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Journal articles on the topic 'Small groups in literature'
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Chen, Ke, and Adrian Dumitrescu. "Selection Algorithms with Small Groups." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, no. 03 (April 2020): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120500136.
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We revisit the selection problem, namely that of computing the [Formula: see text]th order statistic of [Formula: see text] given elements, in particular the classic deterministic algorithm by grouping and partition due to Blum, Floyd, Pratt, Rivest, and Tarjan (1973). Whereas the original algorithm uses groups of odd size at least [Formula: see text] and runs in linear time, it has been perpetuated in the literature that using smaller group sizes will force the worst-case running time to become superlinear, namely [Formula: see text]. We first point out that the usual arguments found in the literature justifying the superlinear worst-case running time fall short of proving this claim. We further prove that it is possible to use group size smaller than [Formula: see text] while maintaining the worst case linear running time. To this end we introduce three simple variants of the classic algorithm, the repeated step algorithm, the shifting target algorithm, and the hyperpair algorithm, all running in linear time.
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Nystrand, Martin, Adam Gamoran, and Mary Jo Heck. "Using Small Groups for Response to and Thinking about Literature." English Journal 82, no. 1 (January 1993): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/820670.
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Wilkerson, Luann. "Tutors and small groups in problem-based learning: Lessons from the literature." New Directions for Teaching and Learning 1996, no. 68 (1996): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tl.37219966806.
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Busse, Ronald. "Value diversity and performance in small groups." Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 8, no. 2 (October 9, 2017): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-06-2017-0011.
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Purpose This paper aims to contributes to the literature on team diversity, both in general as well as relating to Chinese managers. Previous studies largely focused on the link between work group heterogeneity in terms of different ages, genders or nationalities of the members and performance. It adds to this body of knowledge by investigating the relationship between the composition of value priorities of team members and achievement, team identity and intra-team communication. The assumption behind this is that differences in value priorities represent the underlying latent source for team diversity, which is only insufficiently represented by the above observable demographic variables. Design/methodology/approach To test for optimal value priority composition, a series of experiments was conducted with 29 project teams and four team types comprising 174 Chinese expatriates at a German business school. Findings The general result is that (in the long run) highly heterogeneous teams and (in the short run) highly homogeneous teams outperform moderately heterogeneous work groups. However, the major contribution is that the relation between value diversity and performance has a modified upright U-shaped format. It specifically requires the attempt to close as many value gaps as possible. Originality/value This new insight, which has not been adequately explained by previous studies, results from the existence of a circular structure in which values are organised. Based on this specific outcome, the paper provides recommendations for practicing managers both in China and elsewhere, admits limitations and paves the way for future research avenues.
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Karageorge, Aspasia, Jeanette Lancaster, Shirley Prager, and Louise Nash. "Where do Peer Review Groups fit in the international Continuing Professional Development literature?" Australasian Psychiatry 27, no. 6 (September 19, 2019): 651–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219871880.
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Objectives: To describe what is reported in the Continuing Professional Development (CPD) literature on small group learning formats in medicine, including the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) CPD Peer Review Groups (PRGs). Method: A literature review of international peer-reviewed publications in relation to the use of small group learning formats for CPD in medicine. Results: Small groups are commonly used as a learning format in medical CPD, primarily in general practice, but are little researched. Such groups take differing forms and they are valued by participants for a range of purposes, having effects on professionalism, clinical performance and doctors’ wellbeing. Conclusion: We believe that the contribution of these groups to medical CPD should be further explored. To this end, this review forms the first part of a research project focussing on the RANZCP PRG model used by Australian and New Zealand psychiatrists.
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Stephenson, Stanley D. "The use of small groups in computer-based training: A review of recent literature." Computers in Human Behavior 10, no. 3 (September 1994): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(94)90054-x.
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Srinivasan, S. "Maximal subgroups of finite groups." International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 13, no. 2 (1990): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s016117129000045x.
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In finite groups maximal subgroups play a very important role. Results in the literature show that if the maximal subgroup has a very small index in the whole group then it influences the structure of the group itself. In this paper we study the case when the index of the maximal subgroups of the groups have a special type of relation with the Fitting subgroup of the group.
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Brooke, Robert, Ruth Mirtz, and Rick Evans. "Small Groups in Writing Workshops: Invitations to a Writer's Life." College Composition and Communication 48, no. 1 (February 1997): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/358778.
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Murillo, Andrea, Marga Goris, Ahmed Ahmed, Rafaela Cuenca, and Josep Pastor. "Leptospirosis in cats: Current literature review to guide diagnosis and management." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x20903601.
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Global importance: Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonosis worldwide. Mammals (eg, rats, horses, cows, pigs, dogs, cats and aquatic species, such as sea lions and northern elephant seals) can all be infected by leptospires. Infection in animals occurs through contact with urine or water contaminated with the bacteria. In people, the disease is acquired mainly from animal sources or through recreational activities in contaminated water. Practical relevance: Literature on the clinical presentation of leptospirosis in cats is scarce, although it has been demonstrated that cats are susceptible to infection and are capable of developing antibodies. The prevalence of antileptospiral antibodies in cats varies from 4% to 33.3% depending on the geographical location. Urinary shedding of leptospires in naturally infected cats has been reported, with a prevalence of up to 68%. Infection in cats has been associated with the consumption of infected prey, especially rodents. Thus, outdoor cats have a higher risk of becoming infected. Clinical challenges: Clinical presentation of this disease in cats is rare and it is not known what role cats have in the transmission of leptospirosis. Ongoing work is needed to characterise feline leptospirosis. Audience: This review is aimed at all veterinarians, both general practitioners who deal with cats on a daily basis in private practice, as well as feline practitioners, since both groups face the challenge of diagnosing and treating infectious and zoonotic diseases. Evidence base: The current literature on leptospirosis in cats is reviewed. To date, few case reports have been published in the field, and information has mostly been extrapolated from infections in people and dogs. This review is expected to serve as a guide for the diagnosis and management of the disease in cats.
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Dufour, Darna L. "Diet and nutritional status of Ameridians: a review of the literature." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 7, no. 4 (December 1991): 481–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x1991000400003.
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This paper reviews and evaluates the available data on diet and nutritional status of Amerindians living in the tropical forests of Amazonia. The diets of most Amerindians are based on cassava and plantains/bananas, with high quality protein coming from fish, game and invertebrates. The composition of Amerindian diets is known for only a few groups. In these groups the dietary intake of households and adults appears to be adequate in energy and protein. However, the high bulk, low caloric density of the diets suggests that they are not concentrated enough for children. Anthropometric data is available for a number of groups. Adults are small in size, but nutritional status assessed in terms of weight-for-height is generally good. Children are small for their age, and in some groups more than 10% would be classified as undernourished on the basis of weight-for-height, and/or clinical signs.
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Dziuk, Stacy. "Choosing and Altering Repertoire for the Small Band." Music Educators Journal 104, no. 4 (June 2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027432118757020.
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Selecting excellent literature for a small or unbalanced band can be challenging, especially if the ensemble is ready to perform literature beyond Grade 2.5. This article describes a process for choosing high-quality repertoire for the small band, focusing on high school/college groups. Also examined is how to analyze and alter pieces to fit the needs and instrumentation of an ensemble without sacrificing technical or musical demands or the composer’s intent. By considering pieces through this lens and understanding basic reorchestration ideas, the instrumental music educator can work with a wealth of available wind band literature.
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Luhar, Sahdev, and Dushyant Nimavat. "Translating the oral tradition of community literature." Translation and Translanguaging in Multilingual Contexts 6, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 253–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttmc.00058.luh.
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Abstract Community literature, here, refers to a body of oral literatures by the diverse ethnic groups of India that speak thousands of indigenous languages. Many less explored indigenous groups with living oral traditions are found in India but their orality is not yet documented. In our attempts to find such cultural groups, we came across many cultural groups that are being ignored because of their small population, lack of political backup, lack of governmental upliftment policies, socio-economic conditions, or lifestyle. The cultural groups that are being referred to here are not the communities that live in tribal or forest areas but they are groups of people that live among us in our cities or villages. These groups mainly consist of migrating populations whose members wander here and there to earn their livelihood. These are the cursed communities in the sense that they have been ignored by all – by the government itself and also by the dominant cultural groups. In this paper, we try to record our own experiences and the difficulties that we faced while translating the oral tradition of such a cultural group – the Gādaliyā Luhār community. This paper also tries to show how translation is a two-tier (or a three-tier) process in countries such as India where the majority of marginalised cultural groups speak indigenous languages or dialects.
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Argenta, Fernando Froner, Fernanda Cristina de Britto, Paula Reis Pereira, Daniel Ricardo Rissi, Cristiano Gomes, Fernanda Vieira Amorim da Costa, and Saulo Petinatti Pavarini. "Pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in cats and a literature review of feline histiocytic diseases." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 22, no. 4 (April 12, 2019): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x19842384.
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Objectives The aim of this study was to report the clinical, radiographic and pathological features of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis in four cats, and carry out a literature review of feline histiocytic diseases. Methods Necropsy reports archived at the Department of Veterinary Pathology of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul were reviewed. The clinical information was then obtained from the clinical records at the Veterinary Hospital. Routine samples had been collected during necropsy, fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Samples of lung were submitted for bacterial and fungal culture. Tissue sections of lung underwent immunohistochemical testing for vimentin, pancytokeratin, CD18, CD3, CD79αcy, E-cadherin and Iba1. Results This disease affected mixed breed cats aged 7–14 years. Clinical signs consisted of severe mixed inspiratory and expiratory restrictive dyspnea, lethargy and anorexia. Thoracic radiographs revealed different lesion profiles, predominantly of an interstitial and alveolar pattern. Grossly, the lungs were diffusely firm and did not collapse. The pleural surface was bright and irregular due to multifocal-to-coalescent, well-demarcated, white, firm nodules that also extended into and obliterated the pulmonary parenchyma. Histological changes were characterized by poorly demarcated infiltration with histiocytic cells arranged in cohesive groups within the alveolar, bronchiolar and bronchial spaces. Histiocytic cells had intense cytoplasmic immunolabeling for vimentin and Iba1, and robust membrane immunolabeling with CD18 and E-cadherin; these cells were negative for CD3, CD79αcy and pancytokeratin in all cases. Conclusions and relevance This article confirms that pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease that occurs in middle-aged to older cats and causes widespread involvement of the pulmonary parenchyma, inducing acute or chronic, progressive respiratory disease characterized by mixed restrictive dyspnea that eventually leads to death. While a definitive clinical diagnosis is challenging, the nodular appearance of the pulmonary changes, together with the histological and immunohistochemistry findings, suffice for diagnostic confirmation of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
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Edwards, Jeffrey A., and Alfredo A. Romero. "Volatility, island nations and small states." Economics and Business Letters 9, no. 3 (December 8, 2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17811/ebl.9.3.2020.248-254.
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The authors of this paper have attempted to fill a gap in the literature that addresses both domestic and foreign born growth volatility for island countries and small states. Using a sophisticated dynamic panel framework, we find that the characteristics of both types of volatility are considerably different than they are for other countries. Our results argue against the prevailing wisdom regarding volatility that these two groups should simply mimic the economic policies of other nations.
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Rynsburger, Mary, and Mark A. Lamport. "All the Rage: How Small Groups Are Really Educating Christian Adults Part 1: Assessing Small Group Ministry Practice: A Review of the Literature." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 5, no. 1 (May 2008): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989130800500110.
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Lamport, Mark A., and Mary Rynsburger. "All the Rage: How Small Groups Are Really Educating Christian Adults Part 2: Augmenting Small Group Ministry Practice—Developing Small Group Leadership Skills through Insights from Cognate Theoretical Disciplines." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 5, no. 2 (November 2008): 391–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989130800500211.
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This three-part series considers the current and widespread trend of church-based small groups for adult spiritual formation. It is proposed that a focus on relationships must be kept in balance with learning and application of biblical truth in order for greater spiritual growth to result. The mini-series appears in three parts: The first article (Spring 2008) assesses small group ministries for an understanding of the current state of its sometimes blemished practice. In addition, a review of Christian-oriented small group literature is included, as well as an annotated bibliography of non-Christian-oriented small group literature. The second article (Fall 2008) is intended to augment small group practice by adapting key educational insights from the academic disciplines of group dynamics, communication theory, and educational psychology. The third article (Spring 2009) anchors small group practice by delving into the unique spiritual aspects of learning and addresses the biblical/theological apologetic for the centrality of Scripture. Finally, suggested applications are given for small group leaders and trainers of leaders as to how adults may be more effectively stimulated to learn and grow through such group involvement.
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Rynsburger, Mary, and Mark A. Lamport. "All the Rage: How Small Groups are Really Educating Christian Adults Part Three: Anchoring Small Group Ministry Practice—Biblical Insights and Leadership Development." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 6, no. 1 (May 2009): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073989130900600111.
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This three-part series considers the current and widespread trend of church-based small groups for adult spiritual formation. It is proposed that a focus on relationships must be kept in balance with learning and application of biblical truth in order for greater spiritual growth to result. The mini-series appears in three parts: The first article (Spring 2008) assesses small group ministries for an understanding of the current state of its sometimes blemished practice. In addition, a review of Christian-oriented small group literature is included, as well as an annotated bibliography of non-Christian-oriented small group literature. The second article (Fall 2008) is intended to augment small group practice by adapting key educational insights from the academic disciplines of group dynamics, communication theory, and educational psychology. The third article (Spring 2009) anchors small group practice by delving into the unique spiritual aspects of learning and addresses the biblical/theological apologetic for the centrality of Scripture. Finally, suggested applications are given for small group leaders and trainers of leaders as to how adults may be more effectively stimulated to learn and grow through such group involvement.
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Jacobs, Anne, and Sharon Rak. "Math by the Month: Mathematics and Literature—a Winning Combination." Teaching Children Mathematics 4, no. 3 (November 1997): 156–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.4.3.0156.
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The Math by the Month activities are designed to appeal directly to students. Students may work on the activities individually, in pairs, or in small groups. No solutions are suggested or provided for activities so that students will look for the mathematical authority within themselves, thereby developing the confidence and critical-thinking skills necessary to validate their work.
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Ellis, Elizabeth E., and Edward Messing. "Active Surveillance of Small Renal Masses: A Systematic Review." Kidney Cancer 5, no. 3 (August 28, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/kca-210114.
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BACKGROUND: Our goal is to review current literature regarding active surveillance (AS) of small renal masses (SRMs) and identify trends in survival outcomes, factors that predict the need for further intervention, and quality of life (QOL). METHODS: We performed a comprehensive literature search in PubMed and EMBASE and identified 194 articles. A narrative summary was performed in lieu of a meta-analysis due to the heterogeneity of selected studies. RESULTS: Seventeen articles were chosen to be featured in this review. Growth rate (GR) was not an accurate predictor of malignancy, although it was the characteristic most commonly used to trigger delayed intervention (DI). The mean 5-year overall survival (OS) of all studies was 73.6% ±1.7% for AS groups. The combined cancer specific survival (CSS) for AS is 97.1% ±0.6%, compared to 98.6% ±0.4% for the primary intervention (PI) groups, (p = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: Short and intermediate-term data demonstrate that AS with the option for DI is a management approach whose efficacy (in terms of CSS) approaches that of PI at 5 years, is cost effective, and prevents overtreatment, especially in patients with significant comorbidities.
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BALANDRAUD, ÉRIC. "THE ISOPERIMETRIC METHOD IN NON-ABELIAN GROUPS WITH AN APPLICATION TO OPTIMALLY SMALL SUMSETS." International Journal of Number Theory 04, no. 06 (December 2008): 927–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793042108001821.
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Set addition theory is born a few decades ago from additive number theory. Several difficult issues, more combinatorial in nature than algebraic, have been revealed. In particular, computing the values taken by the function: [Formula: see text] where G is a given group does not seem easy in general. Some successive results, using Kneser's Theorem, allowed the determination of the values of this function, provided that the group G is abelian. Recently, a method called isoperimetric, has been developed by Hamidoune and allowed new proofs and generalizations of the classical theorems in additive number theory. For instance, a new interpretation of the isoperimetric method has been able to give a new proof of Kneser's Theorem. The purpose of this article is to adapt this last proof in a non-abelian group, in order to give new values of the function μG, for some solvable groups and alternating groups. These values allow us in particular to answer negatively a question asked in the literature on the μG functions.
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Addis, Caren. "Emerging Forms of Industrial Governance: Promoting Cooperation between Small and Large Firms in Brazil." Competition & Change 2, no. 1 (March 1997): 95–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102452949700200103.
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This article analyzes the emergence and diffusion of industrial governance arrangements in Brazil that promote cooperation among small and large firms that previously had conflictive relations. The core of the arrangements were quadripartite: Large firms implicitly promised small suppliers rewards for increased productivity; small firms, working in groups, collectively set goals and discussed their experiences to spur on each other; consulting firms devised restructuring programs and played the role of facilitator in the groups; the quasi-government agency subsidized the costs of consultants. Contrary to the assumptions of producer-driven commodity chains literature (Gereffi), the principal actors were local and not in the headquarters of multinational corporations. Unlike the predictions of the transactions-cost literature (Williamson), opportunism was mitigated even though there were no new contractual safeguards. Despite instability in macroeconomic indicators, policy making, and production, which meant that the payoffs from cooperation were uncertain (game theory), firms and other institutions managed to devise new governance arrangements. Although the concept of bootstrapping (Sable) captures the dynamics of groups of small firms, it needs to be amended to take into account the variety and flexibility of mediators. The success of these arrangements has important implications for the future of Brazil's corporatist groups and its economic survival.
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Zhu, Shen-Hua, James P. Barrish, and M. John Hicks. "Cardiac Rhabdomyoma: Ultrastructural Features and Review of Literature." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019127.
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Primary cardiac tumors of any type in infancy and childhood are rare, with a prevalence of 0.03%reported in autopsy surveys carried out at children's hospitals. Within the pediatric population,the most common primary tumor involving the heart is rhabdomyoma. These tumors may bedivided into 3 groups: 1) arising in tuberous sclerosis; 2) arising sporadically; or 3) arising in congenital heart disease. Many cardiac rhabdomyomas are asymptomatic and regress early in life without clinically untoward effects. Only a small proportion of these tumors come to the attention of the pediatrician and pathologist when there is obstruction of blood flow, a murmur related to subaortic stenosis, or arrhythmias. Rhabdomyomas may be detected prenatally during ultrasound examination, with one case being diagnosed at 22 weeks gestation. Although it is possible to subdivide the tumors into 3 groups, the association of this entity with tuberous sclerosis is very strong with at least 60 to 85% of children with rhabdomyomas having tuberous sclerosis.
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Steinmetz, Holger. "Analyzing Observed Composite Differences Across Groups." Methodology 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241/a000049.
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Although the use of structural equation modeling has increased during the last decades, the typical procedure to investigate mean differences across groups is still to create an observed composite score from several indicators and to compare the composite’s mean across the groups. Whereas the structural equation modeling literature has emphasized that a comparison of latent means presupposes equal factor loadings and indicator intercepts for most of the indicators (i.e., partial invariance), it is still unknown if partial invariance is sufficient when relying on observed composites. This Monte-Carlo study investigated whether one or two unequal factor loadings and indicator intercepts in a composite can lead to wrong conclusions regarding latent mean differences. Results show that unequal indicator intercepts substantially affect the composite mean difference and the probability of a significant composite difference. In contrast, unequal factor loadings demonstrate only small effects. It is concluded that analyses of composite differences are only warranted in conditions of full measurement invariance, and the author recommends the analyses of latent mean differences with structural equation modeling instead.
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Datchuk, Shawn M. "A Direct Instruction and Precision Teaching Intervention to Improve the Sentence Construction of Middle School Students With Writing Difficulties." Journal of Special Education 51, no. 2 (August 22, 2016): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022466916665588.
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Being able to construct simple sentences is necessary for effective written expression. The present study investigated effects of a sentence construction intervention on small groups of middle school students with disabilities and writing difficulties. The intervention entailed sentence instruction and frequency building to a performance criterion, a type of timed practice emphasizing fluency. A single case design, multiple-baseline across small groups, was used. Three middle school teachers delivered intervention to three small groups of students (a total of 15 students). As a result of intervention, the average number of correct minus incorrect word sequences per small group gradually increased. Results are discussed in the context of the sentence construction literature and within a framework of direct instruction and precision teaching.
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Dyer, John R. G., Anders Johansson, Dirk Helbing, Iain D. Couzin, and Jens Krause. "Leadership, consensus decision making and collective behaviour in humans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1518 (December 12, 2008): 781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0233.
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This paper reviews the literature on leadership in vertebrate groups, including recent work on human groups, before presenting the results of three new experiments looking at leadership and decision making in small and large human groups. In experiment 1, we find that both group size and the presence of uninformed individuals can affect the speed with which small human groups (eight people) decide between two opposing directional preferences and the likelihood of the group splitting. In experiment 2, we show that the spatial positioning of informed individuals within small human groups (10 people) can affect the speed and accuracy of group motion. We find that having a mixture of leaders positioned in the centre and on the edge of a group increases the speed and accuracy with which the group reaches their target. In experiment 3, we use large human crowds (100 and 200 people) to demonstrate that the trends observed from earlier work using small human groups can be applied to larger crowds. We find that only a small minority of informed individuals is needed to guide a large uninformed group. These studies build upon important theoretical and empirical work on leadership and decision making in animal groups.
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Tilton, Shane. "Winning Through Deception: A Pedagogical Case Study on Using Social Deception Games to Teach Small Group Communication Theory." SAGE Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): 215824401983437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019834370.
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Social deception games are games that involve players adopting roles and teams that are not known to all players of the game. One of the components of these types of games is deceiving other players for the purpose of completing goals and tasks. The focus of this case study is to show how social deception games were used to teach aspects of small group communication (specifically the development of roles with small groups and power structures that emerge within small groups) to multiple groups of students taking a basic communication course at a large university in the United States. The framework of this case study will begin with an explanation of two social deception games (“Are You a Werewolf?” and “The Resistance”) and the previous literature related to small group communication, game-based learning, and other pedagogical frameworks. This review of literature is followed by a description of the lesson plan and course objectives that were used to frame the class time. An analysis of the reflective assignments will help describe the benefits of approaching small group communication with a ludological technique. Finally, discussion of the effectiveness of games like those in the category of social deception within the college communication curriculum is provided.
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Braga, Junia de Carvalho Fidelis. "Fractal groups: Emergent dynamics in on-line learning communities." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 603–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982013000200011.
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Drawing on complexity theory, this work discusses the complex dynamics and emergent patterns of on-line learning communities based on a doctoral study in the area of Applied Linguistics. The analysis will center on the interlocutions of fifty students who interacted in small groups without the teacher's direct intervention, in an undergraduate course offered by the School of Languages and Literature at the Federal University of Minas Gerais. By analyzing the data, I demonstrate that out of the interactions among the peers of autonomous on-line learning communities arise opportunities for the construction of shared meaning, distributed leadership, as well as other dynamics. I also demonstrate the fractal nature of these communities. Moreover, I discuss how these findings shed light on the creation and development of course designs for large groups.
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Mary Nerissa T. Castro, MST. "Literature Circle: A Strategy in Improving Critical Thinking Skills." International Journal of English Language Studies 3, no. 2 (February 27, 2021): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijels.2021.3.2.9.
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Reading is the prime foundation of one’s academic and social status. However, this vital skill is what most students lack attention and interest. As a result, it deteriorates their critical thinking skills. To address the problem, Harvey Daniel introduced his literature circle strategy. It showcases different features that likely aid student’s struggles in the aspect of reading. This study, therefore, aims to determine the effectiveness of the literature circle strategy in improving critical thinking skills in reading among students at the University of Cebu-Banilad Campus. The study utilized a quasi-experimental method where the 48 ABM Grade 12 research subjects of the study were divided into two groups, namely: control and experimental. Strategies employed in these groups were different. The traditional method was practiced in the control group, while the literature circle strategy was implemented in the experimental group. For data gathering, a researcher-made test about the short story “Dead Stars” by Paz Marquez Benitez was used as the main instrument. Another short story entitled “The Small Key” by Paz Latorena was used as a springboard in the implementation of strategies for both groups. Statistical treatments used for data analysis were simple percent, t-test for Correlational Samples, and t-test for Two Independent Samples. Findings revealed that in measuring subjects’ critical thinking skills in reading, there is a significant difference between the posttest performances of the groups. The research subjects under experimental group performed higher than the control group. The study concludes that literature circle strategy is effective in enhancing student’s critical thinking skills in reading.
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Arsenijevic, Jelena, Lars Tummers, and Niels Bosma. "Adherence to Electronic Health Tools Among Vulnerable Groups: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis." Journal of Medical Internet Research 22, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): e11613. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/11613.
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Background Electronic health (eHealth) tools are increasingly being applied in health care. They are expected to improve access to health care, quality of health care, and health outcomes. Although the advantages of using these tools in health care are well described, it is unknown to what extent eHealth tools are effective when used by vulnerable population groups, such as the elderly, people with low socioeconomic status, single parents, minorities, or immigrants. Objective This study aimed to examine whether the design and implementation characteristics of eHealth tools contribute to better use of these tools among vulnerable groups. Methods In this systematic review, we assessed the design and implementation characteristics of eHealth tools that are used by vulnerable groups. In the meta-analysis, we used the adherence rate as an effect size measure. The adherence rate is defined as the number of people who are repetitive users (ie, use the eHealth tool more than once). We also performed a meta-regression analysis to examine how different design and implementation characteristics influenced the adherence rate. Results Currently, eHealth tools are continuously used by vulnerable groups but to a small extent. eHealth tools that use multimodal content (such as videos) and have the possibility for direct communication with providers show improved adherence among vulnerable groups. Conclusions eHealth tools that use multimodal content and provide the possibility for direct communication with providers have a higher adherence among vulnerable groups. However, most of the eHealth tools are not embedded within the health care system. They are usually focused on specific problems, such as diabetes or obesity. Hence, they do not provide comprehensive services for patients. This limits the use of eHealth tools as a replacement for existing health care services.
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Xhango, Edvin. "The Fiscal Problems of Small Business in Albania." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 4, no. 1 (January 21, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v4i1.p51-56.
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The aim of this study is the analysis of the fiscal law framework focused in the small businesses in Albania. The methodology used is a systematic literature review based mainly on Albanian legislation. Based on the Albanian fiscal legislation, classification of businesses it was done based on the sales that are realized. For over twenty - five years, taxes on small business often have changed, but the base of the manner for calculation of the tax is not change, it is relating with the turnover that is realize during one year. The study reached some conclusions. Thus, a) the review of groups that are included on the revision of the VAT and b) the review of profit tax small business.
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Simińska, Donata, Jan Korbecki, Klaudyna Kojder, Patrycja Kapczuk, Marta Fabiańska, Izabela Gutowska, Anna Machoy-Mokrzyńska, Dariusz Chlubek, and Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka. "Epidemiology of Anthropometric Factors in Glioblastoma Multiforme—Literature Review." Brain Sciences 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11010116.
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Although glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a widely researched cancer of the central nervous system, we still do not know its full pathophysiological mechanism and we still lack effective treatment methods as the current combination of surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy does not bring about satisfactory results. The median survival time for GBM patients is only about 15 months. In this paper, we present the epidemiology of central nervous system (CNS) tumors and review the epidemiological data on GBM regarding gender, age, weight, height, and tumor location. The data indicate the possible influence of some anthropometric factors on the occurrence of GBM, especially in those who are male, elderly, overweight, and/or are taller. However, this review of single and small-size epidemiological studies should not be treated as definitive due to differences in the survey methods used. Detailed epidemiological registers could help identify the main at-risk groups which could then be used as homogenous study groups in research worldwide. Such research, with less distortion from various factors, could help identify the pathomechanisms that lead to the development of GBM.
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McKenzie-Smith, Laura. "Are narrative therapy groups effective for people with intellectual disabilities? A critical review of the literature." Tizard Learning Disability Review 25, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-05-2020-0008.
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Purpose Narrative therapy has been suggested as particularly relevant to people with intellectual disability (ID), with group formats potentially offering additional benefits. This paper aims to critically review studies which evaluated narrative group interventions for people with ID. Design/methodology/approach The seven papers identified for review were critically appraised for their quality using a quality appraisal tool appropriate to their design, along with additional factors including adaptations made to improve accessibility. Findings The studies suggest that there may be some small benefits of narrative group therapy for those with ID. However, alongside issues limiting the studies’ evaluations, it is noted that the research paradigms used in the studies conflict with narrative approaches. Research limitations/implications The limited evidence base suggests the need for further research. The randomised controlled trial would ordinarily be seen as the gold standard for such research. However, narrative interventions may require a different approach to evaluation. Originality/value This is the first review of published literature on the evaluation of narrative therapy groups for people with ID.
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Ubaldo, Emil Fermin. "Synchronous web-based collaborative writing: Attitudes of learners toward working in pairs and small groups." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 3 (September 16, 2021): 935–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i3.20079.
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This study explored learners’ attitudes toward collaborative writing in pairs and small groups (fours and sixes) in a synchronous web-based environment. Sophomore pre-service teachers in one intact class in the Philippines (n=31) completed the same collaborative writing tasks using Google Docs. In three separate out-of-class sessions, they first worked in pairs, and then they were assigned to either groups of four or groups of six in the succeeding two sessions. After completing the tasks, they were asked to complete a post-task questionnaire. The learners had an overall positive attitude toward peer collaborative writing in a web-based synchronous environment as it helps them to develop the content better, find appropriate vocabulary, and improve the grammatical and mechanical accuracy of the texts they produced. Students highly appreciated working in pairs and groups of four. In pairs, they felt that it is easier to manage text-chat deliberation, resolve concerns, and attend to each other’s suggestions. In groups of four, they acknowledged the increase of peer resources for knowledge sharing and in ensuring the accuracy of their language use. Hence, the majority complained that a group of six is not that conducive in a real-time text-chat environment. When asked about their preference, most students would prefer to work in a similar task and environment in pairs. These findings on learners’ attitudes toward collaborative writing concur with the previous literature in face-to-face educational settings and open new insights on synchronous web-based collaborative writing via text-chat.
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Billington, Josie, Eleanor Longden, and Jude Robinson. "A literature-based intervention for women prisoners: preliminary findings." International Journal of Prisoner Health 12, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 230–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijph-09-2015-0031.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Shared Reading (SR), a specific literature-based intervention, is transposable to a prison context and whether mental health benefits identified in other custodial and non-custodial settings were reported by women prisoners. Design/methodology/approach In all, 35 participants were recruited within an all-female maximum security prison and attended one of two weekly reading groups. Qualitative data were collected through researcher observation of the reading groups; interviews and focus group discussions with participants and prison staff; interviews with the project worker leading the reading groups; and a review of records kept by the latter during group sessions. Findings Attendance rates were good, with nearly half of the participants voluntarily present at =60 per cent of sessions. Two intrinsic psychological processes associated with the SR experience were provisionally identified, “memory and continuities” and “mentalisation”, both of which have therapeutic implications for the treatment of conditions like depression and personality disorder. Research limitations/implications Limitations included the small sample, lack of control for confounding variables, and constraints imposed on data collection by the custodial setting. Originality/value Although more controlled research is required, the findings indicate that women prisoners will voluntarily engage with SR if given appropriate support, and that the intervention has potential to augment psychological processes that are associated with increased well-being.
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Meyers, Steven A. "Increasing Student Participation and Productivity in Small-Group Activities for Psychology Classes." Teaching of Psychology 24, no. 2 (April 1997): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2402_5.
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This article consolidates suggestions about ways to increase individual student involvement in small-group activities for psychology classes. First, the literature on group productivity and social loafing is reviewed. Findings are organized through the discussion of 3 critical domains for increasing effectiveness of small groups. Second, articles published in Teaching of Psychology that describe small-group activities are reviewed, giving attention to techniques that authors have recommended to ensure student participation.
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Engler-Stringer, Rachel, and Shawna Berenbaum. "Collective Kitchens in Canada: A Review of the Literature." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 66, no. 4 (December 2005): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/66.4.2005.246.
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Purpose: Collective kitchens are community-based cooking programs in which small groups of people cook large quantities of food. They have developed over the past 20 years, and hundreds of groups have been formed across the country. However, collective kitchens described in the literature vary considerably in structure, purpose, and format. The purpose of this review is to synthesize research on this topic. Methods: Articles and theses were collected through searches of major databases, and synthesized to improve understanding of current information, and of continuing gaps in the knowledge of collective kitchens in Canada. Results: The limited published research on collective kitchens suggests that social and learning benefits are associated with participation. Some indication exists that participants also find the food cooked to be high quality, culturally acceptable, and acquired in a manner that maintains personal dignity. Whether collective kitchens have an impact on food resources as a whole is unclear, as research has been limited in scale. Conclusions: The role of collective kitchens in community building and empowering participants often is noted, and bears further investigation. Dietitians and nutritionists have a unique opportunity to facilitate the health promotion and food security benefits of collective kitchens.
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Baraldi, Claudio, and Federico Farini. "Dialogic mediation in international groups of adolescents." Language and Dialogue 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2011): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.1.2.03bar.
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Mediation is the action of a third party that helps two conflicting parties to reach a mutually acceptable settlement. This action implies promoting the parties’ empowerment and new narratives by facilitating their communication. The analysis of dialogue, and in particular of mediators’ dialogic actions in the interaction, is a way to gain an empirical knowledge of mediation. It shows the ways in which dialogue may promote empowerment and new narratives, enhancing active participation and sensitivity of the participants in interaction. This kind of analysis is applied to international camps for peace promotion involving small groups of adolescents from different countries. In particular, videorecordings and transcriptions of group meetings make it possible to highlight the kinds of dialogic actions used to help adolescents to keep their turns, as well as to support their initiatives and coordinate their reflections, thus managing their conflicts. By looking at how meditators use language in the interaction, research can help improving the theory and practice of mediation.
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Griffiths, Anthony D., and Barry W. Brook. "Effect of fire on small mammals: a systematic review." International Journal of Wildland Fire 23, no. 7 (2014): 1034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14026.
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Fire is a natural disturbance that exerts an important influence on global ecosystems, affecting vegetation distribution and structure, the carbon cycle and climate. However, human-induced changes to fire regimes may affect at-risk species groups such as small mammals. We examine the effect of fire on small mammals and evaluate the relative sensitivity to fire among different groups using a systematic review methodology that included critiquing the literature with respect to survey design and statistical analysis. Overall, small mammal abundance is slightly higher, and demographic parameters more favourable, in unburnt sites compared to burnt sites. This was more pronounced in species with body size range of 101–1000g and with habitat requirements that are sensitive to fire (e.g. dense ground cover): in 66.6 and 69.7% of pairwise comparisons, abundance or a demographic parameter were higher in unburnt than burnt sites. This systematic review demonstrates that there remains a continued focus on simple shifts in abundance with regards to effect of fire and small mammals, which limits understanding of mechanisms responsible for change. Body size and habitat preference were most important in explaining variation in small mammal species’ responses to fire.
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Barton, Tina. "Small Business and Social Enterprise: To Thrive Not Fail." Papers in Canadian Economic Development 18 (April 11, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/pced.v18i0.91.
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<p>Small businesses (those with up to 99 employees) are the most common business type in Canada – comprising 97.9 per cent of businesses, and contributing close to one-third of Canada’s gross domestic product (GDP). Yet a significant number of these businesses fail, with only about 50 per cent lasting at least five years, according to Industry Canada. Social enterprises – businesses that provide valuable products or services while delivering social and sometime environmental returns – struggle even more than small businesses to attract finance, grow, and sustain. What are the similarities and differences between these two groups’ needs, and how can Canada’s three levels of government and the broader business ecosystem better support small businesses and social enterprises to thrive? This paper takes a comprehensive look at key business needs, barriers to success, enabling factors, and policy incentives, drawing upon academic literature, studies and reports from the government, non-profit, and social enterprise sectors, as well as recommendations from business advocacy groups primarily from Canada and the United States. </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Small business, social enterprise, business financing, business growth, business ecosystem, procurement policy</p>
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Spreckels, Janet. "Identity negotiation in small stories among German adolescent girls." Narrative Inquiry 18, no. 2 (December 12, 2008): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.18.2.11spr.
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In recent years, a change in narrative and identity analysis, which Georgakopoulou has called “a ‘new’ narrative turn” (2006, p. 129), has been observed. This term refers to a shift of focus from the traditional “big stories”, i.e., narratives as a well-defined and delineated genre with an identifiable structure, towards non-canonical “small stories” (Bamberg, 2004). In this article, I will discuss a “small story” in terms of identity negotiation. The data are taken from a larger ethnographic conversation-analytical study of a group of German adolescent girls, who interactively negotiate and construe group and gender identity through their categorization and disaffiliation from various out-groups. I will illustrate this phenomenon by drawing on concepts such as positioning analysis (Davies & Harré, 1990), identities-in-interaction (Antaki & Widdicombe, 1998), and membership categorization (Sacks, 1992). Besides discussing content-related aspects of the sequence the small story is embedded in, I will analyze the structure of it employing elements of traditional narrative models such as that proposed by Labov and Waletzky (1967) and combine them with elements that belong exclusively to the interactive construction of “small stories”. At the end of my analysis, I will draw on Quasthoff’s model of narratives-in-interaction (2001) to argue that in close-knit groups of friends, small stories at times only minimally deviate from the ongoing turn-by-turn-talk.
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Baverstock, PR, N. Cramp, AM Johnson, and SC Donnellan. "Evolution of the Small Subunit Ribosomal-Rna in Higher Vertebrates." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 4 (1991): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910387.
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The potential value of rapid sequencing of the srRNA molecule for phylogenetic reconstruction of the higher vertebrates was investigated. The study involved partial sequencing of 19 taxa that, along with 6 sequences from the literature, covered all of the major groups of higher vertebrates. The results show that sequencing of the srRNA molecule is not suitable at this taxonomic level because: (i) there is insufficient nucleotide sequence variation; (ii) expansion segments, although common, have a high probability of convergence for both their position and their sequence; and (iii) the phylogenetic branching of the higher vertebrates has been mainly 'bush-like' rather than 'tree-like'.
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Thompson Chaudhry, Theresa. "Industrial Clusters in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2005): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2005.v10.i2.a2.
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This paper provides a survey of the theoretical and empirical literature relating to industrial clusters. These clusters are groups of firms that are specialized by sector, located in close geographic proximity and consist of mostly small and medium sized enterprises. The benefits to firms from clustering are sometimes referred to as active and passive collective efficiency. Passive collective efficiency refers to benefits accruing to a firm by virtue of being in a cluster, such as access to markets and skilled labor, technological spillovers, flexible specialization, and reduced transaction costs. Active collective efficiency, on the other hand, stems from purposeful cooperation between clustered firms to undertake a large-scale project to upgrade production, such as entering into product marketing.
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Brown, Jill A., and Frank Bernieri. "Trait Perception Accuracy and Acquaintance Within Groups: Tracking Accuracy Development." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 43, no. 5 (April 9, 2017): 716–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167217695557.
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Previous work on trait perception has evaluated accuracy at discrete stages of relationships (e.g., strangers, best friends). A relatively limited body of literature has investigated changes in accuracy as acquaintance within a dyad or group increases. Small groups of initially unacquainted individuals spent more than 30 hr participating in a wide range of activities designed to represent common interpersonal contexts (e.g., eating, traveling). We calculated how accurately each participant judged others in their group on the big five traits across three distinct points within the acquaintance process: zero acquaintance, after a getting-to-know-you conversation, and after 10 weeks of interaction and activity. Judgments of all five traits exhibited accuracy above chance levels after 10 weeks. An examination of the trait rating stability revealed that much of the revision in judgments occurred not over the course of the 10-week relationship as suspected, but between zero acquaintance and the getting-to-know-you conversation.
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Ahwireng-Obeng, F., and O. O. Egunjobi. "Performance determinants of large-small business strategic alliances in South Africa." South African Journal of Business Management 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v32i3.724.
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The literature suggests that the success of strategic alliances between large and small firms is influenced by four broad factors: motivational, cultural and resource capability synergies; shared commitments, goals and roles; participative planning, operationalisation and administration; and regular open communications. This study suggests that even though mismatches and incongruencies may be evident, the alliance formation and endurance are influenced by two other factors: largely similar perceptions by both groups regarding the alliance’s performance determinants; and a strong expectation by the large firm group of high future net benefits from aligning with small firms. Performance is, invariably, contingent upon implementing a number of ‘pre-emptive’ steps during the course of the alliance.
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Arruda, Andréia G., Tariku J. Beyene, Justin Kieffer, Joshua N. Lorbach, Steven Moeller, and Andrew S. Bowman. "A Systematic Literature Review on Depopulation Methods for Swine." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 2161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112161.
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Swine mass depopulation refers to the destruction of large numbers of pigs and may include not only animals affected with a disease but also healthy pigs in a facility or surrounding areas. Emerging applications of mass depopulation include reducing welfare issues associated with slaughter delays, which was observed in the United States in 2020 as a result of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The objectives of this review were to summarize the available literature on swine depopulation methods and to highlight critical gaps in knowledge. Peer-reviewed articles were identified through a systematic search in electronic databases including Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PubMed. A total of 68 publications were assessed. Gaseous carbon dioxide inhalation was the most commonly reported depopulation method for both small- and large-scale trials. Measurements of consciousness state, which serves to assess suffering and humaneness, appeared to be lacking in a high proportion of the studies. None of the published studies demonstrated an ideally reliable and safe way to induce rapid unconsciousness in large groups of pigs. Development of rapid mass depopulation methods applicable to large groups of pigs is necessary to provide industry partners with suitable and low-cost emergency preparedness procedures while adhering to personnel safety and animal welfare standards. Lastly, there is an urgent need to standardize comprehensive reporting guidelines for depopulation studies.
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Bojic, Sanja, and Rodrigo Becerra. "Mindfulness-based treatment for Bipolar Disorder: A systematic review of the literature." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2017): 573–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i3.1138.
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Despite the increasing number of studies examining the effects of mindfulness interventions on symptoms associated with Bipolar Disorder (BD), the effectiveness of this type of interventions remains unclear. The aim of the present systematic review was to (i) critically review all available evidence on Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) as a form of intervention for BD; (ii) discuss clinical implications of MBCT in treating patients with BD; and (iii) provide a direction for future research. The review presents findings from 13 studies (N = 429) that fulfilled the following selection criteria: (i) included BD patients; (ii) presented results separately for BD patients and control groups (where a control group was available); (iii) implemented MBCT intervention; (iv) were published in English; (v) were published in a peer reviewed journal; and (vi) reported results for adult participants. Although derived from a relatively small number of studies, results from the present review suggest that MBCT is a promising treatment in BD in conjunction with pharmacotherapy. MBCT in BD is associated with improvements in cognitive functioning and emotional regulation, reduction in symptoms of anxiety depression and mania symptoms (when participants had residual manic symptoms prior to MBCT). These, treatment gains were maintained at 12 month follow up when mindfulness was practiced for at least 3 days per week or booster sessions were included. Additionally, the present review outlined some limitations of the current literature on MBCT interventions in BD, including small study sample sizes, lack of active control groups and idiosyncratic modifications to the MBCT intervention across studies. Suggestions for future research included focusing on factors underlying treatment adherence and understanding possible adverse effects of MBCT, which could be of crucial clinical importance.
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Mikaelian, Mariet. "The Transformative Learning Experiences of Southern California Church-based Small Group Members." Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry 15, no. 2 (July 12, 2018): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739891318784307.
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The main purpose of this research was to explore the ways the members of church-based small groups of various denominations in Southern California have experienced transformative learning, and to identify the factors that contribute to that experience. A qualified research was conducted. Purposeful sampling was used and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. A total of 22 people from six different denominations participated. Ten major themes came up as factors that foster transformative learning: relationships, Bible, God, good examples, problems, ministry, Christian literature, willingness, preaching of the church, and church retreats. Implications are presented at the end.
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McGovern, Diana A., Frédéric Gaschen, Dr Habil, and Alma Roy. "Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns and Clinical Parameters in 208 Dogs with Positive Urine Cultures (2012–2014)." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 55, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 306–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6796.
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ABSTRACT Urinary tract infections (UTI) occur commonly in dogs, and gram-negative enteric bacteria are the most prevalent pathogens. Clinical parameters, urinalysis, and urine culture and sensitivity results were retrieved from the medical records of 208 dogs with positive urine cultures over a 3 yr period at the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Several groups were defined including dogs presented for primary care versus referred cases; simple UTI, complicated UTI, and pyelonephritis; dogs pretreated with antimicrobials; and dogs having an indwelling catheter in place prior to sampling. Nearly 80% of dogs had complicated UTI. Of all dogs, 70% had no documented clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease (LUTD), with 68% of them showing hematuria and/or pyuria. Based on clinical signs or urinalysis, 19% of all dogs had no evidence of lower UTI. In dogs without LUTD signs the most common comorbidities were immunosuppressive treatment and severely restricted mobility (23%). Chronic recurring UTI were present in 19% of dogs with LUTD signs. Distribution of bacterial species was comparable with the existing literature and not significantly different between clinical subgroups. Isolates from dogs pretreated with antimicrobials showed decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. was moderate (29%).
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Norman, Sarah, Erica Davis, and Lisa W. Goldstone. "Impact of pharmacist-led or co-led medication education groups on patient outcomes: A literature review." Mental Health Clinician 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.n117932.
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Introduction: Psychiatric pharmacists lead groups for patients with mental health disorders in a variety of locations. It is unknown whether these groups are effective in increasing patient knowledge and adherence or reducing negative healthcare outcomes. It is also unclear whether certain modalities of pharmacist-led medication education groups are more effective than others. Methods: A literature search using MEDLINE and PsycINFO was performed using the search terms “medication,” “patient education,” “pharmacy” or “pharmacist,” and “psychiatric” or “behavioral” or “mental.” Full text articles of randomized controlled trials or those with a pre-post study design that reported outcomes of a pharmacist-led or coled medication group were included. Results: Six studies were included in the review, many of which were limited by small sample sizes and confounding factors. These studies suggest that pharmacist-led group medication education can improve cardiac risk factors in patients with diabetes, increase inhaler medication compliance in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and improve the ability of pediatric patients and their parents to manage asthma. Elderly patients' ability to manage their medications improved in one study, but was only shown to be significant for patients using four or more medications in another study. Appropriate medication use by psychiatric outpatients was significantly improved with a pharmacist intervention while decreasing total drug and salary costs. Discussion: Group interventions provided by pharmacists can be successful in improving patient care outcomes for a variety of disease states in diverse patient populations such as pediatrics and geriatrics. Further research is needed to evaluate the full impact of pharmacist-led medication education groups on outcomes such as patient attitudes, knowledge, patient ability to self-manage medications, adherence, and utilization of health care resources.
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Comfort, Wistar, and Franklin R. Gould. "Some classes of minimally almost periodic topological groups." Applied General Topology 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/agt.2015.3312.
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<p>A Hausdorff topological group G=(G,T) has the small subgroup generating property<br />(briefly: has the SSGP property, or is an SSGP group) if for each neighborhood U of $1_G$ there is a family $\sH$<br />of subgroups of $G$ such that $\bigcup\sH\subseteq U$ and<br />$\langle\bigcup\sH\rangle$ is dense in $G$. The class of $\rm{SSGP}$ groups is defined and investigated with respect<br />to the properties usually studied by topologists (products,<br />quotients, passage to dense subgroups, and the like), and with respect to the familiar class of minimally almost<br />periodic groups (the m.a.p. groups). Additional classes<br />SSGP(n) for $n<\omega$ (with SSGP(1) = SSGP) are defined and investigated, and the class-theoretic inclusions<br />$$\mathrm{SSGP}(n)\subseteq\mathrm{SSGP}(n+1)\subseteq\mathrm{ m.a.p.}$$<br />are established and shown proper.</p><p>In passing the authors also establish the presence of {\rm SSGP}$(1)$ or {\rm SSGP}$(2)$ in many of the early examples in the literature of abelian m.a.p. groups.</p>