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1
Faizal, Farahanaz. "Security problems of small island developing states (SIDS) : with particular reference to the Indian Ocean." Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3948.
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In succeeding chapters it will be argued that the characteristics of SIDS results in their security problems being substantially different to those of larger states. Chapter one seeks to provide the background information about international interest in small states in general and deals with the difficult issue of defining 'smallness'. It also reviews the existing theories of security and applies these theories to SIDS. Although no attempt will be made to give an alternative 'definition' of security it nevertheless attempts to outline security in relation to SIDS. Chapter two examines the concept of vulnerability and seeks to identify the different areas where SIDS are vulnerable. It also strives to identify the special attributes of SIDS pertaining to these states that makes their security environment different to small continental states. This is followed by Chapter three in which the threats confronting the SIDS are presented drawing insights from the Caribbean and the Pacific. Using examples from these two regions various types of threats are identified in the following: areas: military, political, economical, societal and environmental. Chapter four is devoted to the security scenario of the Indian Ocean. It analyses how the Indian Ocean geopolitics affect the Indian Ocean SIDS, especially the regional security scenario and in the various sub-systems in which the Indian Ocean SIDS are located. It also attempts to identify the changing security pattern of the Indian Ocean from the Cold War setting to the present day. Chapters five, six and seven are case studies of the Maldives, the Seychelles and Mauritius respectively. They attempt to give an in-depth analysis of the security problems of these states. Each chapter starts with a brief insight into the physical, historical and socio-cultural background of the countries. Next, it analyses the security problems as perceived by the leadership of these countries. It goes on to identify the security capabilities that exist in these countries. Finally, it attempts to identify the current security problems while differentiating security threats into real, potential and latent threats. Chapter eight is divided into two parts. The first part is a comparative analysis of the security problems faced by the three Indian Ocean SIDS. It deals with national, regional and international dimensions of the problems and tries to draw out the similarities and the differences between the three states and why they are so. The second part deals with the responses to the security problems of the SIDS. It identifies existing strategies and responses at various levels: Domestic, Regional and International. It also attempts to identify measures that the SIDS could undertake to enhance their security. Chapter Nine is a brief summary of the findings of this research. With regard to the Indian Ocean SIDS (IOS), the result of the research shows that these SIDS have security problems that are considerably different to those of larger states; and that these problems are attributable to the characteristics arising out of their smallness and their islandness. Furthermore, the research clearly strengthens the view that there is very little that the SIDS can do to enhance their security. While the geo-politics of the Indian Ocean did influence the security problems faced by these SIDS in the past and still does so to a certain extent, the majority of the problems faced by the Indian Ocean SIDS are due to the fact that they are small and island developing states rather than SIDS located in the Indian Ocean. As such there does not seem to be a common Indian Ocean security problem. On the basis of this, there is very little ground for an Indian Ocean response to the security problems faced by these IOS.
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Ramlugan, Amaresh Singh. "Public private partnerships (PPPS) for road infrastructure development in Mauritius : the case of small island developing states (SIDS)." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97175.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Governments have a pivotal role in meeting the ever-increasing demand for socio-economic services in transport, energy, telecommunications, water, education, health and delivery of other social services. However, the major issue in Mauritius is the lapsus in road infrastructure. The road infrastructure agenda in Mauritius needs to be revisited, as such, maintenance has been insufficient to prevent deterioration and there are some other reasons for the damage. Urgent rehabilitation and reconstruction is required to avoid further damage. Factors such as, deficit of funding, absence of coordination between the public and the private sector, changes in political regimes, lack of transparency in the procurement process and lack of adequate legal framework are factors to which the failure of implementing Public Private Partnership (PPP) in Mauritius can be attributed. However, the implementation of PPP might enhance the nature and efficacy of the way in which public money is spent and encourage resilience and competency of the taxation structure. Governments will therefore be apt to consider strategic partnerships in order to promote state-of-the-art technological advancement and enhance managerial skills and capabilities. Reviews discussed by the Government of Mauritius were taken from annual reports and an in-depth study was carried out. Moreover, as secondary analysis differs from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of qualitative studies, which aim instead to compile and assess the evidence relating to a common concern or area of practice, both secondary analysis and meta-analysis have been used. Therefore, this study comprised of a thorough, narrative discussions of research studies which epitomize attempts to make sense of the rapidly expanding research on PPP in Mauritius. From the narrative discussion, it can be highlighted that, controversy arose over the claims for surplus expenses of Rs 709 million on a preliminary agreement of Rs 2.2 billion. Moreover, due to factors such as massive non-alignment between government and private sector, unclear government goals and duties, multifaceted resolution, sectoral policies not well defined, regulatory challenges and limitations, risk management issues, poor reliability of public policies, insufficient local capital markets, poor mechanisms to attract cheaper long term capital, weak lucidity and absence of a competitive landscape, a delay in the implementation of PPP was encountered. However, an emergence in the number of PPPs has been witnessed in developing countries, not only because of their increasingly being viewed as value-for-money but also for the reasons that follow: enhancing the delivery of public sector services at lower costs, integrating protection of the environment by ensuring fulfilment of green requirements and promoting competition. Reviews and extracts show that Mauritius requires financial support to implement PPP projects. However, the availability of international aid has helped the country to gain faith in the implementation of PPP projects thus, helping the Small Island Developing State of Mauritius to look at the future of its development with confidence.
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Maharaj, Shobha S. "The impact of climate change on the small island developing states of the Caribbean." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:914cc340-83e1-4ea4-b985-fe863b1dea7d.
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Small Island Developing States (SIDS) of the Caribbean are one of the world’s ‘hottest’ ‘biodiversity hotspots’. However, this biodiversity continues to be threatened by habitat loss, and now, by climate change. The research reported here investigated the potential of species distribution modelling (SDM) as a plant conservation tool within Caribbean SIDS, using Trinidad as a case study. Prior to the application of SDM, ancillary analyses including: (i) quantification and mapping of forest cover change (1969 to 2007) and deforestation rates, and (ii) assessment of the island’s vegetation community distribution and associated drivers were carried out. Community distribution and commercial importance and global/regional rarity were used to generate a list of species for assessing the potential of SDM within Trinidad. Species occurrence data were used to generate species distribution models for present climate conditions within the SDM algorithm, MaxEnt. These results were assessed through expert appraisal and concurrence with results of ecological analyses. These models were used to forecast suitable species climate space forty years into an SRES A2 future. Present and future models were then combined to produce a ‘collective change map’ which showed projected areas of species’ range expansion, contraction or stability for this group of species with respect to Trinidad’s Protected Areas (PAs) network. Despite the models being indicative rather than accurate, it was concluded that species’ climate space is likely to decrease or disappear across Trinidad. Extended beyond Trinidad into the remainder of the Caribbean region, SDM may be a crucial tool in identifying which PAs within the region (and not individual islands) will facilitate future survival of given target species. Consideration of species conservation from a regional, rather than an individual island perspective, is strongly recommended for aiding the Caribbean SIDS to adapt in response to climate change.
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Julien, Brown Shelly-Ann. "The role of technical efficiency & productivity evolution in port development : an application to Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS) ports." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2018. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/1255373.
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Economic growth has continually remained an objective of every nation, particularly for lesser-developed countries such as the Small Island Developing States (SIDS). According to an UNCTAD (2014) report on “Small island developing States: Challenges in transport and trade logistics,” one way of attaining economic growth is by focusing attention on tackling the challenges faced by transport and trade logistics (UNCTAD, 2014). Given the unique characteristics of SIDS nations, notably high import content, insularity, geographic remoteness and small economies, populations and areas, all of these factors emphasize the importance of having “well-functioning, reliable, sustainable and resilient transportation systems, in particularly the maritime sector for SIDS development and international trade survival” (UNCTAD, 2014). Such policies would be consistent with what is generally referred to as ‘supply led' economic development, where improvements in transport related infrastructure result in economic growth (Cowie, 2010). Such an approach assumes there is a latent demand for a country/region's produce, but this is being prevented from being exploited, because of inefficiencies in, or a lack of adequate port infrastructures and human resources. These challenges constitute a key policy concern for the sustainable development of SIDS' ports and become not only a port concern but a national concern, as directing adequate funding to improving port efficiency, has become a top priority (UNCTAD 2014). For instance, according to the United Nations (UN), “benchmarks need to be established to monitor and improve port performance ... ”(UNCTAD, 2014), while SIDS such as the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) aim to improve their maritime sector, claims that “...enhancing the maritime sector has the potential to fuel CARICOMs trade, increase port productivity and generate significant cost savings...” (CARICOM, 2013). This research aims to measure, analyse and compare port efficiency and productivity over a ten-year period (2001-2011), on 69 seaports, using non- parametric DEA based tests. The primary focus is on the Caribbean SIDS (referred as the Caribbean for abbreviation purposes), benchmarked against top ports. This is investigated from the realm of how port policy and development strategies have affected efficiency and productivity over time. This research attempts to present greater insight into SIDS ports, with reference mainly to the Caribbean, whilst the approach can become a springboard, implemented on other port types and regions of the world. Additionally, its practical contribution may become a better guide for international (UNCTAD), regional (CARICOM) and country level decision makers. Evolutionary technical efficiency and productivity for the Caribbean's Small Island Developing States (SIDS) ports, during the period 2001-2011 are evaluated. Moreover, the region's port development initiatives are assessed over the same period. Top ports received an average efficiency of 72%, outperforming the overall 66% average for Caribbean ports as was expected. Interestingly enough, efficiencies for top ports decreased on average by 0.5% per annum over the decade, whilst increases of up to 0.7% were found for Caribbean ports. Moreover, the region's productivity grew by 3.2%, compared to their larger top counterparts, of up to 2% per annum. This research concludes that trade volumes play an integral part in affecting efficiency and productivity. Additionally, given port development initiatives, the Caribbean's progresses in efficiency/productivity has been mainly the effects of scale and technical progress respectively. Since these ports are usually smaller scale and yield lesser throughput (compared to their larger counterparts), when they begin to grow, the focus is on enlarging their production scales, however, this is at the expense of adjusting internal practises. Compared to TOP ports, increases in productivity is solely the consequence of technical progress. Since these are usually larger scale ports and so likely yield more throughput, will likely be operating at the size of decreasing returns to scale. This suggests, that they are not properly focusing on internal practices and sizing their production scales to accommodate the rise in technical progress. The research findings can potentially influence decisions made by local and regional authorities in the Caribbean, when it comes to port development initiatives, as it provides an overview of efficiency/productivity, but more so that which impedes these progresses.
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ビビ, スーブラッティ ジャビーン, and Jabeen Bibi Soobratty. "Evolving from multicultural to intercultural education in the prospect of sustaining social cohesion in the Small Island Developing States : a case study of the education system in Mauritius." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13061546/?lang=0, 2018. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13061546/?lang=0.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the progression of Multicultural to Intercultural Education in the prospect of sustaining social cohesion. Multicultural and Intercultural Education are two major educational pedagogies that came into existence in multicultural societies. The purpose of the case study is to explore the implementation of the practices of Multicultural and Intercultural education as part of fostering the social cohesion in Mauritius. Qualitative data was collected through interviews and a survey which has been conducted to 300 trainees at the Mauritius Institute of Education to examine and analyze their perceptions of Multicultural and Intercultural Education.<br>博士(グローバル社会研究)<br>Doctor of Philosophy in Global Society Studies<br>同志社大学<br>Doshisha University
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Pereira, Daniela de Almeida. "The challenges of the small insular developing states: are the Mauritius and Seychelles examples for Cape Verde?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/630.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação Internacional<br>This dissertation attempts to review the critical theoretical issues concerning Small States and Small Insular Developing States, while aiming to answer some crucial related questions and to distinguish between these two notions. Additionally we attempt to spotlight some issues related to the development of Cape Verde having in consideration a possible comparison with two of the most successful African SIDS, namely Mauritius and Seychelles. A brief analysis of the social and economical situation of the three countries is made, seeking to underline their key development elements and assessing their economical and social structure. This dissertation mainly aims at assessing what Cape Verde can apprehend from the Mauritian and Seychellois experience, in an attempt to draw some useful conclusions to its development.<br>Esta dissertação procura rever as questões teóricas essenciais que dizem respeito aos Pequenos Estados e aos Pequenos Estados Insulares em Desenvolvimento e, simultaneamente, responder a algumas questões relacionadas com este âmbito. Adicionalmente, pretendem-se destacar algumas questões relacionadas com o desenvolvimento de Cabo Verde, tendo em consideração uma possível comparação com dois dos SIDS Africanos mais bem sucedidos, nomeadamente as Maurícias e as Seicheles. Com este intuito, é efectuada uma breve apreciação da situação económica e social destes países, numa tentativa de sublinhar os seus elementos fundamentais e de analisar a sua estrutura económica e social. Esta dissertação tem como seu objectivo fundamental a apreciação do que Cabo Verde poderá apreender da experiência de desenvolvimento das Maurícias e das Seicheles, numa tentativa de elaborar conclusões frutuosas para Cabo Verde.
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Greenidge, Nicole. "An integrated national disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation development investment framework for Barbados, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS)." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/an-integrated-national-disaster-risk-reduction-and-climate-change-adaptation-development-investment-framework-for-barbados-a-small-island-developing-state-sids(d6142c04-dff5-42a6-af91-b9e5b88f241d).html.
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Disasters and climate change threaten the very existence of a special group of developing states- Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This research tackles the problem of limited uptake of integrated approaches to address risk in practice- in particular through disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). The benefits of these approaches are so significant that they can be considered to be investments in development. Focusing on Barbados, a SIDS, this research therefore seeks to identify the prospects for establishing an integrated disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (DRR-CCA) development decision-making framework. It also seeks to understand the policy implications for other SIDS. In addressing the research problem, a risk governance framework and mixed methods approach is proposed for identifying the prospects for DRR-CCA. This allows for the challenges and the potential in actor networks, institutions, and the various dimensions of risk decision-making to be identified. The specific SIDS DRR-CCA risk governance framework utilised to generate the prospects is identified from literature. Data from documents, surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 representatives from 20 organisations operating at different levels were gathered on DRR and CCA risk governance in Barbados from November, 2014 to May 2015. Analysis was carried out using document analysis, thematic analysis; social network analysis, and descriptive statistics. The research identifies that SIDS require an enhanced risk governance framework for DRR-CCA. This framework has a systemic approach at the core, as well as an explicit development approach supported by a joined-up governance approach. Furthermore, risk assessments should include assessments of adaptive capacity. Existing potential for DRR-CCA risk governance was identified in highly dense networks, established disaster management networks, and a unique polycentric network that engages intraregional partners in national governance. Notwithstanding, challenges related to cohesion within and across institutions and sectors; missing community and socio-economic participation; as well as issues connected to unadjusted mind-sets to address the DRR paradigm shift in practice, and limited development-socio-ecological systems approaches, meant that the prospects identified mainly addressed these shortcomings. A spatial methodology for DRR-CCA seemed feasible. This research contributes a framework for conceptualising DRR-CCA risk governance in SIDS which could be applicable to others. It offers a Caribbean SIDS perspective and practical suggestions for DRR-CCA that are relevant to SIDS practitioners and donors. Further research should focus on testing the prospects across the varying governance contexts of SIDS.
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Söderberg, Nora. "Climate-Induced Human Mobility in Policy : A Comparative Analysis of Problem Representations in Policy of Two Small-Island Cases." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-402836.
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This thesis is a descriptive study of problem representations of climate-induced human mobility in policy. Two cases which are severely impacted by climate change have been selected for the analysis: Kiribati and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Policies of these cases are analysed through a qualitative text analysis following the methodological approach “What’s the Problem Represented to Be?”. A particular focus is given to the issue of “planned relocations” as this is a form of human movement that is, per definition, driven by policy. The analysis found negative representations of human mobility to be present in both cases, but also positive representations in the case of Kiribati. Planned relocations were represented as something necessary and difficult by both the cases, but a substantial difference concerned the intended length of such movements. Lastly, this study highlights the need for further research on policy engagement in climate-induced human mobility.
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Suárez, II Gómez William. "Cabotage: The effects of an external non-tariff measure on the competitiveness of agribusiness in Puerto Rico." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13464.
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Small islands developing states (SIDS) sustainability is a United Nations’ aim. Their markets are often influenced by external policies imposed by larger economies. Could an anti-competitive measure affect the food vulnerability of a SIDS?
This research examines the effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on Puerto Rico’s (PR) agribusinesses. It explores the effects of a maritime cabotage regulation (US Jones Act) on the affordability and accessibility of produce and grains. PR imports 100% of their needs of grain and over 85% of fresh produce. PR’s food imports are generally from the US and the trade service is restricted to the use of the US maritime transportation. As a result, the supply chain of these two sectors although different, are limited by the US Act that may impact the cost of food, its availability, firms’ efficiency and other structures of production. Using a mixed convergent design, PR’s agrifood supply chains were explored and analysed in relation to the maritime cabotage regulation.
Oligopolistic structures and collusion between maritime transporters and local agribusinesses importers limit the access to data, but other internal factors also have a role. Fieldwork shows that while the cabotage regulation itself is a constraint, interaction with others NTM and the current political framework between US and PR are relevant. Factors such as lack of efficiency, poor innovation and a self-limitation of the agribusinesses firms were found. The novelty of this research is the use of mixed methods to evaluate the effects of cabotage on the agrifood supply chain.
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Suárez, Gómez William. "Cabotage : the effects of an external non-tariff measure on the competitiveness of agribusiness in Puerto Rico." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13464.
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Small islands developing states (SIDS) sustainability is a United Nations’ aim. Their markets are often influenced by external policies imposed by larger economies. Could an anti-competitive measure affect the food vulnerability of a SIDS? This research examines the effects of an external non-tariff measure (NTM) on Puerto Rico’s (PR) agribusinesses. It explores the effects of a maritime cabotage regulation (US Jones Act) on the affordability and accessibility of produce and grains. PR imports 100% of their needs of grain and over 85% of fresh produce. PR’s food imports are generally from the US and the trade service is restricted to the use of the US maritime transportation. As a result, the supply chain of these two sectors although different, are limited by the US Act that may impact the cost of food, its availability, firms’ efficiency and other structures of production. Using a mixed convergent design, PR’s agrifood supply chains were explored and analysed in relation to the maritime cabotage regulation. Oligopolistic structures and collusion between maritime transporters and local agribusinesses importers limit the access to data, but other internal factors also have a role. Fieldwork shows that while the cabotage regulation itself is a constraint, interaction with others NTM and the current political framework between US and PR are relevant. Factors such as lack of efficiency, poor innovation and a self-limitation of the agribusinesses firms were found. The novelty of this research is the use of mixed methods to evaluate the effects of cabotage on the agrifood supply chain.
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Oliveira-Ramos, Djalita N. Fialho de. "Status upgrade: the case of Cape Verde's graduation from the least developed country (LDC) category." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1101.
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Mestrado em Desenvolvimento e Cooperação internacional<br>This dissertation presents the main characteristics and development drawbacks of two groups of countries in special situations, specifically LDCs and SIDS. In this context, issues related to international support measures aimed at easing the development process of LDCs are addressed, as well as the (sometimes controversial) question of graduation from LDC status. Against this background, the case of Cape Verde — the first SIDS to ever graduate from the LDC list — is examined, anticipating the consideration of crucial development financing issues, of particular importance to the country's ability to ensure continued development once its graduation from LDC status takes effect, in January 2008.<br>Esta dissertação analisa as principais características e as dificuldades que se levantam ao desenvolvimento de dois grupos de países em situações especiais, especificamente os PM A e os SIDS. Neste contexto, são abordadas questões relacionadas com medidas de apoio por parte da comunidade internacional, visando facilitar o processo de desenvolvimento dos PMA, e analisada a questão (por vezes controversa) da transição da lista de PMA. Neste quadro, é analisado o caso de Cabo Verde - o primeiro SIDS a transitar da lista de PMA -, com a consideração prévia de importantes questões de financiamento do desenvolvimento, de suma importância para a capacidade do país suster o seu desenvolvimento, a partir da entrada em vigor da sua graduação da lista dos PMA, em Janeiro de 2008.
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Janson, Elin, and Cathrin Långström. "The More the Merrier? : A Study of Sustainable Tourism Development in the Seychelles Islands." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för geografi, medier och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-27763.
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ABSTRACT The cost of doing nothing would be very high on the fragile national ecosystems andultimately on the society of the Seychelles. ’Seychelles National Report 2012 p55 This Minor Field Study, undertaken as a Bachelor’s thesis, aims to research the Seychelleswork with sustainable tourism development and its challenges. The study was conducted onsite for two months in cooperation with the Seychelles Tourism Board. The national strategyfor sustainable tourism development is intended to maintain the uniqueness of Seychelles.Seychelles has for over 30 years been a global leader in protecting biodiversity and naturalenvironment and 51 % of the total land area consists of conservation areas. On the otherhand, Seychelles main source of income is tourism, with 40 % of the inhabitants directly orindirectly depending on tourism. As one of our interviewees put it: “the more tourism, themerrier”. The country will get better infrastructure and more jobs because of it and howcould that spoil the environment? This study looks into hotels perceptions of sustainabledevelopment in the tourism industry, their work with sustainable practices and thoughtsconcerning ecolabelling. Results show dissatisfaction with the government and that betterenvironmental governance is needed. The recent rapid development of new hotels isbecoming a rather problematic situation due to higher competition, infrastructural problemsand lack of labour force. The interest in an eco label is high, although they believe it iscomplicated to implement and is perceived as expensive. On the other hand, hotels are moreor less working in a sustainable way already.Regardless of the sustainable tourism development initiative, our interviewees had afear that Seychelles is becoming a mass tourism destination. They demand that this trend bestopped. We ask therefore, is more really merrier?
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Wenner, Gemma Antonine. "Marijuana-tourism| Disruptive Innovation for Small Island Developing States." Thesis, University of Maryland University College, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13428534.
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<p> The Caribbean region consists of many small island developing states (SIDS) that are dependent on a sun, sea, and sand (3-S) tourism product. These SIDS are facing declining competitiveness vis-à-vis other tourism destinations and need to differentiate and rejuvenate their tourism product offerings. This study investigates the extent to which marijuana-tourism can lead to disruptive innovations (DI) in SIDS that are tourist dependent. A systematic review, using 53 research articles and a thematic synthesis analyzing seven different themes: (1) demographic profile of marijuana users and potential market size, (2) marijuana-tourism motivations, (3) common uses of marijuana, (4) types and structures of legal and regulatory frameworks, (5) cultivation, distribution, and marketing factors, (6) economic impacts of legalized recreational marijuana; and (7) adverse health and safety impacts were elaborated. The principal findings are that the regulatory framework for legalization acts as a mediating variable for defining the scope and structure of marijuana-related businesses and tourism niches that appear. When the recreational regulatory framework permits private competition, as evidenced in the early pioneering jurisdictions, significant economic benefits have resulted and at the same time social and health costs have been attenuated to date. In the context of SIDS, legal regimes are still largely prohibitionist, and in a few instances, partial liberalization has occurred. As liberalization progresses, structural and governance challenges exist that may moderate benefits. Further research is needed in many areas, given that the liberalization of marijuana laws is a recent phenomenon. More research is needed in areas, such as in-depth economic and social impacts analysis; the profile, composition, and expenditure patterns of marijuana tourists; the comparative advantages of different regulatory frameworks; and the public health and safety impacts for residents, marijuana tourists, and hospitality sector workers.</p><p>
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Singh, Asha. "Small island developing states, sustainability and the Caribbean Sea." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2217.
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This study encompasses twenty-seven SIDS and the Caribbean Sea. In order to detennine the pressure on the sea from anthropogenic activities both terrestrial and marine, four major components were investigated. These are (a) how land use activities on the islands are affecting the Sea (b) the effects of coastal and marine based activities on this marine area (c) the influences of natural events on the Caribbean Sea and the SIDS (d) how the region is responding to minimise the pressures on the sea via policies and programmes. In the first component, the DPSIR in combination with GIS was applied to three islands to demonstrate the causal links between economic activities and its effects on the Caribbean Sea. The activities on these islands have resulted in loss of reef covers, reduction and loss of commercial fish species and reduction in water quality. The second component was investigated by using spatial analysis to compose a vulnerability assessment of the Caribbean Sea. This was derived from mapping anthropogenic activities and habitats within the sea. The assessment demonstrated varying levels of vulnerability throughout the sea. This finding reinforces the need to manage the sea as a large marine ecosystem. The third component demonstrated that events such as hurricanes, tsunamis and effects of climate change are affecting the quality of the ecosystems in the Caribbean Sea and increasing the vulnerability of island communities. Data analysed for a 44 year period show that the highest number of successive hurricanes that made landfall in the Caribbean SIDS was in the 1990s. The fourth component was an analysis of the existing legal and institutional mechanisms that are being used in the region to respond to the issues in the marine environment. The analysis revealed that most of the current responses are within geo- political borders which have been less effective in dealing with the issues.
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Boscio, Gabriela, Natalie Mebane, and Xavier Koenig. "Small Island Developing States : Using the MSI for Strategic Sustainable Development." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-4241.
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This report is aimed at exploring what a Small Island Developing State (SIDS) would need to do in order to strategically use the Mauritius Strategy (MSI) to move their country towards sustainability as defined by the four principles of sustainability. Interviews were conducted with users and experts on the MSI representing various sectors such as governments, intergovernmental organisations and non-governmental organisations. These interviews were combined with document content analysis of key texts in order to identify strengths and necessary improvements of the MSI. A potential "ideal use" of the MSI was created by combining its current strengths and the Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development. This was then compared with the current reality of MSI usage, and gaps between the two were identified. Recommendations were given based on these gaps and on the improvements pointed out in the interviews in order to form a process through which a SIDS government could use the MSI to reach full sustainability.
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Cooke, Yolande Frances. "Upgrading in global value chains : branded beverages from small island developing states." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629640.
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The purpose of the research is to evaluate industrial upgrading by own-brand beverage firms in the Caribbean. The work analyses how and why the beverage firms have upgraded, compares this with the relevant literature on global value chain (GVC) upgrading and makes policy suggestions. The thesis uses the GVC framework as the lens for understanding process, product and functional upgrading. The work studies nineteen beverage firms located in Barbados, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. Interviews and documentation were the methods used to abstract information from the beverage firms, other firms in the chains and industry informants. The research finds that the GVC framework helps to identify specific drivers of upgrading including naturally occurring and man-made rents. Further, the work extends the empirical literature by discussing different steps within each type of upgrading rather than a trajectory between the types of upgrading, governance patterns based on type of firm ownership and, importantly, how own-brand manufacturers upgrade horizontally by moving production to Developed Countries. Finally, the work makes the contribution that without public-private intervention, upgrading can have damaging consequences on the developing economy.
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Kowlesser, Akshay. "Sustainable Aquifer Management in Small Island Developing States : A case study of Mauritius." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227316.
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Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are amongst the most vulnerable states in the world. They are subject to a number of stresses including economical, climatic and spatial restraints. This thesis investigates the effects that certain critical ‘stresses’ will have on the groundwater reserves of SIDS. Mauritius was chosen as the case study for this project because of three main reasons, which were that 1) islands of the Indian Ocean are the least studied compared to the pacific and Caribbean islands, 2) there is no actual groundwater model for the aquifers of Mauritius and finally 3) information and background knowledge was more accessible to the author. Two critical aquifers of Mauritius were chosen according to their respective vulnerability (extraction rates of groundwater, geological features, and rainfall patterns), Aquifers II and V. The aquifers were calibrated using data that was published by the Mauritian local authorities and through an extensive literature review. Aquifer II and Aquifer V were modelled using the software ModelMUSE and a steady state model (with a time series of 100 years) was used to calibrate the models using limited data that was obtained through the literature review. Aquifer V was successfully modelled while Aquifer II gave inconsistent results. A transient model using four scenarios inspired by the IPCC scenario analysis was used to investigate the salt water intrusion as well as the piezometric levels in both aquifers. The scenarios (run for a period of 100 years, i.e. until 2100) were of varying degrees of severity and included the main drivers of change that were believed to affect the groundwater consumption of Mauritius. The attributes that were targeted in this thesis were: economy, demography, technology and climate. These were then converted into quantifies inputs that were used in the model to assess the migration of the saltwater/freshwater interface in the aquifers. Scenario 4 which involved low recharge rate of the aquifer, high sea level rise, low GDP growth and increasing population subjected the aquifer to a reduced water table, and consequential sea water intrusion of the order 1.5 km across the cross section analysed. Scenario 3, which consisted of investment in green technology, increase in recharge of the aquifers on the other hand gave the more optimistic results with the salt water - fresh water interface moving seawards. Scenario 4 rendered unusable around 50 % of the wells in the aquifer while Scenario 3 on the other had the effects of increasing the freshwater lens of the Aquifer V. Measures such as sustainable urban drainage systems, managed aquifer recharge and Seepcat (a method which involves placing a series of pipes around coastal aquifers to prevent the intrusion of salt water) were recommended to decrease the salt water intrusion risk and eventually increase the fresh water lens of the island on various spatial and time scales. It is suggested that the coarse groundwater model developed for Aquifer V of Mauritius be refined and applied to different aquifers of the island. Moreover it is also recommended for future work that discontinuities in the geology be integrated in the groundwater model. A more detailed and nuanced water balance is also recommended to get more accurate initial conditions for the model. This thesis, by providing a coarse model to tackle the impending challenges that await Mauritius, can support a more sustainable water management of the country.<br>Small Island Developing States (SIDS), små önationer under utveckling, är bland de mest sårbara staterna i världen. De är utsatta för ett antal stressfaktorer inklusive ekonomiska, klimatrelaterade och rumsliga restriktioner. Detta examensarbete undersöker effekterna av några kritiska stressfaktorer på grundvattenreserverna i dessa önationer. Mauritius valdes som fallstudie för detta projekt på grund av tre huvudsakliga orsaker. Dessa var att öar i Indiska Oceanen är de minst studerade jämfört med atlantiska och karibiska öar, att det inte finns någon riktig grundvattenmodell för akvifererna på Mauritius och slutligen att information och bakgrundskunskap var mer lättåtkomligt för författaren. Två kritiska akviferer på Mauritius valdes utifrån deras respektive sårbarheter (uttagshastighet av grundvatten, geologiska egenskaper och nederbördsmönster). Baserat på detta valdes Akvifer II och Akvifer V. Akvifererna kalibrerades med hjälp av data publicerat av mauritiska lokala myndigheter och genom en omfattande litteraturstudie. Akvifer II och Akvifer V modellerades i programmet ModelMUSE och en steady state-modell (med en tidsserie på 100 år) användes för att kalibrera modellerna med hjälp av begränsad data som erhölls under litteraturstudien. Inmatningsvärdena erhölls från vattenresursenheten på Mauritius, från vilka genomsnittliga värden över en tidsperiod om 15 år togs fram och användes som begynnelsevillkor för steady state-modellen. Akvifer V kalibrerades med framgång medan Akvifer II gav inkonsekventa resultat. Detta hänfördes till de stora skillnaderna i topografin i Akvifer II, vilka bidrog till att fel uppstod under uträkningen. En tidsberoende modell med fyra scenarios inspirerade av FN:s klimatpanels scenarioanalys användes för att undersöka saltvatteninträngningen samt grundvattennivån i båda akvifererna. Scenarierna (körda över en period om 100 år, d.v.s. till 2100) var av varierande viktighetsgrad och inkluderade de främsta drivkrafterna som ansågs påverka Mauritius grundvattenförbrukning. De attribut som fokuserades på i denna avhandling var: ekonomi, demografi, teknik och klimat. Dessa omvandlades sedan till indata som användes i modellen för att bedöma migrationen av saltvatten/sötvattengränsen i akvifererna. Scenario 4 som innebar liten grundvattenbildning i akviferen, hög havsnivåstigning, låg BNP-tillväxt och ökande befolkning utsatte akviferen för en reducerad vattennivå, och påföljande havsvatteninträngning av ordningen 1,5 km över den analyserade tvärsektionen. Scenario 3 gav å andra sidan mer optimistiska resultat då saltvatten/sötvattengränsen rörde sig mot havet. Scenario 4 medförde att ungefär 50 % av brunnarna i akviferen blev oanvändbara. Åtgärder såsom hållbara stadsdräneringssystem, kontrollerad grundvattenbildning och Seepcat (en metod som innebär att man placerar en serie rör runt kustområden för att förhindra saltvattenintrång) rekommenderas för att minska saltvatteninträngningen och så småningom öka öns färskvattenlins på olika rumsliga och tidsrelaterade skalor. Det föreslås att den grova grundvattenmodellen som utvecklats för Akvifer V i Mauritius förfinas och appliceras på olika akviferer på ön. Därtill rekommenderas att diskontinuiteter i geologin integreras i grundvattenmodellen i framtida arbete. Genom att applicera modellen kan viktig information användas för en hållbar vattenförvaltning på Mauritius i framtiden.
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Turvey, Rosario Adapon. "Developing an evaluation framework for environmental management of small island states in the South Pacific." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ65263.pdf.
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Sharma-Khushal, Sindra. "Microloans, climate change adaptation, & stated investment behaviour in small island developing states : a Fiji case-study." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3385/.
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Anthropogenic climate change and environmental degradation impacts are no longer a worry for the distant future but a real concern for the present. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and the poor, who often live by fragile ecosystems, are amongst the most vulnerable and exposed to the impacts of climate change. For these populations, climate related risks exacerbate other stressors and negatively impact livelihoods, security, and health. For low lying SIDS in particular, an additional fear is that climate change endangers their whole way of life, with their nationhood and culture being slowly engulfed by the approaching sea. Whilst the need to adapt is apparent, adaptation funding and motivating people to take up adaptive behaviours is a serious challenge. According to the ODI, financing climate change adaptation in the developing world can cost upwards of US$ 100-450 billion a year. Building adaptive capacity through cost effective solutions such as microloans for adaptive investments can be a promising strategy. By utilising the case study of Fiji, this Thesis attempts to unpack the cognitive drivers of climate change adaptive stated investment behaviour through a survey-based experiment (N=205). The prominent empirical method employed in this thesis was mediation analysis and specifically path analysis whereby the model specified is driven by theory. The choice of this method is justified through a comparison with multinomial logit. In the first instance, the antecedents of climate adaptive stated behaviour and the impact of information on subsequent stated behaviour were assessed through the framework of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In addition perceptions to climate change in Fiji were explored through guided interviews (N=50). Overall positive attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control towards conservation and adaptation positively influenced intention to invest in adaptive strategies though intention only significantly influenced subsequent stated behaviour when information on climate change adaptation was provided. Next, the efficacy of incentives in engaging adaptive investments was assessed. The results indicated that the use of ‘green’ incentives (whereby loans are contingent on ecosystem impacts) was most conducive to the choice of adaptive investments over nonadaptive. In addition behavioural intention significantly mediated stated investment behaviour under the green incentive condition – which it is argued may show that such incentives crowd-in internal motives for engaging in environmentally protective behaviours. We also found that ethnicity was a strong positive moderator of behavioural antecedents and subsequent stated investment behaviour. Lastly the moderators of stated behaviour and its antecedents were examined by exploring resource dependence, perceived shocks, and perceived severity of environmental and other issues. Again, it was found that green incentives were successful in engaging people to take up adaptive investments more so then under a dynamic (whereby loans are contingent on repayement) and a no incentive condition. It was found that perceived shocks, and resource dependence could significantly impact cognitive antecedents of behaviour as specified by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and in particular perceptions of behavioural control. Shocks, resource dependence and perceived severity also moderated subsequent stated behaviour, with greater variability between between adaptive and non-adaptive investment choices under the no incentive and dynamic incentive conditions. The latter had a greater probablity of agents choosing non-adaptive over adaptive investments whilst in the former the opposite was true. Overall the results can be useful for adaptation policies, microloan best practice, and behavioural change interventions in SIDS in particular.
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Kimmel, Katie L. K. "Tourism and the environment in small island developing states : development of a new framework for assessing sustainability /." Online version of thesis, 2007. https://ritdml.rit.edu/dspace/handle/1850/3960.
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Newman, Delreo A. "Regulatory Independence and the Development of the Telecommunications Sector in The English-Speaking Caribbean." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6633.
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Small developing states can use proper regulatory frameworks in policy and sector development to implement efficiency and consumer safeguards to the sector. However, sufficient research on the impact of telecommunications regulatory institutions on micro economies has not been conducted. Capture theory was used as the theoretical lens for this thesis. In doing so, a quantitative analysis was done using, cross-sectional pooled time series to determine how an independent telecommunications regulator impacted the telecommunications sector in the English-speaking Caribbean. All the data acquired for analysis were secondary yearly data collected from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) from 1993 to 2012. Specifically, this study examined how prices, investment, infrastructure, and competition in the telecoms sector are affected by the type of regulatory regime (independent or non independent ) for fixed line and mobile services. Results indicate that the type of regulatory regime has a statistically significant impact on fixed line services and price of the telecommunications sector (p < .0001). However, this regulation was absent in other areas such as cellular services, broadband usage, telecoms investment and competition. The potential for positive social change is tied to recommendations specific to developing countries to ensure their regulators have autonomy in making decisions regarding the volume, quality and costs of telecommunications services. Legislation must minimize any overlap in the roles of policy makers, legislators, administrators and regulators to ensure that the regulatory framework addresses the particulars conditions of the country in which it operates.
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McNaught, Allan. "Implementation and management of health policy in small island developing states : case studies in British overseas territories in the Caribbean." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368981.
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Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) are generally seen as countries with enormous problems. These are usually attributed to their small size. limited natural and huma, resources, environmental fragility, and proness to natural disasters. These issues have dominated the relevant intellectual and policy literature. Conversely. there is scant literature about how SIDS manage themselves specifically on matters of public policy. That which does exist is anecdotal and descriptive. This existing literature conveys an impression of the policy process in SIDS as idiosyncratic excessively personalist illogical and marked by incompetence. This thesis looks specifically at the implementation. and management of health policy in SIDS III the Caribbean. It reviews public policy. and health policy theory. the relevant regional literature on health care needs. health policy and administration. and it goes on reports on fieldwork research in Anguilla and the British Virgin Islands. The analysis and exploration was framed by five research questions. and is done with the tools and concepts of public policy and policymaking theory. The fieldwork research takes the form of three contrasting case studies in each island territory. preceded a description of the context of each country.
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Khan, Natasha. "Do transitional justice strategies address small island developing states niche conflicts? : preventing the recurrence of coups d’état : study of Fiji." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17877/.
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This research, affirms that some mechanisms of the transitional justice approaches can be applicable to SIDS conflict; particularly structural conflicts. The fourth principle of the Joinet/Orentlicher Principles of ‘Dealing with the Past’; the right to non-occurrence of conflict, was utilised as a conceptual framework to research the case of Fiji, as it addresses military and institution reforms; both of which are problematic area in Fiji. Focus groups interviews, semi-structured questionnaires and key informant interviews were used to collect data. The overall research question was: ‘How can transitional justice strategies address conflicts that are distinctive to Small Island developing states?’, and the more specific questions related to amnesty, military reform and prevention of coup d’états in the future. The thesis confirms that many respondents and key informants regard amnesty for coups d’état negatively and unjust. A number of key informants also think that amnesty is bad as it sends the wrong signals to the coup perpetrators and to future generations. Respondents felt strongly (78%) that the coup perpetrators should be held accountable as coups are illegal, but they also acknowledged that the military is too strong and praetorian at this stage in Fiji to be held accountable. Findings also indicate that there were mixed views on military reform. A number of other important reforms were also suggested by the respondents to prevent the reoccurrence of coups in Fiji. These include; education to foster a national identity, and reforms to the rule of law as well as to the judiciary. This thesis concludes that transitional justice mechanisms would be applicable to small island developing states but it would need to be tailored to the country’s specific needs. Additionally, if we are to ensure that another coup does not occur in the future, Fiji has to carry out military reform and revive discussions on amnesty, or such discussions will be driven underground and may fester into future conflicts.
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Orellana, Lazo Miguel. "Water footprint of coastal tourism facilities in small island developing states : a case-study of a beach resort in the Maldives." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44772.
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Research on climate change indicates that the risk of water scarcity at many remote tourist destinations will increase in the next few decades. Tourism development puts strong pressure on freshwater resources, the availability of which is especially limited in remote areas. At locations with no access to conventional water sources, tourism facilities require supply alternatives, such as desalinated or imported water, which implies elevated energy demands and carbon emissions. In this context, a shift in the way freshwater use is assessed is crucial for moving toward a more sustainable model of water management for tourism development. This research adapts the Water Footprint framework to the design of tourism facilities and explains how and why this is a promising model for water accounting in isolated locations. Defined as 'an indicator of freshwater resources appropriation', the Water Footprint concept was introduced by Hoekstra in 2002. This methodology goes beyond the conventional direct water use assessment model, upon which most common benchmarking systems in sustainable tourism are based. Measuring the water footprint of a tourism facility allows operators and design teams to understand the environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with its direct and indirect water uses. Furthermore, this methodology enables a holistic consideration of all the water system components: supply, demand, and wastewater. Based on this framework, this thesis presents a Water Footprint Design Tool (Tool) for designers to use in the early stages of design. This Tool enables design teams to run various scenarios and understand how different water system designs can impact the footprint of a project. A case-study of a beach resort in the Maldives illustrates the application of the Tool in a specific context. The results showed that significant desalinated water footprint reductions (75.5%, 80.6% and 95.5%, depending on the precipitation year) could be achieved through the application of a series of water-saving strategies. Finally, this research introduces a three-scale process to be applied in new tourism development operations. This framework allows designers to easily identify which areas need improvement in order to achieve more ambitious water goals that would help make tourism development more sustainable in the future.
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McMillan, Shelley A. "Water resources management in the eastern Caribbean : a study of the two small island developing states, Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:8033.
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Water resource management is currently an issue of major significance at a global level both in terms of policy-making and academia. Small island states represent a special group, with Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados, even more particular cases. Development, industrialisation, tourism and resource usage continue to intensify, placing considerable pressures on freshwater supply, demand and quality. This situation is accentuated by the uncertainties surrounding changes in global climatic conditions. Furthermore, water security is not an end in itself, but a means to other ends: health, industrial and agricultural production, for example. These sectors in turn introduce a range of social, economic and environmental issues and problems. This project aims to evaluate the current freshwater management practices in Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados and propose various options for sustainable water resources management which may then improve water security. In Barbados, water resources are limited, as extractions from groundwater aquifers have reached the safe yield points. This is currently placing major constraints on a number of developmental proposals. Although in general, the water reserves in Trinidad and Tobago are abundant in relation to demand, wide regional disparities exist. Shortages are related to this uneven distribution but moreover, because of the inefficient operations of the national water authority. Through the rehabilitation and modernisation of the systems at the water authorities, coupled with the upgrading of the existing water legislation, tariff structure and the regulatory framework, water security in Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados can be greatly improved.
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Racombo, Kenneth Jacques Gervais. "The significance of regional integration as a component of the diplomatic strategy of small island developing states : the case of Seychelles." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53457.
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In September 2014 the Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) of the world met in Apia, Samoa to chart a new development pathway that takes into consideration their specificities and vulnerabilities. This family of island nations has been for many years at the forefront of key global discussions to make the international community aware of the challenges facing them such as global shocks, climate change, limited land space and capital and human resources shortages which impose severe challenges on their economic and social development.
Seychelles, located 1,800 km east of the East African coast, is geographically isolated, its population of under a 100,000 inhabitants has limited production and is continuously experiencing trade imbalances. Low production capacities and weak manufacturing industries have turned Seychelles into a net importer and this has exerted additional pressures on the already limited foreign exchanges reserve. Being a small open economy, Seychelles is a price taker in the global market and is subjected to most, if not all, of the disruptions that occasionally occur. It was therefore imperative for Seychelles to strategize on how to get out of that economically unhealthy situation. In the mid of the 1990s, the government set out to explore favorable trade agreements being undertaken by Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in the region. It was found that regional integration could address key problems. The expectations included cheaper imports from the region and securing the necessary raw materials to boost local production with the aim of further increasing exports back to the region. As a result, Seychelles made regional integration an important foreign policy objective and joined the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), an organization which has as its main objective the enhancement of economic prosperity through regional integration.
By that time Seychelles was already a member of the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC). A regional organization composed exclusively of islands and a key advocate for the specificities and vulnerabilities of SIDS. The objectives and programmes of the IOC were however not addressing the immediate needs of Seychelles since there was an absence of trade agreements among its member states and for Seychelles the focus is on Free Trade Area (FTA).
Being a fully-fledged member of a REC such as COMESA entails being party to a number of binding agreements, which provide the legal framework for cooperation in various areas. When signed and ratified these agreements are mechanisms for locking countries into one size fits all approaches to development. As a result of being geographically detached from mainland Africa and lacking in adequate infrastructure development proper trade in goods suffered.
One of the main challenges for Seychelles remains the fact that COMESA programmes are geared towards the achievement of a customs union . Theoretically, the two most important characteristics of a customs union are: the total or partial elimination of barriers between the members and the application of a Common External Tariff (CET). To date, 87% of Seychelles tariff lines are currently at zero and below COMESA s CET. Being a member of a customs union entails an increase in the price of goods and services and has a negative impact on the economy whilst also being an unpopular political move nationally. Hence the status quo is problematic and a re-thinking is required.
As it stands, there is no national strategy for regional integration in Seychelles and the following questions need to be considered:
? Are the commitments that Seychelles is making in COMESA aligned to its national policies?
? With the absence of a regional integration strategy and a National Development Plan (NDP), how does such a small country, prone to international shocks, ensure that its foreign policy address its needs? Is COMESA still the right REC for Seychelles?
With these three key questions we need to re-examine the significance of regional integration for Seychelles. It is imperative to ensure that regional integration is properly managed in order for it to contribute to the national goals. This calls for the right policies to facilitate the domestication of regional integration into national planning.<br>Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015.<br>Political Sciences<br>MA<br>Unrestricted
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Berg, Hanna. "“We survive or we sink together” : A Discursive Study of Argumentation by Small Island Developing States Leaders in a Climate Change Context." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432417.
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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discursive use of first person plural pronoun we through a discourse analysis of the variety of arguments by leaders of Pacific Island States in political debates, specifically within a climate change context. The research question is “How do political leaders of Pacific Island states make discursive use of the first person plural pronoun we in political debates in a climate change context?” By using a textual discourse analysis to study statements made by Pacific Island leaders at the UN Conference of the Parties, the investigation finds a wide variety of argumentation styles and pronominal choices. The main finding is how the word we is used in several ways, all of which carry political meaning, and the pronominal choice is found to depend on social context as well as the intention of the speaker. Political leaders utilize the pronoun we as a tool for political rhetoric, to argue both that the international community as a whole will face the negative consequences of climate change while also emphasizing the specific victim status of the islands. Several of the arguments found in the statements that were studied are centered on the vulnerable status of the SIDS (Small Island Developing States), emphasizing how they are severely affected by climate change. The essay demonstrates that the pronominal choices also have actual implications on the dynamics of the political arena. Primarily, the exclusive we isused to create a sense of division between groups, which encourages political mobilization. In addition, leaders are shown to make claims of a leadership role by using an exclusive we to create an image of the own nation as responsible, and opt for an inclusive we to create a feeling of shared responsibility globally.
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Aza, Ondine. "Enjeux et défis de la trajectoire de développement de deux petits États insulaires anglophones : étude comparée de Maurice et de Trinidad des origines à l’ère de l’économie de la connaissance." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA021/document.
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Dans un contexte qualifié d’ « économie du savoir », où la croissance de l’économie mondiale repose de plus en plus sur les activités intensives en connaissance, la thèse s’interroge sur la capacité de deux petits États insulaires en développement – Maurice et Trinidad – à s’adapter pour s'intégrer à cette dynamique. Ces anciennes colonies britanniques, membres du Commonwealth depuis leur accession à l'indépendance dans les années soixante, font état d’indicateurs de développement en constante progression et sont souvent considérées comme des modèles de réussite économique. La thèse étudie la mise en place des institutions dans ces pays et cherche à évaluer dans quelle mesure l’héritage de la période coloniale, à travers la trace qu'ils en conservent dans la période contemporaine, peut faciliter la transition de leurs économies vers les secteurs intensifs en savoir. Pour ce faire, elle retrace leur trajectoire de développement institutionnel et économique des origines jusqu’à nos jours et elle s’intéresse notamment aux mesures prises aujourd’hui pour doter le pays du cadre nécessaire à l’économie de la connaissance, en particulier à travers le rôle de l’enseignement supérieur en tant qu’outil fondamental pour former le capital humain. Tout en reconnaissant que certains des atouts dont disposent les deux pays pour s’engager dans ce processus avec succès peuvent être mis en relation avec leur passé colonial, la thèse approfondit l’hypothèse que leur transformation en économies de la connaissance risque aussi d'être entravée par des caractéristiques héritées de cette période et qui, des décennies après l'accession à l'indépendance, freinent une large diffusion de la connaissance au sein de leur population<br>At a time when economic growth is thought to be driven primarily by knowledge, the purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent two Small Island Developing States – Mauritius and Trinidad – are adequately equipped for this new economic context. As former British colonies, they both joined the Commonwealth upon gaining independence in the nineteen-sixties and they have since largely succeeded in overcoming their initially unfavourable conditions. Today, their good political, economic and social development is widely acknowledged. The main focus of this research is to evaluate how far colonial legacy, which is still visible in the contemporary institutions of both these states, can favour the transition they wish to undertake towards knowledge-intensive activities as drivers of economic growth. For this purpose, the research analyses the development trajectory followed by their institutions and their economy spanning the whole period of their colonial and post-independence history; additionally, this research considers the steps which are undertaken nowadays to build the framework required to foster a knowledge economy by studying more specifically the role of higher education as an essential tool for human capital formation. While upholding that some of the assets which could help them achieve their objectives can be linked to their colonial past, the research contends that the transformation of these two countries into knowledge-based economies could be hindered by the legacy of colonisation on some of their current features and which, decades after gaining independence, impedes the widespread diffusion of knowledge amongst their population
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Elvira, Boman. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for Intelligent Road Maintenance in Small Island Developing States Vulnerable to Climate Change : Using Artificial Intelligence to Adapt Communities to Climate Change." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-373502.
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The consequences of climate change are already noticeable in small island developing states. Road networks are crucial for a functioning society, and are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather, floods, landslides and other effects of climate change. Road systems in small island developing states are therefore in special need of climate adaptation efforts. Climate adaptation of road systems also has to be cost-efficient since these small island states have limited economical resources. Recent advances in deep reinforcement learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has proven that intelligent agents can achieve superhuman level at a number of tasks, setting hopes high for possible future applications of the algorithms. To investigate wether deep reinforcement learning is suitable for climate adaptation of road maintenance systems a simulator has been set up, together with three deep reinforcement learning agents, and two non-intelligent agents for performance comparisons. The results of the project indicate that deep reinforcement learning is suitable for use in intelligent road maintenance systems for climate adaptation in small island developing states.
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Shields, Ryan J. "Using Geospatial Tools to Assess Changes to Marine Ecosystems in Small Island Developing States Following Hurricane Disturbances: A Case Study of Dominica After Hurricane Maria." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8922.
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Seagrass meadows, like coral reefs, are in decline globally but are often neglected in marine policy and conservation despite their equally critical ecosystem services. Both habitats can be heavily impacted by wave surges, rainfall-induced earth movement and flooding, changes to water temperature, salinity, and acidity, and increased levels of turbidity—all occurring at increased rates due to a changing global climate. We demonstrate that multispectral satellite imagery, geospatial tools, and classification techniques can be used to inform management by identifying and quantifying changes in seagrass distribution and the presence of sediment-related threats. Results from Dominica indicate near-shore seagrass habitat area increased by 195.7 hectares between 2016 and 2019, suggesting a continued expansion of Halophila stipulacea. Further analysis showed 22.4 hectares of accreted coastal sediment and 1362.2 hectares of suspended sediment captured, placing 424.4 hectares of sensitive reef area at risk of experiencing tissue abrasion or reduced photosynthetic activity. Our methods can be used by marine resource managers and policy makers to inform decisions relating to fisheries production, emissions trading, disaster risk mitigation, and invasive species monitoring, facilitating sustainable growth in the blue economy.
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Henriksen, Helene Elvira Berg. "Big Goals - Small Island: Will Fiji achieve sustainable food security? : Comparing the plans and policies built by the Fijian government under the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353071.
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This thesis examines how global development goals affect Fijian plans and policy strategies to achieve food security. The concept of food security is vast and complex, as several development issues contribute to the difficulty in achieving such security. It is therefore relevant to look at some of the dominating and underlying causes that challenge the possibility for Fiji to achieve food security. Built on previous theoretical and empirical evidence, this thesis identifies poverty and vulnerability as two dominant causes that hinder food security on Fiji. However, other causes, both internal and external, are recognised. Global development goals such as the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals have highly influenced the strategies built within Fijian plans and policies. Millennium Development Goal 1 and 7, and Sustainable Development Goal 1 and 2, are of particular interest to this study, as the different goals target the issues of poverty, vulnerability and hunger. Although the different goals all target the underlying causes of food insecurity, this thesis finds that they differ in influencing a focus on achieving sustainable food security. Therefore, as the aspects of poverty, vulnerability and food security are highly intertwined, this thesis examines how strategies tackling poverty and vulnerability reduction have influenced strategies on food security on Fiji. By comparing the plans and policies built in consistency with the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals, it has been possible to analyse whether such global goals have had an influence on addressing the underlying causes of food security on Fiji. Using the method of structured focused comparison in combination with an in-depth text analysis, structured questions have been built in order to analyse the chosen materials. The analysis has been conducted using information from different national plans found to be of relevance to the purpose of this study. The results show that goals with greater focus on social and environmental vulnerability, as well as long-term targets to eradicate poverty, provide a greater success in influencing a focus on food security in Fijian plans and policies. However, additional factors such as political instability, climate change and globalization need to be integrated into further studies on the chosen subject, in order to provide a greater understanding of how to achieve food security in a Pacific Small Island Developing State such as Fiji.
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Ikram, Aishath. "Policy sovereignty : the role of endogenous policy formulation and policy autonomy in the survival of small island developing states in the global world : case study on the Maldives." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20879/.
Full textAbstract:
The world as we know it today, is not only made up of the various countries and the populations who live in them, but also consists of systems, rules and regulations not just at the national level, but at a global scale as well. While some of these global systems, concepts and regulations bring many folds of benefits to those countries who can access them, there are those who are left behind, forever reaching out but not quite reaching it. These would be the smaller states, who remain disadvantaged from their geolocation to their socioeconomics within which they struggle to survive. Although the sovereign state is very much a real concept, on the economic and political front, the ‘bigger’ countries transcend their geographic boundaries through their economic and political institutions, and systems. And although for these countries the world is becoming a smaller place, for the smaller countries the world is becoming a bigger place, with a multitude of economic and political actors who make rules, regulations and legislations by which the smaller countries have to abide, and hence, the question needs to be asked as to how the smaller countries would survive in the ever increasing globalisation of the world. One of the main arenas within a country that can sculpt the way in which it acts and reacts in the global system is its policy arena, where the policies the country adopts, or can adopt, impacts not just the survival in the global world, but lay the foundations to compete in it. In this respect, this thesis takes a new outlook on the old concept of policy formulation and implementation by the country’s own people, to address their ground reality, through the concept of ‘policy sovereignty’ such that smaller states can address their many policy issues that remain overlooked by the global system.
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Sundman, Anna. "Between-ness, A community center : Building within an indigenous framework, Niubasaga village, Fiji islands." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34770.
Full textAbstract:
With the advancing issues relating to climate change, Fiji amongst other islands are in need of development to address these issues quickly. However, development must also relate to the socio-cultural aspects and avoid pacifying communities in their development. This project address these issues for a rural village in Fiji, proposing a design relevant to the indigenous community as well as a work process for developers.
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Frampton, Anthony. "Cross-Border Film Production: The Neoliberal Recolonization of an Exotic Island by Hollywood Pirates." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1394999350.
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Sterley, Anna, and Daniel Thörnkvist. "The feasibility of using macroalgae from anaerobic digestion as fertilizer in Grenada : A literature study of the potential use of residue as fertilizer in Grenada, and a complementary laboratory study to evaluate the biogas potential." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284111.
Full textAbstract:
Coastal areas in Grenada and the Caribbean are experiencing an abundance of stranded macroalgae. Climate change and eutrophication are probable causes of this inconvenience. This leads to logistic and economic dilemmas for the Caribbean societies. Research of methods to benefit from the algal bloom is therefore valuable for a sustainable future in these countries. Studies of biogas and fertilizer production are initiated around the world, but a large scale production is absent. Therefore, this thesis scrutinize the requirements for producing biofertilizer from biogas by examine the content of macroalgae and the conditions in Grenada. To achieve this, a literature study and a miniature biogas experiment were conducted. Grenada would presumably benefit from substituting synthetic fertilizer with biofertilizer from macroalgae utilized in biogas production. The positive aspects includes the recirculation of nutrients, development of renewable energy and autonomous fertilizer production. Further research of the definite macroalgae content is essential to determine the exact extent and conditions of the fertilizer utilization.<br>Kustområden i Grenada och Karibien är drabbat av större mängder strandade makroalger. Klimatförändringar och övergödning är de huvudsakliga orsakerna till denna olägenhet. Detta leder till logistiska och ekonomiska problem för samhällen i Karibien. Det är därför av värde att forska på metoder för att försöka nyttja algblomningen, för en hållbar framtid i dessa länder. Studier på biogasproduktion och gödselmedelstillverkning av makroalger har utvecklats på senare tid, men en storskalig produktion är fortfarande frånvarande. Därför ska denna avhandling granska kriterierna för att använda biogödsel från biogasproduktion genom att undersöka makroalgernas innehåll, och Grenadas förutsättningar för att genomföra detta. För att uppnå detta så har en litteraturstudie och ett mindre biogasexperiment genomförts. Grenada skulle förmodligen dra fördel av att byta ut syntetiskt gödningsmedel med biogödningsmedel från biogasproduktion med makroalger. De positiva aspekterna av detta är recirkulationen av näringsämnen, etablering av förnyelsebara energikällor, samt självständig gödselproduktion. Vidare forskning på det exakta innehållet i makroalger är väsentligt för att kunna bestämma utsträckningen och förhållandena för gödselmedelsanvändningen.
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Sousa, Maria das Neves Ceita Batista de. "“São Tomé e Príncipe como um Gateway Regional” Estratégia para um Desenvolvimento Sustentável." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Ciências Sociais e Políticas, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14424.
Full textAbstract:
Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Sociais - especialidade de Desenvolvimento Socioeconómico<br>O presente estudo visa essencialmente analisar as potencialidades de São Tomé e Príncipe
para servir como um Gateway Regional. Seguindo a metodologia de estudo de caso,
pretendemos compreender e demonstrar que este arquipélago possui potencialidades que,
bem exploradas, poderão contribuir para garantir o seu desenvolvimento sustentável
tomando, no contexto dos investimentos a serem feitos, o turismo e a prestação de serviços
como fatores centrais. A autora parte do pressuposto de que as potencialidades que este
país oferece podem contribuir para a sua transformação num Gateway Regional, o que
permitirá ao mesmo iniciar um novo ciclo económico a partir da alavancagem de uma
economia que assente gradualmente na prestação de serviços. Trata-se de um grande
desafio que só será possível com a implementação de projetos estruturantes no domínio
das infraestruturas e com uma política fiscal capaz de garantir a competitividade externa
do país.
Este desempenho económico explica-se basicamente através de fatores geopolítico,
geoestratégico e geoeconómico que acabam por dotar o país de um conjunto de vantagens
competitivas. O estudo considera ainda que a constante instabilidade político-governativa
tem também contribuído para bloquear o seu processo de desenvolvimento, pelo que
considera imperiosa a necessidade de se gerarem consensos em torno deste grande desafio,
bem como a garantia de estabilidade governativa como elemento essencial para promover
o desenvolvimento sustentável deste arquipélago. Após aturada análise, constatamos que este
país tem potencialidades para se transformar num Gateway Regional, assente na otimização de
fatores tais como a sua posição geoestratégica no Golfo da Guiné, o regime político democrático, a
vocação para prestação de serviços de logística de transportes aéreos e marítimos, serviços de
zonas francas, turismo, e a economia do mar, tendo como base de sustentação um forte
investimento nas infraestruturas e a adoção de uma adequada política fiscal capaz de garantir a
competitividade externa do país. Apresentamos algumas ideias-chave para uma opção estratégica
de desenvolvimento sustentável baseada no potencial de Gateway Regional, deixando de igual
modo algumas pistas para trabalhos futuros.<br>This study is basically aimed at analyzing whether Sao Tome and Principe can serve as a
Regional Gateway. Subsequently, based on a case study methodology, our intention is to
discuss Sao Tome and Principe potential to engage on a process of sustainable
development, services based namely tourism and fiscal facilities featuring as central
factors in the context of future investments. We argue that Sao Tome and Principe carries a
set of endogenous conditions that, if properly articulated, may redesign a context that
transforms this archipelago into a Regional Gateway, which will allow the country to start
a new economic cycle based on increasing service provision. This is a challenge that will
only be possible with the implementation of structuring projects on infrastructure and
fiscal policy, capable of guaranteeing peripheral competitiveness.
This economic performance is explained primarily by geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomics’
factors that ultimately provide the country with a set of comparative
advantages. The study also takes into consideration the need to tackle permanent
governmental instability, which has contributed to wedge the country's development
process. Therefore, we emphasize an urgent need to build consensus around
this extraordinary challenge as well as need to provide for the governmental stability as an
essential element to promote sustainable development. After an in-depth scrutiny we
conclude that the country evidences the capability of becoming a Regional Gateway,
provided that some basic conditions are met: the optimization of factors such as the
geostrategic position of the country in the Gulf of Guinea; the democratic political regime;
the aptitude to provide services, air and sea transport logistics; free zones services, tourism
and the economy of the sea; a strong investment in the infrastructures; implementation of
an adequate fiscal policy, capable of guaranteeing the external competitiveness of the
country. Finally, we introduce some key ideas for a strategic choice of sustainable
development based on the condition of Regional Gateway.<br>N/A
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Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Full textAbstract:
La sécurité alimentaire, qui est la garantie de l’approvisionnement et de la qualité des aliments tout en gérant les ressources de manière durable, est intrinsèquement liée à la connaissance de la biologie et l’écologie des espèces consommées. Dans un contexte de dérèglement climatique menaçant la salubrité des produits de la mer, il est donc nécessaire d’établir un référentiel sur le fonctionnement des systèmes marins, ainsi que sur l’occurrence des nutriments et des contaminants dans les produits de la mer. C’est d’autant plus important pour les Petits Etats Insulaires en Développement (PEID), qui dépendent des ressources marines pour leur subsistance, et où les produits de la pêche sont la première source de protéines et micronutriments (éléments traces essentiels) pour les populations locales. Malgré l’importance des systèmes tropicaux pour la sécurité alimentaire, ces systèmes sont peu étudiés comparés aux systèmes polaires et tempérés. Cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre le fonctionnement des systèmes marins tropicaux, et à établir un référentiel sur l’occurrence des micronutriments et des contaminants métalliques dans les produits de la pêche aux Seychelles (Océan Indien), un PEID tropical. En étudiant les concentrations en éléments traces aux niveaux inter- et intraspécifique, nous avons identifié différents facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques influençant la bioaccumulation de ces éléments dans les ressources marines tropicales. Nous avons aussi montré l’importance de considérer différentes échelles (individu, espèce et écosystème) pour mieux comprendre l’occurrence des éléments traces essentiels et non-essentiels dans les produits de la mer<br>Food security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
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Smit, Emily. "Biodiesel Energy in Small Island Developing States: Addressing Challenges to Development." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5260.
Full textAbstract:
Petroleum-based fuel dominates the global energy system despite the fact that this resource is diminishing. Additionally, Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face a number of challenges to development such as resource scarcity, locational isolation, and uneven development. These challenges make it difficult for these nations to compete in the global market for fuel. Incidentally, biodiesel, made from waste cooking oil, can be used in automotive diesel engines or diesel generators for electricity. Currently, these two areas: development in SIDS and biodiesel, are separate topics in the literature and a relationship between the two has yet to be developed.
This research will describe how a biodiesel-based energy system can address some of the challenges to development faced by SIDS. One such system in Barbados is used as a case study. Informal interviews and participant observation reveal the benefits and challenges of setting up and maintaining a biodiesel energy system. Also, the potential to scale-up the biodiesel energy system to the national level is assessed. An evaluation framework, derived from the literature, is used to rate the success factors of the existing biodiesel operation and as well as the steps required for scaling up.
The results of this study prove the numerous and interconnecting benefits of a biodiesel-based energy system. Biodiesel produced on the island using locally-generated waste cooking oil creates a new local resource, addressing the challenge of resource scarcity, and reduces the demand for imported petroleum-based diesel. The biodiesel system addresses the issue of uneven development by connecting different communities across the island through public participation. However, funding difficulties in the biodiesel operation arose after a change of ownership. This made obtaining methanol, an ingredient in biodiesel production, problematic and ultimately halted production.
Based on the findings, it is recommended that community biodiesel-based energy systems include the use of a locally-produced alcohol as a substitute for methanol. Also, operations should be scale-up through decentralization in order to keep equipment costs down and better address the challenge of uneven development faced by SIDS. With proper management and sufficient funding and community support, a biodiesel-based energy system is able to contribute to sustainable development in light of the unique situation present in SIDS.
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Robinson, Stacy-ann. "Climate change adaptation in small island developing states." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118235.
Full textAbstract:
The impacts of climate change are already being experienced by the most vulnerable countries around the world, particularly small island developing states (SIDS). Many SIDS are isolated, and environmentally and economically exposed. Together, these 58 countries constitute a uniquely vulnerable grouping of developing countries whose national governments are prioritising climate change adaptation in order to ensure their sustainable development. In spite of the importance and urgency of adaptation for SIDS, there is little evidence in the academic literature about how these countries, as a whole and spread across the Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea, Caribbean and Pacific regions, are adapting to climate change. This thesis helps to fill this gap. Prepared as a compilation of academic papers accepted for publication in leading peer-reviewed journals, this thesis takes a meta-paradigmatic, research-led, mixed methods, comparative case study approach to answering two primary questions—How are SIDS adapting to climate change at the national level? and What are the factors that affect adaptation at the national level in SIDS? There are eight sub-questions associated with the second primary question. These were derived from the answers to the first primary question. They explore the trends in and determinants of international adaptation financing to SIDS; the effectiveness of regional organisations coordinating adaptation responses across SIDS; the drivers of and barriers to mainstreaming adaptation into national development policies and programs in SIDS; and the nature and potential range of adaptation limits in SIDS. Key findings of this research include that: (1) SIDS are primarily engaged in the observation and assessment of climate variables and in education and knowledge management activities but less so in actual implementation, and monitoring and evaluation; (2) the allocation and sources of adaptation financing to SIDS are highly skewed and that governance quality is a strong determinant of adaptation financing to SIDS; (3) regional organisations are least effective in relation to their implementation and management of regional adaptation projects and programs across SIDS; (4) institutions and organisations, ‘champions’, personalities and informal networks, and risk and exposure are the main drivers of adaptation mainstreaming in SIDS; competing development priorities, poor planning and governance, and insufficient manpower and human resources are the main barriers; and (5) institutional constraints, as opposed to physical and ecological constraints, are potentially stronger drivers of adaptation limits in SIDS. This thesis makes a number of important contributions to the academic literature. These include: (1) offering one of the first cross-regional analyses of adaptation in SIDS; (2) documenting the experience of SIDS with accessing adaptation financing; (3) developing a framework for assessing the effectiveness of regional organisations coordinating adaptation in SIDS, which organisations can apply themselves; and (4) developing a seven-step process for practically achieving adaptation mainstreaming in SIDS. This body of work is especially useful for national governments, regional and international organisations as well as other actors involved in national-level climate change adaptation in SIDS—it highlights gaps in adaptation action requiring their attention.
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Jeyacheya, Julia, and M. P. Hampton. "Dive tourism and the entrepreneurial process in the Perhentian Islands." 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/10404.
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Yes<br>This chapter is an output from the PMI2 Project funded by the UK Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) for the benefit of the Malaysian Higher Education Sector and the UK Higher Education Sector. Any views expressed are not necessarily those of BIS, nor British Council.
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Poças, Francisco Luís de Figueiredo Alves dos Reis. "Sustainable development in small islands developing states: public-private cooperation in the case of Principe island." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/14109.
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The thesis offers a general overview of the recent developments observed in terms of
sustainable development in Príncipe Island, autonomous region from São Tomé and Príncipe,
mainly promoted by foreign direct investment aligned with Principe’s regional governance.
Then it describes the most important players in the regional economy and their role on it -
mainly multinationals that are investing in touristic and agriculture projects in the region,
with focus on Here Be Dragons (HBD) company, which employs more people than the
regional government. The research evaluates the public and private governance towards
sustainability. Finally this research suggests good strategies for corporate governance towards
sustainable development held by local regional government, central government of São Tomé
and Príncipe and multinationals, over Tourism sector, mainly.<br>O projecto de dissertação reúne informação geral do desenvolvimento sustentável que se
observa na ilha do Príncipe, região autónoma de São Tomé e Príncipe, principalmente
promovido por investimento directo estrangeiro alinhado com o governo local, regional. O
documento descreve o desenvolvimento do ambiente económico e social na região, dos
intervenientes mais importantes na sociedade e o seu papel - nomeadamente empresas
internacionais que pretendem investir em projectos turísticos e agrícolas. Destaque para a
Here Be Dragons (HBD), que é já a empresa privada maior empregadora de São Tomé e
Príncipe. O estudo avalia a governança, regional estatal e privada , no sentido da gestão do
sustentabilidade. Finalmente, o estudo sugere estratégias governamentais para a gestão do
desenvolvimento sustentável, apoiado no investimento directo estrangeiro por parte de
multinacionais com interesses no sector do turismo, principalmente.
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Cardoso, Maria Manuela lemos e. Castro. "Importância da criação de infra-estruturas e da formação de recursos humanos no desenvolvimento: Os casos de Cabo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/642.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho procurou ser uma análise da importância das infra-estruturas e da formação de recursos humanos no desenvolvimento dos Pequenos Estados Insulares em Desenvolvimento. Sendo países com especificidades muito próprias que lhes conferem também níveis diferentes de vulnerabilidade, o estudo empírico procurou mostrar que, no caso de Cabo Verde e de São Tomé e Príncipe, o investimento na criação de infra-estruturas, quando associado à prestação de serviços de qualidade, pode ser directamente gerador de valor, induzir outros investimentos ou criar condições sociais para o desenvolvimento. Também a formação de recursos humanos pode, através da implementação de sistemas educativos de qualidade, ser geradora de desenvolvimento ao criar cidadãos social e politicamente activos, potenciadora da atracção de investimentos produtivos ou da prestação de serviços de maior valor acrescentado.
Nesta análise, as componentes do IDH serviram de linha orientadora, embora outras de carácter qualitativo tivessem servido para colmatar falhas que uma análise quantitativa sempre apresenta ou para chegar a algumas conclusões quando não foi possível quantificar investimentos ou indicadores de desenvolvimento.
Esta análise suportou-se num quadro teórico que não pôde deixar de tocar conceitos de desenvolvimento e de infra-estrutura, este ultimo ainda não suficientemente consolidado, mas também a diferente importância que tem sido conferida à formação de recursos humanos no processo de desenvolvimento. Foi também feita referência à problemática dos SIDS, pelo facto de Cabo Verde e São Tomé e Príncipe integrarem esse grupo de países, e ao papel que a cooperação internacional pode desempenhar no financiamento de programas de desenvolvimento.<br>This work has searched to be an analysis of the importance of infrastructures and human resources in the development of the Small Island Developing States.
Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe are both countries with specifications of their onw which also give them completely different vulnerability levels. The empirical study has proved to demonstrate that, in the case of Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe, the investment in the creation of infrastructures, when associated with the delivery of quality services, can be directly a generator of value, lead to other investments or create social conditions to the development. The training of the human resources can also be a generator of development, through the implementation of quality educational systems, creating politically and socially active citizens, as well as attracting productive investments or delivery of higher added value services.
In this analysis, the HDI components served as a guideline, although others of qualitative character have served as a guideline, although others of qualitative character have served to cover the flaws that a quantitative analysis always presents or to come to some conclusions whenever it has not been possible to quantify investments or development indicators.
This analysis has based itself on a theoretical picture which could not help focussing on the development and infrastructures concepts, the latter not yet sufficiently consolidated, but also the different importance that has been given to the training of human resources in the development process. It has also been made a reference to the SIDS issue, since Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe integrate that group of countries, and to the role that the international cooperation and specifically the ODA can play in the financing of the development programs.
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Dornan, Matthew. "Renewable technologies for energy security: institutions and investment in Fiji's electricity sector." Phd thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/10298.
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Renewable energy technologies have been advocated in Fiji's electricity sector on the basis that they improve energy security and serve as a risk-mitigation measure against oil price increases. This follows a decade of significant oil price volatility and historically high oil prices, which negatively affected the oil-dependent electricity sector in Fiji and other Small Island Developing States in the Pacific. This dissertation examines the extent to which renewable technologies can improve energy security in the electricity grid and in rural off-grid areas of Fiji. The main contributions from the research are a novel empirical analysis of generation cost-risk in the electricity grid; an analysis of institutions governing power sector investment; a survey, interview and focus group-based analysis of rural electricity supply; and an evaluation of implications of the research findings for policy.
In Fiji's electricity grid, threats to energy security are primarily the result of increased generation costs and their impact on electricity prices. Risk is therefore financial. In this thesis, it is assessed using portfolio theory. Detailed data on costs and variability is fed into a stochastic portfolio model, which is developed to analyse the impact of renewable technologies on generation costs and financial risk in Fiji's electricity grid looking forward to 2025. The analysis demonstrates that renewable technologies can be expected to significantly improve the security of electricity supply through diversification, as the cost streams of renewable technologies are neither correlated with those of oil-based power generation, nor strongly correlated with each other. Importantly, investment in hydro, geothermal, biomass and bagasse-based power generation is found to lower expected average generation costs in the electricity grid. The implementation of energy efficiency measures also lowers generation costs and risk in the electricity grid.
Renewable technology investment that is forecast in Fiji's electricity grid is found to fall short of what would be desirable based on the analysis, despite being significant. This investment deficit can be explained by institutional arrangements in the power sector. The research shows that barriers to investment in renewable technologies include political uncertainty, lack of available finance, and historically low feed-in and retail tariff rates. Regulatory reform now occurring is found to be promising in this regard, and is likely to attract increased investment in renewable technologies. Continuing political uncertainty nonetheless remains a barrier to investment, given the regulatory risk it entails.
In rural off-grid areas of Fiji, energy security needs to be understood differently, with fuels such as kerosene commonly used as substitutes for electricity in the provision of services. This dissertation examines energy security and power generation in four rural communities in Vanua Levu (in northern Fiji), where there is widespread use of village diesel generators and household solar photovoltaic systems installed under government rural electrification programs. A survey, interviews and focus group discussions conducted for this dissertation show that un-electrified households were disproportionately impacted by oil price volatility in recent years, due to their reliance on fossil fuels. Power outages in electrified households were also found to be common. For village diesel systems, collective responsibility for financing fuel and maintenance is problematic. Informal norms and governance arrangements at the village level only partially resolve these issues. Solar photovoltaic systems in these communities also commonly perform poorly, primarily as a result of inadequate arrangements for maintenance established by government. A number of policy implications are identified in the dissertation. Forecast renewable technology investments in the electricity grid are worthwhile in light of their financial and risk mitigation benefits. Regulatory reform now underway and high retail and feed-in tariff rates already in place are facilitating such investment. Policy measures that could further encourage investment in renewable technologies include those designed to strengthen political and regulatory certainty; improve access to finance, land, and renewable energy resources; reform the sugar industry; and support research on renewable energy resources. Mechanisms designed to encourage the use of energy efficiency technologies should also be adopted. In rural off-grid areas, there are strong financial and social benefits from electricity provision, but reform of rural electrification programs is needed.
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Batten, Aaron. "Aid effectiveness in the small island developing states of the South Pacific." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148450.
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Campbell, Alrick Khourie. "Oil and Electricity in Small Island Developing States: Unmasking the Risks and Opportunities." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/116907.
Full textAbstract:
In the first study of this thesis, I analyse the effects of oil
price and global demand shocks on Small Island Developing States
(SIDS). To do this, I employ a global vector autoregression
(GVAR) framework for 26 SIDS using annual data over the period
1980 to 2015. A key innovation associated with this research is
the use of remittance weights to capture the close financial
linkages between SIDS and advanced economies such as the United
States. I find negligible negative effects on economic growth in
SIDS on average from a negative oil price shock, though each
country reacts differently. In terms of a negative demand shock
to US GDP, SIDS appear vulnerable with a marginal positive effect
observed for the Pacific while small negative effects emerge for
the Caribbean; Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South
China Sea (AIMS); and SIDS as a whole.
Since oil prices influence electricity prices, the second study
looks at how electricity prices influence consumer behaviour in a
particular country, using Jamaica as an example. To analyse how
consumers respond to prices, I use the autoregressive
distributive lag bounds testing approach to cointegration to
obtain long-run elasticity estimates covering the period 1970 to
2014. The analysis focuses on aggregate electricity demand and
three categories of consumers: residential, commercial, and
industrial. The findings suggest that residential and industrial
consumers are most responsive to price changes with long-run
price elasticities of demand of –0.82 and –0.25,
respectively. Price-based approaches are likely to be more
successful in slowing electricity demand growth in these
sectors.
We can use demand elasticities to analyse the behaviour of
alternative electricity pricing schemes under different
scenarios. Using Jamaica as a case study in the third study, my
analysis confirms that in contrast to a price cap plan that uses
Ramsey quantity weights, prices under a revenue cap increase as
demand in a particular market becomes more elastic relative to
the others. In this specific setting, a revenue cap does
encourage energy conservation through reductions in electricity
use, but this is less likely when marginal cost is very large in
the more elastic market relative to other markets. In contrast to
a price cap plan, these overall results show that revenue cap
schemes are welfare-reducing.
To analyse the efficiency of electricity sectors in SIDS, I apply
a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to a sample of
32 electricity distribution utilities operating in the Caribbean
and Pacific regions. Using 2010 data for three inputs and one
output, the overall results show that six utilities are on the
efficiency frontier and utilities in the Caribbean are
significantly more efficient than those in the Pacific region. I
also do not find any statistically significant evidence that the
efficiency of utilities is positively related to population
density and inversely related to criminality. Notwithstanding the
paucity of publicly available data, these results advance the
idea that utility benchmarking is possible and can be used to set
feasible efficiency targets for electricity networks in SIDS.
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Pill, Melanie. "Financing loss and damage from climate change impacts in Small Island Developing States." Phd thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/258485.
Full textAbstract:
Loss and damage (L&D) from anthropogenic climate change was for the first time formally recognised under the United Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in the Paris Agreement under Article 8. However, fearing legal ramifications by developed countries, any liability and compensation as well as any mandate for funding was explicitly excluded. Therefore, this thesis explores ways to mobilise, distribute and administer funds for L&D from climate change impacts under the UNFCCC, focusing on Small Island Developing States. Semi-structured interviews, participant observation, expert elicitation, case study approach and review methods such as systematic literature and desktop reviews are used to triangulate data and assess financing options. A potential financial mechanism is identified that is pragmatic, people-centered and can be incorporated into existing UNFCCC structures. The thesis commences by analysing existing available tools and their suitability to address L&D. Insurance pools are examined which are part of comprehensive risk management and insure developing countries against natural disasters. The analysis showed that insurance schemes need to remain in place but fail to address aspects of equity and are unsuitable for long-term recovery, slow-onset events (SOE), human mobility and non-economic losses (NELs). Strengths of insurance schemes are the capability to provide a fast cash flow to address the most basic needs after sudden-onset events. Another existing funding arrangement that was explored is the Green Climate Fund (GCF). Its relevance was derived from a data set of responses by 43 global semi-structured interviews with L&D practitioners from the UNFCCC, Executive Committee members of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, government representatives, negotiators, NGOs and think tanks. As L&D is currently not included as a funding stream, an analysis of the Governing Instrument (GI) and the Investment Framework (IF) of the GCF was performed. It showed that the inclusion of L&D is possible through post-disaster applications for rehabilitation efforts. The design of the European Union's Solidarity Fund was used to propose new funding criteria and an application procedure to respond to L&D. A full application for the aftermath of the destruction in the Bahamas by Hurricane Dorian was developed. The thesis then moves on to analyse whether planned relocation is an adaptation response to climate change impacts or has to be considered L&D due to NELs. A tool for practitioners is developed to assess planned relocation projects against to ensure the move is an adaptive response as much as possible. NELs also occur from ad-hoc relocation and natural disasters. To identify these losses and appropriate response measures, 26 semi-structured interviews with residents from Dominica and Antigua and Barbuda were conducted and asked about their NELs after hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated their islands in 2019. I found that the definitions of NELs under the UNFCCC require adjustment to cater for the needs of residents. To finance NELs from SOE, a unique proposal is put forward that engages philanthropic organisations to channel finance into a fund, such as the GCF. The final part of the thesis presents necessary funding components and levers for fund mobilisation based on the global data set. The thesis concludes by distilling the results of all chapters into one comprehensive funding mechanism to finance all aspects of L&D. I found that interviewees: want L&D "addressed" and not just "averted and minimised"; consider that compensation is impractical; and that the Polluter Pays Principle should be used for fund mobilisation. By drawing on comprehensive empirical data sets and numerous research methods and has therefore the potential to overcome the politicisation and sensitive nature of L&D finance in international climate change negotiations.
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Ofa, Siope Vakataki. "Telecommunications regulatory reform in small island developing states : the impact of WTO's telecommunication commitment." Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150663.
Full textAbstract:
Why does the government of one small island developing state produce credible telecommunications reform policies while another cannot? While telecommunications reform (competition, privatization and establishment of an independent regulator) is found to enhance the sector's performance and eventual economic growth in developing countries, it is not clear why several small island developing state governments have hindered, amended or reversed pre-announced telecommunications reform policies. The credibility of telecommunications reform therefore demands an in-depth examination, in particular, to examine the impact of the multilateral trade agreement (World Trade Organization, WTO), bilateral investment treaties and independent regulators on the credibility of domestic telecommunications reform in small island developing states. A mixed-method research design was adopted through comparative case study analyses of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. Sixty-four semistructured interviews of key telecommunications stakeholders were conducted in the capital city of each case study from June to December 2008. Further, multiple regression analyses based on a panel data of 160 developing countries (including 26 small island developing states) covering the period 1995-2006 were undertaken to triangulate the evidence from the fieldwork. Contrary to conventional findings from the telecommunications and bilateral investment treaty literatures in developing countries, the research found that the establishment of an independent regulator and signatory to Bilateral Investment Treaties instills less pronounced credibility for telecommunications reform in small island developing states, while WTO telecommunications commitment instill stronger credibility. The recent telecommunications reform in the Pacific showed the vulnerability of independent regulators to regulatory capture. The main findings of the research emphasize the importance of considering the disadvantages of smallness when adopting the successful telecommunications policy experiences from larger developing economies into the context of a small island developing state.
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Greaves, Geneille Emekia, and 吉內兒. "On Water Augmentation Strategies for Small Island Developing States: Case Study of Bequia, St. Vincent." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84585044496901446520.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>國際環境永續發展碩士在職專班國際專班<br>100<br>The strain on water resources is escalating owing to burgeoning global population, globalization and climate change; all of which acts synergistically to impel the urgency of sustainable water resource management. With limited landmasses, which do not allow for extensive surface water bodies or for large underground water storage, water scarcity and stress is more profound for small island developing states (SIDS). Bequia Island exhibits many features common to small coastal communities that reflect their fragile and challenged water sector. Bequia has no surface water reserves, limited groundwater resources and a climatic regime which results in seasonal water shortages and drought like conditions. The island rely almost exclusively on rainwater harvesting, however, increasing intensity and frequency of this drought like condition acts as an impediment to the continued utilization of rainwater as the primary source of supply. The diminutive size of Bequia means that sustainable socio-economic development and water resources are interdependent, further highlighting the exigent need to identify early feasible water augmentation strategies.
Conforming to the ideologies of integrated water resource management, this study develops a methodological framework to select a feasible water augmentation strategy for Bequia, and one that can be applicable to the context of various small islands. The research first employed multi-criteria decision making with emphasis on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a prioritization model to rank a set of non-conventional sources such as submarine pipelines, desalination, dual distribution system and a government cistern project, under the evaluation criteria of economic expediency, social acceptance, environmental integrity, reliability and technical propensity. The preferred alternative was then subjected to an economic assessment where the financial viability was evaluated by calculating the levelized water cost (LWC) to test the competitiveness of the water resource. Finally, the research maps the social desirability of the community through a survey by eliciting the likelihood of success of different strategies as well as society’s ideologies of criteria selection for selecting a water project.
The environment has been credited a very high value in project selection for Bequia. In the AHP analysis, stakeholders awarded the environmental criterion precedence with a weighing of 37.4% while 30% the community specified their preference for this criterion, second to the economic criterion of only 41%. Desalination was selected as the most suitable alternative to augment the water supply from the AHP analysis, owing to its dominance in the reliability criterion, and as 74% of the community conveyed support for desalination, the chance of success for this strategy is improved. A calculated LWC of US $2.87 per cubic meter indicates that this strategy can be cost competitive. Further economic assessment indicates that there are additional benefits to be derived such as: improved access to water resulting in improvement in water related socio-economic standards and sufficient availability for consumption. Although desalination is widely accepted among the community, careful consideration must be given in implementing this cost and energy demanding strategy given the history of self-supply water on the island. The prospect of mitigating water scarcity and its socio-economic challenges by venture of a water market is realistic for Bequia as 58% of the community articulated their support for a regulated water supply network.
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Lee, Donna, M. P. Hampton, and Julia Jeyacheya. "The political economy of precarious work in the tourism industry in small island developing states." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7192.
Full textAbstract:
yes<br>International tourism is now the predominant industry driving growth in many small island developing states (SIDS). Governments of small islands in the Indian Ocean, Caribbean and Pacific have seemingly put most of their eggs into one development basket – the all-inclusive holiday in a luxury hotel, resort or cruise ship. While this industry generates employment, foreign direct investment, and income for island governments and the private sector, it also brings with it dependencies which are borne from the transnational ownership of these all-inclusive accommodations, the risks from exogenous factors – many of which are tied to the wider security of the global system – as well as the domestic economies in the source markets in Europe and North America. We reflect upon these dependencies and risks through a case study of the Seychelles based on fieldwork research conducted in 2012. Our findings highlight that the international tourism industry in the Seychelles – even in a situation of high or growing demand – creates structurally driven precarity for tourism workers who are predominantly low paid, low-skilled, and increasingly recruited from overseas. These findings provide new evidence that contributes to the growing research into tourism in IPE. Our findings highlight the precarious condition of labour in this fast growing service sector of the world economy and in so doing also adds much needed empirical insights from the South to recent debates about an emerging precariat in contemporary capitalism.
50
Mandinga, Ciasmy Amaral Vera Cruz. "The effect of corporate income tax rate on foreign direct investment in small island developing states." Master's thesis, 2015. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/79848.
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