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Miao, Junhui, Bin Meng, Jun Liu, and Lixiang Wang. "Small-Molecule Donor/Polymer Acceptor Type Organic Solar Cells: Effect of Terminal Groups of Small-Molecule Donors." Organic Materials 01, no. 01 (November 2019): 088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401017.
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Small-molecule donor/polymer acceptor type (MD/PA-type) organic solar cells (OSCs) have the great advantage of superior thermal stability. However, very few small molecular donors can match polymer acceptors, leading to low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of MD/PA-type OSCs. In this work, we studied the effect of terminal groups of small molecular donors on the optoelectronic properties and OSC device performance of MD/PA-type OSCs. We select a benzodithiophene unit bearing carbazolyl substituents as the core, terthiophene as the bridging unit, and electron-withdrawing methyl 2-cyanoacetate, 3-ethylrhodanine, and 2H-indene-1,3-dione as the terminal groups to develop three small-molecule donors. With the increase of the electron-withdrawing capability of the terminal groups, the small molecular donors exhibit redshifted absorption spectra and downshifted LUMO levels. Among the three small-molecule donors, the one with 3-ethylrhodanine terminal group exhibits the best photovoltaic performance with the PCE of 8.0% in MD/PA-type OSCs. This work provides important guidelines for the design of small-molecule donors for MD/PA-type OSC applications.
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Marqués, Pablo Simón, José María Andrés Castán, Pierre Josse, Martin Blais, Amir Hossein Habibi, Ivan Ramirez, Karsten Walzer, Jean Roncali, Philippe Blanchard, and Clément Cabanetos. "Effect of 4-biphenyl groups on the charge transport and photovoltaic properties of arylamine based push–pull systems." New Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 27 (2020): 11441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nj02019b.
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The synthesis of two N,N-bis(4-biphenylyl)aniline (BPA) based push–pull is reported herein. Evaluation as donor materials in all-small-molecule planar-heterojunction organic solar cells lead to impressive fill factor (>73%) and promising power conversion efficiencies.
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Morales-Ramos, J. A., M. G. Rojas, and A. T. Dossey. "Age-dependent food utilisation of Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) in small groups at two temperatures." Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 4, no. 1 (March 2, 2018): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2017.0062.
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Insects hold potential as a sustainable source of animal protein. In recent years a new and rapidly growing industry of insect-based foods has emerged. The house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), is one of the most important insect species being produced commercially in the USA for feed and food. However, the price of cricket powder remains much higher in comparison with other animal sources of protein. This study seeks to contribute to reduce cricket production costs by determining food conversion efficiency at different ages as a mean of establishing an optimal harvesting age. Two temperature treatments of 27 and 29 °C consisting of 27 groups of five crickets each were monitored weekly to measure food consumption and growth for a period of 10 and 9 weeks respectively. Data were used to calculate efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) for each week and treatment. Crickets at 27 °C produced more biomass and adults were significantly larger than those developing at 29 °C. The peak individual weekly biomass gain was observed at the end of 8 weeks at 27 °C (87.9±8.1 mg) (mean ± SEM) and at the end of 6 weeks at 29 °C (51.4±7.1 mg). Mean ECI values during weeks 1 to 8 at 27 °C (20.7, 22.6, 22, 20.8, 21.6, 20.9, 20, and 16.5%) and weeks 1 to 6 at 29 °C (18, 24.4, 19.9, 18.9, 21.1, and 16.4%) did not differ significantly. Decline of ECI values was better explained by the increase in adult proportions than by mortality. The optimal age to harvest based on food consumption and cricket biomass gain ratios was at the end of 8 weeks at 27 °C and at the end of 6 weeks at 29 °C. An economic analysis resulted in slightly higher profits ($ 1.04 USD) per g of hatchling/year at 27 °C.
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Maitra, Gayatri, Kevin Inchley, Richard J. Novick, Ruud A. W. Veldhuizen, James F. Lewis, and Fred Possmayer. "Acute lung injury and lung transplantation influence in vitro subtype conversion of pulmonary surfactant." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 282, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): L67—L74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2002.282.1.l67.
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The effects of surfactant treatment on surfactant subtype conversion after lung injury were examined. Dogs were subjected to hyperventilation for 8 h with or without surfactant treatment. Lungs were stored for 17 h, and the right lung was transplanted and reperfused for 6 h. Conversion of large aggregate (LA) surfactant to small aggregates was investigated using in vitro surface area cycling. LA from transplanted lungs (Transplant-LA) from the nontreated group converted more rapidly than Transplant-LA from the treated group. Transplant-LA from both groups converted more rapidly than LA from normal lungs. Calculations based on [3H]dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in the administered surfactant [bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES)] showed that the endogenous component of Transplant-LA converted more rapidly than the exogenous component. This indicates exogenous BLES did not equilibrate completely with endogenous surfactant. LA from hyperventilated, stored donor right lungs and from the recipients' native lungs from the nontreated group converted more rapidly than corresponding LA in the BLES-treated group. Similar relative conversions were observed with exogenous components from all lungs. Relative conversion of endogenous component from Transplant-LA was more rapid than that from LA from donor's stored right lung or from the recipient's native right lung. Low levels of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride inhibited conversion of Transplant-LA to a greater extent than normal LA. LA from all experimental groups had similar protein levels. These studies show acute lung injury, transplant, ischemia-reperfusion, and surfactant treatment have major effects on surfactant subtype integrity.
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Deng, Jiyong, Qiang Tao, Dong Yan, Xianwei Huang, and Yunfeng Liao. "Quinoxaline-Based Small Molecules: Synthesis and Investigation on Their Optoelectronic Properties." Materials Science-Poland 36, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 167–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2018-0021.
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Abstract Small molecules of ThQuTh, CzQuTh, CzQuCz and TPAQuCz were designed and synthesized, based on quinoxaline acceptor, and electron donating groups, i.e. alkyl-thioephene, carbazole and triphenylamine on both side chains and molecular backbones. Their thermal, optical and electrochemical properties were systematically compared and studied. The absorption spectra of the small molecules were strongly affected by the donor units attached to quinoxaline. Strong electron donating groups, such as carbazole on the molecular backbone would lower optical band gap, resulting in a wide absorption and the strong donor on the side chain would enhance the absorption intensity in short wavelength region. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of the four molecules were up-shifted with increasing the electron donating properties of donor units. The bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells with a device structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/SMs:PC61BM/LiF/Al were fabricated, in which the small molecules functioned as donors while PC61BM as acceptor. Because the electron-donating ability of carbazole (Cz), triphenylamine (TPA) is higher than that of thiophene (Th), CzQuTh, CzQuCz and TPAQuCz show higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) than that of ThQuTh. Furthermore, being the strongest in absorption intensity and widest in absorption spectrum, TPAQuCz has the highest power conversion efficiency. Further improvement of the device efficiency by optimizing the device structure is currently under investigation
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Tanabe, Koji, Daniel Haag, and Marius Wernig. "Direct somatic lineage conversion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1680 (October 19, 2015): 20140368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0368.
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The predominant view of embryonic development and cell differentiation has been that rigid and even irreversible epigenetic marks are laid down along the path of cell specialization ensuring the proper silencing of unrelated lineage programmes. This model made the prediction that specialized cell types are stable and cannot be redirected into other lineages. Accordingly, early attempts to change the identity of somatic cells had little success and was limited to conversions between closely related cell types. Nuclear transplantation experiments demonstrated, however, that specialized cells even from adult mammals can be reprogrammed into a totipotent state. The discovery that a small combination of transcription factors can reprogramme cells to pluripotency without the need of oocytes further supported the view that these epigenetic barriers can be overcome much easier than assumed, but the extent of this flexibility was still unclear. When we showed that a differentiated mesodermal cell can be directly converted to a differentiated ectodermal cell without a pluripotent intermediate, it was suggested that in principle any cell type could be converted into any other cell type. Indeed, the work of several groups in recent years has provided many more examples of direct somatic lineage conversions. Today, the question is not anymore whether a specific cell type can be generated by direct reprogramming but how it can be induced.
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Johri, Goonj, Gyan Chand, Nitish Gupta, Chaitra Sonthineni, Anjali Mishra, Gaurav Agarwal, Sabaretnam Mayilvaganan, Ashok Kumar Verma, and Saroj Kanta Mishra. "Feasibility of Endoscopic Thyroidectomy via Axilla and Breast Approaches for Larger Goiters: Widening the Horizons." Journal of Thyroid Research 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4057542.
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Scarless (in the neck) endoscopic thyroidectomy (SET) has evolved into a cosmetically preferred alternative to conventional thyroidectomy (ConT). Recently many of our patients are demanding SET; however their goitres are larger than the recommended size of 4–6 cm. Our aim was to compare the outcomes of ET for small (<6 cm) vs large (≥6 cm) goitres and determine its feasibility in such cases. This is a retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database of patients undergoing ET. Patients were divided into 2 groups: I, small (<6 cm) and II, large goitres (≥6 cm). Their demographic and clinicopathological profiles, operation time, conversion and complication rates, and hospital stay were compared. 99 patients (101 procedures) were included: group I, 60 patients (61 procedures), and group II, 39 patients (40 procedures). Mean tumor size (± SD) was 4.4 ± 0.9 cm and 6.7 ± 1.1 cm in groups I and II, respectively. The groups were comparable with respect to demographic and clinical profile except for mean duration of goiter [30.1 ± 32.6 months (group I) vs 60.5 ± 102.4 months (group I), p = 0.03] and gland weight [21.5 ± 15.3 grams (group I) vs 62.3 ± 51.3 grams (group II), p = 0.001]. Although there was no significant difference between mean operating times, long term perioperative outcomes, and conversion rates, temporary hypocalcaemia and length of stay were longer in group II. One patient had permanent vocal cord palsy (~1%, 1/101); none had permanent hypoparathyroidism. Our results indicate that ET can be offered to a subset of patients with larger goitres desirous of SET with no significant difference in mean operation time, conversions, and long term postoperative complications in experienced hands.
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Thompson, M. H., and J. R. Benger. "Cholecystectomy, Conversion and Complications." HPB Surgery 11, no. 6 (January 1, 2000): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/56760.
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Background Faced with a difficult laparoscopic cholecystectomy the surgeon may feel that conversion to open operation would risk greater complications because of the laparotomy. Information on the effect of conversion is lacking. The purpose of this study is to measure the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and observe the effect of the conversion rate.Methods A total of 957 patients were studied. There were three consecutive series of patients; the first undergoing open cholecystectomy (384 patients), the second laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a 5.8% conversion rate (412 patients) and the third laparoscopic cholecystectomy with a 1.3% conversion rate (161 patients). Data was collected prospectively using a continuous audit, and the complication rate compared on an intention to treat basis. In addition a panel of experienced surgeons was asked to score the complications depending on their severity and a composite complication score calculated. Comparison between the 3 groups was then undertaken. Results Open cholecystectomy produced a postoperative complication rate of 6%. Initially this appeared to fall to 3.1% with the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but when the complications occurring in the converted patients were included (i.e., on an intention to treat basis) the rate increased to 5.6% in the first group of laparoscopically- treated patients and 3.1% in the second. These differences were not statistically significant. A similar pattern emerged when scoring the severity of the complications as judged by the expert panel. The inclusion of intra-operative complications appears to remove any small advantage for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The reduction in the conversion rate between the two laparoscopic groups from 5.8% to 1.2% was statistically significant.Conclusion When considered on an intention to treat basis laparoscopic cholecystectomy offers no advantage over open operation in terms of the frequency or severity of complications. Reducing the frequency of conversion from a laparoscopic to an open procedure also has no significant effect on the complications encountered. We conclude, therefore, that the complication rate is independent of the conversion rate and that the surgeon, when faced with difficulty at laparoscopic cholecystectomy, should not be deterred from converting to open operation for fear of the post-operative consequences.
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Gallagher, Shea P., Amir Abolhoda, Vincent E. Kirkpatrick, Areo G. Saffarzadeh, May S. Thein, and Samuel E. Wilson. "Learning Curve of Robotic Lobectomy for Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by a Thoracic Surgeon Adept in Open Lobectomy." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 13, no. 5 (September 2018): 321–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000552.
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Objective The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical outcomes and learning curve during the adoption of a robotic platform for lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer by a thoracic surgeon experienced in open thoracotomy. Methods Retrospective review of 157 consecutive patients (57 open thoracotomies, 100 robotic lobectomies) treated with lobectomy for clinical stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer between 2007 and 2014. Clinical outcomes were compared between the open thoracotomy group and five consecutive groups of 20 robotic lobectomies. We used the following six metrics to evaluate learning curve: operative time, conversion to open, estimated blood loss, hospitalization duration, overall morbidity, and pathologic nodal upstaging. Results The robotic and open thoracotomy groups had equivalent preoperative characteristics, except for a higher proportion of clinical stage IA patients in the robotic cohort. The robotic group, as a whole, had lower intraoperative blood loss, less overall morbidity, shorter chest tube duration, and shorter length of hospital stay as compared with the open thoracotomy group. Operative time demonstrated a bimodal learning curve. Conversion rate diminished from 22.5% in the first two robotic groups to 6.7% in the latter three groups. The rate of pathologic nodal upstaging was statistically equivalent to the open thoracotomy group. Conclusions Adoption of a robotic platform for lobectomy for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer by an experienced open thoracic surgeon is safe and feasible, with fewer complications, less blood loss, and equivalent nodal sampling rate even during the learning curve. The conversion to open rate significantly dropped after the first 40 robotic lobectomies, and operative time for robotic lobectomy approached open thoracotomy after 60 cases, after a bimodal curve.
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Grishchenko, Liudmyla, Natalia S. Novychenko, Igor Matushko, Alexander N. Zaderko, Galyna G. Tsapyuk, Oleksandr V. Mischanchuk, Vitaliy E. Diyuk, and Vladyslav V. Lisnyak. "Catalytic efficiency of activated carbon functionalized with phosphorus-containing groups in 2-propanol dehydration." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 1 (2019): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv7i1p46-56.
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The functionalization of activated carbon (AC) by P-containing groups was conducted, and their thermal desorption was studied. Depending on the used method, the functionalized AC contains 0.5–1.45 mmol/g of acidic groups acting in catalytic 2-propanol dehydration. All catalysts showed 100% conversion of 2-propanol to propylene. The catalytic activity does not change with time under isothermal conditions and during their repeated use in catalysis, for 3 cycles of heating-cooling. In fact, the yield of propylene remains stable; it does not decrease with each cycle. Preliminary oxidation with nitric acid causes a small increase in the catalytic activity.
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Suman, Suman, Anirban Bagui, Ashish Garg, Barkha Tyagi, Vinay Gupta, and Surya Prakash Singh. "A fluorene-core-based electron acceptor for fullerene-free BHJ organic solar cells—towards power conversion efficiencies over 10%." Chemical Communications 54, no. 32 (2018): 4001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc08440d.
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Momcilovic, Milan, Milovan Purenovic, Milena Miljkovic, Aleksandar Bojic, Aleksandra Zarubica, and Marjan Randjelovic. "Physico-chemical characterization of powdered activated carbons obtained by thermo-chemical conversion of brown municipal waste." Chemical Industry 65, no. 3 (2011): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind110124016m.
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Cones of the European Black pine and Horse chestnut kernel, regarded as brown municipal waste, was utilized in this work as a precursor for powdered activated carbons. Chemical activation was employed at 500?C in inert atmosphere of nitrogen. Standard physico-chemical analyses were performed to examine obtained products. FTIR method was employed to determine fuctional groups which were found to be typical for activated carbons. Acidic oxygen groups were quantitatively determined using Boehm titrations. It was established that carboxylic groups on pine cone activated carbon, and phenolic groups on chestnut kernel activated carbon were dominant from all acidic oxygen groups. Since both contact pH and pHPZC were determined to be fairly acidic, it could be concluded that obtained activated carbons belong to L-type. Shape and layout of micrometer dimensioned particles were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Particles of different shapes and dimensions along with small cracks and wide crevices and voids were noticed. Textural analysis was used to determine specific surface area and pore distribution of obtained activated carbons. Obtained products possess highly developed surface area and wide pore distribution.
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Seong, Yong Won, Byung Su Yoo, Jin Tae Kim, In Kyu Park, Chang Hyun Kang, and Young Tae Kim. "Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy in Children: Safety and Efficacy Compared with the Conventional Thoracotomy Approach." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 7, no. 6 (November 2012): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155698451200700604.
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Objective There have been only small numbers of reports for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy in children because of its technically demanding aspects. This study was performed to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of the VATS lobectomy compared with the conventional lobectomy by thoracotomy and to investigate the risk factors of thoracotomy conversion. Methods From May 2005 to October 2010, a total of 37 pediatric patients underwent VATS lobectomy and 28 pediatric patients underwent conventional lobectomy. The VATS lobectomy group consisted of relatively older patients compared with the thoracotomy group. Clinical outcomes from the two groups were analyzed and compared. Results Of the 37 patients in the VATS group, 8 patients (23%) required thoracotomy conversion and 29 patients (77%) were successfully operated on thoracoscopically. There were no in-hospital mortalities in both groups. Annual thoracotomy conversion rate has decreased from 50% in 2005 to 9% in 2010. There were no significant differences in the outcome between the VATS group and the thoracotomy group. Morbidities in the VATS group included prolonged drainage longer than 7 days (two patients), prolonged air leakage (two patients), and bleeding (one patient). There was no difference in the incidence of morbidities between the two groups. Univariate analyses revealed failure of single-lung ventilation (P = 0.007) and history of pneumonia (P = 0.001) to be risk factors of thoracotomy conversion. Conclusions Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy in children is a safe and effective treatment modality, with results comparable with those of conventional lobectomy. In the univariate analysis, failure of single-lung ventilation and history of pneumonia were the two factors related to thoracotomy conversion.
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Molchanova, E. "Epidemic of Conversion Disorder in Janaozen, The Northern Kazakhstan." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S451—S452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1643.
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Janaozen, a small city in the Northern Kazakhstan is an oil town, where 8% of all Kazakh oil has been extracted since 1950s. Due to the harsh climate and uncomfortable living conditions on the one hand, and relatively high salaries on the other, the city became a “Mecca” for ethnic Kazakhs (oralmans), who migrated from the other countries of the former USSR. The strict division between “ours” and “oralmans” created a variety of predispositions for the existence of a recurrent intro-city conflict, which served as a background for the tragic events of December 2011. The strike of oil workers ended in a bloody carnage with long-lasting consequences. The high level of traumatic stress, secondary gain of traumatization, and relative isolation of oralmans created plausible conditions for explosion of mass conversion disorder, which in social consciousness was associated with measles vaccination.On 16th of February, 20 teenagers were hospitalized with seizures of unknown aetiology, 60 girls got sick during the next three days, and 195 were hospitalized during the next three weeks. More than 100 were receiving an outpatient treatment. Foggy diagnosis of “post-vaccine reaction” led to panic among citizens, and a small city hospital became overcrowded by relatives of patients. The diagnosis of conversion disorder had been supported according to the criteria of ICD-10.The results of numerous focus groups, archival research and individual interviews showed up the precise connections between oil workers’ strike in 2011 and mass conversion disorder in 2015.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Lawang, Robert M. Z. "SMALL FARMERS AND CONVERSION: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL (EVIDENCE FROM MANGGARAI, FLORES, EAST NUSA TENGGARA, INDONESIA)." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 3, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v3i1.1717.
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This article deals with the role of social capital in Manggarai on the basis of the following assumptions. First, the incapacity of the poor farmers to develop social capital themselves caused by external and internal constraints. Empowerment and policy approaches are primary in social capital formation. Second, combination of empowerment and policy approaches which seem to be relevant for problem solving. This article is based on field research where qualitative approach was used. Both farmers belonging to Ecopastoral and Non- Ecopastoral clusters have been developing social capitals for themselves used in their trajectories of conversion. The groups belonging to the clusters are important for further policy development through resource mobilization of social capitals own by government, civil society organization and market.
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Krasowski, Matthew D., John L. Blau, Stephanie J. Chen, Karra A. Jones, Thomas J. Schmidt, and Leslie A. Bruch. "Teaching Pathology in an Integrated Preclinical Medical School Curriculum and Adaptations to COVID-19 Restrictions." Academic Pathology 8 (January 1, 2021): 237428952110153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23742895211015337.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a major impact on education at all age levels, including professional schools and health professions programs. We describe the experience of adapting preclinical medical school courses within an integrated curriculum to virtual instruction. A major feature of two of the courses were pathology small groups adapted from pathology courses in the previous medical school curriculum. These small groups were designed to use facilitated groups of 8 to 10 students. With a sudden change to virtual learning, these small groups were shifted to large group virtual sessions. In general, the conversion went well, with ongoing optimization of the format of the large group sessions mainly occurring over the first several sessions. End-of-course student evaluations were generally positive, but with a preference toward returning to live sessions in the future. Scores on 5 multiple choice examinations in the spring 2020 course were essentially identical in mean, standard deviation, and distribution to examinations in the previous 2 years of the course that had similar layout and topic organization. We discuss the challenges and successes of the switch to virtual instruction and of teaching pathology content within an integrated medical school curriculum.
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Yasmin, S., M. S. Yousaf, K. A. Majeed, M. A. Rashid, S. K. Tahir, M. Numan, R. Mustafa, S. I. Nagra, H. Zaneb, and H. Rehman. "Dietary Catharanthus roseus modulates intestinal microarchitecture in broilers." South African Journal of Animal Science 51, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 488–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v51i4.9.
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The study evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) in altering growth performance, viscera development and intestinal microarchitecture in broilers. Day-old broiler chicks (n = 175) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 25/group) with 5 replicates (n = 5). The chicks in the control groups were fed a corn-soya-based basal diet, whereas groups 2 - 4 had the same basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% ethanolic leaf extracts (ELE), respectively. Chicks in groups 5 - 7 were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2% ethanolic root extracts (ERE) of C. roseus, respectively. The growth performance and feed conversion ratio remained unchanged, but feed consumption of birds supplemented with 0.1% ERE increased in weeks 1 and 3. The relative length of the small intestine was lower in the 0.05% ERE group compared with the control. Villus height, width, surface area, and lamina propria thickness were higher in the 0.1% ERE group in all three segments of the small intestine than in the control. Broilers supplemented with 0.1% ERE performed better in terms of feed consumption and improved intestinal microarchitecture of the small intestine.
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Chen, Oace, and Wolf. "Studies on the Effect of Dose Size on the Absorption of beta-Carotene by the Rat in vivo." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 69, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.69.1.8.
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This study was carried out to choose between two hypotheses with respect to the regulation of beta-carotene (BC) conversion to retinol in the whole animal: uptake of BC into intestinal mucosa is limited by saturation of an intestinal receptor; or the conversion to retinol is limited by saturation of the conversion enzyme(s). Groups of rats were given five different dose levels of labeled BC by stomach tube. Labeled and total BC and retinol were isolated from tissues and intestinal contents after 4 h. Results showed a positive linear relationship between BC in the intestinal wall and the dose administered, with no saturation level up to 1440 mug administered. Per cent formation of newly formed retinol from newly absorbed (i.e., labeled) BC was 20–26% of the three lower dose groups, 10% for the highest dose. No retinyl esters could be detected in the intestine. Most of the administered BC was in the intestinal contents, about 100-times more than in the intestinal wall and mucosa. Newly formed retinol in plasma was about 10-times that in liver. Small amounts of newly absorbed BC were found in liver, but no labeled retinyl esters. These results suggest that the absorption of BC is very inefficient; that it does not occur through an intestinal receptor; that the formation of retinol is regulated at the level of the conversion enzyme(s).
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Liu, Ling Yun, De Fa Sun, Jun Jun Li, Xiang Hua Tang, Yue Lin Mu, and Zun Xi Huang. "Influence of Isoamylase Supplementation on Performance and α-Amylase Activities of Broilers Fed Maize-Soybean Meal Diets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.104.
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An experiment was conducted to study the influence of isoamylase supplementation to maize-soybean diets on productive performance and amylase activities of broilers from 1 to 42 d of age.The results showed that different dose of isoamylase（300g/T,600 g/T,900 g/T, containing 3000IU of isoamylase/g）in the maize - soybean meal diet significantly affected the performance of broilers within 1-42 days. Within 1-21 days , the average daily gain(ADG) of experimental groups( experiment I (E I) experiment II (E II) experiment III (E III) ) improved by 3.2% -10.32%(P>0.05) compared with the control groups(negative control(NC) and positive control(PC)), average daily feed intake(ADFI) improved by 0.63%-7.43%(P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio decreased by 0.55%-4.43%(P>0.05); Within 21-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups decreased by 1.38%-4.84% and ADFI by 11.89%-15.58% (P<0.05), feed conversion ratio by 5.41%-7.54% compared with that in the NC group; Within 1-42 days , the ADG of experimental groups improved by 0.54%-4.06%(P>0.05), while ADFI decreased by 0.75%-11.83% (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio by 3.97%-7.52% (P>0.05) compared with those in the negative control. Isoamylase supplementation influenced amylase activity of various parts of the chyme in digestive tract and the tissues of small intestine and pancreas. 21 d, the amylase activity in experimental groups improved by 4.67%-79.29%(P<0.05) compared with PC, α-amylase activity in the majority experimental groups were lower than PC group, but the difference was not significant(P>0.05).
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Yang, Guo, Xing Yong Liu, and Fu Tao Wang. "Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation of Phenol over Oxidized Activated Carbon." Applied Mechanics and Materials 345 (August 2013): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.345.176.
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A commercial activated carbon was oxidized with nitric acid to tailor the structure of pore and adjust the distribution of surface functional groups. The textual properties of catalysts was characterized using N2adsorption, and Boehm titration was applied to quantitative analysis of the functional groups on activated carbon surface. The catalytic activity of modified activated carbon was performed by trickle bed at specific temperature and pressure. The oxidized activated carbon displayed lower removal rate for phenol. This phenomenon was reasonably interpreted by small specific surface area and increase in oxygen-containing surface functional groups. The catalytic activity test showed that higher reaction temperature and higher oxygen partial pressure were favorable for phenol conversion.
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Łopuszańska-Rusek, Magdalena, and Krzysztof Bilik. "Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy Cows." Annals of Animal Science 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 531–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-011-0005-z.
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Influence of Pre- and Postpartum Supplementation of Fibrolytic Enzymes and Yeast Culture, or Both, on Performance and Metabolic Status of Dairy CowsThe aim of the study was to determine the degree to which feeding total mixed rations (TMR) with fibrolytic enzymes and/or live yeast cultures to periparturient dairy cows will affect feed intake and conversion, milk yield and chemical composition, and metabolic and reproductive parameters of the cows. The experiment was conducted from 3 weeks before calving to 10 weeks of lactation on 36 Polish Red-and-White Holstein-Friesian (PHF Red) cows assigned to four analogous groups, 9 animals each. Cows from the control group (C) were fed an unsupplemented diet, those from group E received a diet supplemented (15 g/day) with enzyme preparation (Fibrozyme™) containing a blend of active xylanase and cellulase, cows from group D a diet with yeast preparation (Yea - Sacc1026) supplemented (10 g/day) with Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026 live yeast culture, and cows from group ED were fed a diet supplemented with a mixture (25 g/day) of both feed additives. The preparations were added to the concentrate included in the TMR diet. It was found that groups E and D showed a tendency towards higher dry matter and nutrient intake compared to group C. In groups E, D and ED there was also a tendency towards higher milk yield (by about 4-12% in the first 3 weeks of lactation) and slightly higher crude protein content (by an average of 0.16, 0.09 and 0.04 percentage units, respectively), without a clear effect on the other milk constituents. Significantly (P<0.05) lower milk urea content was also noted in group E compared to group C. Cows from groups E and D compared to group C, were characterized by better (P<0.05) efficiency of feed and nutrient conversion for kg milk production, especially during the first three weeks after calving. The experimental cows also showed a tendency towards improved blood metabolic profile, especially decreased levels of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and reduced activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The investigated preparations had no significant effect on the body weight, body condition and reproductive parameters of the cows.
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Kynast, Rudi. "Mit Initialfemeln zum Plenterwald (Essay) | The creation of selection forest using initial femel cut (essay)." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 160, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2009.0137.
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Although selection forests have clear advantages over age-group forests in view of their total growth performance, their net product and their stability, not to mention the sustainability of their beneficial effect, the proportion of this type of forest is insignificantly small in Germany and also in mixed forest in the mountains. It is therefore all the more surprising that scarcely any discernable efforts have been made to increase the proportion of selection forests. For a conversion, an alternative model for the treatment of the stands is adopted, whereby it is no longer the encouragement of the growth to maturity of individual trees in the stand which is aimed for, but rather the transformation of the whole stand to a selection forest using available stand elements and elements created by an early initiation of regeneration. Based on his experience in the forestry district of Kirchzarten in the Black Forest, Germany, the author describes the procedure for a successful conversion. This is to be started as soon as possible, that is to say when the crown height of the trees is about 18 metres and with corresponding usable dimensions, using small group shelter-wood cuts, a so-called initial femel cut. To get the conversion started it is advisable to remove whole groups of predominantly badly situated and overgrown trees. The stand will be additionally structured later through further interventions at short intervals. In the process, here and there really well situated trees will actually be left to stand solitar y, in other places w hol e self-cont aine d groups will b e created and else where valuabl e mixed s tand elements will be selected for permanent preservation, this in order to create a situation in which there are about 35 overstorey trees per hectare. On the basis of his own cost calculations, the author comes to the conclusion that the conversion is, from a financial point of view, superior compared with the age-group forest in that it brings higher proceeds more quickly and more often.
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Miśta, Dorota, Anna Rząsa, Tadeusz Szmańko, Wojciech Zawadzki, Marzena Styczyńska, Anna Pintal, and Bożena Króliczewska. "The Effect of Humic-Fatty Acid Preparation on Production Parameters and Meat Quality of Growing Rabbits." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0010-x.
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The Effect of Humic-Fatty Acid Preparation on Production Parameters and Meat Quality of Growing RabbitsThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of a humic-fatty acid preparation on production parameters and meat quality of rabbits. Three groups of New Zealand White rabbits were used (one control and two experimental) with 8 animals per group. The animals of group C (control) were fed standard pelleted diet, group H5 received a control diet supplemented with 5%, and group H10 a control diet with 10% humic-fatty acid preparation. The experiment was terminated after 6 weeks feeding, when rabbits were slaughtered. The experimental groups showed higher gains and a higher feed conversion ratio than the control group. The dietary inclusion of the experimental additive had a beneficial effect on the meat quality traits, such as Fe concentration, hardness and colour, but it also increased the susceptibility of fat to oxidative changes.
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Bardócz, S., G. Grant, D. S. Brown, and A. Pusztai. "Putrescine as a source of instant energy in the small intestine of the rat." Gut 42, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.42.1.24.
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Background and aims—It has been suggested that putrescine acts as a growth factor in the gut, but its exact function in some aspects of cellular metabolism is still in question. The aim of the present work was to identify some functions of putrescine in small bowel metabolism.Animals—Rats (about 80 g), in groups of five, were given either phytohaemagglutinin- or lactalbumin-containing diets, fed ad libitum or were fasted for 48 hours and re-fed for six or twelve hours before being killed.Methods—Uptake of intraperitoneally or intragastrically administered [14C]putrescine and its conversion to succinate by the rat small bowel mucosa was measured. Tissue polyamine and succinate contents were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and amino acid analysis respectively.Results—Uptake of putrescine by the small bowel mucosa from the systemic circulation and conversion of about 30% of this to succinate occurs in the epithelium of the healthy small bowel. Compared with rats given food ad libitum, putrescine uptake was doubled in fasted animals and more than 70% of it was converted to succinate. All these changes returned to control values on refeeding. Using phyto- haemagglutinin induced gut growth as a model, the uptake of putrescine from the systemic circulation by the serosal side of the small intestinal epithelium was increased immediately after growth was stimulated. During phytohaemagglutinin induced growth of the gut, putrescine was converted to succinate in the same proportion as in the healthy small bowel.Conclusions—The experiments identified a novel function for putrescine in gut metabolism: it can be used as an instant energy source when required.
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Abbasi, Amin, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Wan Zaireen Nisa Yahya, and Muhammad Moniruzzaman. "Conversion of palm oil to new sulfur-based polymer by inverse vulcanization." E3S Web of Conferences 287 (2021): 02014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128702014.
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The conversion of palm oil into a sulfur-based polymer by copolymerization with sulfur powder at its molten state is herein reported. The obtained sulfur-containing polymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to demonstrate the successful conversion. The disappearance of the peaks related to vinylic groups of oil together with the appearance of a peak representing C-H rocking vibrations in the vicinity of C-S bonds confirmed the copolymerization of sulfur with oil. TGA revealed that the polymers have thermal stability up to 230°C under nitrogen and the polymers leave 10% sulfur-rich ash. DSC proved that a small amount of elemental sulfur remained unreacted in the polymer, which showed amorphous and heavily crosslinked structure resembling thermosets. These copolymers are an environmental-friendly polymeric material promoting the utilization of the abundant sulfur while also adding value to palm oil.
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Rozenblum, Pollitzer, and Radrizzani. "Challenges in Electrochemical Aptasensors and Current Sensing Architectures Using Flat Gold Surfaces." Chemosensors 7, no. 4 (November 13, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors7040057.
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In recent years, reagentless aptamer biosensors, named aptasensors, have shown significant advancements. Particularly, electrochemical aptasensors could change the field of biosensors in this era, where digitalization seems to be a common goal of many fields. Biomedical devices are integrating electronic technologies for detecting pathogens, biomolecules, small molecules, and ions, and the physical-chemical properties of nucleic acid aptamers makes them very interesting for these devices. Aptamers can be easily synthesized and functionalized with functional groups for immobilization and with redox chemical groups that allow for the conversion of molecular interactions into electrical signals. Furthermore, non-labeled aptamers have also been utilized. This review presents the current challenges involved in aptasensor architectures based on gold electrodes as transducers.
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Németh, Klaudia, Eszter Zsédely, and János Schmidt. "Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy Value of Crude Glycerol for Laying Hens / Współczynnik Metaboliczności Energii Surowej Gliceryny Dla Kur Nieśnych." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 4 (September 1, 2013): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0056.
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Abstract An experiment was conducted with 64 Tetra SL laying hens (placed into four groups) to determine the AMEn value of feed grade crude glycerol (DM 92%; glycerol 86.80%; methanol 0.04%; fat 0.49%; ash 4.67%; GE 15.59 MJ/kg). All groups were given a 100 g basal diet per day (AMEn value 11.46 MJ/kg; protein 16.97%; Ca 3.49%; P (non-phytate) 0.56%; lysine 0.82%; methionine 0.40%; cysteine 0.29%; threonine 0.60%; tryptophan 0.19%), which was supplemented with 5%, 7.5% and 10% glycerol for the three experimental groups. Hens were placed in metabolism cages (4 hens/treatment in four replicates). After a 10-day adaptation period, excreta was collected and weighed individually for 10 days. The AMEn value of crude glycerol (86%) was calculated as 15.30 MJ/kg for laying hens. During the experiment, egg production (90.0-90.8%), egg weight (56.8-58.0 g) and egg mass (51.2-52.7 g) were not affected by dietary treatments. Feed conversion was significantly reduced by a 10% glycerol supplementation. We concluded that crude glycerol’s energy is efficiently used by laying hens, and more efficiently than by broilers. The established 15.30 MJ/kg AMEn value of crude glycerol when fed in the daily ration to laying hens means that they utilized 97.6% of the glycerol’s GE content.
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Czech, Anna, Jerzy Pastuszak, and Grażyna Kusior. "Effect of increased content of animal protein in feed mixtures based on extruded rice on rearing performance and blood parameters of piglets." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0088.
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Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three feed mixtures based on various feed components, including extruded rice, and differing in the source and level of animal protein on rearing performance and biochemical and haematological blood parameters of piglets in the peri-weaning period. The experiments covered 96 piglets, crosses of PIC hybrid sows with a P76 boar that were divided into three experimental groups. The piglets from group I received a prestarter diet based on extruded wheat and protein of both plant and animal origin, whilst those from groups II and III were fed prestarter diets containing: group II - extruded rice (protein as in group I), and group III - extruded rice with protein components of exclusively animal origin. The addition of extruded rice and the increased content of animal protein in feed mixture improved the rearing performance of piglets (higher body weight gains and more efficient feed conversion ratio). The feeding of piglets with the diets containing extruded rice and increased animal protein components (III group) was also observed to stimulate lipid metabolism, which resulted in reduced plasma levels of LDL-cholesterol and in increased percentage of HDL-cholesterol, which contributed to increased blood levels of urea compared to the other experimental groups.
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Ejoh, Richard A., Joseph T. Dever, Jordan P. Mills, and Sherry A. Tanumihardjo. "Small quantities of carotenoid-rich tropical green leafy vegetables indigenous to Africa maintain vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)." British Journal of Nutrition 103, no. 11 (April 23, 2010): 1594–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509993588.
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Leafy vegetables are important sources of provitamin A carotenoids. Information on their ability to provide vitamin A is often misleading because of the methodology used to assess bioefficacy. Mongolian gerbils were used to evaluate the bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids in tropical leafy vegetables (i.e. Solanum nigrum, Moringa oleifera, Vernonia calvoana and Hibiscus cannabinus) that are indigenous to Africa. Gerbils (n 67) were vitamin A-depleted for 5 weeks. After a baseline kill (n 7), the gerbils were weight-matched and assigned to six treatment groups (n 10; four vegetable groups; negative and positive controls). For 4 weeks, the treatments included 35 nmol vitamin A (theoretical concentrations based on 100 % bioefficacy) in the form of vegetables or retinyl acetate. In addition to their diets, the control and vegetable groups received daily doses of oil, while the vitamin A group received retinyl acetate in oil matched to prior day intake. Serum and livers were analysed for vitamin A using HPLC. Serum retinol concentrations did not differ among groups, but total liver vitamin A of the vitamin A and vegetable groups were higher than that of the negative control group (P < 0·0001). Liver β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase-1 expression levels were determined for two vegetable groups and were similar to the positive and negative controls. Conversion factors for the different leafy vegetables were between 1·9 and 2·3 μg β-carotene equivalents to 1 μg retinol. Small quantities of these vegetables maintained vitamin A status in gerbils through efficient bioconversion of β-carotene to retinol.
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Singh, Sandeep, and Himadri Roy Ghatak. "Process optimization of lignin conversion into value added chemicals by thermochemical pretreatment and electrooxidation on a stainless steel anode." Holzforschung 72, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf-2017-0108.
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AbstractWheat straw soda lignin was subjected to thermochemical (TC) pretreatment at low to moderate temperatures followed by electrooxidation (EO) on an SS-304 anode to produce some value-added organic chemicals. The influence of independent process variables on the product yield of major organic chemical groups, namely, aromatic carbonyl compounds (COarom), aromatic hydrocarbons (HCarom), and aliphatic hydrocarbons (HCaliph), was studied. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the process conditions for maximizing the amount of chemical production according to the Box-Behnken experimental design (BBD). For COarom, the optimal conditions were 2 h TC pretreatment at 200°C followed by 12 h of EO at 2.24 mA cm−2current density to yield 24.7% of desired products. The optimized synthesis conditions for HCaromare 2 h TC treatment at 200°C yielding 16.1% desired products. As individual compounds, vanillin, acetosyringone, syringaldehyde, acetovanillone,o-xylene and toluene were significantly produced in different product groups. A small amount of organosilicon compounds (ORGSi) and HCaliphwas also produced.
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Niemiec, Jan, Julia Riedel, Tadeusz Szulc, and Małgorzata Stępińska. "Feeding Wheat Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) to Laying Hens and its Effect on Performance and Egg Quality." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0009-3.
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Feeding Wheat Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) to Laying Hens and its Effect on Performance and Egg QualityThe purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of wheat DDGS as a feed ingredient on the performance of laying hens and their egg quality. ISA Brown laying hens were administered a feed mixture containing 15% (E1) or 20% (E2) wheat DDGS for 12 weeks. The hens from the control group (C) received a standard diet based on soybean meal as the main protein source only. Laying performance (laying %), average egg weight (g), average daily feed intake (g/hen), and feed conversion ratio (kg/kg eggs) were recorded over the study period. Egg quality traits (egg weight, thick albumen quality, yolk colour, yolk percentage, shell percentage and shell thickness) were evaluated twice: before the start and at the end of the experiment. There was no effect of dietary DDGS on laying performance or on feed intake. The average egg weight was significantly lower in both experimental groups and the feed conversion ratio was lower compared to the control group. Dietary wheat DDGS did not affect the main egg quality parameters except for thick albumen quality. Eggs from hens fed the diet with DDGS had higher values of Haugh unit than those from the control hens. These results suggest that wheat DDGS can be used in amounts of up to 20% as a component of feed mixtures for flocks of laying hens.
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Leão, Rafaella de S., Sandra L. D. de Moraes, Kátia A. da S. Aquino, Cristina P. Isolan, Bruno G. da S. Casado, and Marcos A. J. R. Montes. "Effect of Pressure, Post-Pressing Time, and Polymerization Cycle on the Degree of Conversion of Thermoactivated Acrylic Resin." International Journal of Dentistry 2018 (August 15, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5743840.
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Herein, the effect of different post-pressing times and pressure in two cycles of polymerization on the degree of conversion (DC) of thermally activated acrylic resin (TRRA) is analyzed to optimize the polymerization of this material. After post-pressing for 0, 6, or 12 h, polymerization was performed with or without a pressure of 60 psi (0.41 MPa) in a short (4 h) or a long (11 h) cycle, totaling 12 groups. To determine the DC, PMMA specimens were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The influence of each factor alone on the DC was studied by experimental planning. The statistical tests used were three-way ANOVA, t-test, Tukey’s test, and Levene’s test, with a margin of error of 5%. Two groups prepared with post-pressing times of 12 h had the lowest DC (p<0.001). Post-pressing times of 0 and 6 h did not yield statistically different results. Pressure increased the DC in only one group (long cycle +12 h, p=0.001). The short cycle resulted in a higher DC than the long cycle in 2 groups (with pressure +0 h, p=0.002; without pressure +6 h, p=0.015), while the long cycle yielded a statistically higher DC in only one group (with pressure +12 h, p<0.001). The polymerization showed satisfactory DC in all 12 groups. Small differences found among the specimens indicate that the pressure, post-pressing time, and polymerization cycles herein were not influential factors for the DC of PMMA.
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Andrawes, Peter A., Masood A. Shariff, John P. Nabagiez, Richard Steward, Basem Azab, Natasha Povar, Mirala Sarza, et al. "Evolution of Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 13, no. 2 (March 2018): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000483.
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Objective Minimally invasive coronary surgery approach for coronary artery bypass grafting is a safe and reproducible procedure for multivessel revascularization. This study reviewed a single surgeon's experience with minimally invasive coronary surgery coronary artery bypass grafting, including operative time, number of bypasses, and conversion to sternotomy. Methods A prospective database of consecutive minimally invasive coronary surgery coronary artery bypass grafting procedures from 2005 to 2013 was reviewed. A small anterolateral left thoracotomy allowed left internal mammary artery harvest, proximal anastomoses on the ascending aorta, and distal coronary anastomoses. Early cases were compared with the later cases, focusing on grafting strategies that led to a standardized approach with Propensity Score Matching analysis. Results Seven hundred consecutive cases were divided into early (1–200) and late (201–700) groups. In the late group, the number of triple-vessel disease patients trended higher (50% vs. 57%, P = 0.0674) and the number of bypasses increased (2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.7 ± 1.0, P < 0.0001). Conversion to sternotomy significantly decreased between the groups (6% vs. 0.6%, P < 0.0001). There was no difference in rate of postoperative complications between the groups except for prolonged intubation (10% vs. 5%, P = 0.0236) and shortened length of stay (5.9 ± 6.7 vs. 5.5 ± 6.0, P = 0.0268). Propensity score matching analysis (n = 177) was significant for total bypass performed and time per bypass ( P < 0.05). The late group was further divided into subgroups of one hundred each (subgroup 1 through 5). Operative times differed significantly (subgroup 1: 249 ± 71.2, subgroup 2: 259 ± 85.8, subgroup 3: 244 ± 71.0, subgroup 4: 270 ± 58.4, and subgroup 5: 246 ± 47.9, P < 0.005). Conclusions As experience with minimally invasive coronary surgery coronary artery bypass grafting increased, the ideal sequence of steps to optimize surgical outcome was defined. The number of bypassed vessels increased and the operative time and conversion to sternotomy decreased.
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Dikel, Suat, and Fırat Sertaç Tellioğlu. "Boylamanın ve Farklı Boy Kompozisyonlarında yetiştirilmesinin Melez Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus ♀ X Oreochromis aureus♂) Yavrularının Büyüme Performansları Üzerine etkisi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 9 (September 26, 2020): 2000–2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i9.2000-2007.3620.
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In aquaculture, size grading application is made in order to protect against the disadvantages caused by the length difference between fish. Via this activity, large and small individuals separate each other during the feeding period. In this study designed for this purpose, it was aimed to determine whether the large individuals added to the herd had an effect on the growth performance of small individuals in the culture of Oreochromis niloticus♀ x Oreochromis aureus♂ hybrids. In the experiment, 0 age 1-4 g hybrid juvenile which just complete the juvenile period were stocked as 40 fish / m³ in 500 l fibre tanks placed in a greenhouse and cultured for 75 days. The experimental groups were designed as a graded group (G1) containing 1 g small individual, 1 g + 2 g (G2), 1 g +3 g (G3) and 1 g + 4 g (G4). At the end of the study, it was observed that grading did not positively effect on the growth of tilapia hybrids. In contrast, it was revealed that small individuals (18,60 ± 0,33g) in the G2 group, which included large individuals, grew better than small individuals in the other groups. However, the G2 group reached a better FCR (1.39 ± 0.05) than the other groups. The best economic conversion rate was again achieved in the G2 group (11.12 ± 0.75). As a result, it was observed that the culture practice with individuals of different sizes had a positive effect on the development of hybrid tilapia juvenile, especially when juvenile were stocked as 1+2g stocking composition, as a result of well competition can be established and this situation had a positive effect on the production cost.
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Bassett, D. R., and B. W. Craig. "Influence of early nutrition on growth and adipose tissue characteristics in male and female rats." Journal of Applied Physiology 64, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.64.3.1249.
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The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of early nutrition on adipose tissue characteristics and growth by altering litter size. After birth, rats were redistributed into large (15-18 pups), control (10 pups), or small (4 pups) litters. During the postweaning phase of growth half of the small-litter animals were pair-fed to animals raised in large litters for 5 wk and then allowed to feed ad libitum until they were 80 days of age. The small-litter males gained weight at a more rapid rate than the other litter types, both before and after weaning, and attained a final body weight twofold greater than the other groups. The small-litter males had significantly higher (P less than 0.05) numbers of adipocytes per epididymal fat pad than the other litter groups with 60.4, 51.4, and 79.0% greater cell number per pad than control, large, and pair-fed animals, respectively. Limiting food intake to small-litter animals after weaning (pair-fed) inhibited this growth and prevented fat cell proliferation. Litter manipulation had significant effects on male rats, but the same treatment did not influence female rats. Litter size influenced fat cell characteristics but had little effect on the adipocytes' ability to take up or metabolize glucose. The major finding, in terms of insulin responsiveness, was the difference between the sexes. The uptake of tritiated 2-deoxyglucose by the fat cells of female litter groups was significantly higher than that of the males whether insulin was present or not, whereas the conversion of [1-14C]glucose to CO2 by the adipocytes of females was lower than that of the males.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Sun, Saisai, Kaichao Liu, Xiang Gao, Binhui Ren, Lei Sun, and Lin Xu. "Application of Modified Tailed Microcoil in Preoperative Localization of Small Pulmonary Nodules: A Retrospective Study." Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeon 68, no. 06 (June 19, 2020): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708471.
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Abstract Background The localization of small pulmonary nodules (SPNs) during video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is challenging thoracic surgeon, especially in patients with severe pleural adhesion or visceral pleura pigmentation due to low success rate and future conversion to thoracotomy. This study aims to compare the efficacy and safety between modified microcoil and methylene blue in preoperative localization of small nodules, particularly patients with severe pleural adhesion or visceral pleura pigmentation. Materials and Methods From January 2018 to February 2019 in our institute, 342 patients who underwent computed tomography-guided localization of SPN were recruited in this retrospective cohort study and divided into the modified microcoil group (n = 239) and the methylene blue group (n = 103) according to the localization method. Clinical characteristics and perioperative complications were collected to analyze. Results All SPNs were successfully marked in both groups. Location-related complications, the duration of localization procedure, and the length of hospital stay were not different between the two groups. The operation time of modified microcoil and the duration of removal of nodule in operation were both shorter than the methylene blue (p = 0.014 and p = 0.047). The analysis stratified by gender showed that similar results were found in male patients (p = 0.01 and p = 0.00), while in female patients, no significant difference was found. Additionally, in senior patients (older than 60 years), the operation time in modified microcoil groups was less than methylene blue group (p = 0.024). Conclusion Compared with methylene blue, modified microcoil achieved a shorter operation time of removal of nodule in VATS, especially for patients with pleural adhesion and the pigmentation of the lung surface as well as the male patients and the patients older than 60 years.
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van Barneveld, R. J. "Nutritional management of group-housed gestating sows – key challenges in the transition from stall-housing systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 11 (2013): 1149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13277.
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Transition from gestation stalls to group-housing systems is a source of trepidation for many pork producers, given the capital cost of conversion and the challenges associated with managing sows in groups. Despite this, market imperatives in Australia have led to rapid transition in many enterprises. The cost of conversion of a 4100-sow unit from stalls to groups using low-cost retrofitting of existing breeder space (AU$150.00/sow) at relatively high densities (1.8 m2/sow) in small static groups (15–20 sows) based on floor or trough feeding with or without head bales and shoulder partitions equates to an additional cost of $3.00/piglet weaned if the level of productivity is maintained. If the number of piglets born per litter is increased by 1.04 piglets per litter, overall earnings of the herd are equal to levels achieved before the transition. This capital cost appears manageable if appropriate nutritional regimens are implemented to address individual nutritional needs of sows housed in groups and to manage aggression. Management of sow body condition during the reproductive cycle focussed on standardised gilt introduction to the breeding herd and optimisation of sow and gilt feed intake in lactation is pivotal, as it reduces the need for remedial feeding of individual sows post-weaning and during gestation. Nutritional management can also be used to reduce aggression between sows by removing impediments to feed access and by induction of satiety. Commercial implementation of these strategies confirms their relevance and demonstrates that sows can be cost-effectively managed in group-housing systems.
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Lisnahan, Charles V., and Oktovianus R. Nahak. "Growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens after feed supplementation with tryptophan and threonine during the starter phase." Veterinary World 13, no. 12 (2020): 2765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.2765-2771.
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Background and Aim: The amino acid content of feed can affect growth performance of poultry during the first 6 weeks of life or the starter phase. Unlike for broiler and layer chickens, there is no information concerning standard requirements for tryptophan and threonine during the starter phase. This study aimed to determine the amount of threonine and tryptophan that should be supplemented in chicken feed to maximize growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens during the starter phase. Materials and Methods: A total of 128 day-old native chickens were divided into four treatment groups with four replications based on a completely randomized design. The treatment diets were as follows: T0 (control feed); T1 (T0+0.10% L-tryptophan+0.35% L-threonine); T2 (T0+0.17% L-tryptophan+0.68% L-threonine); and T3 (T0+0.25% L-tryptophan+1.00% L-threonine). Results: The feed intake was highest for the T2 and T3 groups (123.06 and 124.18 g/bird/week, respectively). The T3 group had the highest body weight gain (49.35 g/bird/week) and carcass weight (201.44 g/bird) relative to the other groups, while the T2 and T3 groups showed similar, significant (p<0.05) increases in feed conversion ratio (2.57 and 2.51, respectively) and carcass percentage (60.88 and 60.99%/bird, respectively) compared to the other groups. This study showed villi height, crypt depth, and villi width of duodenum, the highest jejunum and ileum of T3 (1109.00±27.26, 1325.50±75.00, 1229.50±101.68, 225.50±17.52, 236.00±24.81, 219.75±17.25, 192.25±14.41, 191.75±4.79, and 184.75±6.40, respectively) compare to other treatment. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of feed with 0.17% L-tryptophan and 0.68% L-threonine positively affected the growth performance and small intestinal morphology of native chickens during the starter phase.
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Brzóska, Franciszek, Bogdan Śliwiński, and Olga Michalik-Rutkowska. "Effect of Dietary Acidifier on Growth, Mortality, Post-Slaughter Parameters and Meat Composition of Broiler Chickens / Wpływ zakwaszacza diety na masę ciała, śmiertelność, wydajność rzeźną i skład mięsa kurcząt rzeźnych." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0061-z.
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Abstract An experiment with 608 broiler chickens was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary acidifier level on body weight, feed consumption and conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, postmortem carcass traits, tissue composition of breast and leg muscles, and plasma chemical parameters. Feeding the acidifier to chickens at 3, 6 and 9 g/kg of the diet reduced the pH of starter and grower diets from 6.90 to 5.89, and from 6.28 to 5.73, respectively. Compared to the control group, dietary acidification significantly increased body weight of chickens by 6.2, 8.2 and 8.2% at 21 days of age, and by 2.7, 3.6 and 3.7% at 42 days of age, respectively (P<0.01). Mortality decreased from 2.58% in the control group to 0.00-0.59% in the experimental groups (P<0.01). Acidification of the diets increased EEI-index from 327 (control group) to 348 points in the experimental group supplemented with 9% (9 g/kg) acidifier, but had no significant effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio among treatments. The relative weight of breast and leg muscles, gizzard, liver and carcass depot fat was not affected by dietary treatments. Breast muscles represented 27.7% (control group) and 27.9% (experimental groups) of the carcass weight. Leg muscles made up 21.5% and 20.7% of the carcass weight, respectively. There were no significant differences in chemical composition of breast and leg muscles, including dry matter, protein and fat content. No significant differences between the control and experimental chickens were noted for determined blood plasma constituents, glucose, total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein. The results suggested that organic acid acidifier used in this experiment at the rates of 3 to 9 g/kg diet has a growth enhancing and mortality reducing effect in broiler chickens, with no significant influence on carcass yield, proportion of individual carcass parts and blood plasma constituents. It seems that the amount of 6g of the applied acidifier per kilogram of feed may be recommended as the optimum dietary level if protein in the diet does not exceed 200-230 g crude protein per kilogram of diet.
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Bakrač, Vladimir, Danijela Vuković-Ćalasan, Predrag Živković, and Rade Šarović. "Adventists in Montenegro—From the Atheistic Psychosis of Socialism to the Post-socialist Individuation of Adventism." Religions 11, no. 5 (May 9, 2020): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11050233.
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The process of converting individuals to a particular religious community is one of the issues addressed by the Sociology of Religion. In the post-socialist Montenegrin society, there have been research works related to dominant religious communities, the Orthodox, the Roman Catholic, and the Islamic, while science has shown no interest in small religious groups. The Adventist movement in Montenegro, although present for a long period of time, has failed to mobilise individuals for conversion to a greater extent. Therefore, this research aims to find out when, under what conditions and in what way the individuals in Montenegro, as a post-socialist state, chose Adventism as religious affiliation, what affected this process the most, and were there any specificities in that regard. This paper is a result of a survey conducted via an in-depth interview with 17 believers of the Adventist Church. The obtained results indicate several valuable data: most respondents accepted the Adventist movement in Montenegro in the early 1990s; they got first-hand knowledge of this religion from their friends or wider family members and relatives, a consistent interpretation of the Holy Bible is the main reason for conversion. A significant factor in the process of conversion to Adventism is early religious socialisation within a family.
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Hanczakowska, Ewa, Małgorzata Świątkiewicz, and Imke Kühn. "Efficiency and dose response of xylanase in diets for fattening pigs." Annals of Animal Science 12, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 539–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0045-z.
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Abstract The efficiency of different levels of dietary xylanase on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities and carcass and meat quality was evaluated in 128 barrows. The performance study lasted from about 27 to 110 kg of body weight with pigs allocated to 4 groups (32 animals each), fed ad libitum and kept in straw-bedded pens (4 animals each). Pigs from group I (control) received standard feeds without any enzyme added, while pigs from groups II, III and IV received the same diet including additionally xylanase at levels of 8000, 16000 or 24000 BXU (Birch Xylan Unit) per kg, respectively. The digestibility experiment was carried out with 40 barrows not involved in the first part of the experiment. Pigs were allocated to 4 groups (10 animals each) receiving the same diets as in the performance experiment. Xylanase significantly improved body weight gains of pigs receiving diets with 16000 BXU/kg (P<0.05) and 24000 BXU/kg feed (P<0.01) by 4.2% and 6.2%, respectively. Final body weights of 111-112 kg were achieved in a significantly shorter feeding period and at a lower feed conversion ratio by pigs that received highest xylanase application (24000 BXU/kg feed, P<0.05). In younger pigs xylanase mainly improved fibre digestibility which was significant for pigs receiving 24000 BXU/kg (P<0.05). In the final feeding period dry matter, fat and fibre digestibility were improved by xylanase with effects getting more pronounced with the increase of xylanase inclusion rate. No differences in carcass and meat quality were observed between any feeding groups. Based on these results it is assumed that application of xylanase (Econase XT) can improve performance of grower-finisher pigs without having any impact on the carcass quality. Performance improvements were in line with better nutrient digestibility.
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Dillon, Kate E. M., Marjorie Johnson, Ian L. Chan, and Bob Kiaii. "Eligibility for Minimally Invasive Coronary Artery Bypass." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000356.
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Objective A variable that necessitates conversion to a conventional full-sternotomy coronary artery bypass procedure from a robotic-assisted endoscopic single-vessel small thoracotomy is the inability to visualize the left anterior descending coronary artery within the surrounding epicardial adipose tissue using the endoscopic camera. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anatomical properties of the epicardial adipose tissue examined using preoperative computed tomography (CT) images are able to predict and thus reduce the need for intraoperative conversion based on effective preoperative exclusion criteria. Methods Retrospective analysis of patient preoperative CT angiography scans from both converted (n = 17) and successful robotic-assisted (n = 17) procedures was performed. Where possible, measurements of epicardial adipose tissue were acquired from axial slices, at the most accessible segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Results Results indicate that patients who successfully underwent the endoscopic single-vessel small thoracotomy procedure (mean ± SD depth, 4.9 ±1.9 mm) had significantly less epicardial adipose tissue (38%, P = 0.002) overlying the vessel toward the lateral chest wall than those who were converted to the full-sternotomy approach intraoperatively (mean ± SD depth, 7.9 ± 3.2 mm). Using this as a retrospective exclusion criterion reduces the conversion rate for this group by 47%, while maintaining a high specificity (94%). No significant differences exist between the two groups with respect to the remaining epicardial adipose tissue measurements or body mass index. Conclusions The addition of CT angiography measurements of the epicardial adipose tissue overlying the left anterior descending coronary artery may enhance preoperative surgical planning for this procedure, thereby reducing the instances of procedural changes.
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Keppeler, Miriam, Jürgen Holzbock, Johanna Akbarzadeh, Herwig Peterlik, and Nicola Hüsing. "Inorganic–organic hybrid materials through post-synthesis modification: Impact of the treatment with azides on the mesopore structure." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2 (August 26, 2011): 486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.2.52.
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Hybrid, hierarchically organized, monolithic silica gels, comprising periodically arranged mesopores and a cellular macroscopic network, have been prepared through a co-condensation reaction of tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate with chloromethyl-trimethoxysilane or 3-(chloropropyl)-triethoxysilane. Subsequent conversion of the chloro groups into azido groups, by nucleophilic substitution with NaN3 in N,N-dimethylformamide, was conducted upon preservation of the monolithic structure. However, treatment with NaN3 had a strong influence on the structure in the mesoporous regime, with changes such as an increase of mesopore diameter, pore volume and lattice constants, as well as a concomitant decrease of the pore wall thickness, as confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and nitrogen sorption analysis. Similar effects were observed for unmodified silica gels by simple ageing in azide-containing media, whether a relatively small or a sterically demanding counter ion (Na+ or (H3C)4N+) was used. The structural modification did not seem to depend greatly on whether an organic aprotic solvent (N,N-dimethylformamide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) or a protic solvent that can form hydrogen bonds, such as water, was used.
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Kodia, Karishma, Syed S. Razi, Ahmed Alnajar, Dao M. Nguyen, and Nestor Villamizar. "Comparative Analysis of Robotic Segmentectomy For Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A National Cancer Database Study." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 16, no. 3 (April 18, 2021): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556984521997805.
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Objective The use of segmentectomy for peripheral T ≤2 cm, N0 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has increased in the last decade. We sought to compare clinical outcomes and overall survival between robotic, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS), and open segmentectomy. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with clinical T ≤2 cm, N0 NSCLC who underwent segmentectomy via robotic, thoracoscopic (VATS), and open approaches (2010 to 2015). Univariate and Cox regression analyses were used to compare surgical approaches and to evaluate predictors of overall survival. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS Version 21.0. Results Segmentectomy was performed in 3,888 patients during the study period with 406 robotic, 1,837 VATS, and 1,645 open patients. VATS and robotic segmentectomy were performed more often at academic or comprehensive community cancer programs as compared to community programs ( P < 0.05). Conversion to open thoracotomy was similar between robotic and VATS groups when stratified by hospital volume. Lymph node yield was significantly higher for robotic (median = 6), compared to VATS (median = 5) or open (median = 4; P < 0.001). Length of stay was decreased for robotic versus open ( P < 0.01). No differences in 30-day readmissions ( P = 0.12) were observed among the 3 modalities. Overall survival was similar among groups ( P = 0.18). Conclusions Robotic segmentectomy provides similar clinical outcomes compared to other standardized approaches for clinical T ≤2 cm, N0 NSCLC. A higher lymph node yield in robotic segmentectomy was not associated with improved survival in this study population.
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Białas, Anna, Joanna Szlendak, Cezary Czosnek, and Monika Motak. "Activated Carbon as a Support of Catalysts for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides." Mineralogia 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mipo-2020-0002.
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Abstract Activated carbon was oxidised with concentrated nitric acid and impregnated with urea to form nitrogen-containing groups. Such a support was impregnated with cobalt, copper or silver nitrates to obtain catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia. Infrared spectra confirmed the formation of carboxylic and other organic oxygen-containing groups during oxidation. Nitrogen-containing species resulted from urea thermal decomposition. The metal-containing samples were hydrophilic. Cobalt and copper were present in the samples as small Co3O4 and CuO crystallites, while silver occurred in the form of large metallic crystallites, as seen from the X-ray diffraction patterns. Low temperature N2 sorption revealed that all samples were microporous solids, and the chemical and thermal treatment did not change their textural properties. The copper admixture caused the highest NO conversion, but worsened the selectivity and thermal stability of functionalised carbon support.
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Lundahl, Björn, Camilla Skoglund-Andersson, Muriel Caslake, Dorothy Bedford, Philip Stewart, Anders Hamsten, Christopher J. Packard, and Fredrik Karpe. "Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein −493T variant reduces IDL plus LDL apoB production and the plasma concentration of large LDL particles." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 290, no. 4 (April 2006): E739—E745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00376.2005.
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The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is essential for the synthesis and secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. We investigated the role the MTP −493G/T gene polymorphism in determining the apoB-100 secretion pattern and LDL heterogeneity in healthy human subjects. Groups of carriers of the T and the G variants ( n = 6 each) were recruited from a cohort of healthy 50-yr-old men. Kinetic studies were performed by endogenous [2H3]leucine labeling of apoB and subsequent quantification of the stable isotope incorporation. apoB production rates, metabolic conversions, and eliminations were calculated by multicompartmental modeling (SAAM-II). LDL subfraction distribution was analyzed in the entire cohort ( n = 377). Carriers of the MTP −493T allele had lower plasma LDL apoB and lower concentration of large LDL particles [LDL-I: 136 ± 57 (TT) vs. 175 ± 55 (GG) mg/l, P < 0.01]. Kinetic modeling suggested that MTP −493T homozygotes had a 60% lower direct production rate of intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) plus LDL compared with homozygotes for the G allele ( P < 0.05). No differences were seen in production rates of large and small VLDL, nor were there any differences in metabolic conversion or elimination rates of apoB between the genotype groups. This study shows that a polymorphism in the MTP gene affects the spectrum of endogenous apoB-containing lipoprotein particles produced in humans. Reduced direct production of LDL plus IDL appears to be related to lower plasma concentrations of large LDL particles.
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Niemiec, Jan, Julia Riedel, Tadeusz Szulc, and Małgorzata Stępińska. "Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles (Ddgs) And Its Effect On Egg Quality And Performance Of Laying Hens / Zastosowanie DDGS z kukurydzy w żywieniu kur niosek i jego wpływ na jakość jaj i wyniki produkcyjne." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10220-012-0062-y.
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Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of corn DDGS as a feed ingredient on egg quality and performance of laying hens. The experiment was conducted in three feeding groups of 100 hens each (10 replicates of 10 layers). ISA Brown laying hens were administered a feed mixture containing 15% (E1) or 20% (E2) corn DDGS for 18 weeks. The hens from the control group (C) received a standard diet based on soybean meal as the main protein source only. Laying performance, average egg weight, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded over the study period. Egg quality traits (egg weight, thick albumen quality, yolk colour, yolk content, shell content and shell thickness) were evaluated twice: at the start and at the end of the experiment. On both dates, all daily laid eggs from each group were analysed, i.e. 90, 93 and 92 eggs from groups C, E1 and E2, respectively at 31 weeks, and 92, 94 and 81 eggs, respectively at 48 weeks of age. Compared to the other groups, the hens from group E2 (20% DDGS) were characterized by a slight - though statistically significant (P≤0.01) - decrease in laying performance and by a higher FCR value. The content of DDGS in the feed mixture had no significant effect on mean egg weight nor on daily feed intake. At the end of the experiment, the eggs laid by the hens from group E2 were characterized by significantly poorer (P≤0.01) albumen and shell quality. Yolk colour in both experimental groups was significantly darker (P≤0.01) than in the C group. The 15% addition of corn distillers dried grains with solubles to feed mixtures for commercial flocks of laying hens is advisable. At corn DDGS addition exceeding 15%, a slight decrease in production results and deterioration in selected parameters of egg quality shall be expected.
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Wang, Kang Jun, Jing Wu, and Ping Yu. "Pd Nanoparticles Fabricated on Organic-Group Modified Silica and its Catalytic Performance for Acetylene Hydrogenation." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1884.
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Aminopropyl-functionalized silica (NH2-SiO2) was obtained via a sol-gel process using tetraethoxylsilicate (TEOS) and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Aminopropyl group contained silica was further modified with formaldehyde to achieve a novel organic group modified silica, denoted as CH2O-SiO2. Using CH2O-SiO2 as support to prepare surported Pd catalyst (denoted as Pd/M-SiO2), small Pd nanoparticles (1-2 nm) were fabricated on CH2O-SiO2 surport. Hydrogenation of acetylene is used as probe reaction to evaluate the catalytic performance of Pd/M-SiO2. The results indicate that Pd/M-SiO2 exhibits unique catalytic property, which the selectivity of ethylene increases with the increase of acetylene conversion. In-situ DRIFTS spectra of CO adsorption show that the organic groups presented on the silica affect the electronic property of the very small Pd nanoparticles, which causes the change of reaction paths of hydrogenation of acetylene over Pd/M-SiO2 compared with traditional supported Pd catalyst.
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Mashweu, Adelaide R., Varsha P. Chhiba-Govindjee, Moira L. Bode, and Dean Brady. "Substrate Profiling of the Cobalt Nitrile Hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC BAA 870." Molecules 25, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010238.
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The aromatic substrate profile of the cobalt nitrile hydratase from Rhodococcus rhodochrous ATCC BAA 870 was evaluated against a wide range of nitrile containing compounds (>60). To determine the substrate limits of this enzyme, compounds ranging in size from small (90 Da) to large (325 Da) were evaluated. Larger compounds included those with a bi-aryl axis, prepared by the Suzuki coupling reaction, Morita–Baylis–Hillman adducts, heteroatom-linked diarylpyridines prepared by Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reactions and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines prepared by the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé multicomponent reaction. The enzyme active site was moderately accommodating, accepting almost all of the small aromatic nitriles, the diarylpyridines and most of the bi-aryl compounds and Morita–Baylis–Hillman products but not the Groebke–Blackburn–Bienaymé products. Nitrile conversion was influenced by steric hindrance around the cyano group, the presence of electron donating groups (e.g., methoxy) on the aromatic ring, and the overall size of the compound.
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Sellke, F. W., P. R. Myers, J. N. Bates, and D. G. Harrison. "Influence of vessel size on the sensitivity of porcine coronary microvessels to nitroglycerin." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 258, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): H515—H520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1990.258.2.h515.
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The responses of small (60–100 microns), medium (101–190 microns), and large (191–300 microns) porcine coronary microvessels to nitroglycerin were examined in vitro using a video-imaging apparatus. Large coronary microvessels, preconstricted with acetylcholine, relaxed by 90% in response to nitroglycerin, whereas small microvessels relaxed only 20% to nitroglycerin. Responses to putative metabolites of nitroglycerin, S-nitrosocysteine, and nitric oxide, were also examined. S-Nitrosocysteine produced equal relaxations in all sizes of coronary microvessels. Nitric oxide was 10 times more potent in large coronary arteries than in small but produced greater than 90% relaxation of all sizes of coronary microvessels at the highest concentrations. Bradykinin and the calcium ionophore A23187, which release endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), produced similar relaxation in small, medium, and large microvessels. The compound LY 83583 (which depletes vascular guanylate cyclase) reduced responses to nitroglycerin, nitric oxide, S-nitrosocysteine, bradykinin, and the calcium ionophore A23187 in microvessels of all sizes. Our data are compatible with the concept that nitroglycerin must undergo reductive processing to exert its vasodilator effect, likely through the formation of nitrosothiols. In small coronary microvessels, this biotransformation of nitroglycerin is diminished compared with larger coronary arteries. This may be caused by a relative deficiency of available sulfhydryl groups or a lack of enzymes necessary for conversion of nitroglycerin to its active metabolites in small coronary resistance vessels.