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1
Jones, I. D. "Assessment and design of small-scale hydro-electric power plants." Thesis, University of Salford, 1988. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/2212/.
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Appraisal and design of small-scale hydro power plants requires a knowledge of hydraulics, hydrology, civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, and basic economics. Further, small hydro is site specific in nature and marginal from an economic view point. Methods of appraisal and design are required therefore that will keep engineering fees to a minimum and yet still achieve a reliable evaluation of scheme potential and economics. In this context it should be appreciated that small hydro is not large hydro scaled down, and that small hydro needs its own experts (Ref. 1). This thesis considers techniques for appraisal of small hydropower schemes, the selection and specification of scheme components, their costing and economic evaluation. These appraisal techniques are subsequently applied to regional assessment of small-scale hydro-electric potential in the U. K, and to the development and application of a new type of ultra low-head hydropower generator called the Salford Transverse oscillator (STO). Although this work is predominately concerned with assessment of scheme potential in the U.K., it also draws on experience gained by the writer during short visits to India and Nepal, and during a six month design appraisal for rehabilitation of mini-hydro schemes in Sri Lanka (Ref. 2).
2
Croll, Geoffrey Edward George. "The economic and policy aspects of small hydro development in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29596.
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Small hydropower offers many advantages as a source of energy and it has been successfully developed by the private sector in the U.S. and in Ontario. Although there is considerable interest in developing British Columbia's vast small hydro resource, there has been very little progress to date. The reasons for this are related more to economic and political factors than to technical issues. In this thesis I review the situation in B.C. and propose a policy framework for energy purchase price, one of the main issues involved in small hydro development. The price offered small hydro producers for their electricity is clearly less than B.C. Hydro's avoided cost, but there is little evidence to support the amount offered. I suggest that, in the absence of an established, competitve market, energy purchase rates should be based on the utility's avoided costs, and that avoided costs be determined by amortizing the capital costs of the next scheduled project over a 20 year period, rather than basing them on the average levelized costs of all future projects. Furthermore, small hydro development should take a two-stage approach, similar to Ontario's, whereby energy is initially purchased at the utility's full avoided cost and later, when the small hydro industry has had a chance to develop, energy would be purchased at market value or through a competitive bidding process.Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate
3
Lombard, Adriaan Cornelius Johannes. "Design and implementation of a low cost grid-connected 10 kw hydro power system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4295.
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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The world is increasingly being faced with the challenge of effectively exploiting available renewable energy resources, not only to meet an ever growing energy demand, but also to preserve the available amount of fossil fuels and to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions released into the atmosphere by fossil fuelled power stations. Hence, every available renewable energy resource, even small rivers has a contribution to make in the attempt to reduce the amount of fossil fuel generated electricity. The focus of this study is the design and installation of a low cost grid-connected 10 kW micro hydro power system (MHPS). The process to determine the potential of the available water resource is first to be presented. The environmental aspects of these systems, based on the study that is undertaken for the implementation of the landmark example, are discussed. The complete design of a micro hydro power system for a specific site is presented. This design is based on using commercially available components and equipment in an attempt to minimise the total cost of a micro hydro power system. The designed micro hydro power system is installed in-field and the predicted performance of the designed system is verified with measured results of the implemented system. Based on the results of the micro hydro power system landmark example, it is shown through a complete economic study, that this investment is very worthwhile.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wêreld word daagliks meer en meer uitgedaag om beskikbare alternatiewe energiebronne effektief te benut, nie net om in die groeiende elektrisiteits aanvraag te voorsien nie, maar ook om die beskikbare fossiel brandstowwe te beskerm en ook om die hoeveelheid koolstofdioksied gasse wat deur fossiel brandstof kragstasies vrygestel word, te verminder. Dus het elke beskikbare alternatiewe energiebron, selfs klein riviertjies, ‘n bydrae om te lewer tot die poging om die hoeveelheid elektrisiteit wat deur fossiel brandstowwe opgewek word, te verminder. Die fokus van hierdie studie is op die ontwerp en implementering van ‘n lae koste netwerk gekoppelde 10 kW mikro hidro kragstelsel. Eerstens word die proses om die potensiaal van die beskikbare waterbron te bepaal, bespreek. Al die omgewings aspekte van hierdie mikro hidro kragstelsels word dan bespreek. Dit is ten volle gebaseer op die studies wat gedoen is vir die implementering van hierdie landmerk voorbeeld. Die volledige ontwerp van ‘n mikro hidro kragstelsel, vir ‘n spesifieke terrein, word bespreek. Hierdie ontwerp is hoofsaaklik gebasseer op die gebruik van kommersieel beskikbare komponente met die doel om die totale koste van die stelsel te minimeer. Die stelsel wat ontwerp is, is geïnstalleer op die terrein en die verwagte prestasie van die stelsel is toe geverifieer met gemete resultate van die geïnstalleerde stelsel. ‘n Volledige ekonomiese studie wat gebaseer is op die resultate van die geïnstalleerde stelsel, word dan bespreek en daar is gevind dat hierdie stelsel werklik finansieel die moeite werd is.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies
4
Loen, Ida Larsen. "Stability Analysis of Small Hydro Power Plants : Model Verification and Analysis of the Impacts of the Voltage Regulation System." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-24330.
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This master thesis concerns stability problems and protection related to small hydro distributed generation. Behavior related to the voltage regulator and the excitation limiters is the main focus in this report. The report consists of two main parts. Part one concerns laboratory studies with focus on the characteristics of the laboratory model, and system modeling and validation. In the other part of the thesis, the validated model is used to study the effect of the excitation limiters and their influence on the system response and performance. These studies are useful to obtain knowledge considering operation close to the power system limits.The laboratory model considered in this thesis is a motor-generator set in the NTNU/SINTEF renewable energy laboratory, representing a small hydro power plant. The characteristics of this model are studied through laboratory measurements, and the system is modeled in Simulink and validated by laboratory testing. The final simulation model of the laboratory system has a response very similar to the actual model. The response of the simulation model has some deviations from the laboratory model, but these are considered small and it is concluded that the model is valid for further studies of excitation limiters for these master thesis.Studies and measurements in the laboratory have given important information about the model and its characteristics and performance. The motor drive operating as a turbine governing system for the laboratory model does not seem to give a realistic representation of a hydraulic turbine governing system. The motor drive responds fast and efficient to disturbances, and contributes greatly to a well damped system with a high stability margin. The motor drive should respond more slowly to give a more realistic representation of the relatively slow response of hydro turbine governors. The excitation system parameters have a great influence on the behavior of the synchronous generator in the laboratory model. The details concerning the excitation system structure are partly unknown, which makes it challenging to find the exact parameters for the voltage regulator implemented in the Simulink model. The parameters found through studying the simulated response seems to be satisfying, as the voltage response of the simulation model is regulated similarly as for the laboratory model. For the cases evaluated in this report, the laboratory model seems to have better small signal stability characteristics when operating underexcited. Whether the stability margin is higher for under- or overexcited operation seems to depend on the characteristics of the generator.The dynamic field current limiters implemented in the simulation model seem to be a close representation of the excitation limiters in the laboratory model. The limiters, controlled by PI controllers are activated as the field current has exceeded a given limit for a certain amount of time. The field current response in field current limiting operation mode depends on the proportional- and integral gain of the PI controller. It is shown that changes of these parameters affect the response significantly. Further studies are needed to draw any conclusions if, and for which cases, this can provoke instability when the field current limiters are activated.
5
Pavlíčková, Eva. "Vyhodnocení efektivnosti investic obnovitelných zdrojů energie na příkladu malých vodních elektráren." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-85288.
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Thesis deals with the use of renewable sources of energy focused on water energy, especially small hydropower plants in Czech Republic. It should clarify the legal and technical framework for energy production in small hydro power plants, types of aid and the amount for the operator. Case studies describe the construction and reconstruction of small hydroelectric power plants which are dependant on the amount of feed-in tariffs and try to find out the economic efficiency according to the selected methods of investment appraisal.
6
Wallace, Alexander Robert Swan. "Small-scale hydro power generation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14633.
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The requirement for decentralised power generation in the rural electrification of developing countries is vast, and extensive hydrological resources for small-hydro power have been identified. Despite this, the utilisation of small-scale hydro is extremely slow, and the market is not fully developed. This study reviews the marketplace for small-scale hydro in the industrialised, newly-industrialised, less-developed and third-world countries. The extent, characteristics, and timescales of small-hydro development are used to estimate the market for varying levels of power generation technology. Existing power plant and practices as applied to rural electrification programmes are examined and suggestions are made to improve the cost effectiveness of the generating plant. The economic effects which increase the cost of energy produced at smaller sites are considered and a pre-feasibility cost model is proposed. Existing design methods for Pelton turbines are appraised. A new method of designing and estimating the performamce of multi-jet machines has been developed in a comprehensive software package, which is described and evaluated. A test facility designed and constructed during the study is described, and the results obtained by testing a small Pelton turbine are presented. Conclusions are drawn at the end of each chapter and these are ultimately summarised in an overview of the effective market and the means by which Pelton turbine technology may be applied more widely. The market sectors which will benefit by the availability of the design software are identified, together with further work required to integrate the design ability into manufacture.
7
Cebeci, Mahmut Erkut. "The Effects Of Hydro Power Plants." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609282/index.pdf.
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This thesis proposes a method and develops a mathematical model for determining the effects of hydro power plants&rsquogovernor settings on the Turkish power system frequency. The Turkish power system suffers from frequency oscillations with 20 &ndash
30 seconds period. Besides various negative effects on power plants and customers, these frequency oscillations are one of the most important obstacles before the interconnection of the Turkish power system with the UCTE (Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity) network. Taking observations of the system operators and statistical studies as an initial point, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo
governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. In order to perform system wide simulations, initially mathematical models for two major hydro power plants and their stability margins are determined. Utilizing this information a representative power system model is developed. After validation studies, the effects of hydro power plants&rsquo
governor settings on the Turkish power system frequency are investigated. Further computer simulations are performed to determine possible effects of changing settings and structure of HPP governors to system frequency stability. Finally, further factors that may have negative effects on frequency oscillations are discussed. The results of study are presented throughout the thesis and summarized in the &ldquo
Conclusion and Future Work&rdquo
chapter.
8
Razyapova, Aygul. "Tvorba a estimace modelu malé vodní elektrárny v programu PSCAD." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-242038.
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This thesis focused on creating a model of a small hydropower plant model (SHPP) and a part of the electricity network in the simulation software "PSCAD" (basing on real sources). The model will be specified on the basis of the data obtained from the measurements to correspond with the real equipment.
9
Ramdal, Jørgen. "Efficiency measurements in low head hydro power plants." Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-14578.
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The work presented in this thesis involves efficiency measurements performed with thethermodynamic method and the pressure time method. The thermodynamic method haslimitations with regards to the power plant head, as uncertainty will increase as the headbecomes low. The Pressure-Time method has limitations concerning geometrical propertiesof the waterways, as it demands a certain length of closed conduit with uniform area. Bothmethods are considered to cause relatively short downtime for turbines to be measured, andit is therefore of interest, for economical reasons, to expand the use of the methods to morepower plants. In the thermodynamic method, a large source of errors and uncertainties comes from flowand temperature variations in the draft tube outlet. To investigate if this source of errors anduncertainties could be reduced, a setup with multipoint temperature and velocitymeasurements was installed in a low head hydro power plant. The general conclusion is thata multipoint measurement is beneficial in connection with low head measurements.Uncertainty from temperature variations in the water from the reservoir, and difference inthe energy at the inlet is also discussed. For the Pressure-Time method, this thesis presents investigations made with shorterdistances between measurement cross sections than prescribed in the standards, and withbends between the measurement cross sections. The investigations were performed both inlaboratory and in a field measurement. For laboratory experiments it was also investigated ifdeveloped models for unsteady friction could be used to correct the flow estimates. Thegeneral conclusions are: Measurements with short distances should not introduce large errors, but theuncertainty and spread of measured points will increase. Bends give an underestimation of the flow rate that, under certain circumstances, isconstant independent of initial velocity. How large the underestimation ratio willbe can yet not be predicted. Introducing unsteady friction in the Pressure-Time calculations improves the flowestimate. However, the results are not fully satisfactorily, and more work has to bedone to investigate the correction due to unsteady friction.
10
Ukonsaari, Jan. "EAL's boundary lubrication performance in hydro power plants /." Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2002/14.
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Patocka, Filip. "Environmental Impacts of Pumped Storage Hydro Power Plants." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for vann- og miljøteknikk, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-26677.
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Massive development of new renewable energy sources is taking place all over the world in 21st century and Europe is not an exception. Wind turbine parks are being planned and built on shore, in coastal zones and in the seas of European countries.With such a development of renewable sources comes a challenge of stable and continuous supply of electrical power which meets the demand. Renewable energy sources often have power output which cannot be easily regulated according to demand, but are rather fully dependent on forces in nature, such as a wind speed for wind power turbines, or solar radiation for photovoltaic solar modules. This problem has to be handled in order to ensure the safe and reliable operation of electricity grid in the future, which is capable of connecting the renewable energy input.This thesis is a continuation of suitability exploration of a current Norwegian hydropower system as so called the Green battery of Europe. This balancing system could secure the planned European wind power projects during situations when the production is larger than the demand by storing energy in upper reservoirs using pumping storage hydropower. During conditions when the demand is larger than generated energy the extra input can be produced by Norwegian hydropower system as well.The specific focus of this thesis is on evaluating the potential environmental impacts on Totak reservoir in Telemark county in Norway, caused by development of pumping storage hydropower. This hydropower plant is considered as a part of the system balancing the power output from TradeWind project, which is a wind power capacity scenario project for year 2030 consisting of 94,6GW of installed capacity in the North Sea in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, UK, Netherlands and Norway.During the work in this thesis, model of pumping storage hydropower plant between Totak and Songavatnet reservoirs was used to calculate characteristics of operation as water level fluctuation characteristics, transferred water volumes and other characteristics for two variants of installed power output within period of 2000-2006.Results of the pumping model were used to model the changes in temperature regime and ice formation of Totak reservoir. This was done by MyLake model developed by Norwegian Institute for Water Research in Oslo and further modified at NTNU for usage in reservoirs. With this so called MyLakeR model I modelled the temperature regime and ice cover in period of 2000-2006 for both current situation and situation after developing the pumping storage hydropower.This thesis provides the required complete hydrological forcing from pumping storage hydropower plant to the environment. Actual evaluation of impacts is often dependent on particular data which has to be collected on site, therefore only evaluation of potential impacts was done when the relevant data were available.Pumping model has proven to be a powerful and reliable tool. MyLakeR model showed that the modification done on a lake model allows successful modelling on more complex sites such as Totak reservoir. It also showed that for an ice routine of the model there is a need for further adjustments in order to model the ice cover regime affected by pumping storage hydropower.
12
Holmeset, Fredrik. "DEBRIS HANDLING AT SMALL HYDRO POWER INTAKES." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22345.
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In this study the handling of debris in small hydro power intakes is assessed by evaluating the concept of back flushing with a horizontally fixed trash rack. The concept of back flushing is to reverse the flow over the trash rack for a short period of time in order to detach and evacuate clogged debris through a flushing pipe or gate. In this study the concept of back flushing with a horizontal trash rack is evaluated for two different designs; a one chamber design and a two chamber design. The one chamber design is based on H. Brekke?s conceptual idea. The two chamber design is also based on H. Brekke?s idea but it is also inspired by Bergedammen. Bergedammen is an intake designed with two chambers making it possible to continue power production while back flushing one chamber at the time. The efficiency of back flushing as well as the hydraulic performance during normal operation is mainly evaluated using numerical modelling and a CFD-software. The concept of back flushing, general intake hydraulics and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is covered by the literature study in this thesis. The evaluation of the back flushing concept is initiated by a physical demonstration model with two chambers. The demonstration model is built and tested for flushing efficiency and performance during normal operation. The following numerical tests are performed on 4 different model designs. The first model illustrates a full scale one chamber design. The second model illustrates a full scale two chamber design. The third model is identical to the demonstration model. The forth model is designed as a result of the demonstration model and the previous numerical models, where important model parameters were identified. The important model parameters for effective flushing and hydraulic performance during normal operation is identified as the height of the weir, the vertical position of the trash rack, the length of the model and the amount of water available for flushing. The numerical analyses evaluate the flushing efficiency by assessing the velocity distribution over the trash rack. The hydraulic performance of the models during normal operation is evaluated by assessing streamlines, head loss and turbulent kinetic energy levels (TKE) by the outlet. During flushing the most important parameter is the height between the top of the weir and the trash rack. A high weir results in an even velocity distribution over the trash rack. A low weir results in uneven velocities with higher velocities along the weir. During normal production the length of the model and the height of the weir are important parameters affecting both the total head loss and TKE-values. The results achieved by the numerical modelling should be validated, as further research, on a scale model designed and built in the lab. The test program for the scale model is presented in this study.
13
Lenner, Johan. "Solar cells on hydro power plants : A feasibility study." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-255842.
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Parts of the auxiliary power systems at Fortum's hydro power stations are usingdirect current, which is fed from the generators at the plant and converted byrectifiers. As photovoltaic solar cells produce direct current there are severalhypothetical advantages to use solar power for the auxiliary power supply, e.g.enabling more of the power from the generator to be sold to the grid. It eliminatesthe need of an inverter, conversion losses are avoided and less load is put on therectifiers. However the exclusion of an inverter also prevents the solar cells to have adirect connection to the grid, which in turn makes them ineligible for the Swedishgovernmental solar power investment support program. The lesser load on therectifiers will not affect their lifetime according to manufacturers and thus achieves noeconomic gain. Avoiding conversion losses will increase the gain from the producedelectricity by enabling even more power to be sold to the grid. The economic gainfrom avoiding conversion losses is however too small to gain any feasibility in a smallsolar power installation at a hydro power plant, as the small size will make itexpensive in terms of investment per Wp.
14
Risberg, Daniel. "Robust Optimization in Seasonal Planning of Hydro Power Plants." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173478.
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Hydro power producers are faced with the task of releasing water from the reservoirs in the right time. To do this there are tools using stochastic optimization that aims at maximizing the income of that producer. The existing methods have a high computing time and grow exponentially with the size of the problem. A new approach that uses linear decision rules is investigated in this thesis to see if it is possible to maintain the same quality of the solutions and in the same time decrease run times. With this method the hydro power producer receives policies as an affine function of the realization of the uncertainty variables in inflow and price. This thesis presents a deterministic model and then converts it into an linear decision rules, LDR, model. It also presents a way to model the uncertainty in both inflow to the reservoir and the spot price. The result is that the LDR approach generates reasonable policies with low run times but loses a lot of optimality compared to solutions that are used today. Therefore it is concluded that this approach needs further development before commercial use. The work described in this thesis has been done in cooperation with three master students at NTNU. The approach of using linear decision rules are the same in the two projects but the differences are the models evaluated.
15
Enzenhofer, Klaus. "Statkraft Hydro Power Plants – Oil Spills and Valuable Areas." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekoteknik och hållbart byggande, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-23252.
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Currently, Statkraft knows that they have oil spills from their hydraulic system, but the problem is that the amount of the oil spilled is not clear. Furthermore, Statkraft is missing a tool that can be used when decisions need to be made on what power plants that should be prioritized to be renovated next or which oil system that they should be switched to. In order to answer these points a look has been taken onto the environmental effects and the amount of oil spilled from hydropower plants, the general oil system inside a power plant, and in Kaplan turbines. Furthermore, two maps were developed: one presenting areas of interest for humans and environment around the hydropower plants and a second map about the river shorelines sensitivity to oil spills represented in form of an ESI ranked river shoreline. The maps give a general overview and can be used as a starting point to include environmental aspects into the planning and decision making process. The outcomes of the study are that more detailed information about the amount of oil spills released in small amounts from the turbines is needed. The catchment areas, where Statkraft Sverige AB has hydropower plants, which are most sensitive to oil spills, are Moälven and Nätraån. The hydropower plant with the most sensitive river shoreline is the Stennäs power plant due to a large wetland close by. Those areas should therefore be prioritized in projects about reducing the amount of oil inside Statkraft`s hydropower plants.
16
Almgrund, Jonas. "Alternative Methods for Operational Optimization of Hydro Power Plants." Thesis, KTH, Optimeringslära och systemteori, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-252552.
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The aim of this thesis is to optimize hydro power plants with data generated from observations and field tests at the plants. The output is optimal production tables and curves in order to operate and plan hydro power plants in an optimized way concerning power output, efficiency and distribution of water. The thesis is performed in collaboration with Vattenfall AB, which currently use an internal optimization program called SEVAP. Two alternative methods have been selected, employed and compared with the current optimization program, these are Interior-Point Method and Sequential Quadratic Programming. Three start-point strategies are created to increase the probability of finding a global optima. A heuristic rule is used for selection of strategy in order to prevent rapid changes in load distribution for small variations in dispatched water. The optimization is performed at three plants in Sweden with different size and setup. The results of this evaluation showed marginally better results for the employed methods in comparison to the currently used optimization. Further, the developed program is more flexible and compatible to integrate with future digitalization projects.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att optimera vattenkraftverk med data som genererats från indextester vid kraftverken. Resultatet är optimala produktionstabeller och kurvor för drift och planering av vattenkraftverk. Dessa är baserade på att optimalt fördela vattnet mellan aggregaten för att maximera uteffekt och verkningsgrad. Detta arbete har utförts i samarbete med Vattenfall AB, som för närvarande använder ett internt optimeringsprogram som heter SEVAP. Två optimeringsmetoder har valts, implementerats och jämförts med det nuvarande optimeringsprogrammet. Dessa metoder är inrepunktsmetoden (IPM) och sekventiell kvadratiskt programmering (SQP). Tre startpunktsstrategier har används för att öka sannolikheten att hitta ett globalt optima. För att förhindra hastiga förändringar i lastfördelning för små variationer av avsänt vatten har en heuristisk regel används. Optimeringen har utförts på tre stationer med olika uppsättning och storlek. Resultatet av detta examensarbete visar marginellt bättre resultat för de använda metoderna i jämförelse med den nuvarande optimeringen. Det utvecklade programmet är flexibelt och kompatibelt att integrera med framtida digitaliseringsprojekt.
17
Lopes, Guilherme Stivanin. "Reconfiguração de redes de distribuição em situações de contingências considerando operação ilhada de PCH." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8557.
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One of the main concerns of the power utilities is secure, continuously supplying electric power to customers, thus meeting so satisfy these as to regulatory requirements. Thus, the proposed paper presents a method of restoring the electric power supply applying the concepts of automatic reconfiguration of the aggregate distribution networks the possibility of islanded operation of small hydro (SHP), since the use of PCH so islanded in certain circumstances, or becomes only, or the best solution to be adopted in a contingency situation in order to reduce the impact of unwanted interruptions. Since the intrinsic decision making process of reconfiguration of distribution networks involves multiple objectives and constraints, the proposed methodology uses the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, which is a very useful tool for issues involving multicriteria decision taken. Additionally, case studies for analysis and validation of the proposed methodology are presented.Uma das principais preocupações das empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica é garantir, de forma contínua, o fornecimento de energia elétrica aos seus clientes, atendendo assim tanto a satisfação desses quanto às exigências regulatórias. Sendo assim, o trabalho proposto visa apresentar uma metodologia de restabelecimento do fornecimento de energia elétrica aplicando os conceitos de reconfiguração automática das redes de distribuição agregados a possibilidade de operação ilhada de pequenas centrais hidroelétricas (PCHs), uma vez que a utilização de PCH de forma ilhada, em determinadas circunstâncias, torna-se ou a única, ou a melhor solução a ser adotada em uma situação de contingência com o objetivo de reduzir o impacto causado por interrupções indesejadas. Visto que a tomada de decisão intrínseca ao processo de reconfiguração das redes de distribuição envolve vários objetivos e restrições, a metodologia proposta utiliza o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) que representa uma ferramenta muito útil para questões envolvendo tomadas de decisão multicriteriais. Adicionalmente, são apresentados estudos de caso para análises e validações da metodologia proposta.
18
Giorgetto, Tiago Martinez. "Decisão de investimento entre pequenas centrais hidrelétricas e usinas eólicas: aplicação da teoria das opções reais." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/9832.
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A Teoria das opções reais tem se mostrado um instrumental relevante na fundamentação das decisões de investimento de diversos agentes na economia, especialmente no que tange a projetos de infraestrutura, pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Dado que o setor energético brasileiro possui um arcabouço institucional que possibilita que diversos agentes privados atuem no setor, a avaliação de empreendimentos de geração de energia ganha destaque, fazendo com que a aplicação desse campo de pesquisa torne-se promissor. Assim sendo, o objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a tomada de decisão em investimentos no setor elétrico brasileiro tendo como base a aplicação da Teoria das opções reais. Para esse estudo foram selecionados, como objeto de análise, as usinas eólicas e as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas. Por meio da Teoria das opções reais conclui-se que a opção de adiar a construção de um desses empreendimentos pode gerar valor para o empreendedor. Além disso, verifica-se que as pequenas centrais hidrelétricas 'dominam' a maioria dos cenários de investimento estudados quando os preços de energia estão em alta, mas caso haja perspectiva de queda de preços no mercado de energia, porém, a decisão torna-se favorável às usinas eólicas. Por fim, é possível verificar que a análise conjunta de empreendimentos de geração de energia através, por exemplo, da abordagem quadrinomial, pode trazer ganhos na avaliação de projetos de investimento no setor elétrico.
Real Options Theory has been an important instrument for investment decisions for several agents in economy, especially for infrastructure projects, research and development. Since Brazilian energy sector has an institutional framework that enables several private agents to act in this sector, the valuation of energy generation projects is highlighted. As consequence, the application of Real Options Theory becomes promising. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the decision making on investments in the Brazilian electricity sector based on the application of Real Options Theory. For this study were selected for analysis the Wind Farms and the Small Hydro Power Plants. Through Real Options Theory we concluded that the option to defer the construction of these projects can generate value for the entrepreneur. Furthermore, it appears that the Small Hydro Power Plant "dominates" the majority of investment scenarios studied when energy prices are higher but, if there is perspective for prices reduction in the energy market, however, the decision becomes favorable for Wind Farms. Finally, it is possible to verify that the “joint analysis” for projects in energy generation through, for example, quadrinomial approach can bring gains for investors in energy sector
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YANAMANDRA, LAKSHMI NAGA SWETHA. "OPTIMAL ENERGY DESIGN FOR A SYSTEM OF PUMPED HYDRO-WIND POWER PLANTS." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38016.
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SAMMANFATTNING Medvetenhet och oro kring miljöeffekter från utsläpp av växthusgaser och de minskande resurserna av icke förnybara energikällor har ökat de senaste årtiondena. Utvecklingen av ny teknologi för förnybar energi har drivits fram globalt som ett svar på denna oro. Det har skett stora framsteg i produktion av el och värme från sol, vind, hav, vattenkraft, biomassa, geotermiska resurser, biobränslen och väte. Följaktligen har utvecklingen av energi-lager blivit en viktig del för integration av förnybar energi i systemen. Det är gynnsamt för hela försörjningskedjan, för pålitlighet och bättre stabilitet i leveranser och distribution, och för ökad el-kvalitet. I uppsatsen undersöks en optimal energidesign för ett kombinerat system med vattenkraft och vindkraft inklusive ett lager i form av en damm. Vatten som pumpas upp till lagret har en stor och balanserande potential för att få in en högre grad förnybar energi i energisystemen. Detta är nödvändigt då dessa energikällor är intermittenta och variabla till sin natur. Ett av de studerade objekten är ett vattenkraftverk med pumpad damm, Tehri i Uttarakhand, Indien. Systemets totala verkningsgrad om 93 % diskuteras utifrån förluster såväl som potentialen för vind och dess inverkan. Vind-data är hämta från National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) och har analyserats med programmen MATLAB och WindPro. Det slutligen valda området för exploatering av vindkraft blev Ramakkalmedu, Idukki district, Kerala, Indien. Efter valet av plats valdes tre olika vindturbiner ut för analys; Siemens SWT-3.2-113 3.2 MW, Enercon E-126 4.2MW, och Enercon E-126 7.58MW. Analysen består av flera delar; vindparks-modellering, beräkning av buller-generering från vindkraften, beräkning av årlig energi-generering - Annual Energy Production (AEP), kapacitetsfaktor, vindparkens effektivitet med hänsyn tagen till lagret/dammens variation av bas-last. Resultat har erhållits från alla tre turbinerna och den övergripande slutsatsen är att kombinationen med vatten- och vindkraft med lagring av vatten som pumpas upp vid behov är en tillfredsställande metod för att möta belastningstoppar, vilket valideras av denna uppsats. Nyckelord: pumpade vattenkraftdammar, vindkraftparker, energi lager, förnybar energi.ABSTRACT Awareness and concern regarding the environmental effects of greenhouse gas emissions and depletion of non-renewable energy sources has increased over the last decades. A considerable development of new technology for renewable energy has occurred globally as an answer to this concern. There has been a major progress in production of electricity and heat generated from solar, wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen. Consequently, the development of energy storages has become an imperative part, for integration of renewable energy. It is beneficial for the entire supply chain, for dependability and better stability, and for enhanced quality of electrical power. This thesis is exploring an optimal energy design for a system of pumped hydro-wind power plants including storage. Solutions with Pumped Hydro Storages have a great potential for their balancing role necessary for a higher degree of renewable energy sources, RES, in the energy systems because of the intermittent and variable nature of these sources. Tehri pumped hydro storage plant, in Uttarakhand, India is one of the objects studied in this thesis. The systems total efficiency of 93%, calculated from head losses, is discussed as well as wind potential and its impact. Wind data is obtained from National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE) and analysed using the software tools MATLAB and WindPro. The finally chosen area explored for wind potential is Ramakkalmedu, Idukki district, Kerala, India. After selection of site within the area, three different turbines; Siemens SWT-3.2-113 3.2 MW, Enercon E-126 4.2MW, and Enercon E-126 7.58MW were considered for analysis. The analysis consists of several parts; Wind farm modelling, Noise estimation of Wind Park, estimation of Annual Energy Production (AEP), Capacity factor, Wind park efficiency with respect to the storage/reservoir´s base load variation. Results are achieved for all three turbines. The overall conclusion is that combined hydro and wind power with a pumped storage, is a satisfactory method for bulk energy store to address peak loads, which is validated by this thesis. Keywords: Pumped Hydro, Wind farm, Energy Storage, Renewable Energy.
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Williams, Arthur A. "Pumps as turbines used with induction generators for stand-alone micro-hydroelectric power plants." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262127.
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Snášelová, Dana. "Hydraulicky poháněné česle pro malou vodní elektrárnu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-318761.
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This diploma thesis deals with the design of hydraulic cleaning machine of fine screens located in the supply channel of small hydropower plant. The part of this thesis is also the design of hydraulic circuit and strength analysis using finite element method. The thesis also deals with the optimal debris removal. The thesis is attached by drawing documentation of selected parts of the mechanism.
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King, Robert Donald 1954. "FEASIBILITY STUDIES FOR SMALL HYDROPOWER PROJECTS (HYDROELECTRIC, PLANNING, RECONNAISSANCE, WATER RESOURCES)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292069.
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Dincer, Ali Ersin. "Investigation Of Waterhammer Problems In The Penstocks Of Pumped-storage Power Plants." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615452/index.pdf.
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Waterhammer is an undesirable event, caused by sudden flow changes in a confined pipe system. When it occurs, its consequences can be very costly and even sometimes deadly. In general, it may be encountered in the penstocks of hydropower plants, water transmission lines, water networks, etc. Therefore, the operation guidelines of the hydropower plants should be defined correctly. In this thesis, waterhammer problems in pumped storage hydropower plants are investigated. Time dependent flow conditions in the penstocks are studied by the help of computer software, HAMMER. The software solves nonlinear differential equations by using method of characteristics. Firstly, hydraulic transients for various operational cases are investigated using some scenarios. Then a surge tank, protective device for waterhammer, is added to the system and for the same operational cases, hydraulic transients are studied again. Finally, the results obtained from the operation of the system with and without surge tank are compared. Wind-hydro hybrid systems are also included in the study.
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Wells, Philippa Katherine. "Uncovering "regimes of truth" locating and defining discourses associated with hydro-electric development in New Zealand : a thesis submitted to Auckland University of Technology in partial fulfilment of the Doctor of Philosophy, 2004." Full thesis. Abstract, 2004.
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Olatoye, Solomon Folarin. "Small scale combined heat and power systems (their application in a developing tropical country)." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339177.
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Friesen, Wilbert J. "Development ethics and the Canadian North : a case study analysis of the Churchill-Nelson Rivers Hydro Diversion Project." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0018/NQ55332.pdf.
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Barry, Martin. "Distributed small-scale wind in New Zealand : advantages, barriers and policy support instruments : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Studies /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/87.
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Karlsson, Sanne, and Alexander Maurer. "Förstudie för kontrollanläggningsutrustningi mindre vattenkraftstationer för Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avdelningen för data-, elektro- och lantmäteriteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-7785.
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Uddevalla Energi AB äger fem vattenkraftstationer uppförda från 1920 och framåt. De är lokaliserade i Bäveån i Uddevalla kommun. Den totala installerade effekten i vattenkraftstationerna uppgår till omkring 2 MW. Vattenkraftstationen K4 Fossumsberg,vars installerade effekt uppgår till 1 MW, är den största utav anläggningarna ur denna aspekt. Utöver energiproduktion ska anläggningarna även svara för reglering av vattenståndet i Öresjö och i Bäveån. På uppdrag av Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB utförs detta examensarbete för att fastställa vilken utrustning som rekommenderas till kontrollanläggningarna för vattenkraftstationerna. De huvudområden som undersöks är generatorskydd, reglering, kommunikation och HMI. Krav från Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB ställs på olika skyddsfunktioner som exempelvi söverströmsskydd, jordfelsskydd, över- och underspänningsskydd, samt bakeffektskydd.Vidare önskas även att ny utrustning ska vara kompatibel med protokoll som stödjer MicroSCADA och har möjligheter för framtida användning av protokollet IEC 60870-5 för kommunikation mellan stationsutrustning och SCADA-systemet i driftcentralen. En rad produkter, varav ett flertal skulle kunna lämpa sig väl för ändamålen, undersöks från leverantörerna Schneider Electric, ABB och DEIF. Slutsatser dras bland annat om att Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB bör investera i separata enheter för reglering och för generatorskydd och inte kombinerade lösningar. Detta för att uppnå större säkerhet i händelse av fel i anläggningarna. Vidare konstateras att för att få ett komplett underlag att luta sig mot vid val av utrustning bör priser undersökas ytterligare, för att kunna väga in denna aspekt.Five small hydroelectric power plants, constructed 1920 and later, are owned by UddevallaEnergi AB. The hydroelectric power plants are located in Bäveån in Uddevalla. The total installed power is approximately 2 MW. K4 Fossumsberg is the largest hydroelectric powerplant and has a production capacity of 1 MW. The hydroelectric power plants is not only used for energy production but also for regulation of the water levels in Bäveån and Öresjö. On behalf of Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB this bachelor thesis has been done to specify which equipment is preferable as the station monitoring and control equipment. The key areas ofthe report is generator protection, control and regulation, communication and HMI in the plants. There are demands from Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB regarding for instance overcurrent protection, earth fault protection, over- and under voltage protection and reversepower protection. Furthermore it is requested that the new station monitoring and controlequipment is compatible with MicroSCADA and has further options for using the protocol IEC 60870-5 for communication between station and the SCADA system used in the operating centre. Numerous products has been studied and many of them fulfil the requirements stated by Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB. The manufactures mentioned in this report are Schneider Electric, ABB and DEIF. Conclusions are made that Uddevalla Energi Elnät AB should invest in separate units for control and generator protection to achieve a higher level of safety in case of a fault in either generator protection or control equipment. Furthermore it is concluded that to obtain a more complete specification to use when choosing equipment one should consider the cost. More research is needed to take this into account.
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Van, Reenen Olaf Pieter. "Eskom nuclear generation : risk mitigation through quality management development of small suppliers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1223.
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Thesis (MTech (Quality)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009There is a South African Government initiative to use State-owned Enterprises (SOE’s) to roll out a programme for the development and stimulation of local small businesses in South Africa. The state has requested SOE’s to set targets on a voluntary basis to increase trade with small businesses, with the purpose of developing small enterprises to eventually enhance skills transfer, training and employment. However, when large customers such as Eskom Nuclear Generation require ISO certification as a prerequisite for a supplier to provide goods and/or services to them, most small businesses are unable to comply. The requirement of ISO9000 compliance inhibits the ability of most small businesses to compete with their larger counterparts. Small businesses constitute as much as 90% of most world economies. They have many advantages to offer customers, such as a high level of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness to customer needs. These attributes can introduce healthy competition to the supply chain. Small businesses, by their very nature experience more risks, such as a higher vulnerability to volatile market forces and skills loss. In addition, they are generally less specialised. They are under continuous competitive pressure, and are generally not able to provide assurance of a sustainable product over a longer period. Although there is an imperative to develop and use small suppliers, they introduce higher risk to the supply chain. The primary research objective of this dissertation is to develop a robust model to identify risks inherent to small businesses, and to propose measures to mitigate such risks. A classification of problems with small suppliers that have occurred at Koeberg Nuclear Power Station over a period of 3 years (from June 2005 to May 2008), will form the basis of the research methodology. The anticipated findings of the research include the following. _ Several common critical issues of failure will be identified in the internal processes of small suppliers, with variations between types of suppliers, which will indicate which elements within the context of ISO9000 can be applied to address shortcoming in the suppliers’ processes. _ A matrix will be compiled from this by which the customer can identify the type of supplier, the types of risks inherent to that supplier, and which elements of ISO9000 the customer should insist upon to be adopted into an elementary quality management system of that small supplier. This should be executed as part of a larger supplier development programme.
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Van, Renen Olaf Pieter. "Eskom nuclear generation : risk mitigation through quality management development of small suppliers." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2220.
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Thesis (MTech (Quality))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009.There is a South African Government initiative to use State-owned Enterprises (SOE's) to roll out a programme for the development and stimulation of local small businesses in South Africa. The state has requested SOE's to set targets on a voluntary basis to increase trade with small businesses, with the purpose of developing small enterprises to eventually enhance skills transfer, training and employment. However, when large customers such as Eskom Nuclear Generation require ISO certification as a prerequisite for a supplier to provide goods and/or services to them, most small businesses are unable to comply. The requirement of IS09000 compliance inhibits the ability of most small businesses to compete with their larger counterparts. Small businesses constitute as much as 90% of most world economies. They have many advantages to offer customers, such as a high level of flexibility, innovation and responsiveness to customer needs. These attributes can introduce healthy competition to the supply chain. Small businesses, by their very nature experience more risks, such as a higher vulnerability to volatile market forces and skills loss. In addition, they are generally less specialised.
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Engström, Staffan. "Wind Farms Influence on Stability in an area with High Concentration of Hydropower Plants." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för fysik och astronomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-158447.
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The number of large-scale wind farms integrated to the power system in Sweden is increasing. Two generator concepts that are widely used are Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) and Full Power Converters (FPC). The study is of a quantitative character and the aim of the Master thesis is to compare DFIG-models with FPC-models integrated in an area with high concentration of hydropower. Then it is possible to examine how the dynamics in the power system change depending on the selection of technology (DFIG or FPC) when connecting a wind farm. The power system is simulated during a summer night, i.e., a low load is connected. The Master thesis covers stability analysis of the power system by using rotor angle stability that are split into small-signal stability and transient stability (time-domain simulations) and finally voltage stability to see how the hydropower generators react when varying the power production in the wind farm. The Master thesis concludes that independently of wind turbine technique, integration of a wind farm has slight impact on the stability in the power system compared to a power system without a wind farm, even though the load is low. Further, an integration of a wind farms affects the reactive power production in neighbouring hydropower plants. Finally, when increasing the size of the wind farm the neighbouring hydropower station consume less reactive power which can induce problem with the voltage stability.
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Colnago, Glauber Renato. "Contribuição para a otimização de turbinas em usinas hidrelétricas : especificação e operação." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264446.
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Orientador: Paulo de Barros CorreiaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica
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Resumo: Segundo cenários de previsões, a demanda de energia elétrica no Brasil tende a continuar crescendo, implicando na necessidade de se aumentar a oferta de energia através da instalação de novas usinas. Além disto, mostra-se importante a repotenciação de usinas existentes, pois se trata de uma alternativa de custos reduzidos para expandir a oferta de energia e a adequada operação das usinas. Baseado nisto, propõe-se duas metodologias para a otimização do potencial hidrelétrico. A primeira é a especificação de turbinas hidráulicas para usinas em construção, ou em repotenciação. A segunda metodologia diz respeito à operação de usinas em uma base diária, podendo tratar unidades geradoras (turbina-gerador) com diferentes curvas de eficiência, coordenando a maximização da eficiência na geração da energia com a minimização do número de partidas e paradas dessas unidades. Para esta última metodologia, como os objetivos são conflitantes, pode-se obter diversas soluções de despacho com características de manobras de unidades e eficiência diferentes, que podem ser quantificadas para se chegar à solução mais adequada de acordo com o preço da energia e estimativas de custos de manobras. Com relação à primeira metodologia, sabe-se que, geralmente, instala-se o mesmo tipo de turbina em todas as unidades geradoras, porém cada usina possui um regime de operação, o que motiva as seguintes questões: utilizar diferentes tipos de curvas de efi- ciência em uma usina pode trazer melhorias técnicas e econômicas? Quais formatos de curvas de eficiência seriam adequados para quais regimes de operação? A primeira metodologia, portanto, faz a escolha de perfis de curvas de eficiência de forma a maximizar a geração. Comparou-se curvas de eficiência características de turbinas Kaplan e Hélice. Os resultados mostram que, com operação adequada, pode-se chegar a patamares de eficiência com turbinas Hélice superiores às Kaplan, e o primeiro tipo possui a vantagem de ter menor custo. Ambos os problemas foram formulados como modelos matemáticos não lineares inteiros mistos e resolvidos com técnicas de algoritmos genéticos
Abstract: According to forecasts, the electric energy demand in Brazil will be increased, showing the necessity to increase the electric capacity by building new power plants. Moreover, the repowering of the existent power plants and an appropriate power plants operation are important. In this context, we propose two methodologies to optimize hydroelectric power plants potential. The first methodology is the specification of hydroelectric turbines to new hydro power plants, or to plants to be repowered. The second methodology is related to the power plants diarly operation and it considers generation units with different efficiency curves. It is a model with the objectives of maximizing the plant efficiency and minimizing the generation units start up and shut down. For this last methodology, there were obtained some different solutions, with different characteristics of efficiency and different number of generation units start up and shut down. Those solutions can be qualified according to the electric energy price and costs of the status changes, with the objective to choose the most advantageous solution. In respect to the first methodology, it is known that, generally, the same configuration of turbines is installed into all generation units. However, every hydroelectric power plant has a different operation system. Therefore, the present thesis proposes to address the following question: Is it an advantageous option to choose different configuration of turbines in a same power plant? Which design of turbine efficiency curves would be ideal for each operation system? The first methodology chose turbine efficiency curves designs to optimize the electric energy efficiency. Kaplan and Propeller turbine efficiency curves were compared. The results show that, with an appropriate operation, it is possible to obtain higher efficiency level with Propeller when compared to Kaplan, and the first turbine has the advantage of lower costs. Both methodology were formulated as mixed integer non-linear mathematical models and are solved with genetic algorithms techniques
Doutorado
Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Karaaslan, Huseyin Nail. "Estimation Of Specific Flow Duration Curves Using Basin Characteristics Of Rivers In Solakli And Karadere Basins." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612873/index.pdf.
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Demand for energy is constantly growing both in the world and in Turkey. Sustainable development being an important concept, development of small hydro power projects has been popular in recent years. Eastern Black Sea Basin in Turkey has a lot of small hydro power potential because of high amount of precipitation and existence of steep slopes. Since the amount of river runoff is the only parameter that is variable in order to determine the power potential, it is vital to estimate the project discharge in ungauged basins accurately that have hydro power potential. Projects discharges of hydro-power plants in ungauged basins have been calculated using conventional methods up to now. This study aims to introduce a statistical model in linear and multi-variate form using the topographical and morphological parameters derived from GIS and hydro-meteorological variables to estimate the specific flow duration curves of potential small hydro-power locations for the selected study areas in Eastern Black Sea Region namely Solakli and Karadere basins. As well as developing an annual regression model using the annual values of hydro-meteorological parametersseasonal regression model (spring season) has also been developed by including the mean seasonal (spring) air temperature variable instead of snow covered area (SCA) in addition to basin parameters. By studying the spring model, effect of different variables from the annual model were tested and discussed with some recommendations for the future studies.
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Furlan, Vinícius Teixeira. "Terra e política : etnografia da luta antibarragem de indígenas e agricultores contra Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas da bacia do rio Branco (RO)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8875.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
The hydroelectric projects in Brazil are marked by an assumption of progress and national development that runs simultaneously with a territorial expansion of areas destinated to many economic activities such as agriculture, livestock and mineral extraction. In many biomes and watersheds we have recent clashes between the expansionist developmental logic with the environmental issues and the traditional peoples. In this context that Small Hydroelectric Power Plants (SHP) from the rio Branco basin (RO), which since 1993 continue multiplying along that river. Because these are smaller projects – dams that generates below than 30MW – they don‘t need a study of environmental impacts and so, the impacted people remain vulnerable to impacts that were not formally predicted. This thesis takes as it‘s starting point the process of bulding these hydroeletrics projects and their impacts on the region‘s population. It aims to describe about the process of clashes and struggle by the indigenous people and small farmers, as well their perspectives to the changes that occured from the construction of the dams. The research took place in diferentes etnographic places: i) reading the legal process in the Ministério Público Federal ii) with the indigenous people, in the Terra Indigena Rio Branco; and iii) with the farmers, most of them, linked to the Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA); and in so many other intersections in my path research.
Os projetos hidrelétricos no Brasil estão marcados por uma suposição de progresso e desenvolvimento nacional que corre simultaneamente com uma expansão territorial das áreas destinadas a várias atividades econômicas como a agricultura, a pecuária e a extração de minérios. Em diversos biomas e bacias hidrográficas tivemos embates recentes entre a lógica expansionista e desenvolvimentista com a questão ambiental e os povos tradicionais. Nesse contexto se inserem as Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas da bacia do rio Branco (RO), que desde 1993 seguem se multiplicando ao longo desse rio. Por se tratarem de empreendimentos de menor porte – barragens que geram até no máximo 30 MW – não é exigido para a construção de PCHs estudos de impacto ambiental (EIA/RIMA), e, portanto, a população atingida fica vulnerável a impactos que não foram previstos formalmente. Essa dissertação toma como ponto de partida a construção desses empreendimentos hidrelétricos e seus impactos sobre a população da região. Pretende descrever acerca dos processos de enfrentamento e luta por parte dos indígenas e pequenos agricultores, bem como suas perspectivas a respeito das mudanças ocorridas a partir da construção das barragens. A pesquisa se desenvolveu em diferentes espaços etnográficos: i)no levantamento de dados do Processo no Ministério Público Federal; ii) junto aos indígenas da Terra Indígena Rio Branco; e iii) juntos aos agricultores, em sua maioria, ligados ao Movimento dos Pequenos Agricultores (MPA); e em tantas outras intersecções no meu trajeto de pesquisa.
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Ogunleye, Lawrence Olawale. "A techno-economic appraisal of renewable energy in remote, off grid locations in Nigeria : Obudu ranch as a case study / L. Olawalemi Ogunleye." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2559.
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Energy is central to economic development. It has been established that there is a clear correlation between energy consumption and living standards. Nigeria is a country of very industrious and enterprising people. However, due to non availability of adequate energy in the country, especially in the remote, off grid locations, the entrepreneurial inclination of the average Nigerian living in these locations has been largely stunted.
Over the years, successive governments in the country, in realisation of the pivotal role of energy in national development, have explored various options to improve energy supply and availability, but the situation has not experienced any remarkable improvement. This has forced many businesses and households to resort to self provision through generators, often at exorbitant costs.
This research work addresses the challenge of energy in remote, off grid locations by appraising the techno economic potential of renewable energy, using Obudu Ranch as a case study. This ranch is the foremost tourism resort in Nigeria, and has played host to a number of international events over the years. Presently, electricity is being generated through the use of diesel powered generating sets. The adjoining communities are currently without electricity, although a few of the residents have acquired generators for self provision, mostly for their domestic use. Aside the high cost associated with this, the discharge of noxious contaminants into the atmosphere is undesirable.
The research entailed a working collaboration with some notable Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that have done extensive ground work in the area for access to some secondary data, as well as a number of corporate and governmental agencies that are relevant to the study.
Further, the ranch was visited to establish hands-on, the existing renewable energy sources. A trade-off of these sources was carried out with reference to a number of relevant evaluation parameters to identify the most suited option for addressing the energy challenge. A comparative analysis of this selected source was then made to establish its techno economic potential against the existing source of power generation- diesel powered generating sets, which currently costs R1.5 million annually in running expenses.
The findings from this research have established that a Renewable Energy source (mini hydro) is a more cost effective option than the diesel powered gen set, providing a 43% reduction in cost of energy generation, and a 42% reduction in the life cycle cost over the five year of analysis, compared to the status quo. In addition, it is also more environmentally friendly.
Conclusively, the findings and recommendations of this research effort, if well implemented, will be beneficial to the ranch, the adjoining communities and other relevant stakeholders.Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Silva, Fabricio Ströher da. "Perfil da geração hidrelétrica no Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2018. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3780.
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Hydroelectric generation is the main source of electricity in Brazil and also in the West and Southwest of Paraná. Year after year the energy matrix has been diversifying, including new sources, such as wind power. However, due to the power accumulation characteristic of hydroelectric plants, this type of source is important for the stability of the electric system. Currently, hydroelectric power corresponds to just over 60% of all power installed in Brazil. Particularly in the West and Southwest of Paraná, this number increases and Paraná's share in the Brazilian matrix is approximately 16% of all installed power. In order to verify the participation of these regions in the hydropower matrix and also their production, a survey was made of the installed potential and the constructive profile of the hydroenergy projects. In addition, the flow and production trends of the Salto Santiago hydroelectric plant in the Iguaçu River basin and the Melissa hydroelectric plant in the Piquiri river basin were verified in the 2003 to 2017 period. Finally, a conceptual map of the western and southwestern regions of Paraná was elaborated with the hydroelectric generation profile. It was noticed by the survey that the regions of the study have great participation in the hydroelectric matrix of Brazil and that its production and the flow of the rivers in the entrance of these remains practically unchanged in the studied period.
A geração hidrelétrica é a principal fonte de energia elétrica no Brasil e do Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná. Ano após ano a matriz energética vem se diversificando, sendo nela inseridas novas fontes, como por exemplo a eólica. Porém pela característica de acumulação de energia potência das hidrelétricas faz com que este tipo de fonte seja importante para a estabilidade do sistema elétrico. Nos dias atuais a energia hidrelétrica corresponde a pouco mais que 60% de toda potência instalada no Brasil. Em especial na região Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná, este número aumenta e a participação do Paraná na matriz brasileira é de aproximadamente 16% de toda potência instalada. Para verificar como está a participação destas regiões na matriz hidroenergética e sua produção, foi realizado um levantamento do potencial instalado e do perfil construtivo dos empreendimentos hidroenergéticos. Além disto foi verificada a tendência das vazões e produção no período de 2003 a 2017 da hidrelétrica Salto Santiago na bacia do Rio Iguaçu e a hidrelétrica Melissa na bacia do rio Piquiri. Por fim, foi elaborado um mapa conceitual das regiões Oeste e Sudoeste do Paraná com o perfil da geração hidrelétrica. Concluiu-se pelo levantamento que as regiões do estudo têm grande participação na matriz hidrelétrica do Brasil e que sua produção e a vazão dos rios na entrada destas permanece praticamente inalterada no período do estudado.
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Pinheiro, Maria Fernanda Bacile. "Problemas sociais e institucionais na implantação de hidreletricas : seleção de casos recentes no Brasil e casos relevantes em outros paises." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/263911.
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Orientador: Arsenio Oswaldo Seva FilhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: Esta dissertação procura selecionar e estudar casos de projetos de hidrelétricas construídas em outros países, durante o século XX e no Brasil, desde 2002 até a presente data; além de identificar os problemas sociais e institucionais nestes casos selecionados. Para isso, o texto inicialmente discute as mudanças ocorridas no setor elétrico brasileiro, introduzindo informações sobre a formação e mudanças da indústria elétrica brasileira, as empresas representativas da indústria hidrelétrica, e a reestruturação e reconstrução do setor elétrico brasileiro; assim como as mudanças para o território e sociedade nas regiões de implantação e de projetos de usinas hidrelétricas. Em seguida, este trabalho estuda casos relevantes de usinas hidrelétricas selecionadas em outros países, com destaque para a usina hidrelétrica binacional Yacyretá, no rio Paraná, Argentina/Paraguai. Para o estudo dos casos nacionais, foram selecionadas algumas hidrelétricas que tiveram suas represas formadas entre 2003 e 2006; uma hidrelétrica de pequeno porte, onde foi realizado um estudo de caso, a PCH Mosquitão, no rio Caiapó, GO; e outros casos de projetos de hidrelétricas incluídos nos leilões de energia feitos pela ANEEL em 2005 e 2006. Ao fazer um tipo de análise comparativa a partir dessas situações, pôde-se verificar a presença da ¿dam industry¿ tratando com descaso os problemas sociais que envolvem a implantação das hidrelétricas. Conclui-se o trabalho afirmando-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelo governo e pela ¿dam industry¿ para a implantação de usinas hidrelétricas no Brasil são crescentes, mas que estes agentes permanecem com força nas suas tentativas para implantação de novos projetos
Abstract: Hydro power plants, which were constructed in several countries, during century XX, and in Brazil, since 2002, are evaluated in this thesis, as far as their social and institutional problems are concerned. Initially, the evolution of the Brazilian electric power industry is discussed, with emphasis on the role played by the companies making up the so-called ¿dam industry¿, the recent re-organization of the Brazilian power sector; and the social changes that have been occurring in the regions the hydro power plants have been implemented, or are planned to be built. Next, some selected cases of hydro power plants in other countries were studied, with special attention for the binational Yacyretá Hydro Power Plant, in the Paraná river, border between Argentina and Paraguay. For the Brazilian study-cases, some dams formed between 2003 and 2006 were selected; together with a Small Hydro Power Plant named Mosquitão, located at the river Caiapó, in the State of Goiás, and some projects included in the auctions of hydro power plant concessions carried out by the Brazilian power sector¿s independent regulatory agency (ANEEL) in the years 2005 and 2006. A comparative analysis of these cases revealed that the ¿dam industry¿ does not deal fairly with the social problems related to the hydro power plants. The thesis is concluded showing the increasing difficulties faced by the government and the ¿dam industry¿ to build new hydro power plants in the country, despite all their efforts
Mestrado
Mestre em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos
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Barrientos, Mujica Luis Germán. "Benefícios associados à operação coordenada do sistema interligado nacional junto com as usinas binacionais de Corpus e Yacyretá = Benefits associated with the coordinated operation of the Brazilian national interconnected system along with the binational hydro plants of Corpus and Yacyretá." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259878.
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Orientadores: Secundino Soares Filho, Monica de Souza ZambelliDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação
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Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do impacto da operação das usinas hidrelétricas brasileiras que compõem o Sistema Interligado Nacional (SIN) sobre as usinas hidrelétricas binacionais de Corpus e Yacyretá. Alguns dos benefícios que apresentam a interligação elétrica e a integração energética entre os países integrantes do MERCOSUL podem ser um maior aproveitamento do potencial hidráulico, a redução do custo da eletricidade, o aproveitamento da energia excedente, entre outros. Foram considerados dois estudos de caso com dados oficiais do Programa Mensal da Operação (PMO) do SIN referentes a setembro de 2011, considerando o planejamento da expansão do parque gerador e da transmissão até dezembro de 2015. As soluções foram fornecidas pelo modelo ODIN (Otimização do Despacho Interligado Nacional), uma abordagem baseada em otimização determinística e não linear com vazões previstas e atualizadas a cada intervalo de tempo, no que se denomina Modelo de Controle Preditivo (MCP). Dessa forma é possível uma representação detalhada e individualizada das usinas hidrelétricas do sistema, viabilizando a análise pretendida. A avaliação do desempenho do sistema nos estudos de caso se deu através de simulação sobre 64 cenários históricos, considerando a série histórica de vazões de 1931 a 1998. Existem cenários em que a operação coordenada concentrou benefícios nas usinas brasileiras, e cenários em que a operação coordenada concentrou benefícios nas usinas binacionais. Porém, considerando a geração hidrelétrica média total, foi obtido um aumento de geração de 12,27 MW médios, ou 107.485,2 MWh por ano, o que significa que operando de maneira coordenada haverá um ganho de cerca de R$ 10.748.520,00 por ano, considerando um valor médio de 100 R$/MWh
Abstract: This work presents an assessment of the impact of the operation of the hydro power plants that comprise the Brazilian National Interconnected System (SIN) over the binational hydro power plants of Corpus and Yacyretá. Some of the benefits that arise from the electrical interconnection and the energy integration between the countries members of MERCOSUL may be a better exploitation of the hydraulic potential, a reduction of the cost of electricity, and the utilization of surplus energy, among others. Two case studies using official data from the Monthly Operation Program (PMO) of SIN referred to September 2011 were considered, taking into consideration the generation and transmission expansion plan until December 2015. The solutions were provided by the ODIN model, an operation approach based on deterministic and nonlinear optimization with forecasted inflows, and updated at each time interval, which is known as Model Predictive Control (MPC). By this way, a detailed and individualized representation of the hydro plants of the system is possible, allowing the required analysis. The performance evaluation of the system in the case studies were calculated through the simulation over 64 historical scenarios, taking into consideration the historical inflow records from 1931 to 1998. There were hydrological scenarios where the coordinated operation concentrates benefits in the Brazilian hydro plants, and scenarios where the coordinated operation concentrates benefits on the binational plants. However, considering the total average hydroelectric generation, an increase on generation of 12,27 MW was obtained, or 107.485,2 MWh per year, which means that operating the system on a coordinated way there will be a benefit of approximately R$ 10.748.520,00 per year, considering an average value of energy of 100 R$/MWh
Mestrado
Energia Eletrica
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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Souza, Patrícia Aparecida Pereira. "A privatização e descentralização do setor elétrico nacional frente à política ambiental brasileira: uma abordagem sociológica do caso das Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-23082016-140628/.
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A onda de recessão econômica e de desaceleração do crescimento da década de 80, aliada à crise política e financeira vivenciada pelos Estados Nacionais na A.L., abriu terreno para que concepções neoliberais permeassem as decisões ligadas aos investimentos necessários em infra-estrutura. O Brasil, do Governo Collor ao FHC (1990 à 2002), seguiu esta orientação e, por meio dela, permitiu que vários segmentos dos serviços essenciais se tornassem passíveis de privatização e descentralização, dentre eles, o setor elétrico que foi reestruturado. Dado o contexto supra, este estudo visa analisar, sob um prisma sociológico e da geografia humana, o ressurgimento das pequenas centrais hidrelétricas no cenário nacional, intentando dar pistas da efetividade da política ambiental brasileira quando da implantação e recuperação destas usinas. Trata-se de examinar quais mecanismos político-institucionais permitem que o bem público, representado pelos recursos hídricos, possa ser apropriado para responder às necessidades de natureza privada, e como as necessidades sócio-ambientais imbricadas são contempladas nesse processo. É apresentado um estudo de caso para trazer à tona, por um micro recorte, a implantação de pequenos aproveitamentos hidrelétricos no qual a necessidade expansionista do setor reitera um padrão de excludência social e pouca efetividade decisória dos agentes sociais afetados.The 80\'s wave of economic recession and decelerated development, allied to political and financial crises experienced by Latin American National States, opened field to a spread-out of classic conceptions through decisions connected to necessary infra-structure investments. Brazil followed this orientation, from Collor to FHC (1990 to 2002), and allowed many essential service segments to become liable of privatization and decentralization, among them, the electric sector, which was re-structured. Considering this context, this study aims to analyze under sociological and human geographical viewpoints, the resurgence of Small Hydroelectric Power Plants on the national scenery, intending to give cues of the Brazilian environmental policy effectiveness, by the time of these plants implantation and recovery. It concerns of examining which are the political-institutional mechanisms that allow the public welfare, represented by hydrous resources, to be convenient to private nature demands, and how the involved social-environmental demands are analyzed on this process. A case study is presented in order to bring-up, through a short brief, the implantation of small hydroelectric plants, where the growing necessity of the sector, reaffirms a pattern of social exclusion and few conclusive effectiveness of the affected social agents.
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Lees, Sven. "Investeringar i småskalig vattenkraft vid befintliga dammar : - En studie av teknik-, ekonomi- och miljöfrågor." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5765.
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In this thesis a method for evaluating investments in small scale hydro power is presented. An analysis of the future position that small scale hydro production will have on the Nordic electricity market is also carried out. This is done by an inventory of technology and economic and environmental aspects. The inventory is also a guide as to how the project should be implemented.
Hydrolyzer is the name of the Excel tool developed to evaluate investments. The tool requests input data from the user and then evaluates the investment and generates a sensitivity analysis. Several projects or scenarios can be entered and are then ranked after profitability. For example a major repair can be compared to a new power station and tailrace excavations are possible to evaluate.
The profitability of small scale hydro power investment mainly depends on the size of the initial investment. The power generation costs average among the lowest among possible future power plants. This trend applies to comparisons between renewable and fossil production plants. Electricity prices will probably not fall back to historic levels, due to fuel shortage and increasing environmental concerns. Price prognosis therefore indicates that investments, which on calculation seem profitable, will also be so.
Small scale hydro investments at existing dams are socio-economically and environmentally sound. The investments contribute with clean power but have local environmental impacts. At existing dams this damage is already done and expensive to undo if at all possible. The
environmental impacts can be dramatically reduced by construction of fish passages etc. In the thesis an example shows that economic resources for environmental constructions often depend on electricity certificates and that residual flows aren’t greater than necessary.
An investment project should start by evaluating possible scenarios that the hydro power permit may result in. The transmission capacity should also be investigated at an early stage. Materials should be chosen with care and evaluated with a star diagram. A synchronous
generator without a speed increaser should be considered for the hydro investment. The turbine type should be suggested by the manufacturer who also has to be able to guarantee efficiencies and cavitation resistance. Submersible turbines should be considered as they significantly reduce building costs. Involved persons need to be experienced and the tenders should be lump sums except for costs which are difficult to determine.
I detta examensarbete presenteras en metod för att enkelt kunna göra en bedömning av om det är lönsamt att investera i småskalig vattenkraft. Det undersöks också hur den småskaliga vattenkraftens förutsättningar på den framtida elmarknaden ser ut. Detta görs genom en inventering av teknik, ekonomi och miljöaspekter. Inventeringen ger också svar på hur ett investeringsprojekt ska genomföras.
Hydrolyzer kallas excelverktyget som utvecklats för att göra lönsamhetsbedömningen. Det fungerar så att indata matas in och sedan beräknas investeringens lönsamhet och en känslighetsanalys genereras. I verktyget kan olika investeringsalternativ läggas in som sedan beräknas och rangordnas. Exempelvis kan en större reparation jämföras med att bygga en helt ny station eller rensningar utvärderas.
Småskalig vattenkrafts lönsamhet och produktionskostnader beror till största del på hur stor grundinvesteringen blir. Produktionskostnaden är i snitt bland de billigaste produktionsslagen som kan komma att byggas i framtiden. Trenden gäller vid jämförelse både bland förnybara
och bland övriga produktionsslag. På elmarknaden pekar det mesta på att priset inte kommer att sjunka tillbaka till historisk nivå. Detta då bränslena är bristvara och att en allt större miljöhänsyn krävs vilket pressar upp priset. Prisutvecklingen talar för att om ett investeringsbeslut tas där kalkylen visar lönsamhet så kommer detta också att infalla.
Investeringar i småskalig vattenkraft vid befintliga dammar bedöms vara samhällsekonomiskt och miljömässigt fördelaktigt. Småskalig vattenkraft producerar ren el men ger miljöstörningar lokalt. Vid befintliga dammar är dock denna skada redan skedd och väldigt kostsamt att återställa om det överhuvudtaget är möjligt. Miljöproblemen kan dock kraftigt minskas genom byggnation av fiskpassager m.m. Möjligheten att bygga vid befintliga dammar kan vara beroende av elcertifikat om de lokala förutsättningarna är dåliga. I rapporten visas också genom ett exempel att ekonomin för miljöförbättrande åtgärder oftast är beroende av elcertifikat och att mintappningar inte är större än nödvändigt.
Investeringsprojektet bör börja med att ta fram scenarion att utvärdera utifrån hur vattendomen kan tänkas bli. Elnätets kapacitet ska också undersökas tidigt. Materialen ska väljas med omsorg och utvärderas med stjärndiagram. En synkron generator utan växel ska
övervägas till kraftverket. Turbintypen ska föreslås av tillverkaren och denna ska kunna garantera verkningsgrader och kavitationsmotstånd. Dränkbara turbiner ska övervägas då dessa kräver väsentligt mindre byggnationsarbeten. Inblandade i projektet ska ha rätt kunskaper och anbuden ska tas in som klumpsummor där visst ansvar tas för svårbestämda kostnader.
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Melo, Luciana de Deus. "Análise de critérios para definição da vazão remanescente em usinas hidrelétricas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8170.
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Tem crescido a demanda por energia em todo o mundo. No Brasil, com o aquecimento da economia aumentam ainda mais as pressões. O parque gerador Brasileiro é fortemente baseado na geração hidrelétrica, que representa aproximadamente 77,6% da oferta de geração de eletricidade. Entre os impactos ambientais gerados pela construção de barragens e reservatórios de aproveitamentos hidrelétricos está a mudança do regime fluvial de jusante, a chamada vazão remanescente. Entre outros, esta vazão deve garantir as condições adequadas à sobrevivência e continuação das espécies e dos ecossistemas, associando as necessidades humanas, ambientais e as características de cada região. Tomou-se como objeto de análise dois estudos de caso, a pequena central hidrelétrica (PCH) Santa Gabriela, localizada no rio Correntes, na divisa entre os estados de Mato Grosso e Mato Grosso do Sul e a usina hidrelétrica (UHE) Batalha, situada no rio São Marcos, na divisa entre os estados de Minas Gerais e Goiás. Embora o assunto seja discutido amplamente pela comunidade técnica e acadêmica, não há ainda nos marcos legais Brasileiros associados, uma definição explícita de critérios ou limites para estabelecimento da vazão remanescente. Em geral, as legislações estaduais estabelecem valores máximos outorgáveis determinados a partir de percentuais da curva de permanência (Q90, Q95) ou da vazão mínima anual de sete dias de duração e tempo de recorrência de 10 anos Q7,10, garantindo consequentemente as vazões mínimas remanescentes. Essas metodologias implicam num único valor fixo para a vazão ao longo do ano, o que não condiz com a realidade do regime hidrológico natural. Estudos atuais apontam para um hidrograma ecológico, que represente a variação das vazões entre os meses de estiagem e cheia. Assim, a metodologia envolveu a comparação entre critérios de outorga utilizados em alguns estados Q90, Q95 e Q7,10 e métodos citados na literatura para estudo da vazão ecológica (Tennant, Texas, Vazão Base e Perímetro Molhado) e as Resoluções referentes à Declaração de Reserva de Disponibilidade Hídrica (DRDH) das usinas, que especificam a vazão remanescente nas fases de enchimento e operação, emitidas pela Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA). Observaram-se valores de vazões substancialmente diferenciados entre os seis métodos empregados. Cabe destacar, que representa um avanço a publicação do Manual de Estudos de Disponibilidade Hídrica para Aproveitamentos Hidrelétricos (ANA, 2009), que visa à padronização dos documentos para fins obtenção da DRDH e da outorga do uso do potencial de energia hidráulica em corpo de água de domínio da União. Assim, o empreendedor poderá propor e negociar a demanda hídrica para as necessidades ambientais com as autoridades competentes, o que deverá ser discutido em reunião técnica inicial que deverá contar com a participação da Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL), ANA, órgão ambiental, empreendedor e a empresa responsável pelos estudos ambientais.Worldwide, the demand for energy has been increasing. In Brazil, with the economy warming up in the last years, the demand for energy supply further increased. The Brazilian power generating facilities are heavily based on hydroelectric generation, which represents 77,6% of the total generated electricity. Among the environmental impacts caused by the construction of dams and reservoirs are the changes on downstream discharges, known as the remaining discharge. This discharge should ensure the appropriate conditions to the survival and perpetuation of ecosystems, linking human and wild life needs of each region. In this respect, two case studies are taken as object of analysis: (1) a small hydroelectric power plant Santa Gabriela, located in Correntes river, in the limits of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul States; (2) the hydropower plant Batalha, in São Marcos river, in the limits of Minas Gerais and Goiás States. Although its been observed that this issue is widely discussed by technical and academic communities, no legal framework or an explicit definition, or criteria, or limit values has been identified for the establishment of the remaining discharge in hydroelectric power plant projects. Generally, values have been defined based on criteria adopted in states water use rights acts that define minimum discharge parameters based on time series frequency analysis such as Q90%, Q95% or Q7, 10. These methodologies imply on a single value discharge throughout the year, which does not reflect the variability of natural hydrological regime. Current studies lead to an, so called, ecological hydrogram, which would represent discharges variability during drought and flood periods. The methodology of analysis in which the discussion presented in this master dissertation was based, involved the comparison of values obtained by different water use rights criteria adopted in some states like Q90%, Q95% and Q7, 10 and, methods quoted in the literature to define the ecological discharge (Tennant, Texas, Base Flow and Wetted Perimeter), as well as National Water Agencys (ANA) declarations related to the Water Availability Reserve Statement (WARS) which specifies remaining dischargesflow for the reservoir filling and operating phases. It was observed that the application of the different methods in the two case studies resulted in significantly different values for the definition of the remaining discharge. However, its worth to note that the publication of the Guidelines for Water Availability Study for Hydroelectric Power Plants (ANA, 2009) that aims the standardization of documents to obtain WARS and granting the use of water for energy generation purposes in federal jurisdiction represents an advance in these matters. By that, the developer may propose and negotiate water demands for wild life needs with the involved authorities, which should be discussed in the initial technical meeting that will count on the National Electrical Energy Agency (ANEEL), ANA, the related environmental agency, the developer and the organization/agency responsible for the environmental studies.
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Andersson, Simon, and Veronika Callin. "SMÅSKALIG VATTENKRAFT OCH FLEXIBILITET I ELSYSTEMET : En kartläggning av förväntningarna på den småskaliga vattenkraftens potential att bidra med flexibilitet." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-44778.
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Pirak, Kuoljok Simon, and Tony Wallin. "Småskalig vattenkraft i Tyresån : En undersökning av ekologiska åtgärder utifrån de globala hållbarhetsmålen." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253897.
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I Sverige finns det ungefär 2 100 vattenkraftverk som står för ca 40 % av Sveriges elproduktion.Ungefär 1 700 av dem är småskaliga vattenkraftverk och utgör 2,1 % av vattenkraftens elproduktion.Vattenkraften har negativa ekologiska konsekvenser på vattendragets konnektivitet vilket skaparproblem för den biologiska mångfalden. Tyresån vattensystem ligger i Stockholms län och är reglerat.Vattensystemet har tre vandringshinder, inklusive ett småskaligt vattenkraftverk – Uddby kvarn,vilket medför att vattensystemet har en dålig ekologisk status utifrån konnektivitet. Syftet medrapporten är att sammanställa de nyttor och problem som finns kopplade till den småskaligavattenkraften i Sverige och utifrån detta ta reda på vilka av FN:s globala hållbarhetsmål som påverkasav den småskaliga vattenkraftens verksamhet. För att undersöka det genomförs en litteraturstudiesamt en fallstudie, med inslag av intervjuer från sakkunniga informanter, som fokuserar på Tyresånsvattensystem. Platsbesök har även förekommit vid två tillfällen. De värden som är kopplade till småskalig vattenkraft är betydelsen för elsystemet, ekologiskaeffekter samt sociala och kulturella värden. I nedre Tyresån finns de tre strömmarnaFollbrinksströmmen, Nyfors och Uddby kvarn som alla är reglerade på olika sätt. Uddby kvarnlevererar el till ungefär 500 hushåll. Utifrån intervjuerna är närheten till höga naturvärden samt högakulturvärden positivt i Tyresån och bör behållas. Tyresåns ekologiska status utifrån konnektivitet ochfisk är dålig samt näringsämnen och bottenfaunan är måttlig. De åtgärder som tas upp för förbättradkonnektivitet är inlöp, anpassad reglering, återställning i Nyfors, biotopvård i Follbrinksströmmen,fingaller och uppsamling av ål. Sex globala hållbarhetsmål har tagits fram som går att koppla tillTyresåns vattensystem. Målkonflikter och synergier diskuteras, likaså ekologiska effekter kontra elproduktion och betydelsenav den småskaliga vattenkraften i Sverige. Den åtgärd som skulle gynna alla globala målen förTyresån är en återställning i Nyfors. Det finns även synergier mellan de globala målen rent vatten ochekologisk mångfald samt hållbar energi och bekämpa klimatförändringarna. Den störstamålkonflikten mellan de globala målen hållbar energi för alla och ekosystem och biologisk mångfald.In Sweden, there are approximately 2 100 hydropower plants, which account for about 40 % ofSweden's electricity. Approximately 1 700 of them are small-scale hydropower plants and constitute2,1 % of the hydroelectric power generation. Hydroelectric power has negative ecologicalconsequences on the water's connectivity, which creates problems for biodiversity. Tyresån islocated in Stockholm County and is regulated. The water system has three migratory obstacles,including a small-scale hydropower plant - Uddby kvarn, which means that the water system has apoor ecological status based on connectivity. The aim of the report is to compile the benefits andproblems associated with the small-scale hydropower in Sweden and investigate which of the UN'ssustainable development goals that are affected by the small-scale hydropower. A literature study isconducted along with a case study which focus on Tyresån’s water system where two interviews andtwo site visits has been carried out. The values linked to small-scale hydropower are the importance for the electricity system, ecologicaleffects as well as social and cultural values. In the lower Tyresån there are the three streamsFollbrinksströmmen, Nyfors and Uddby kvarn which are all regulated in different ways. Uddby kvarnsupplies electricity to approximately 500 households. Based on the interviews, the proximity tonature and high cultural values are positive in Tyresån and should be sustained. Tyresån's ecologicalstatus is poor, due to lack of connectivity, fish, nutrients and bottom fauna. The actions suggested forimproved connectivity are inlets, custom regulation, restoration in Nyfors, biotope care inFollbrinksströmmen, grid and collection of eels. Six sustainable development goals can be linked tothe Tyresån water system. Conflicts and synergies are discussed. The main conflict is between ecological effects versuselectricity production and the importance of small-scale hydropower in Sweden. The action thatwould benefit all sustainable development goals for Tyresån is a restoration in Nyfors. There are alsosynergies between the sustainable development goals of clean water and sanitation and life on land,as well as affordable and clean energy and climate action. The largest conflict between thesustainable development goals related to small scale hydro power are affordable and clean energyand life on land.
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Vochtová, Michaela. "Podnikatelský záměr - rozšíření stávající výroby elekrické energie z obnovitelných zdrojů za účelem zisku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241400.
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This thesis deals with the extension of existing electricity production from renewable energy sources. Labour proposes and describes the construction and technical arrangements achieved by increasing production and profits. All analysis and calculations based on the current state of an existing company.
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Trněný, Michal. "Návrh rekonstrukce jezu Přízřenice na řece Svratce." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265399.
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The Diploma Thesis deals with the design of rekonstruction of the controlled weir ´´Prizrenice“ on the river Svratka to a new gate weir structure. The first part focuses on teoretical intro and the processing of data on the area of interest and the selection of appropriate design solution for the reconstruction of the weir, where there are described several types of movable gate. As a part of sollution, there will be design of small hydro power station. At the end of this part the current condition of the buildings and the channel of the Svratka river in the area of interest is evaluated. In the second part, the Thesis deals with the design of the gate weir structure and its subsequent assessment. At first, the solid substructure and the height of the gate is designed and assessed. Subsequently, the stilling basin is designed and in conclusion, the overall stability of the designed structure is assessed.
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Franceschini, Lidiane. "Biodiversidade de parasitas de peixes da família Loricariidae (Teleostei Siluriformes) procedentes do rio Sapucaí-Mirim, Brasil /." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138055.
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Orientador: Reinaldo José da SilvaResumo: Peixes da família Loricariidae (Siluriformes) apresentam grande plasticidade fenotípicaintraespecífica durante toda sua ontogenia. O conhecimento limitado sobre os aspectosbiológicos, padrões biogeográficos e elevada variabilidade morfológica destes peixesdificultam estudos sobre a biodiversidade acerca deste grupo, incluindo estudos sobre afauna parasitária. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar levantamento dabiodiversidade de parasitas de peixes da família Loricariidae em áreas sob a influência daconstrução de Pequenas Centrais Hidrelétricas (PCHs) no rio Sapucaí-Mirim, Estado deSão Paulo, Brasil. Ademais, avaliar a estrutura das comunidades parasitárias doshospedeiros analisados (ao nível de infracomunidade e comunidade componente) epossíveis mudanças na abundância das infracomunidades baseadas em variáveisexplanatórias (espaciais, temporais e fatores intrínsecos ao hospedeiro). Para tanto, duranteos anos de 2012 e 2013 foram realizadas duas amostragens anuais (período seco/chuvoso),em oito áreas amostrais situadas nos reservatórios de três PCHs: Palmeiras, Anhanguera eRetiro. Foram necropsiados 334 loricarídeos pertencentes a 10 espécies: Loricaria prolixa,Hypostomus margaritifer, Hypostomus heraldoi, Hypostomus strigaticeps, Hypostomusregani, Hypostomus ancistroides, Hypostomus cf. margaritifer, Hypostomus topavae,Hypostomus aff. topavae, além de uma espécie não identificada pertencente ao gêneroHypostomus. Foram encontrados 29 ta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Loricariid fishes (Siluriformes) presents great intraspecific phenotypic plasticity throughouttheir ontogeny. The limited knowledge about the biological aspects, biogeographic patternsof distribution and high morphological variability of these fishes make the studies onbiodiversity of this group difficult, including that about parasites. Therefore, the aim of thisstudy was to survey the biodiversity of parasites of Loricariidae fishes from an area underthe influence of the construction of Small Hydro Power Plants (SHPPs) in the Sapucaí-Mirim River, São Paulo State, Brazil. Moreover, the study evaluated the structure ofparasitic communities of these hosts (at both the component community andinfracommunity levels), assessing the possible variation in infracommunity abundanceamong sites and fish species based on explanatory variables (spatial, temporal, and hosttraits). During 2012 and 2013, two annual samples (dry/rainy seasons) were carried out, ineight sampling sites situated in the reservoirs of three SHPPs: Palmeiras, Anhanguera, andRetiro. Specimens of Loricaria prolixa, Hypostomus regani, Hypostomus ancistroides,Hypostomus strigaticeps, Hypostomus heraldoi, Hypostomus margaritifer, Hypostomus cf.margaritifer; Hypostomus topavae; Hypostomus aff. topavae and Hypostomus sp., wereanalyzed, totaling 334 fishes. Twenty-nine taxa were found, totaling 15,957 parasitespecimens, and Monogena was the dominant group, which showed the greatest richness ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Kácl, František. "Rozptýlená výroba a její vliv na distribuční síť." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217857.
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The diploma thesis deals with dispersed generation (production). The small electric power sources are connected into distribution networks. Types and principles of the small electric power sources are studied. The legislation framework concerning renewable energy sources utilization is described. These power plants have impact into distribution networks and therefore techniques for the source connection to distribution network are included in the thesis. The impact of the specific small source of electricity must be studied.
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Marada, Ondřej. "Analýza kostry synchronního generátoru." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229522.
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The thesis is focused on the examination of the utility of a synchronous generator of a small hydroelectric power station in the case of a change of working position of the machine. The utility will be measured on the basis of the examination of deformations and state of stress of the frame of the generator for the present running (with vertical axis of rotation of the generator) and subsequently for modified running (with horizontal axis of rotation). This will be accomplished partly on the static shell model by finite element method and consequently on the simplified dynamic model.
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Bednář, Martin. "Návrh pravidel pro řízení hydroenergetické funkce vodní nádrže." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409725.
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The aim of the diploma thesis is to create an algorithm by which it will be possible to devise management rules. These management rules will be able to advise a more efficient use of the hydroenergetic potential of reservoirs with run-of-river small hydro. The actual algorithm will be created with a view to maximizing the profit from the operation of the hydropower plant and using the time course of electricity prices on the market. The rules designed by algorithm will be tested in a simplified way in selected period using simulation model.
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Polizel, Luiz Henrique. "Metodologia de prospecção e avaliação de pré-viabilidade expedita de geração distribuída (GD): caso eólico e hidraúlico." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-17012008-114829/.
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Estudos convencionais de identificacao e de viabilidade de potenciais de producao de energia eletrica eolica e hidroeletrica de pequena escala demandam trabalhos de campo que, muitas vezes, implicam na inviabilidade economica do negocio em funcao dos seus onerosos custos. Alem disso, a execucao desses trabalhos nao assegura ao investidor a recuperacao desses onerosos recursos despendidos, principalmente se o potencial estudado apresentar inviabilidade tecnico-economica. Acrescenta-se ainda a esse risco, a possibilidade do investidorexecutor dos estudos iniciais (estimativa e inventario/viabilidade) nao contrair a outorga de exploracao do potencial, que e oferecida publicamente pelo Orgao Regulador. Entretanto, esse risco pode ser mitigado com a indicacao orientativa de viabilidade, com custos reduzidos. Por outro lado, ha uma forte tendencia de implantacao de pequenas centrais de producao de energia, caracterizadas como \"Geracao Distribuida\" (GD), em virtude dos atuais incentivos regulatorios para essas fontes, das recentes restricoes ambientais e da escassez de investimentos em grandes projetos. Neste contexto, esta dissertacao apresenta um modelo de obtencao de pre-viabilidade de potenciais fundamentado em caracteristicas tecnicas de componentes de Usinas Eolicas (EOL\'s) e Pequenas Centrais Hidreletricas (PCH\'s), com atributos fisicos geograficamente representados e consultados em um ambiente de geoprocessamento informatizado. Esse modelo proposto realiza estimativa de indicadores tecnico-economicos de centrais, produzindo estudos de pre-viabilidade com rapidez e baixo custo. De posse desse modelo o investidor pode simular a implementacao de varios aproveitamentos eolicos e hidroeletricos, antes de mobilizacao e de levantamentos de campo mais precisos e onerosos, obtendo dessa forma orientacoes importantes para direcionar sua atencao, com minimizacao de incertezas envolvidas na pre-viabilidade do potencial.Identification and viability studies on small scale production of electrical energy based on wind and hydro power conventionally demand onerous field work whose costs frequently imply economic unfeasibility of the business. Moreover, the execution of these works does not assure that the investor will recover its expended resources, mainly if the potential analysis of the business demonstrates its technical and economic unfeasibility. Additionally, there is the possibility of not contracting the concession to this potential exploration, which is publicly offered by the Regulatory Agency, by the investor-executor of the initial studies (estimative, inventory and viability). However, this risk can be mitigated by the guiding indication of viability, with reduced costs. On the other hand, it has one strong trend of implantation of smallscale power generation, characterized as \"Distributed Generation\" (DG), because of its current legal incentives and also because of the recent ecological restrictions and the scarcity of investments in large enterprises. In this context, this work presents a pre-viability of potentials attainment model based on technical characteristics of Wind Plants and Small Hydroelectric Plants (SHP\'s) components, whose physical attributes are geographically represented and consulted in a geographic information system. The proposed model estimates the technical and economical pointers of power plants, producing fast and low-cost studies of pre-viability. Trough this model the investor can simulate wind power and hydropower exploration before mobilizating onerous and accurate field researches, getting an important guiding to its priorities, minimizing uncertainties in the process.