self-employed as exhibited by their entrepreneurial motivation. A distinction is made between opportunity or “pull” entrepreneurs who set up a business to take advantage of an identified opportunity and necessity or “push” entrepreneurs who are forced to start a business to escape unemployment or poverty. This paper investigates nascent entrepreneurship in a selection of Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean (SIDS), along with differences between nascent opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs. We use the 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Adult Population Survey (APS) for Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Probit regressions are used and comparisons between opportunity and necessity driven entrepreneurs are made. The findings indicate that both socio-economic and perceptual factors affect nascent entrepreneurship and do so differently among opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs with important policy implications for encouraging new firm creation.
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Lara Alvarez, Jorge. "Multivariate robust estimation of inequality indices." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 10 (2015): 921–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0271.
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Purpose – The data employed to measure income inequality usually come from household surveys, which commonly suffer from atypical observations such as outliers and contamination points. This is of importance since a single atypical observation can make classical inequality indices totally uninformative. To deal with this problem, robust univariate parametric or ad hoc procedures are commonly used; however, neither is fully satisfactory. The purpose of this paper is to propose a methodology to deal with this problem. Design/methodology/approach – The author propose two robust procedures to estimate inequality indices that can use all the information from a data set, and neither of them rely on a parametric distributional assumption. The methodology performs well irrespectively of the size and quality of the data set. Findings – Applying these methods to household data for UK (1979) and Mexico (2006 and 2011), the author find that for UK data the Gini, Coefficient of Variation and Theil Inequality Indices are over estimated by between 0.02 and 0.04, while in the case of Mexico the same indices are over estimated more deeply, between 0.1 and almost 0.4. The relevance of including atypical observations that follow the linear pattern of the data are shown using the data from Mexico (2011). Research limitations/implications – The methodology has two main limitations: the procedures are not able to identify a bad leverage outlier from a contamination point; and in the case that the data has no atypical observations, the procedures will tag as atypical a very small fraction of observations. Social implications – A reduction in the estimate of inequality has important consequences from a policy maker perspective. First, ceteris paribus, the optimal amount of resources destinated to directly address inequality/poverty. Those “extra” resources can be destinated to promote growth. Notice that this is a direct consequence of having a more egalitarian economy than previously thought, this is due to the fact that poor people will actually enjoy a bigger share of any national income increment. This also implies that, in order to reduce poverty, public policies should focus more on economic growth. Originality/value – To the knowledge, in the inequality literature this is the first methodology that is able to identify outliers and contamination points in more than one direction. That is, not only at the tails of the distribution, but on the whole marginal distribution of income. This is possible via the use of other variables related to income.
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Makler, Harry, Walter L. Ness, and Adrian E. Tschoegl. "Inequalities in Firms’ Access to Credit in Latin America." Global Economy Journal 13, no. 03n04 (2013): 283–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gej-2013-0024.
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A variety of social and economic institutions have contributed to the decline in poverty and inequality in Latin America. We focus on the bank-SME nexus because of the importance of banks as a source of finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs), and the potential role that SMEs can play as sources of innovation, employment, and in reducing poverty and inequality. Our regression analysis of data from World Bank (WB) surveys of firms in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico shows that firms that are smaller, newer, less technically advanced, and less well-located firms are more likely to report being credit constrained. The factors that did not count are executive characteristics such as gender, education, and experience in the sector, and firm performance or foreign ownership. Firms that worked with several banks, developed affiliations to business groups or were in trade and political associations were less likely to report credit constraint.
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Solaymani, Saeed. "Assessing the economic and social impacts of fiscal policies." Journal of Economic Studies 47, no. 3 (2020): 671–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2018-0334.
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PurposeThis study is the first attempt to analyze the effectiveness of recent two major tax policies, the reductions in personal and corporate income taxes and a rise in indirect tax and their combine, under both balanced and unbalanced budget conditions, on the economy and social aspects of Malaysia.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses a computable general equilibrium model to investigate the impacts of all simulation scenarios on the key macro and micro indicators. Further, based on the 2012 Malaysia Household Income and Expenditure Survey, it uses a micro-data with a significant number of households (over 56,000 individuals) to analyze the impacts of tax policies on poverty and income inequality of Malaysian.FindingsSimulation results show that, under the balanced budget condition, personal and corporate income tax reductions increase economic growth, household consumption, and investment, while the rise in indirect tax has adverse impacts on these variables. However, in the unbalanced budget condition, all tax policies, except indirect tax policy, reduce real GDP and investment in the economy and the indirect tax policy has insignificant impacts on all indicators. All policy reforms reallocate resources, especially labor, in the economy. In both budget conditions, the reductions in corporate and personal income taxes, particularly the corporate income tax, decrease poverty level of Malaysian households. Results also indicate that both tax policies are unable to influence income inequality in Malaysia.Social implicationsThis study recommends that the government can increase its revenue by increasing indirect taxes as it does not have any impact on household welfare. In order to increase government revenues, initial increases in personal and corporate income taxes are suggested as they may have small negative impacts on the economy and welfare of households.Originality/valueOne of the significant features of this paper is that it examines both expansionary and contractionary fiscal policies in a country that government budget depends on oil exports. Since the literature on this subject is limited, particularly in the Malaysian context, the authors used Malaysia as a case to show how tax reform policies affect the economy and poverty level of such countries. Distinguishing the Malaysian households into 10 deciles and analyzing the distributional impacts of tax policies on these categories are the most significant contributions of this study.
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Siallagan, Bernita, Ventje Ilat, and Treesje Runtu. "EVALUASI PENERIMAAN PAJAK USAHA MIKRO KECIL DAN MENENGAH (UMKM) PASCA PENERBITAN PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2018 DI KOTA TOMOHON." GOING CONCERN : JURNAL RISET AKUNTANSI 15, no. 3 (2020): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.32400/gc.15.3.28876.2020.
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Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises are business sectors that have large tax revenue opportunities. The development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contributes positively to the handling of economic and social problems. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) can help the government in reducing poverty, reducing the amount of unemployment, and social inequality. In helping to increase this small and medium economic activity, the government provides tax services for MSME taxpayers with a 0.5% tax rate on gross income not exceeding Rp4.8 Billion. PP No. 23 of 2018 concerning the imposition of MSME tax. This study aims to evaluate how the level of UMKM tax revenue when PP No. 46 of 2013 and when the PP No. 23 of 2018. The method used in this study is a comparative descriptive analysis method. The results showed that the growth of taxpayers who make payments increased while UMKM tax revenues decreased due to tariff cuts
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Domenech, Jordi. "Land Tenure Inequality, Harvests, and Rural Conflict: Evidence from Southern Spain during the Second Republic (1931–1934)." Social Science History 39, no. 2 (2015): 253–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.53.
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This paper analyzes rural conflict in one of the most volatile areas of interwar Europe, the latifundia regions of the South of Spain. The historical and economics literature argues that rural conflict is a bottom-up response of landless peasants to unemployment, bad harvests, landownership inequality, changes in property rights, and poor enforcement of proworker legislation. A second generation of historical studies has focused on democratization and concomitant changes in collective bargaining and labor market institutions. Was conflict caused by structural factors like poverty, inequality, or unemployment or was conflict an endogenous response to political change? This paper uses municipal-level time series and cross-sectional variation in rural conflict in three Andalusian provinces (Córdoba, Jaén, and Seville) in the early 1930s to argue that, although collective misery certainly shaped the main issues of contention, inequality or deteriorating living standards did not explain the explosive intensification of conflict during the Second Republic. Geographic variation in conflict would be consistent with unobserved locational advantages and higher agricultural incomes, thicker labor markets, facility of communication, and market access and information, irrespective of the intensity of inequality or the degree of local Socialist political power. Poor harvests can only explain a small part of the time-series evolution of conflict from April 1931 to June 1934, while good harvests probably intensified the competition of temporary migrants and local workers for well-paid harvest jobs. Large gains in rural laborers’ bargaining power, organizational buildup, and reactions to policy changes and state intervention are more promising explanatory factors of the temporal evolution of conflicts in the period.
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Salanauskaitė, Lina, and Gerlinde Verbist. "Family Benefit Reform in Lithuania: Microsimulation of Its Distributional Impacts." Lietuvos statistikos darbai 52, no. 1 (2013): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ljs.2013.13925.
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The paper explores to what extent the Lithuanian family benefit system is able to reduce inequality and poverty among families with children, with poverty reduction being one of the major aims. Family benefits underwent a major reform in2004, which entailed a shift from means-tested benefits to a more universal system. Due to budget constraints, the implementation of the full reform design has been postponed until 2008. No distributional impact analysis of this reform, either of its initial or of its final designs, has been implemented yet. Furthermore, we analyse whether the gains from the newly designed system of family benefits are not outweighed by respective losses in social assistance benefits. To conduct such an analysis, we develop a partial static microsimulation model based on the EU-SILC (household income and living conditions) survey. The model is programmed in STATA statistical software. Our findings show that, despite small income improvements brought by the reform, its overall child poverty reduction effectiveness is limited. Moreover, the interaction of a family benefit with the social assistance system implies that some household types are relatively “bigger” winners compared to others. For example, our research reveals that single-parent households would obtain income gains comparable to those of large families only when the full reform scenario is implemented. If considering indirect effects (i.e. the loss of social assistance benefits), their relative gains become even smaller.
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MARKINA, Iryna, Oleksandr KALINICHENKO, and Vladyslav LESYUK. "ECONOMIC INEQUALITY: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND PECULIARITIES IN UKRAINE." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 3 (2019): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-3-19.
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Introduction. The greatest and most controversial problem that is characteristic not only for Ukraine but also for the whole world is the economic inequality that accompanies humanity throughout its existence. It negatively affects the standard of population living, affects human development, is a source of social tension and state instability, adversely affects the national economy development, but on the other hand, it is the driving force of the population economic activity. Currently, the question of economic inequality arises quite sharply, because the structure of Ukrainian society is characterized by a low share of the middle class, a large differentiation of incomes, and a large proportion of the poor. The purpose of the article is to reveal the nature and characteristics of economic inequality in Ukraine, the development of proposals for improving measures to overcome economic inequality in Ukraine. Results. Economic inequality in Ukraine was studied using the Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient and income quintile ratio. The dynamics of living wage, nominal and real wages in Ukraine are considered. The standard of living and average monthly wages in Ukraine and Europe are analyzed. The main directions of reforming the social policy of Ukraine to ensure sustainable social development are identified. The main measures to overcome economic inequality in Ukraine are identified. Conclusions. Ukrainian society is characterized by high differentiation between different groups of the population. There is no powerful middle class in Ukraine that should be a pillar of the country's economic stability. To overcome economic inequality in Ukraine, it is necessary to take the following measures: the establishment of average prices for the range of goods in the consumer basket; providing social transfers directly to the consumer; increasing state social guarantees; balancing the purchasing power of wages and rising prices for goods and services; clear definition and approval by law of social benefits size and categories of people receiving them; strengthening state regulation of the income generation distribution; increasing the employment level; maintenance and development of small and medium-sized businesses; conducting a true monitoring of the strategic directions of poverty reduction among the population; state regulation for strengthening of the middle class positions. Keywords: economic inequality, standard of living, salary, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, income quintile ratio.
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Hazarika, Bhabesh, and Kishor Goswami. "Micro-entrepreneurship Development in the Handloom Industry." International Journal of Rural Management 14, no. 1 (2018): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973005218754437.
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Women entrepreneurship is gaining importance all over the world for addressing the development issues of women. Since the inception of the five-year plans, the Government of India has been giving attention towards mitigating the development issues of women such as labour force participation, empowerment, education and gender inequality. Women-owned micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are contributing significantly towards the economic development of the nation through employment and income generation, poverty eradication, and by bringing entrepreneurial diversity in the economic activities. The handloom industry offers an appropriate setting to analyse the significance of the rural women-owned micro-enterprises towards local economic development. With archaic hand-operated looms, the production mechanism takes place mostly in the rural areas. The present article analyses the factors that affect tribal women to own a handloom micro-enterprise. It is based on primary data collected at firm level from two major tribes in Assam, namely Bodo and Mising. The data were collected from five different districts in Assam where tribal communities are operating handloom businesses. Within the framework of random utility model of economic choice, the findings of the probit model show that age, knowing other handloom micro-entrepreneurs, past history of family business, access to borrowing and risk-taking behaviour have significant and positive influences on the decision of a woman in becoming a handloom micro-entrepreneur. The study suggests for an all-inclusive policy approach for the overall development of handloom industry in the tribal areas.
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Islam, Md Serajul, Md Mahmudul Hasan, and Md Mosaddeque Hossain. "Current status of plastic production, prospects and training of manpower in Bangladesh." Journal of Chemical Engineering 30, no. 1 (2017): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jce.v30i1.34801.
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The main strategy for achieving accelerating growth and reducing poverty, income inequality and regional disparity include creation of productive employment in the manufacturing and organized service sector is to accelerate trade and investment in each and every sector. Development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is envisaged as a key element in this strategy. In this aspect, a survey on 43 plastic factories, 5 mold industries, 5 importers of plastic raw materials and machineries, 5 National & International Industries (RMG, Leather and plastic Sectors), 2 Association (BGMEA & BPGMEA) & 3 Government Agencies (Export Promotion Bureau (EPB), Ministry of Labor & Empowerment and Bangladesh Technical Education Board (BTEB)) was conducted on the name of ¡°Need assessment to set-up Bangladesh Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology (BIPET)¡±. SMEF and BPGMEA offered this study on plastic sector. The plastic factories surveyed included micro, small, medium and large factories. About 80% factories belonged to the SMEs. Technical persons in the Management positions were interviewed using detailed questionnaire. The questionnaire was set to analyze the present status of production process, existing working conditions, hiring trends, education-training-technical skills- working experience of workers and technicians, wages framework, troubleshooting problems, types of machine, technology level, training facilities, need for testing, product quality, research & development facilities, existing factory owner.s qualification, their demand and facing challenges by entrepreneur & future prospect of plastic production in Bangladesh. Key recommendation for the development and future prospect of this sector is to support newly established Bangladesh Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology under the supervision of BPGMEA and technical assistance from BUET.Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2017: 69-76
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Satria, Edia, Ida Yusnita, and Ayu Esteka Sari. "Peningkatan Kinerja Pemasaran UMKM Melalui Dimensi Kewirausahaan di Kabupaten Kerinci." J-MAS (Jurnal Manajemen dan Sains) 5, no. 2 (2020): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/jmas.v5i2.177.
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Entrepreneurship is believed to be a tool to encourage economic growth to solve other economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty and social inequality. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is a business that plays an important role in the national economy. The success of the marketing of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises is influenced by the dimension of entrepreneurship. The dimensions of entrepreneurship used in this study are economic entrepreneurship, resource-based entrepreneurship and human capital entrepreneurship. Respondents in this study were actors of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Gunung Raya Subdistrict, Kerinci Regency as many 100 respondents. The Model Testing Technique in this study used the Structural Equation Model (SEM) using AMOS. The results showed that the Entrepreneurship Dimension had a positive and significant effect on the Market Performance of MSMEs. The magnitude of the influence of entrepreneurship Dimension on Market Performance of MSMEs is 0.231 or 23.1%, so it is necessary to support entrepreneurship Dimension to increase the Market Performance of MSMEs.
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Logan, John R., and Julia Burdick-Will. "School Segregation and Disparities in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 674, no. 1 (2017): 199–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217733936.
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Much of the literature on racial and ethnic educational inequality focuses on the contrast between black and Hispanic students in urban areas and white suburban students. This study extends the research on school segregation and racial/ethnic disparities by highlighting the importance of rural areas and regional variation. Although schools in rural America are disproportionately white, they nevertheless are like urban schools, and disadvantaged relative to suburban schools, in terms of poverty and test performance. Native Americans are most affected by rural school disadvantage. While they are a small share of students nationally, Native Americans are prominent and highly disadvantaged in rural areas, particularly in certain parts of the country. These figures suggest a strong case for including rural schools in the continuing conversations about how to deal with unfairness in public education.
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Meng, Chou. "The uncertainty of modern society in Cambodia: The new perspective of the government in insurance regulation." Social Work and Social Welfare 3, no. 2 (2021): 148–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/swsw.2021.02.002.
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Since the long period of political, social stability and especially the peacebuilding under the interfering of the United Nation, in 1991 the Paris Peace Accord was signed. Cambodia was settled in a peaceful state and it has achieved the basic fundamental for county’s economic development with rapidly status. Accordingly, the social protection policy has critically recognized by the government recently, however, whilst the economic gains are more likely fragile, most of the people are still in the poverty line, the long-term economic prospects are uncertain, such as its weak institution, social inequality and unemployment issues, and social protection system. The social protection system in Cambodia, as a particular, is at an early stage, and very limited. With the small proportion of the covered social insurance program, there are lifecycle shocks and economic downturn have resulted. Thus, the role of private insurance (insurance industry) in boosting the domestic financial economy, and its potential in risk management and complement state’s social insurance program have become the prime matters of considerable interest to state’s regulators and policy-makers.
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Kapitsa, L. M. "Climate Change and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (2020): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-216-231.
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The effects of climate change are becoming increasingly pronounced and powerful, taking on an alarming scale and imposing enormous economic and human costs on humanity. However, the burden of these costs is unevenly distributed with the poorest and most vulnerable bearing the heaviest toll. Such a situation requires specific and targeted measures, if the humanity seriously intends to meet the goals of International Sustainable Development Strategy. This is an unprecedented challenge to humanity not only because of the size of financial resources needed to be mobilized, but also because of the tension between socio-economic and political short, mid and long-term goals and aims, tension between the needs to ensure a rapid and quantitative economic growth and the needs to reduce mass poverty and social inequality. The article attempts to review policies and measures undertaken by governments and civil society groups to resolve the above tensions by developing integrative adaptation policies and measures, which allow to simultaneously address the problems of environment degradation, natural disaster risks and socio-economic development. It focuses on most vulnerable segments of population: self-employed and employees of micro, small and medium enterprises, both formal and informal. The article highlights prevailing world-wide trends in disaster risk management and risk reduction efforts and tries to identify most innovative and effective programs, which could be adjusted to specific conditions of Russia.
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Geoff, Payne, Payne Judy, and Hyde Mark. "‘Refuse of All Classes’? Social Indicators and Social Deprivation." Sociological Research Online 1, no. 1 (1996): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1293.
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The development and electronic accessibility of indices of poverty and social deprivation have yet to be fully exploited by mainstream sociology, not least in the field of class analysis where it might seem likely to be taken up. While reasons for this can be suggested, there are several conceptual frameworks within sociological debates about class that might accommodate deprivation and its indicators, and also valuable empirical resources in the form of indices which are now available to researchers interested in contemporary social inequality. The potential of this approach in the UK is demonstrated by an examination of patterns of social deprivation in 1991 Census data for 391 wards in the South West of England, using the Townsend, Jarman, Breadline Britain and the new DoE Local Conditions indices. Urban and rural patterns are demonstrated in inter-pair correlations between index scores, component variable values, and social class represented as SEGs. A factor analysis similarly shows distinct patterns for urban areas, small towns and rural areas. However, in all cases class, single-parent families, and children living in low- income households show the strongest associations with other deprivation indicators. An explanation for the empirical findings may be found in two main strands of class analysis. First, following Weber, deprivation and occupational class both derive from market situations, but the reported deprivation patterns cannot be entirely explained in terms of class: other factors (such as life-cycle) need to be included. Second, while there is no clear evidence of residualization in the data, some aspects of consumption sector theory seem to be born out; for example, differential opportunities for access to consumption. In addition, it is suggested that the rural/urban differences raise issues for ameliorative policies, further demonstrating the potential for a closer integration of the social indicators approach into the techniques of sociological analysis.
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Sarpong, Sam. "Building bridges or gates? Gated communities’ escape from reality." International Journal of Social Economics 44, no. 12 (2017): 1584–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-03-2016-0103.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to look at the emergence of “gated communities” in Ghana. It explores gated communities as a nexus of social and spatial relations within the context of urban inequality. It is concerned with the phenomenon in which the rich now live in isolation behind barbed wires and gates, fearing for their lives and properties. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts a sociological approach to the study. It does so initially by focusing on the social constitution of a gated community. The gate becomes a focal point of the analysis because by its function, it separates the residents from others. This spatial construction of gated communities does not only preserve the social stratification of class and demographic groups, it institutionalises this already extant stratification. The paper, therefore, uses social inequality and the status attainment theory as the basis of its work. Status processes play a part in the development of powerful inequalities, which shape the structure of groups and societies as well as, directly and indirectly, the opportunities of individuals (Berger et al., 1980). Findings The paper finds that although people feel safer behind gates, at the same time the fear of the outside world increases for them. Their desire to find a small area in which they feel secure, meanwhile, only expands the vast areas in which they feel insecure. It notes that security can be achieved only and much better, if the causes of insecurity, namely poverty and exclusion, are addressed. Originality/value The paper wades into the gated communities’ phenomenon. It contributes to the discussion in which social difference and inequality have become more marked features of urban society. Its relevance lies in the fact that it analyses this issue through a sociological perspective.
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Haq, Rashida. "M. L. Dantwala, Harsh Sethi and Pravin Visaria. Social Change through Voluntary Action. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1998. Hardback. Indian Rs 325.00. 199 pages." Pakistan Development Review 38, no. 1 (1999): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v38i1pp.119-120.
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This book is an• extremely valuable addition to a very important topic concerning development issues at the grassroots levels. It has highlighted the contribution of voluntary organisations and proved that voluntary action can• be a potent instrument for bringing about social change, for eliminating poverty and for building an egalitarian and humane society. In the introduction, the editors remind the readers of the unfulfilled promises made before, and after independence, by leaders to banish poverty and inequality. Five of the eleven chapters in this book take a macro view of the context, the nature as well as the future of voluntary action in India: These articles describe the current state of affairs, the degeneration of the values of sacrifices and an unending quest for money and political power. So, it is argued, that basic values in public behaviour can be restored through vigilant and purposive voluntary action. But a major criticism of voluntary groups is their localism, small size, fragmentation and the failure to institutionalise them. The editors are of the view that thousands of such groups can collectively contribute to social transformation through their modest efforts at organising help for the needy, redress their• grievances and fight against atrocities inflicted on them. The articles evaluate the contextual factors influencing the emergence of voluntary organisations and their applicability to the Indian situation.
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Rothbaum, Jonathan. "Bridging a Survey Redesign Using Multiple Imputation: An Application to the 2014 CPS ASEC." Journal of Official Statistics 33, no. 1 (2017): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0010.
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Abstract The Current Population Survey Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) serves as the data source for official income, poverty, and inequality statistics in the United States. In 2014, the CPS ASEC questionnaire was redesigned to improve data quality and to reduce misreporting, item nonresponse, and errors resulting from respondent fatigue. The sample was split into two groups, with nearly 70% receiving the traditional instrument and 30% receiving the redesigned instrument. Due to the relatively small redesign sample, analyses of changes in income and poverty between this and future years may lack sufficient power, especially for subgroups. The traditional sample is treated as if the responses were missing for income sources targeted by the redesign, and multiple imputation is used to generate plausible responses. A flexible imputation technique is used to place individuals into strata along two dimensions: 1) their probability of income recipiency and 2) their expected income conditional on recipiency for each income source. By matching on these two dimensions, this approach combines the ideas of propensity score matching and predictive means matching. In this article, this approach is implemented, the matching models are evaluated using diagnostics, and the results are analyzed.
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Hu, Ming, Yan Liu, and Wenbin Wang. "Socially Beneficial Rationality: The Value of Strategic Farmers, Social Entrepreneurs, and For-Profit Firms in Crop Planting Decisions." Management Science 65, no. 8 (2019): 3654–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2018.3133.
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The price fluctuation in agricultural markets is an obstacle to poverty reduction for small-scale farmers in developing countries. We build a microfoundation to study how farmers with heterogeneous production costs, under price fluctuations, make crop-planting decisions over time to maximize their individual welfare. We consider both strategic farmers, who rationally anticipate the near-future price as a basis for making planting decisions, and naïve farmers, who shortsightedly react to the most recent crop price. The latter behavior may cause recurring overproduction or underproduction, which leads to price fluctuations. We find it important to cultivate a sufficient number of strategic farmers because their self-interested behavior alone, made possible by sufficient market information, can reduce price volatility and improve total social welfare. In the absence of strategic farmers, a well-designed preseason buyout contract, offered by a social entrepreneur or a for-profit firm to a fraction of contract farmers, brings benefit to farmers as well as to the firm itself. More strikingly, the contract not only equalizes the individual welfare in the long run among farmers of the same production cost, but it also reduces individual welfare disparity over time among farmers with heterogeneous costs regardless of whether they are contract farmers or not. On the other hand, a nonsocially optimal buyout contract may reflect a social entrepreneur’s over-subsidy tendency or a for-profit firm’s speculative incentive to mitigate but not eliminate the market price fluctuation, both preventing farmers from achieving the most welfare. This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
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Bainbridge, Laura, and Neil Lunt. "Place, Strengths and Assets: A Case Study of How Local Area Coordination is Supporting Individuals and Families Under Conditions of Austerity." British Journal of Social Work 51, no. 4 (2021): 1354–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab041.
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Abstract We report findings of a mixed-method evaluation of Local Area Coordination (LAC) in one English Local Authority—an approach that draws on principles of earlier intervention, and place-, asset- and strengths-based activity. We drew on documentary materials, unstructured observation and qualitative interviews. In total, fifty-five qualitative interviews were conducted with professional stakeholders (including Coordinators, statutory agencies and community organisations), and a purposive sample of individuals supported by LAC. Positively, LAC is operating as intended. It is a flexible and agile approach, and one that is less constrained by the expectations and methods associated with traditional service delivery. Reported impacts include: tackling isolation and loneliness; building a positive vision of the future; identifying non-service solutions and being heard. We discuss the ongoing conceptual and methodological challenges to building the LAC evidence base, fostering professional support and understanding, and managing expectations of individuals and communities in furthering development. Resolving these would allow LAC to move beyond being a promising, local and small-scale transformative development for individuals and families. Its future trajectory is enmeshed in the implications of COVID-19 for individuals, families and communities: rising poverty and widening inequality, a fragile Third Sector, and concerns about community fatigue and erosion of trust.
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Galistcheva, N. V. "The Role of Small-Scale Industries in Achieving the Sustainable Development: the Experience of India." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 3 (2020): 151–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-3-72-151-169.
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The article deals with the role of small scale industry in India in achieving the sustainable development. The author draws attention to the fact that the small scale industry promotion policy impacts significantly not only on decreasing the unemployment rate as well as long-term and youth unemployment but also on solving such acute social problems as poverty, famine, undernourishment and food insecurity, lack of quality education, gender inequality and the empowerment of women. The author pays attention to the evolution of small business in India in 1950-2010s. It argues convincingly that due to significant number of population as well as low-skilled labor on the one hand and limited financial resources on the other one small business has been considered to be a buffer between modern big business and the bulk of the population remaining outside it. The author considers the effectiveness of the industrial policy through the prism of stimulating small-scale industry and changing its place in the Indian economy. The author examines the activity of the The National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) which is considered to be the most important institution which looks after the development of the small scale industries. The aim of NABARD was poverty reduction and development assistance (it’s one of the premier agencies providing developmental credit in rural areas). The article presents the definition of small scale industry in India both in terms of employment level and the investment limits as well as statistical data on number of units, its share in industrial production and exports and expansion of small scale sector in 2000-2010s. The author identified main problems facing cottage and small scale industries in India at the present time. The research is based on the systematic approach to the study of national economy using basic methods of scientific knowledge such as induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis.
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Ahmad, Naseer, and Mirza Adnan Asim. "Major Socio-Economic Factors Responsible for Crimes." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 2, no. 2 (2020): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v2i2.15.
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Crime in Pakistan has been increasing day by day with the passage of time. This research discussed two particularly influential approaches to the explanation of the role of Socio-Economic factors that are responsible for crimes. One of these approaches emphasizes social orientations and the other economic deprivation. Certain groups allegedly endorse values that are supportive of criminal behavior. In this study Quantitative research method is used and universe of this study is district jail Sargodha. Data is collected through questionnaire and 110 respondents included in this study which is selected after applying simple random sampling technique and through SPSS (statistical packages for social sciences) data analysis is comprises. Even though statistical significance is often difficult and problematic but this technique is used to logically and scientifically approve the factors including social and economic which create a sense of disturbance and responsible for creating the rebellion traits in that individual. These result shows crimes have directed attention to poverty, injustice, unemployment, lawlessness, anomic situation, general economic inequality, and inequality. So socio-economic factors often present and held responsible behind every criminal act that is done by a human. Now as the result the people chose the path of crime that satisfied and pulled out him from the tense situation temporarily but they have to pay the consequences of their criminal actions in the form of a few year prison in corresponding to a small type of crime and sometimes its declared as a lifetime time prison and death penalty according to the severity and intensity of crime.
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Peter, Camaren. "Social Innovation for Sustainable Urban Developmental Transitions in Sub-Saharan Africa: Leveraging Economic Ecosystems and the Entrepreneurial State." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137360.
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This study theorizes social innovation-based transitions to sustainable urban development from the perspective of the African urban condition, highlighting that large infrastructure and service provision deficits, poverty, inequality, heavy import dependence and the prevalence of dual formal–informal sector systems are key factors to account for in a just, sustainable urban African developmental transition. It identifies an opportunity space that can be leveraged for urban and broader transitions to sustainability on the continent by leveraging “economic ecosystems” for local scale social innovation-based development interventions. It theorizes that multi-level transitions to sustainability can be engendered by adopting an entrepreneurial state led approach at local scales by using economic ecosystems as the framework to (1) stimulate social innovation-based entrepreneurship that meets local and local–regional demands through decentralized, low cost, small-scale infrastructures, technologies and services, (2) leverage social innovation-based economic ecosystems for catalyzing multi-scalar transitions to sustainability, (3) recast the role of the entrepreneurial state, specifically in relation to social innovation and sustainable urban development (SUD) in Africa and (4) bridge formal–informal sector dualism. This framing prioritizes local economic development over centralized, state-led interventions that involve grand-scale masterplans, wholly new satellite cities and bulk infrastructure deployments in conceptualizing sustainable urban development transitions in Africa.
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LAURINAVIČIUS, Algimantas, and Antanas LAURINAVIČIUS. "THE CONCEPT OF BASIC INCOME: GLOBAL EXPERIENCE AND IMPLEMENTATION POSSIBILITIES IN LITHUANIA." Business, Management and Education 14, no. 1 (2016): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2016.306.
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The article gives an overview of universal basic income as one of the instruments of the asset-based policy, analyses its theoretical concept and practical examples. Latest trends in Europe, especially in Finland and Switzerland, are overviewed and possibilities to implement such an instrument in Lithuania are evaluated. Research methods of scientific literature analysis, comparative and logical analysis of statistical data, data grouping and presentation were used. Article finds out that the concept of basic income is being implemented on a small scale in the US state of Alaska and in a small autonomous territory of China – Macao. Finland and Switzerland are determined to fully implement the concept of basic income by providing monthly benefits to all their citizens. Although Lithuania is categorized as a country with high income inequality and high level of poverty risk, currently it is not possible to implement the concept of basic income in Lithuania: the state social insurance fund budget would not be able to fund sufficient benefits, and the benefits that could be provided by the budget would not comply with the objectives of the concept of basic income.
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Tsapko-Piddubna, Olga. "INCLUSIVE GROWTH POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT: THE CASE OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 7, no. 2 (2021): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-2-233-239.
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The article highlights the necessity of inclusive growth and development concept implementation in times of economic and social instability as it is widely recognized as the one that can and should tackle the common long existing problems like poverty, inequality, and insecurity. Thus, the subject of this research is to compare the patterns of inclusive growth and development across economies of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE); and to investigate the driving policies and institutions to countries’ inclusive growth and development. The research objective is to highlight policies that would increase equality, economic well-being, and as a result, the competitiveness of CEE countries. Methods. For this purpose, the comparative analysis of CEE countries’ inclusive growth and development patterns was done; and the empirical evaluation was done to observe relationship between the Inclusive Development Index and indicators that described economic policies and institutional factors relevant to inclusiveness. In a comparative analysis and a cross-country regression model (for both dependent and independent variables), a recently developed by World Economic Forum performance metric was used. Results. The main findings suggest that the Czech and Slovak Republics are the best performing among CEE countries in inclusive growth and development patterns. On the contrary, Ukraine, Moldova, and Russian Federation are the worst. Economic growth of these countries has not transformed well into social inclusion. Still, there is a great potential for all CEE economies to improve their social inclusiveness in comparison with EU-28 and Norway (the most inclusive economy in 2018). Results of the empirical research indicate that redistributive fiscal policy has little influence on inclusive growth and development. Nevertheless, it should create a public social protection system that is engaged in decreasing poverty, vulnerability, and marginalization without hampering economic growth. Besides, an effective and inclusive redistributive state system of CEE economies should accentuate on supporting human economic opportunities. According to the results of the regression model, positive strong influence on inclusive growth and development is associated with the employment and labour compensation policy that allows people to directly increase their incomes and feel active and productive members of society; the basic services and infrastructure policy which is a necessary ground for present and future human and economic development; the asset building and entrepreneurship policy provides diminishing inequality and rising economic opportunities by fostering medium and small business creation and enlarging possibilities of home and other asset ownership. Altogether these policies would increase broad-based human economic opportunities and consequently both equality, economic well-being, and CEE economies’ competitiveness in the long run. The counter-intuitive effect observed in the regression model between education and skills development policy and country’s inclusive growth and development needs further investigations, as education is important for social mobility and decrease in income and wealth inequality.
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Maglakelidze, Amirani. "CHALLENGES OF MIDDLE CLASS FORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA." Globalization and Business 4, no. 8 (2019): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35945/gb.2019.08.014.
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In order to ensure irreversible development and stable social-economic conditions of a State, it should have a strong middle class, defining the country’s social and economic development targets. Considering the said, economic policy of development should be directed to the implementation of the measures supporting the formation of the healthy middle class in Georgia. Share of the population belonging to the middle class is still low in Georgia. According to the studies conducted by the World Bank, in 2014 only 7% of the population of Georgia belonged to the middle class. According to the economic- statistical study conducted in Georgia in 2018, share of the population belonging to the middle class in 2016 was 16%. The same study, with exclusion of the employment factor, shows the growth of the said share to 24,6%. Ignoring the employment – very important determinant of the middle class – naturally puts the last figure far from reality. Current income inequality and high level of poverty negatively impact formation of the middle class in the country. In order to form a middle class, Government of Georgia must overcome the problems faced by country’s entrepreneurship and society by means of the purposeful implementation of the rational policy of economic development. Achieving the said target requires: a stable political-economic environment; elaboration of the small, medium business development programs oriented on the inclusive growth, increase the scales of the currently existing program; development of the special professional training and employment programs for the population below the poverty line; promotion of economic activities based on the start of entrepreneurship, development of the start-ups, innovations and advanced technologies.
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Helmy, Zahron. "Dampak Kredit P4K terhadap Pendapatan dan Pengeluaran Keluarga Petani di Kabupaten Grobogan." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 19, no. 2 (2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v19i2.20462.
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<p>The research of credit Impact for Rural Income Generation Project (RIGP) on Family Farmers Income and Expenditure is aimed to know program impact to educational aspect, family-member health and SFFs community social activity. And economically the research also have purpose to know credit impact on venture volume, income, family consumption, as well on employment and income distribution.</p><p>The research is conducted in Grobogan District Central Java, on 222 SFFs, 12 sub-districts, 42 villages, and 44 Small Farmer Group (SFGs) of RIGP program participant, by using descriptive analysis, regression analysis model, and Gini Index as well poverty index.</p><p>The research result shows descriptively occurred significant quite improvement for physical condition and SFFs family environment of RIGP program participant, which shown by the higher family-member percentage following formal education level, higher utility percentage of health facility and SFFs behavior change for participating in community social activity in their village.</p><p>Based on statistical calculation it is obtained tat low category credit value impact on SFFs employment (t-cal=4.143), which have impact on income (t-cal=1.839). But high category credit value, the credit addition even reducing SFFs employment itself (t-cal=2.133). This is caused by for uncreating market, marketing network and product/venture diversification from SFFs. For middle category credit value, credit value impact on venture volume (t-cal=2.051), which has impact on consumption (t-cal=2.439).</p><p>While SFFs income distribution of RIGP participant in Grobogan District it is obtained value (GC=0.32), be in middle inequality (GC=0.30 to 0.40), which means that relative income less spread unaveragely in each SFFs program participant. And for middle category credit, GC value is relative higher compared to high and low category credit value, namely as large as (GC=0.35). This value shows that income distribution for each SFFs of middle category credit receiver exists significant quite income inequality, which reative higher than high and low category credit value receiver SFFs.</p><p>Furthermore, based on poverty standard of Grobogan District which measured based on income per capita/month as large as Rp. 74.007,- it has been achieved value 51,35% credit receiver SFFs still be in poor condition, with the lowest inequality level on high category credit receiver as large as PG=0,1801.</p>
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Kopteva, Lyudmila, Lyudmila Shabalina, and Artur Budagov. "Certain aspects of African countries food security provision." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021003009.
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Analysis of the African countries food security demonstrate significant aggravation of the situation in several countries to the south of the Sahara. Conflicts, social inequality, high level of poverty against the background of a rapid population growth, unfavorable climatic conditions as well as ineffective government policy in the field of providing the population with foodstuff were determined as the main causes of population undernourishment. In Africa, due to low incomes of the population, most of the food ration consists of cereals and a small part of meat, fish and dairy products. It was revealed that African countries are the net importers of foodstuff, with cereals accounting for the largest part of imports. It was noted that international experts forecast foodstuff and fodder demand increase in these countries. It was defined the African region can potentially become one of the promising sales markets for Russian producers of grain crops and agricultural products. The results of the study are aimed at overcoming the problem of starvation, economic backwardness and improving the living standards of the African continent population, as well as developing an economic toolkit for the interaction of the Russian Federation with African countries.
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Rajendran, Jayanthi. "Words Unspoken: A Testimonial Discourse of Bama’s Karukku: A Gratification of Self-reflection and Inner Strength of the Subaltern Women." Contemporary Voice of Dalit 12, no. 1 (2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455328x19898418.
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If untouchability lives, humanity must die. —M.K. Gandhi In this present and current global research scenario, the theme of subaltern has become a household word in regular usage and also in various disciplines other than literature. Literature, on the other hand, represents life in relation to social reality. The word ‘subaltern’ has its origin in the German word which means ‘inferior rank’ or ‘secondary importance’. Julian Wolfreys defines subaltern as a concept: ‘It contains the groups that are marginalized, oppressed and exploited on the cultural, political, social and religious grounds’. Thus, subaltern literature reflects various themes such as oppression, marginalization, gender discrimination, subjugation of lower and working classes, disregarded women, neglected sections of society and deprived classes of the existing society. As De Boland rightly confesses, ‘literature is an expression of society’. Literature in itself embodies life and life is a social reality of society. A writer, who is a member of a society, is influenced by specific social status and receives some degree of social recognition and recompense. Though this may benefit them in one way: it obviously helps them bring to limelight the sufferings and difficult paths the downtrodden tread upon. Thus, this article focuses on the voice of the voiceless in bringing out their voices to be heard in the outer world. In Bama’s Karukku, she testifies her situation of life and narrates her feelings in this small writing. In a world where problems relating to human privileges have been under perilous focus, literary portrayals of the experiences of demoted groups have assimilated great implication. The modern stream in Dalit literature in India is a challenge to bring to prime the experiences of discrimination, inequality, violence, injustice and poverty of the Dalits.
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Huq, Mita, Tanushree Das, Delan Devakumar, Nayreen Daruwalla, and David Osrin. "Intersectional tension: a qualitative study of the effects of the COVID-19 response on survivors of violence against women in urban India." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (2021): e050381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050381.
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ObjectivesThere is a concern worldwide that efforts to address the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have affected the frequency and intensity of domestic violence against women. Residents of urban informal settlements faced particularly stringent conditions during the response in India. Counsellors spoke with registered survivors of domestic violence in Mumbai, with two objectives: to understand how the pandemic and subsequent lockdown had changed their needs and experiences, and to recommend programmatic responses.DesignQualitative interviews and framework analysis.SettingA non-government support programme for survivors of violence against women, providing services mainly for residents of informal settlements.ParticipantsDuring follow-up telephone counselling with survivors of violence against women who had previously registered for support and consented to the use of information in research, counsellors took verbal consent for additional questions about the effects of COVID-19 on their daily life, their ability to speak with someone, and their counselling preferences. Responses were recorded as written notes.ResultsThe major concerns of 586 clients interviewed between April and July 2020 were meeting basic needs (financial stress, interrupted livelihoods and food insecurity), confinement in small homes (family tensions and isolation with abusers) and limited mobility (power imbalances in the home and lack of opportunity for disclosure and stress relief). A major source of stress was the increased burden of unpaid domestic care, which fell largely on women.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic has increased the burden of poverty and gendered unpaid care. Finance and food security are critical considerations for future response, which should consider inequality, financial support, prioritising continued availability of services for survivors of violence and expanding access to social networks. Decision-makers must be aware of the gendered, intersectional effects of interventions and must include residents of informal settlements who are survivors of domestic violence in the planning and implementation of public health strategies.
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Mohylnyi, Oleksii, Nataliia Patyka, and Olena Hryschenko. "Impact of COVID-19 quarantine restrictions on labor market and rural employment." Ekonomika APK 318, no. 4 (2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202104051.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of restrictive quarantine measures in 2020-2021 related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rural labor market, the level of employment and the extent of rural poverty. Research methods. The basis for the study were general scientific and economic methods, creative heritage of the classical political economy founders, publications of Ukrainian scientists on the impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, on social and labor relations in rural areas, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the State Employment Service, Internet resources and other sources. The monographic approach was used in the analysis of the employment rate dynamics of the rural population, changes in the labor market and the scale of poverty caused by the lockdowns introduction in 2020-2021. Normative and positive approaches are used to highlight the labor potential of rural areas and opportunities for its implementation in a pandemic. A number of abstract-logical techniques allowed formulating intermediate and final conclusions and proposals. Research results. The phenomenon of the category "labor" as a process of conscious and purposeful activity on the transformation of natural and economic factors of production in order to meet human needs is considered. The institutional preconditions of spatial differences in the concentration of jobs in rural and urban areas and the deepening of inequality in their development are highlighted. Changes caused by a number of restrictions on economic activity in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine are analyzed, in the field of the rural population employment by age groups, employment status, unemployment among working-age people, the number of employees who received unemployment status, as well as the workload per vacancy registered with the State Employment Service, the dynamics of its provision of services to rural residents. Public opinion that in the employment and rural labor market due to non-compliance with quarantine restrictions on economic activity, technological features of agricultural production and lower density, the rural population suffers less from quarantine measures is refuted. As a result of the introduction of two all-Ukrainian lockdowns in 2020–2021, the number of employed rural population decreased by 361 thousand people, or by 7%, of them employed - by 198 thousand and self-employed - by 153 thousand. The unemployment rate for this period also increased by 1.7 percentage points, or 11.5%. In April-May 2021, almost 120,000 workers received the status of unemployed dismissed from agricultural, forestry and fisheries enterprises, or one in five of the total in the economy. In addition, the number of applicants for one vacancy in rural areas has doubled, while reducing the financial capacity of the State Employment Service, especially with regard to the implementation of active forms of employment recovery. An integral consequence of quarantine restrictions was the spread of poverty among the rural population and the further social exclusion of people with unprotected self-employment. Scientific novelty. Methodological approaches to assessing the negative impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural employment, the rural labor market and the well-being of rural households have been further developed. Practical significance. The results of the impact of quarantine restrictions on employment and the rural labor market in 2020-2021 may be taken into account when developing measures to support micro and small businesses and self-employed agricultural workers in extreme conditions of society, such as a pandemic. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 35.
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BILORUS, Oleh, Volodymyr VLASOV, Sergіi GASANOV та Igor KHANIN. "The end of the globalization erа, deglobalization, “new” globalization, or transition to noospheric co-development?" Fìnansi Ukraïni 2020, № 8 (2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2020.08.007.
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The article highlights the controversial issues of the state, contradictions and trends of modern globalization in the face of new challenges and threats associated with political, immigration, pandemic, climate, economic and trade shocks – Britain’s exit from the EU, the implementation of the US President’s policy “America Above All”, the beginning of trade de-globalization as a result of the revision of free trade agreements (FTAs) and the trade “war” between the United States and China, the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic and climate change on deepening the global economic recession, the collapse of national economies and international trade, lack of financial resources for active government support of the health care systems, social protection, small and medium-sized businesses. Political, economic, managerial and academic circles are actively discussing the problems of the “end” of globalization, de-globalization, “new” globalization, the need for a “new world order”, which will actually embody the fundamental values of democracy, economic freedom, free trade and, at the same time, will strengthen social responsibility of the world community and its international institutions, the main geopolitical, geo-economic and military centers of power (primarily the United States, China, the European Union, Russia, etc.) for the preservation of peace on the basis of consensus, recognition of global priorities in countering climatic and epidemic threats to human life on Earth , consistent implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals to eradicate poverty in all its forms and manifestations, combat inequality within and between countries, ensure continuous, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and promote social inclusion. The article drew attention to the strengthening of the trends of protectionism and economic nationalism, in particular, the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement and attempts to revise the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The article shows the loss of the US leadership in world trade due to the accelerated economic development of other countries, primarily the Asian region. The discussion of these problems at the Davos Economic Forum led to the conclusion about the likely end of Atlanticism and globalization. At the same time, the UN report (2018) highlighted a special section on trade hyperglobalization. The article hypothesizes that the Bali Round (2013) of negotiations on trade began the fourth wave of its globalization, and proposes a new theory of international trade – the theory of globalization impact.
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BILORUS, Oleh, Volodymyr VLASOV, Sergіi GASANOV та Igor KHANIN. "The end of the globalization erа, deglobalization, “new” globalization, or transition to noospheric co-development? (part 2)". Fìnansi Ukraïni 2020, № 10 (2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33763/finukr2020.10.007.
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The article highlights the controversial issues of the state, contradictions and trends of modern globalization in the face of new challenges and threats associated with political, immigration, pandemic, climate, economic and trade shocks – Britain’s exit from the EU, the implementation of the US President’s policy “America Above All”, the beginning of trade de-globalization as a result of the revision of free trade agreements (FTAs) and the trade “war” between the United States and China, the impact of the global COVID-19 pandemic and climate change on deepening the global economic recession, the collapse of national economies and international trade, lack of financial resources for active government support of the health care systems, social protection, small and medium-sized businesses. Political, economic, managerial and academic circles are actively discussing the problems of the “end” of globalization, de-globalization, “new” globalization, the need for a “new world order”, which will actually embody the fundamental values ??of democracy, economic freedom, free trade and, at the same time, will strengthen social responsibility of the world community and its international institutions, the main geopolitical, geo-economic and military centers of power (primarily the United States, China, the European Union, Russia, etc.) for the preservation of peace on the basis of consensus, recognition of global priorities in countering climatic and epidemic threats to human life on Earth , consistent implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals to eradicate poverty in all its forms and manifestations, combat inequality within and between countries, ensure continuous, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and promote social inclusion. The article drew attention to the strengthening of the trends of protectionism and economic nationalism, in particular, the US withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement and attempts to revise the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The article shows the loss of the US leadership in world trade due to the accelerated economic development of other countries, primarily the Asian region. The discussion of these problems at the Davos Economic Forum led to the conclusion about the likely end of Atlanticism and globalization. At the same time, the UN report (2018) highlighted a special section on trade hyperglobalization. The article hypothesizes that the Bali Round (2013) of negotiations on trade began the fourth wave of its globalization, and proposes a new theory of international trade – the theory of globalization impact.
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Molefe, Karabo, Natanya Meyer, and Jacques De Jongh. "A Comparative Analysis of the Socio-Economic Challenges Faced by SMMEs: The Case of the Emfuleni and Midvaal Local Municipal Areas." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 4(J) (2018): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i4(j).2401.
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Flourishing and thriving small, medium and micro enterprise (SMME) sectors have become one of the leading recognised cornerstones of economic development. The ability of these businesses to act as key drivers of economic growth, innovation and job creation make them valuable assets towards any nation’s strive for a more inclusive economic and social outlook. For South Africa in particular, burdened by an epidemic of unemployment, poverty and income inequality, SMMEs role in improving the socio-economic environment proves pivotal. Yet, despite their potential, these businesses face a myriad of challenges, emanating from both internal and external environments, that restricts their growth and development. The primary aim of this study is to identify and compare the main socio-economic challenges faced by SMMEs in two local areas within the Vaal Triangle region. The study made use of a quantitative research approach and a cross-sectional research design through means of the survey method. The sample consisted of a total of 198 SMME owners that resided in both the Emfuleni (ELM) (n = 100) and Midvaal (MLM) (n = 98) local municipal areas. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and chi-square tests. Overall the results of the study revealed that amongst the biggest challenges faced by SMMEs included managerial as well as economic aspects such as a lack of skilled labour, insufficient business training and lacklustre local economic conditions. The comparative analysis further revealed more significant infrastructural challenges in the Emfuleni local municipal area while market challenges such as a lack of demand as well as higher transportation costs were experienced by SMMEs located in the Midvaal area. The findings of the study provide valuable insight towards fostering an enabling environment for SMME development, specifically on local levels. In this regard policy stakeholders should adopt a multi-sectoral SMME focus. Possible recommendations include enhanced macroeconomic stability, strong public-private partnership formation and the provision of strong business support structures that facilitate management skills development together with the provision of strategic finance facilities.
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Elok Rufaiqoh and Sauqi Mustaqim. "PENYULUHAN DAN PELATIHAN HOME INDUSTRY DI DUSUN KRAJAN DESA KEMIRI KECAMATAN PANTI KABUPATEN JEMBER." As-Sidanah : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (2020): 313–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/assidanah.v2i2.837.
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Outreach program carried out by a team from the IAI Al-Qodiri KKM was held in early July 01- 01 September 2019. Located in Panti district, Jember regency, this has made a very significant contribution to the community, especially in Kemiri village and received a very good welcome and high enthusiasm. The home industry counseling and training held in the district of Jember is one way to raise the economic level of the community. As with the government's five priority programs for 2019, one of them is to try to alleviate poverty and inequality. In this training, the Al-Qodiri KKM Team utilized young papaya fruit to become papaya sticks, which are natural products of the local community whose utilization is not optimal. It is hoped that the papaya stick home industry can become a home business with small capital and large profits. Apart from that, it also opens job opportunities for local people and improves their skills.
 Some of the supporting factors for these activities include: the participants of the socialization have a great willingness to take part in counseling and training on the papaya stick home industry, product marketing by entrusting them to the nearest shops or through social media in the form of Facebook and Whatsapp. Some of the obstacles faced during counseling and training for papaya stick home industry are: (1) there are limitations in supporting facilities for conducting counseling and training, including the absence of LCD and projectors. (2) The training activity which was planned to run for 2 days could not be realized due to collisions with the activities of the participants, the majority of whom were farm laborers, where their activities started from morning to evening. So that the socialization team was a bit troublesome to adjust the time accordingly. (3) it is difficult to access the internet to provide training in papaya stick product marketing because of the lack of signal in the area.
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Artemov, N. M., and К. A. Ponomareva. "Elements of progressive personal income taxation in the context of the principle of forward and backward links." Law Enforcement Review 5, no. 1 (2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.52468/2542-1514.2021.5(1).68-79.
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The idea of progressive tax scale in Russia received a fundamentally new development in 2020. The leading position of the personal income tax in most countries is due to a number of circumstances. First, it is a personal tax, the object of which is the income actually received by the payer, and not the estimated average income that could be received in specific economic conditions. Second, income tax allows to maximize the implementation of the basic principles of taxation – universality and uniformity. In recent decades, national regimes of personal income taxation regimes have been actively developed both in foreign countries and in Russia. Purpose of the study. The article considers the elements of progressive taxation of personal income in the context of the principle of direct and inverse relations. Dealing with selected provisions of the national legislation of European countries and Russia the article shows that elements of progressive taxation can be applied only in particular aspects. The proposals of taxation of rich taxpayers are also brought into light. Methodology. The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Structural and systemic methods are also the basis of the research, The main results. The establishment of a classical progressive system in the Russian Federation will encourage a change in the model of behavior of both persons who have the opportunity to increase their income, but do not intend to do so due to a decrease in the nominal increase in wages, and persons who previously declared income in full, but if the tax model changes, they will apply personal income tax evasion schemes. In addition, the results of a comparative analysis of the experience of the EU Member States show the ineffectiveness of the progressive income tax scale as a tool to combat social inequality. The comparison provided in the research also examines the problems of proportional and progressive taxation in the context of the principle of equity. In the context of the practice of applying progressive taxation, the experience of foreign countries is studied. Based on foreign experience, it can be concluded that the introduction of family taxation would require a fundamental change in the basis of income taxation in the Russian Federation, as well as would entail discrimination of taxpayers in terms of registered and civil marriage and abuse in order to extract tax benefits. The authors conclude that a more appropriate option for taking into account family circumstances is the widespread use of tax deductions. Since Russian legislation does not establish poverty criteria, personal income tax is levied even on income in the amount of the subsistence minimum. This also does not correspond to the principle of social justice, because in the absence of such criteria, poverty cannot be considered a basis for tax exemption. Thus, the establishment of a classical progressive system in the Russian Federation will encourage a change in the model of behavior of both persons who have the opportunity to increase their income, but do not intend to do so due to a decrease in the nominal increase in wages, and persons who previously declared income in full, but if the tax model changes, they will apply personal income tax evasion schemes. We believe that in the context of the principle of equity, the essence of progressive taxation is not the establishment of several tax rates and is not determined by the number of tax deductions that can be granted only to a small number of persons, including wealthy taxpayers, but that it reflects the ability of a person to pay tax. In our opinion, this ability should be guaranteed by the exemption from taxation of the minimum amount of income (minimum wage). Сonclusions. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the establishment of a classical progressive system in the Russian Federation will encourage a change in the behavior model of both persons who have the opportunity to increase their income, but do not intend to do so due to a decrease in the nominal increase in wages, and persons who previously declared income in full, but if the tax model changes, they will use personal income tax evasion schemes. In addition, the results of a comparative analysis of the experience of the EU member States show the ineffectiveness of the progressive income tax scale as a tool to combat social inequality. It is proposed to apply only elements of progressive taxation when reforming the Russian tax regime for individuals, namely, to establish a nontaxable minimum in the amount of the minimum wage, which will ensure tax fairness for taxpayers with lower-average incomes.
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Gupta, Vijay. "Economic Crisis in Africa." India Quarterly: A Journal of International Affairs 41, no. 2 (1985): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097492848504100205.
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Sub-Saharan Africa is facing deep economic crisis. A situation has reached where there is total stagnation with zero per cent growth rate and no hope of recovery. Hunger is hovering over vast areas of Africa threatening the lives of 150 million people and every day people are dying of starvation. It is said, that nature and international economic relations are both responsible for the crisis. The problems include drought and expanding desertification leading to scarcity of food and consequently rising foreign exchange expenditure on food purchase. There is shortage of inputs for the very few industries that exist. The burden of external debts is increasing every day and is reaching a stage when repayment would be impossible. According to a World Bank Report: “Of the 45 states in the sub-Saharan region, 24 have fewer than five million people. African economies are for the most part small in economic terms. These are open economies where foreign trade accounts for about a quarter of the GDP. They are specialized economies, most of them agricultural, dependent on the export of two or three primary commodities. Even in mineral exporting countries, the majority of the population (around 80 per cent) is engaged in agriculture with subsistence production. Only 20 per cent of the population is non-rural, and modern wage employment absorbs a very small proportion of the labour force—in most countries less than 10 per cent.”1 There is mass-poverty and regional inequality with under-developed structures. Agricultural growth per capita, a key indicator in Africa, has been showing negative rates of growth. In most African societies the patriarchal, tribal social structure still exists today side by side with the foreign companies (MNCs) holding key positions in the economy of a number of countries. Small-scale production by farmers, livestock breeders and handicraftsmen is still the largest sector of the African economy today. The low level of subsistence farming often with primitive tools and Implements prevails all over the continent. The small cash crop growers are ruthlessly exploited by foreign monopolies, local feudals and the tribal elite. Forced by an unbearable and miserable existence “peasants” abandon land temporarily and are forced to seek work in the cities, plantations or in mines. As the rate of industrial growth is very low, migration from the rural to the tertiary or industrial sector is minimal. Africa is underdeveloped, that is, Africa's economic potential is scantily developed. For instance, the African continent possesses two-fifths of the world's total hydroelectric potential—more than Europe and the two Americans put together but the present production is ridiculously small—25 billion kwh—that is equivalent to the consumption of a large European city. Similarly African mineral resources have been relatively little exploited and so far research on tropical soils is in the first stages, knowledge of water resources is minimal. African human resources have remained underutilized. Africa lags far behind in education leading to low capacity in technical and economic inventiveness. Between 1960 and 1979 the per capita income in a number of sub-Saharan countries showed increase while some others had a very low rate of growth and still others showed negative rates of growth. Since 1980 it appears that there has been a constant tendency of decline in the rate of growth in a large number of countries.2 Even the oil-producing countries are in trouble.
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"Book Reviews." Journal of Economic Literature 54, no. 3 (2016): 946–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.54.3.942.r4.
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Enrica Chiappero-Martinetti of the University of Pavia reviews “Poverty and Social Exclusion: New Methods of Analysis,” by Gianni Betti and Achille Lemmi. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Fifteen papers explore new methods for estimating poverty at the local level and examine recent multidimensional methods of the dynamics of poverty. Papers discuss measuring multidimensional deprivation with dichotomized and ordinal variables; poverty and the dimensionality of welfare; income, material deprivation, and social exclusion in Israel; multidimensional and fuzzy measures of poverty and inequality at the national and regional level in Mozambique; assessing the time-dimension of poverty; intertemporal material deprivation; measuring chronic poverty; measuring intertemporal poverty—policy options for the poverty analyst; measuring levels and trends in absolute poverty in the world—open questions and possible alternatives; small area methodology in poverty mapping—an introductory overview; small area estimation of poverty using the ELL/PovMap method and its alternatives; estimation of poverty measures in small areas; the use of spatial information for the estimation of poverty indicators at the small area level; outlier robust semiparametric small area methods for poverty estimation; and poverty and social exclusion in 3D—multidimensional, longitudinal, and small area estimation.”
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Shi, Jiayi, and Peter Sercombe. "Poverty and Inequality in Rural Education: Evidence from China." Education as Change 24 (July 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1947-9417/4965.
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In 1998, the People’s Republic of China implemented an education policy, the “School Consolidation Policy”, which entailed merging small rural schools with larger ones. It has had a massive effect on rural people across China, and as a result of it, over 60% of schools in outlying areas have closed. The policy’s implementation and effects have received little scholarly attention, despite its scale and consequences. This article investigates the policy, drawing on the nexus between critical discourse analysis and an ethnographical study conducted from 2007 to 2018. The article reviews trajectories and critical junctures shaping educational change in one rural community in north-western China, as an example of broader changes that have been occurring across the country. This is presented through four thematically interrelated episodes, over a 10-year period, illustrating the conception of the policy, its local interpretation and implementation, and its consequences as perceived by stakeholders. The recontextualisation of rural education is part of the policy, as expressed in political discourse, and is examined together with its wider impacts. Attention is paid to the local adoption of the policy at different levels of government and the challenges faced by villagers in rural China in their efforts to capitalise on educational opportunities and secure a measure of social mobility. Consequences of the policy’s implementation are analysed and include rising educational inequality, social marginalisation and a lack of social mobility prospects for families affected.
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Anh, Nguyen Hoang, and Hoang Bao Tram. "Policy Implications to Improve the Business Environment to Encourage Female Entrepreneurship in the North of Vietnam." VNU Journal of Science: Economics and Business 33, no. 5E (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1108/vnueab.4078.
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Abstract: Nowadays, Vietnamese women are participating actively in parts of the economy that were previously deemed male domain. Women are involved in business activities at all levels in Vietnam, making significant contributions to the economic development of the country. By December 2011, there were 81,226 small and medium enterprises headed by women, accounting for 25% of the total number of enterprises in the country (GSO, 2013). In Vietnam, despite recent economic development, socio-cultural and legal barriers are still very difficult for women since the general perception in society is that a woman’s main duty is to be a good housewife and mother and they are also often perceived as weak, passive and irrational (VWEC, 2007). Even though the studies related to women entrepreneurship development are quite extensive, amongst them only a limited number of researches on the role of legal and socio - cultural barriers on women entrepreneurs in the context of Vietnam have been investigated. Thus, supported by the World Trade Institute (WTI) in Bern, Switzerland, the researchers have chosen this as the subject of this study. Based on a quantitative survey of 110 companies in Hanoi and adjacent areas, the research has taken legal and socio - cultural barriers and explored their effect on the development of women entrepreneurship in the context of Vietnam in order to indicate how women entrepreneurs perceive the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic impacts, and policy reforms on their entrepreneurial situations and initiatives, and to then provide policy implications for promoting women’s entrepreneurship and gender equality in Vietnam.
 Keywords
 Entrepreneurship, female entrepreneurs, gender equality, Vietnam
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Afiff, Adi Zakaria. "Micro and Small Entrepreneur Social Ads: The Influence of Risk Perception as Measured by Self-Monitoring and Social Expectation on Poverty Reduction Social Ads in Indonesia." ASEAN Marketing Journal 2, no. 2 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/amj.v2i2.1995.
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Pogge, Thomas W. "Eine globale Rohstoffdividende." Analyse & Kritik 17, no. 2 (1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auk-1995-0204.
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AbstractWe live in a world of radical inequality: Hundreds of millions suffer severe, lifelong poverty. Many others are quite well off and affluent enough significantly to improve the lives of the global poor. Does this radical inequality constitute an injustice in which we are involved? An affirmative answer finds broad support in different strands of the Western moral tradition, which also support the same program of institutional reform. This reform centers around a Global Resources Dividend, or GRD. A GRD in the amount of one percent of the global social product would raise some $300 Billion a year. This amount is too small to lead to economic dislocation. But it is large enough to eradicate global poverty within one or two decades.
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Wolf, Ishay, and Jose Maria Caridad y Ocerin. "The transition to a multi-pillar pension system: the inherent socio-economic anomaly." Journal of Financial Economic Policy ahead-of-print, ahead-of-print (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-07-2020-0162.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to analytically show that in an over-lapping-generation (OLG) model, low earning cohorts bear unwanted risk and absorb higher economic cost than high earning cohorts do. Design/methodology/approach This paper aims to consider the individual's risk appetite, using a simple utility function, based on consumptions and discount rates in each period. This paper calibrates the model according to teh Israeli pension system as a representative of a small open developed organization for economic cooperation and development country. Israel is considered as unique case study in the pension landscape, as it implements almost pure defined contribution pension scheme with continuous trend of pension market capitalization (Giorno and Jacques, 2016). Hence, this study finds Israel suitable for examining the theoretical mix of pension scheme. That model enables exploring combined solutions for adequate old age benefits, involving the first and the second pension pillars, under fiscal constraints. Findings It comes out that for risk-averse individuals, the optimal degree of funding is negatively correlated to asset returns' volatility and positively correlated to earning decile level. The neglect of risk and individual's current earning level will thus overstate the contribution level and funded percentage from total contributions. Moreover, even in an economy with minimum government intervention, and highly developed private pension fund with high average of rate of return, the authors find it is optimal that the pension system contains a sizeable unfunded pillar. This paper innovates by revealing a socio-economic anomaly in design of mix pension systems in favor of high earning cohorts on the expense of economic loss of low earning cohorts. Practical implications The model presented in this paper could be implemented in countries with mix pension systems, as an alternative to public social transfers or means tested, alleviating poverty and inequality in old age. Additionally, this model could raise the public awareness of the financial sustainability of the unfunded pay-as-you-go pillar to diversify financial risk in pension systems, especially for low earning cohort in society. Social implications One area of research that is particularly relevant in this context concerns the issue of alleviating poverty and income inequality. It is often stressed that the prevention of old age poverty is among the central targets of well-designed pension system (Holzmann and Hinz, 2005). The conceptualization of minimum pension guarantee used in this composition allows to clearly capturing the notion of such a poverty and social targets as an integral part of the pension system rolls. Originality/value This paper innovates by revealing a socio-economic anomaly in design of mix pension systems in favor of high earning cohorts on the expense of economic loss of low earning cohorts. That comes to realize through the level of total contribution rates and funded share that are generally optimal for high earning cohorts but not for low earning cohorts. This paper identifies that the effect of anomaly is most significant in a market characterized with high income-inequality level. This paper finds that imposing intra-generational risk sharing instrument in the form of minimum pension guarantee can re-balance pension design among different earning cohorts. This solution demonstrates balancing effect on the entire economy.