Academic literature on the topic 'Small libraries – United States – Administration'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Augenbraum, Harold. "NEW YORK’S OLDEST PUBLIC LIBRARIES." RBM: A Journal of Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Cultural Heritage 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2000): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rbm.1.2.188.
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In the nineteenth century, before the proliferation of tax‐supported libraries in the United States, the subscription library filled the reading needs of many people in the country. Now little known outside a small group of library historians and current members of these institutions, many subscription libraries flourished in the 1800s, but by the twentieth century most had disappeared, victims of lack of funds, lack of interest, or mismanagement. Called membership libraries today, only sixteen subscription libraries are left in the United States. They continue to provide services and care for historic collections, filling a need in various cultural and social . . .
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Yallapragada, RamMohan R., and Mohammad Bhuiyan. "Small Business Entrepreneurships In The United States." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 27, no. 6 (October 27, 2011): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v27i6.6470.
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A small business entrepreneur is defined as an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. Small businesses constitute an increasingly large proportion of businesses generally in the United States economy. They account for 39 per cent of the United States gross national product and create two out of every three new jobs in our economy. Seven important prerequisites are identified as being necessary for successfully operating a small business. These include adequate financing, qualified personnel, efficient operation and production, marketing and sales, customer service, information management and administration. One of the most significant contributors to failure of a small business relates to acquisition of adequate capital. Small Business Administration (SBA) was established by Federal Government in 1953 to provide low interest loans to small business borrowers that would not otherwise have access to credit. However, there is some criticism that these SBA programs unfairly benefit, not the small businesses, but the financial institutions that participate in the SBA loan programs. Another significant source of debt financing to small businesses is known as micro-financing, started as new wave in providing capital to small businesses by the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Muhammad Yunus, in Bangladesh.
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Kim, Younhee. "Capstone experiences in small MPA programs in the United States." Teaching Public Administration 35, no. 2 (November 28, 2016): 141–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144739416679874.
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A capstone experience, as an exit degree requirement, allows Master of Public Administration (MPA) students to build quasi-experimental practices by applying learned knowledge and skills throughout their curriculum in the United States. Accredited MPA programs have implemented their capstone courses differently to achieve required standards. Small programs have faced more challenges in organizational capacities than big programs. Although no consensus on standard capstone course components has been made, this study intends to discuss feasible capstone formats for small programs by reviewing the relatively small accredited MPA programs. The majority of the comparable programs have adopted the professional paper model with different course structures. In response to the program reviews and the pilot experience, three components are suggested to redesign a capstone course for small programs: faculty-directed; group-based; and project-focused. The capstone pilot experience has confirmed that ownership by the involvement of many faculty and external inputs in designing the course is critical to implement successful capstone experiences for small programs.
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Savitskaya, Tatiana E. "Partnership of Digital Libraries Hathi Trust Digital Library: the New Mode of Cooperation." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 67, no. 1 (April 22, 2018): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2018-67-1-83-90.
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There is analysed the activities of digital libraries partnership Hathi Trust Digital Library (HTDL), arose in October 2008 in the United States as a collaborative repository of digital collections of library systems of 13 universities in the U.S. Middle West and digital collections of 11 universities in California (now numbering 124 libraries). In the United States — the leader of IT-technologies — has been accumulated the vast experience in the field of organization of electronic resources, carried out a large-scale reorganization of library industry, the results of which are not sufficiently covered in the domestic library science. For the first time, the Russian library community is invited to learn the specific experience of the formation and operation of the partnership of digital libraries HTDL, based on the principle of institutional cooperation and coordination of management solutions in the conservation and maintenance of electronic collections.The main tasks of the distributed data warehouse belonging to the partnership group of large research libraries are: providing access to the digital collection first of all for collective users, libraries — co-founders; preservation of intellectual heritage through reliable and accessible electronic representation, improvement of open technological infrastructure. The HTML concept is based on the conscious preservation of the specificity of research libraries, when the user is offered a body of special catalogued literature, and the ranking of search results is not influenced by the commercial interests. It is noted that HTDL is built on the basis of an extensive network of interlibrary entities in the United States with extensive cooperation in the field of administration, cataloguing, and storage of printed materials.There are considered the priority achievements of Hathi Trust Digital Library: development of the new models of interlibrary cooperation, efficient distributed management structure, transparent scheme of payment calculation of infrastructure maintenance. The dynamics of the development of this resource from the moment of formation to the present time is analysed.
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Stites, Michele L., Susan Sonnenschein, Yongxiang Chen, Kyoko Imai-Matsumura, and Hatice Gürsoy. "Facilitating Preschool Children’s Mathematics Development in China, Japan, and the United States: Is the Classroom Library Considered?" Education Sciences 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2021): 792. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci11120792.
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The two studies examined in this paper compare the different mathematical opportunities provided in preschool classrooms in China, Japan, and the United States, with an emphasis on mathematical-themed books in classroom libraries. Study one presents the results of an online survey to examining the content of preschool classroom libraries in China (N = 134), Japan (N = 168), and the United States (N = 291). Study two presents data obtained from semi-structured interviews of teachers in China (N = 8), Japan (N = 8), and the United States (N = 8). The interviews examined teacher perceptions of how they teach mathematics, the importance of teaching mathematics, and the use of the classroom library as a venue for mathematics. Study one results indicated that teachers from all three countries encourage classroom library use; however, teachers from China reported more mathematics storybooks than their Japanese or United States counterparts. Study two results indicated that teachers from all three countries viewed mathematics as important and provided various mathematics learning opportunities to children throughout the school day. Chinese teachers reported providing the most mathematics learning opportunities using whole group instruction, mathematics centers, and free play. Japanese teachers reported few whole group forms of instruction other than circle time but reported providing opportunities for using mathematics during free play and other embedded activities. United States teachers indicated that mathematics learning occurred using whole group instruction and mathematics centers.
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Goodman, Aaron M., Kimberly A. Holden, Ah-Reum Jeong, Lisa Kim, Kerry D. Fitzgerald, Eyad Almasri, Graham McLennan, et al. "Response to CAR-T Therapy Can be Monitored Using Genome-Wide Sequencing of Cell-Free DNA in Patients with DLBCL." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141010.
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Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), a subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, has a five-year survival rate of up to 70%; however, approximately half of patients will ultimately relapse and/or become refractory to therapy. In this clinical setting, autologous chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. While these therapies show significant promise, methods that enable monitoring of therapeutic efficacy could be clinically useful. The use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA), also known as liquid biopsy, has been utilized as a noninvasive surrogate to tumor tissue for the identification of tumor-specific mutations and for monitoring treatment response across a number of cancer types. Here we present data that demonstrate the feasibility of using cfDNA to monitor response to CAR-T therapy in patients with refractory DLBCL. Whole blood was collected during conditioning chemotherapy prior to CAR-T administration, at the time of or shortly after administration, and throughout treatment for 12 patients. A total of 127 blood samples were collected and analyzed with a median of 10 samples (range 8-13) from each patient. For each sample, blood was separated using centrifugation to yield plasma and a buffy coat sample. Each plasma sample was subjected to cfDNA extraction using an automated, bead-based method. Extracted cfDNA was then converted to libraries for next generation sequencing and subsequently assayed with low-coverage (~0.4X) genome-wide sequencing. Copy number alteration (CNA) events were identified and characterized using analytical methods originally developed for noninvasive prenatal testing. To quantify the level of CNAs present in the plasma of cancer patients, we utilized the genomic instability number (GIN). The GIN is a metric intended to capture genome-wide autosomal deviation from empirically derived euploid dosage of the genome in circulation and is calculated as the absolute deviation of observed normalized sequencing read coverage from expected normalized read coverage summed across 50,034 autosomal segments. Cellular DNA from each buffy coat was also collected using a column-based extraction process and used as the template for quantification of the CAR-T construct utilized for the therapy. In this initial small cohort of 12 patients, the majority (8/12) were male and the median age was 52 years (range: 38-77). At the date of data censoring, four patients had an ongoing complete response, five had a complete or partial response but have since relapsed or are now deceased, one had a mixed response, and two had progressive disease. The GIN threshold (GIN = 170) has been utilized previously to identify patients with an aberrant CNA profile consistent with the presence of a tumor. When this threshold was applied, all 12 patients had an elevated GIN at the time of CAR-T administration. To determine whether a patient was progressing despite CAR-T therapy, the GIN values for each patient were evaluated throughout treatment (median=70 days; range=23-154 days). In all four patients with an ongoing complete response, the GIN value at the time point closest to the date of data censoring was below the threshold, suggesting the GIN was consistent with clinical response. Of the five patients that ultimately progressed after an initial PR or CR, four had evidence of progression based on the GIN. In one patient that had a mixed response but ultimately progressed, the progression could be observed using the GIN 66 days before clinical relapse was noted. Finally, two patients had no evidence of a clinical response; however, one of these patients had no detectable ctDNA after treatment and represented a second discordant result in this cohort. In addition to measuring cfDNA, the CAR construct was measured in the background of the total cellular DNA obtained from the buffy coat in those patients receiving Axi-Cel (n=11) using digital PCR. As expected, all 11 patients that received this CAR-T therapy showed no presence of the construct prior to CAR-T administration. After administration, the construct was detected in 4/11 baseline samples and all 11 patients showed the presence of the construct at some point during their treatment. Overall, these data describe a proof-of-concept for the use of multiple liquid biopsy technologies to monitor therapeutic response in DLBCL patients receiving CAR-T therapy. Disclosures Goodman: EUSA Pharma: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Consultancy. Holden:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Fitzgerald:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Almasri:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. McLennan:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment. Eisenberg:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment, Current equity holder in publicly-traded company; OmniSeq: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Tzachanis:MS: Research Funding; EUSA Pharma: Consultancy; Fate: Research Funding; Genetech: Research Funding; Gilead Sciences: Consultancy, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Incyte: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Kyowa Kirin: Consultancy; Magenta: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau. Jensen:Laboratory Corporation of America: Current Employment; PetDx: Current equity holder in private company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Kurzrock:Turning Point Therapeutics: Consultancy; Foundation Medicine: Research Funding; Sequenom: Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Medimmune: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; OmniSeq: Research Funding; Debiopharm: Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; TopAlliance: Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Research Funding; CureMatch Inc: Current equity holder in private company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; IDbyDNA: Current equity holder in private company; Roche: Consultancy; Actuate Therapeutics: Consultancy; Neomed: Consultancy; X Biotech: Consultancy; Guardant: Research Funding; Grifols: Research Funding; CureMetrix: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bicara Therapeutics, Inc.: Consultancy; TD2/Volastra: Consultancy; Konica Minolta: Research Funding; Merck Serono: Research Funding.
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Bamgbose, Oludayo John. "Access to Prison Law Libraries as a Precursor to Effective Administration of Justice in Nigeria: Lessons from the United States of America." International Journal of Legal Information 46, no. 2 (July 2018): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2018.24.
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A decade after the inauguration of the national working group on the reform of criminal justice administration in Nigeria by the then Attorney General of the Federation, Chief Akin Olujinmi, SAN, Nigeria was presented with a newly signed law—Administration of Criminal Justice Act (ACJA), which was a direct response to the growing call for reforms that would address the plethora of problems confronting the administration of the criminal justice system in Nigeria. The 495-section law harmonized the existing two principal laws: the Criminal Procedure Act (CPA) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC), which hitherto governed the administration of criminal justice system across all Federal-owned Courts in Nigeria and the Courts within the Federal Capital Territory. Both CPA and CPC operated for many decades in Nigeria, but had many challenges, hence the urgency for the newcomer— ACJA.
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Arms, William Y. "How effectively can computers be used skilled tasks of professional librarianship?" ETD - Educação Temática Digital 2, no. 1 (January 8, 2009): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/etd.v2i1.560.
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Libraries are expensive and research libraries are particularly expensive. Even in the United States, few people can afford good access to primary scientific, medical, legal and scholarly information. Members of major universities have excellent library services. So do people who work in teaching hospitals, or for drug companies or rich law firms. Others have access to information only through the tedious, inefficient system of interlibrary lending. In less affluent countries the situation is worse; even the best universities cannot afford good libraries. Must access to scientific and professional information always be expensive, or is it possible that digital libraries might change this sad situation? The costs of a conventional research library fall into three main categories: facilities (which include buildings), library materials and staff. In digital libraries, the facilities costs are small, since digital libraries avoid the need for expensive buildings. Digital libraries require computers and networks, but these are relatively inexpensive, and the costs to users are shared with other services, such as electronic mail and word processing...
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Moon, PF, HN Erb, JW Ludders, RD Gleed, and PJ Pascoe. "Perioperative risk factors for puppies delivered by cesarean section in the United States and Canada." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 36, no. 4 (July 1, 2000): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-36-4-359.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative risk factors affecting neonatal survival after cesarean section. Data from 807 cesarean-derived litters (3,908 puppies) was submitted by 109 practices in the United States and Canada. Survival rates immediately, two hours, and seven days after delivery were 92% (n=3,127), 87% (n=2,951), and 80% (n=2,641), respectively, for puppies delivered by cesarean section (n=3,410) and were 86% (n=409), 83% (n=366), and 75% (n=283), respectively, for puppies born naturally (n=498). Maternal mortality rate was 1% (n=9). Of 776 surgeries, 453 (58%) were done on an emergency basis. The most common breed of dog was bulldog (n=138; 17%). The most common methods of inducing and maintaining anesthesia were administration of isoflurane for induction and maintenance (n=266; 34%) and administration of propofol for induction followed by administration of isoflurane for maintenance (n=237; 30%). A model of cesarean-derived puppies surviving to birth, between birth and two hours, and between two hours and seven days was designed to relate litter survival to perioperative factors. The following factors increased the likelihood of all puppies being alive: the surgery was not an emergency; the dam was not brachycephalic; there were four puppies or less in the litter; there were no naturally delivered or deformed puppies; all puppies breathed spontaneously at birth; at least one puppy vocalized spontaneously at birth; and neither methoxyflurane nor xylazine was used in the anesthetic protocol.
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Нормова, Ю., and Yu Normova. "Government Support for Small Businesses in the United States of America and China." Scientific Research and Development. Economics 7, no. 1 (March 4, 2019): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c598f3b175231.64128615.
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The article discusses the place and role of small businesses in the United States of America and China. The results of the study of the current level of development of the small business sector and its support in these countries, including statistical indicators of entrepreneurship development, are presented. The study is based on the analysis of support tools for small businesses. Key features of the small business system are highlighted. The state program supports it. The main directions and program activities focused on small business development are analyzed. Special attention is paid to monitoring the activities of the Small Business Administration, measures to support entrepreneurs, state financial assistance to small businesses, and sources of funding. Based on the analysis carried out, basic state programs and the territorial infrastructure of small business support were noted, and the high socio-economic orientation of small businesses was noted.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Venetis, Mary Jo. "Identification of Remote Leadership Patterns in Academic and Public Libraries." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc9017/.
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Seminal works on leadership, including those in librarianship define a traditional model of interaction between leaders and followers without reference to the information technology-driven environment. In addition, remote leadership indicates a different model from the traditional model, one that is focused on the interaction of leaders and their staff through digital technology. Although leaders still use face-to-face interaction, due to varied work schedules or job responsibilities, they also recognize the need to lead employees remotely. Leadership studies in library literature have not addressed how library leaders use information technology to lead employees remotely, nor have these studies addressed remote leadership and remote employees, except for some articles on telecommuting. As a result, this research was conducted to address this gap, providing an exploratory foundation of emergent patterns of remote leadership with its associated leadership dimensions rooted in personality traits, behaviors, and skills. Quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from a small sample size of academic and public-library leaders in the United States who participated in a Web-based survey designed specifically for this study, limiting generalizations. Factor analysis was the principal methodology used to obtain findings. Its composite factor scores were also used in the t-test and chi-square analyses. This study identifies some emergent patterns of remote leadership in the library and information-science field, exploring whether library leaders use information technology to be effective remote leaders in a technology-driven environment, and whether existing leadership attributes could be identified as part of the remote-leadership model. Because this study's findings indicated that library leaders are not quite the traditional leader but are not fully integrated into remote leadership, it becomes apparent that they would function with a blend of both face-to-face and electronic interactions, due to the nature of library work. Additionally, this research revealed underlying issues and challenges faced by library leaders as they transition from a traditional-leadership model to a blended model of face-to-face and remote leadership. Future research could include increasing the sample size and response rate to conduct factor analysis properly, and conducting longitudinal studies.
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Dunbar, Damian C. "Small Business Leaders' Strategies for Obtaining United States Government Subcontracts." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6784.
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Small business leaders (SBLs) underutilize billions of dollars of U.S. government funding for small business subcontracting. The role of small business in the United States is important to local economies as well as a major contributor to the U.S. economy. Using the resource-based view as the conceptual framework for this study, the purpose of this qualitative multiple case study was to explore the strategies 5 government support sector SBLs in the mid-Atlantic region used to obtain U.S. government subcontract awards to remain sustainable. The selection criteria for this study consisted of small businesses in the mid-Atlantic region that have obtained subcontracts on prime government contracts. The data collection process included a review of the small business documents and participants' responses to semistructured interviews. The data analysis process included case study analysis and cross-case comparisons using methodological triangulation. Based on the data analysis, themes that emerged from the results of this study included education, experience, and networking related to strategy creation and implementation by the SBLs to obtain subcontracts on prime contracts. The findings of this study may contribute to social change by providing SBLs an opportunity to learn strategies to obtain subcontracts, which could increase organizational opportunities, promote job creation, and help to improve local economies through increases in tax revenues that could help the elderly, children, and others within the community.
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Jaggers, Charles R. "A strategic planning model for small, private institutions in higher education." Virtual Press, 1985. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/450778.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study was to develop a strategic planning model for specific application in small, private liberal arts colleges. A preliminary review of literature indicated both a lack of and a need for such a model.Procedure: The study was conducted in four stages. The first stage was to review selected literature on strategic planning and models of planning in educational and business settings. The intent of stage one was to develop a theoretical framework for the strategic planning model.The second stage of the study was to design and develop an initial model entitled, Small College Strategic Planning Model (SCSPM). In developing the model, concepts and theories from the literature were blended with subjective insights gained from thirteen years experience as an administrator in a small, private liberal arts college.In the third stage, the model was tested for validity by a panel of experts in the field of planning and higher education. The intent of the procedure in stage three was to utilize the wisdom of recognized expert practitioners for refinement of the theoretical model. Such a perspective was included in order to improve the workability of the model and to assure appropriate application to small colleges. Input was received from six experts in private interviews.The fourth stage consisted of revising the initial model based on findings from interviews with planning experts. The revised model incorporated suggestions and ideas which were common to members of the panel as well as unique ideas judged as valid improvements for strengthening the model.Model: The model was based on the theories and concepts of strategic planning and consisted of five major phases: Phase I Pre-Planning; Phase II Foundations for Strategic Planning; Phase III Situation Analysis; Phase IV Strategic Decision-Making; and Phase V Strategic Implementation and Actions. In Phase I the issues of organizing and preparing for planning were addressed. In Phase II a procedure for identifying educational values and existing institutional goals was presented. Phase III included a structure for analyzing the external and internal environments of an institution. Phase IV incorporated several tasks which enable a college to gain closure in identifying key strategic variables. Phase V prescribed a method for transferring strategic plans to annual operational plans. Proper implementation of each phase in sequence is intended to provide a small college with a workable strategic plan, supported and implemented by major constituents of the college.
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Chishimba, Wesley Chikwanda. "Strategies for Motivating Sales Employees' Performance within Small Businesses in the United States." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5546.
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The loss of revenue, profits, brand, and corporate sustainability are possible for companies whose managers do not use strategies to motivate employee sales performance. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies managers use to motivate sales employees' performance. A purposeful sample of 3 managers from U.S. companies with sales employees shared their strategies to motivate sales employees' performance. Methodological triangulation was used to review and analyze information from semistructured interviews, journal notes, member checking data, and review and analysis of relevant company documents. Additionally, coding indicated 4 main themes supporting the benefits of strategies to motivate sales employees' performance: sales personnel with self-motivation exhibit enhanced sales results earlier than nonself-motivated personnel; setting mandatory guidelines, and continuous checking to observe results motivates performance; financial rewards enhance performance; and sales employees receive motivation from recognition of their peer sales group and the organization. The study findings may contribute to social change by increasing the awareness of sales managers to motivate their sales employees, who will add revenue and profits to the organization thereby maintaining jobs, creating more jobs, and providing additional disposable income for health and well-being.
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McMullen, Mac Jackson. "Contingency Theory| United States Small Business Predictive Performance with Project Management Using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10042193.
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Small business entrepreneurs (SBEs) within the United States in 2014 produced 47% of the national $17.5 trillion GDP and employed 48.5% of the national labor force. Detailed business planning was a theorized predictor of SBE performance and project, program, and portfolio management (P3M) as detailed managerial planning processes influenced by organizational theories. The specific problem was the failure of SBEs due to a lack of business management planning and the unknown generalizable U.S. SBE use of P3M as detailed managerial planning processes to enhance SBE performance. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to statistically model U.S. SBE predictive P3M application to SBE Performance within a contingency theory framework using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), hierarchical component modeling (HCM), and multi-group analysis (MGA-PLS) of subpopulations (growth orientation, number of employees, business age, business location, industry sector, legal form of organization, and P3M maturity). Random anonymous sampling among small business owners and chief managers was used to attain a representative sample by U.S. state using a web-based survey instrument. A sample of 179 was planned (R2 sensitivity of 0.1) and n =150 was attained (R2 sensitivity of 0.107). Sample size was representative of 93.1% of 28.9 million small business enterprises by U.S. state and the District of Columbia. Findings included an average performance efficiency of 59% among U.S. SMEs with room for improvement of 41%. P3M was identified as detailed planning and management processes with a 0.308 total effect on national SBE performance. A 1% improved adaptation of P3M managerial knowledge area processes predicted 18.17% SBE performance improvement. Limitations of the study included data collection barriers from internet service providers (ISPs) and email service providers (ESPs) in censoring and filtering emailed survey invitations contributing to a decreased response rate. Future research recommendations include expanding population ecology theory to identify predictive environmental factors that effect the 59% performance mean resulting in a population of SBEs failing or improving at various S-curve lifecycle stages.
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Petersen, Mirella. "A retrospective analysis of autism health insurance legislation, small business closures and the percentage of small businesses offering health insurance plans in the United States." Thesis, Central Michigan University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3596751.
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Autism is a rapidly increasing global health concern. In the United States, many families and individuals with autism find it difficult to access treatment for this condition because it is commonly excluded from health insurance plans. Apprehension about passing autism health insurance legislation includes concerns regarding the impact on small businesses. Many businesses advocates and law makers have expressed concern that passing an autism health insurance mandate will cause small businesses to close or to stop offering health insurance plans to their employees. In an effort to substantiate these concerns, this study provides an analysis of publicly available data on small business closures and small business health insurance plans to determine if a relationship exists between passing an autism health insurance mandate and a change in the number of small business closures or the percentage of small businesses that offer health insurance plans to their employees.
The methodology for this study includes testing of Pearson’s r correlation models, semipartial correlation models and analysis of variance (ANOVA) models. Findings indicate there is insufficient evidence to conclude that a relationship exists between enacting an autism health insurance mandate and an increase in the number of small business closures. In addition, findings indicate there is insufficient evidence to conclude that a relationship exists between enacting an autism health insurance mandate and a decrease in the percentage of small businesses offering health insurance to their employees.
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Simmons, Steven A. "Analysis and prototyping of the United States Marine Corps Total Force Administration System (TFAS), Echelon II : a web enabled database for the small unit leader /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02sep%5FSimmons%5FSteven.pdf.
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Smith, Peter George. "Competitive Strategies of Minority-Owned Small Businesses." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6499.
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Leaders of minority-owned businesses earn less revenue on average than their nonminority counterparts, even when both sets of leaders operate in the same industries. Among the factors leading to this earnings discrepancy is the lack of access that leaders of minority-owned businesses have to high-revenue opportunities. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that some leaders of minority-owned small businesses use to compete for contracts in high-revenue industries. The study population comprised 3 owners of minority-owned small marketing consultancy firms headquartered in the Southeastern United States. Teece and Pisano’s dynamic capabilities view served as the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through semistructured interviews and the review of company documents. The data analysis process included member checking to ensure credibility of the interpretation of the information gathered during the interviews, and methodological triangulation of the data sources to establish data validity. Four themes emerged from the analysis: positioning and targeting, capabilities and competencies, pricing and returns, and relevancy and longevity. The themes are critical success factors for competing for contracts in high-revenue industries and may be beneficial to the leaders of minority-owned small businesses in seeking contracts in similar or parallel industries. Leaders who apply the study findings may earn incremental revenues to effect positive social change through additional job creation and community development activities, benefiting local economies and residents.
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Smith, Gregory. "Strategic Working Capital Sourcing Strategies for the Survival of Small Businesses." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5529.
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Fifty percent of small businesses fail before attaining their 5-year anniversary. The lack of sufficient working capital is one of the major reasons for small business failure. Pecking order theory was employed as the conceptual framework for this multiple case study to explore the working capital sourcing strategies of 6 purposely selected successful small business owners in the Southeast region of the United States used to sustain their businesses beyond 5 years. Data sources included semistructured interviews and company documents. Data analysis included thematic coding of the material using statistical software. The modified Van Kaam method was used to analyze the interview data. Secondary company documents such as financial reports were analyzed to triangulate findings from the interviews. Based on composite analysis, 6 themes emerged: (a) each of the participating small business owners encountered barriers in sourcing working capital for their businesses, (b) small business leaders used their personal internal sources of funds to start and initially operate their businesses, (c) customers provided a revenue stream to support the working capital needs of small businesses, (d) small business leaders used various bootstrapping measures to support their working capital needs, (e) using strategic and operational planning aids such as completing a business plan assisted business leaders in their working capital sourcing decision-making, and (f) personal credit provided a foundation for obtaining external business credit. The implications for social change include the sustainability of small businesses beyond 5 years, which could lead to the maintaining jobs and assisting small businesses to succeed in stabilizing and potentially increasing incomes for benefiting families and communities.
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Kube, Sven. "Born in the U.S.A. / Made in the G.D.R.: Anglo-American Popular Music and the Westernization of a Communist Record Market." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3656.
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Scholars from various disciplines have demonstrated that popular culture factored significantly in Cold War contestation. As a pervasive form of cultural content and unifying medium for baby boomers worldwide, pop music played an important part in the power struggle between the era’s two adversarial camps. Historical studies of the past thirty years have identified initiatives of cultural diplomacy, from radio broadcasting to live concert tours, as key to disseminating Western music in Eastern Bloc societies. This project explains how cultural commerce across the divide of the Iron Curtain familiarized millions of music fans in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with popular sounds from the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western democracies. Detailing a process that affected all Bloc states in similar ways, it seeks to enrich the scholarly discourse on the role of pop culture in the twentieth century’s defining ideological conflict.
Through analysis of previously unavailable or inaccessible sources, the dissertation reconstructs the economic development of a communist culture industry and measures the commercial significance of Western commodities in one Eastern Bloc marketplace. Drawing on untapped archival files, it traces the evolution of Deutsche Schallplatten (German Records) from a small private firm into a flagship enterprise on the GDR’s cultural circuit. It illuminates how dependency on technology and resources from capitalist countries prompted East Germany’s managers to prioritize the westward export of classical recordings for the purpose of earning hard currencies. Based on oral histories of contemporary witnesses, it documents how the Amiga label through the parent company’s business ties to capitalist partners advanced the import of Western jazz, blues, rock, pop, and dance music to exhaust the purchasing power of the home audience. Empirically evaluating formerly classified production data for a total of 143 million records, it reveals how the state-owned monopolist engineered a de facto takeover of the domestic marketplace by American, British, and West German performers to achieve high profitability. The dissertation argues that intensifying Westernization of its walled-in music market exemplified the GDR’s decision to concede the Cold War battle over cultural preferences and political loyalties of its citizens out of economic necessity.
Books on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Applegate, Rachel. Managing the small college library. Santa Barbara, Calif: Libraries Unlimited, 2010.
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1940-, St Clair Guy, ed. The best of OPL, II: Selected readings from The one-person library, 1989-1994. Washington, DC: Special Libraries Association, 1996.
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Small Business Administration loan programs. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.
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1948-, Gore Albert, ed. Small Business Administration. Washington, DC: Office of the Vice President, 1993.
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Administration, United States Small Business. Your business and the U.S. Small Business Administration. [Washington, D.C.?]: Public Communications Division, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1986.
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United States. Small Business Administration. Your business and the U.S. Small Business Administration. [Washington, D.C.?]: Public Communications Division, U.S. Small Business Administration, 1986.
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Small Business Administration: Operations & programs. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2008.
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United States. Small Business Administration., ed. Guidelines for small business award nominations: Small Business Week 1998. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, 1997.
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United States. Small Business Administration., ed. Guidelines for small business award nominations: Small Business Week 1999. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Small Business Administration, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Karbach, Laura. "Public Libraries." In Library Science and Administration, 1040–70. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3914-8.ch049.
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The author, as part of a Master Thesis study, analyzes the impact public library services and programs have in the lives of local Mexican mothers with children attending school in the United States and provides suggestions on ways to improve outreach of services and support. Results related to library use, parental involvement, service and programs, challenges including funding, Spanish-speaking staff, pre-conceived ideas, and awareness issues, as well as the largest issue of outreach are all discussed. In addition, outreach solutions are offered and the overall benefits of the study are assessed.
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Furlong, Katherine, David Consiglio, Kevin J. T. Creamer, Craig I. Milberg, Kevin Reynolds, Joshua Wilson, and Ellen Yu. "Collaborative Assessment and Survey Administration." In Advances in Library and Information Science, 174–87. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-2515-2.ch009.
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The Managing Information Services Outcomes (MISO) Survey was originally developed in 2005 at Bryn Mawr College in Pennsylvania, USA by staff from a consortium of higher education institutions to assess library and technology services using a single instrument. Since then, the survey has grown and changed under the collaborative management of an all-volunteer team of library and IT professionals from various participating institutions throughout the United States. The survey has been implemented at 171 institutions. This chapter reviews the guiding principles, ongoing partnerships, and the value of working across departments, across campuses, and across cohorts of participating institutions to leverage local expertise, reduce costs, and create a culture of collaboration and assessment. In an environment where libraries are increasingly dependent on information technology, assessing library services in the context of IT brings layered intelligence to data-informed decision making.
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Whitaker, Westry A., and Danielle E. Sachdeva. "Advocating for the Right to Read." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 243–59. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-9655-8.ch013.
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As censorship attempts become more commonplace, knowing where to go for support is imperative when facing or anticipating a book challenge. This chapter's purpose is to offer educators a theoretical rationale for supporting students' right to read and describe contemporary efforts to counter censorship in public schools and libraries. The chapter begins with a history of book banning in the United States and shifts to the ways that radical change theory and literacy research can be used in defense of intellectual freedom. Then, the chapter concludes by highlighting the ways that professional organizations, institutions like librarians, and advocacy groups are working to protect the right to read.
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Garcia, Maria Cristina. "What a Volcano Revealed about the Vulnerability of Small Island States." In State of Disaster, 19–46. University of North Carolina Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469669960.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by small island states in the Caribbean by focusing on environmental disasters in the British territory of Montserrat. From 1995 to 2010, a series of volcanic eruptions left Montserrat uninhabitable, destroying homes and livelihoods and driving an estimated two-thirds of Montserratians into exile. Though residents of a dependent territory in the British Commonwealth, the 11,000 Montserratians struggled to receive the humanitarian relief and post-disaster economic assistance. The crisis made evident the lack of sustainable development and culturally sensitive remediation in this small island state, but also Montserratians’ social and political vulnerability, ruled by dual governments that often worked at cross purposes. Montserratians who sought refuge in the United States became the first foreign nationals to qualify for Temporary Protected Status (TPS) for environmental reasons, but this status created new forms of vulnerability. Though only a few hundred Montserratians received TPS and their chances for reintegration back home were limited, the George W. Bush administration revoked their protected status after eight years, prompting a public outcry and a legislative battle. The chapter demonstrates the limitations of TPS as a response to environmental or climate-driven migration.
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Nyemba, Florence. "An Examination of How Legal Status Affects Enrollment and Graduation Rates." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 130–48. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9108-5.ch007.
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This chapter explores the educational choices of immigrants and how the issue of legal or immigration status contributes to social inequality in the United States classrooms and institutions of higher learning. Immigrants within U.S. population have increased dramatically, yet their educational attainment remains small in comparison to native-born Americans. Although large numbers of immigrant students graduate from high school, their path to higher education remains difficulty with fewer getting college degrees. Drawing on literature from multiple disciplines, the issue of immigration status in relation to immigrant education is examined. The chapter recommends the adoption of immigration reform legislations that create better pathways to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and progressive educational provisions. This chapter benefits immigrants and educational leaders in institutions of higher learning.
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Quandt, Richard E. "Working with Libraries: The Beginning." In The Changing Landscape in Eastern Europe, 156–85. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195146691.003.0007.
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Abstract I am fortunate to have spent my professional life at a university with a great library, and until I encountered East European libraries, I never dreamed how much damage 45 years of neglect could do. Since the Mellon Foundation has had a distinguished record of assisting research libraries in the United States, including the great independent research libraries such as the Folger, the Huntington, the Newberry, and the Morgan, it did not take much persuasion to get the green light from the Foundation to investigate what we could do for them in Eastern Europe. In 1990, the first year of Mellon activities in the region, there were so many small business development, computing and connectivity projects that I had only limited time to deal with libraries. But I did make some important contacts, many of which led to lasting relations between Mellon and some East European libraries, and made many friends in the library world. Even in that first year, I met in Hungary Béla Mader of the József Attila University in Szeged, Olga Gomba of Kossuth Lajos University in Debrecen, Miklós Fogarassy of the National Széchényi Library, and Gébor Vélyi of the Parliamentary Library in Budapest. In Czechoslovakia, I met Vojtéch Balík, National Librarian of Czechoslovakia and his deputies, Martin Svoboda and Adolf Knoll, and in Poland, Jadwiga Krajewska of the Warsaw University Library and Jan Pirozynski of the Jagiellonian University Library. While we did start to make some grants directly to East European libraries, much of the first year, and even some of the second, was spent in learning about library systems, needs, and agendas. But our work in the three (and later four) countries did not move in parallel, and the first grants of significant size in Hungary were in 1990, in Poland in 1991, and in Czechoslovakia in 1992. There were three principal types of library projects that the foundation funded: improvement of collections, training of librarians, and library automation. By the end, the third category had received by far the largest commitment of funds.
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Colclough, Kimberly. "The Role of Mentorship in the Advancement of Women of Color in Higher Education Administrative Roles." In Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, and Leadership, 189–209. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1009-0.ch011.
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This research study focused on the lived experiences of Black women administrators in higher education institutions, the obstacles they face in pursuit of support and career advancement, and how they benefited from a relationship with a mentor. This descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was implemented by conducting in-depth interviews with a small sample of six African American women administrators from various higher education institutions located in the Northeast, West Coast, and Midwest regions of the United States. This phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to understand and describe the lived experiences mentorship for a select group of Black women leaders in higher education, using Black feminist thought as the theoretical framework. The findings from this study indicate that for this select group of Black women mentorship played a pivotal role in the advancement of their professional and leadership development, but not without challenges.
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Howell, Edward. "Bad romance." In North Korea and the Global Nuclear Order, 194–234. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192888327.003.0007.
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Abstract Chapter 6 applies the framework of strategic delinquency to the revealing behaviour of North Korea during the US administration of Donald Trump, placing particular focus on the period from 2017 to 2019. In so doing, it examines how North Korea’s accelerating nuclear ambitions and pursuit of international status were heavily influenced by the unprecedented foreign policy of the Trump administration, the declining stability of the nuclear order, and a waning US commitment to the nuclear order during this time. This chapter emphasizes how, during this time, North Korea’s initially provocative behaviour, marked by the launches of intercontinental ballistic missiles in 2017, was followed by feigned compliance with nuclear norms and the United States’ demands. It highlights how North Korea sought to leverage the unusual disposition of President Trump in order to compel the United States to abandon its ‘hostile policy’, ease unilateral and multilateral sanctions imposed upon the Democratic Republic of Korea (DPRK), and gain international recognition as a nuclear state. Despite three presidential-level summits between Kim Jong Un and Trump and the same number of meetings between Kim Jong Un and his South Korean counterpart, Moon Jae-in, North Korea failed to reap its desired outcomes, in no small part owing to its reluctance to concede on its increasingly sophisticated nuclear programme. As a result, by 2020, the DPRK had lost interest both in the global nuclear order and in dialogue with the United States. Relations between Washington and Pyongyang had reached a nadir.
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Leshy, John D. "Debating the Future of Unreserved Public Lands." In Our Common Ground, 370–81. Yale University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300235784.003.0043.
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This chapter discusses the future of the remaining unreserved public lands. The pace of privatization steadily dwindled throughout the 1920s. During that same period, numerous dryland farmers and small ranching enterprises went bust, victims of low commodity prices, drought, or both. Some of their land was acquired by larger operators, but a good deal of it was eventually reacquired by the United States. These lands thus became the focus of numerous conflicting interests, such as homesteading, mining, livestock grazing, and even outdoor recreation. The chapter looks into the debates surrounding these unreserved public lands. It also deals with the Garfield Committee, a gathering organized for the purpose of the conservation and administration of unreserved public lands.
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Fuller, Christopher J. "“The Hamlet of Nations”: The Rhetoric and Reality of the Reagan Administration’s Counterterrorism Policy, 1980–1985." In See It/Shoot It. Yale University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300218541.003.0003.
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This chapter reveals that the concept of waging war against terrorists did not arise from the ruins of the World Trade Center, but can in fact be traced back to a small group of counterterrorism hardliners within the Reagan administration. This group, consisting of Secretary of State George Shultz, Director of the CIA William Casey, and the National Security Council (NSC) member responsible for low-intensity warfare, Lt. Col. Oliver North, pushed for the United States to adopt a policy of preemptive force and lethal retaliation as measures of self-defense against the emerging threat posed to U.S. citizens by increasingly well organized and motivated terrorist groups. Though their calls for an aggressive American stance were never fully adopted, their philosophy prompted the establishment of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC).
Conference papers on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Jia, Guo, Ni Yang, and Chen Zijian. "Research on the Design Concepts of Small and Medium-Sized Libraries Based on the Perspective of Community Service-Taking the United States as an Example." In 2018 3rd International Conference on Smart City and Systems Engineering (ICSCSE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icscse.2018.00167.
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Burke, Donald S., Martha W. Bidez, and Kathryn M. Mergl. "Influence of Vehicle Restraint System Design on the Kinematics and Neck Forces of a Rear Seat Small Occupant." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53779.
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In 2008, motor vehicle collisions resulted in 968 child occupant fatalities and 193,000 seriously injured children, ages 14 years old and younger, according to the most recent data provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) [1]. In fact, motor vehicle collisions are the leading cause of death for all children ages 3 to 14 years old living in the United States [1]. As children grow older they require size-appropriate restraint types to fit their body at each developmental level. For older children, booster seats are not a total solution for child safety as they are often dependent on the design of the vehicle seat belt system (2). Additionally, there is no federal standard that requires vehicle manufacturers to dynamically test the performance of child seats of any type in their vehicles.
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Maupin, Julie K. "Plastic Pipe Failure Analysis." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64355.
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The Gas Technology Institute is currently addressing the risks and threats to plastic pipes through research sponsored by the United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. With the upcoming proposed rulemaking, the United States distribution companies will be required to implement a distribution integrity management plan. In developing an integrity management plan, it is key to understand system risks and threats and with 39.6 million plastic services and nearly 620,000 miles of plastic gas main, the threats to plastic pipe need to be addressed. The research discussed in this paper identifies the types of failures that affect plastic piping, excluding third party damage. The paper also describes the most common cause of leaks, slow crack growth, as well as root cause analysis of a pipe removed from service due to leaking. The cause of leaks for five other pipe segments is also discussed. The final topic of this paper is rapid crack propagation and small-scale steady state testing.
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Fowler, Nathaniel, Jeff Wiand, Bryan Eddy, Andrew D. Lowery, and James E. Smith. "Green Heat: Hot Water Energy Offset System." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32058.
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The implementation of renewable energy systems is often regarded by the consumer to be too costly and too complex to maintain and operate. For instance converting sunlight or wind energy to electricity along with the conditioning equipment required to put energy into the system can be cost prohibitive for a residential or commercial application. The proposed system implements multiple renewable energy components working in series. These components bypass those costly electrical energy conversions by converting the acquired energy into heat, which can be utilized to offset a portion of the energy consumed within the home or business. This system can be made completely transparent with little or no impact on the consumers’ lifestyle. Also, the proposed system, by only attempting to offset a portion of the current usage, will be simple and inexpensive to assemble and maintain with a short return on investment. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration an estimated 10 quadrillion Btu’s are consumed by 113.6 million houses in the United States, while 1.8 quadrillion Btu’s of the total energy is used for hot water heating [1]. It has been shown that approximately 20% of the energy costs associated with most residential and small commercial businesses stem from hot water heating. A patent-pending technology, called a viscous controller, attached at the base of a wind turbine, which operates in series with a traditional thermal solar collector to supplement the energy used in the hot water tank. This technology reduces the cost of the system and allows for the average homeowner and small business owner to offset their current energy usage, incorporate renewable energy sources, and offer a 4–5 year return on initial investment. More importantly, if this system is implemented in only a portion of the target market, it has the potential to completely offset the rising energy demands for the United States each year for the foreseeable future.
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Koppisetty, D. V. Suresh, S. S. Akhil Hawaldar, and Hamid M. Lankarani. "Comparison of Dummy and Human Body Models in Automotive Side Impact Collisions According to the Regulatory Standards." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10680.
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Abstract Side-Impact car accidents are the second leading cause of fatalities in the United States. Regulatory standards have been developed for occupant protection in side impact car accidents using dummies or Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs). Although the regulations are based on the use of ATDs, there might be differences between an actual human crash performance and that of a dummy crash performance. In recent years, technology has improved in such a way that crash scenarios can be modeled in various computational software. The human dynamic responses can be examined using active human body models including a combination of rigid bodies, finite elements, and kinematic joints, thus making them versatile to use in all crash test scenarios. In this study, the nearside occupants are considered as per regulatory standards set by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Vehicle side-impact crash simulations are carried out using LS-DYNA finite element (FE) software, and the occupant response simulations are obtained using MADYMO. Because the simulation of an entire FE model of a car and occupant is quite time-consuming and computationally expensive, a prescribed structural motion (PSM) technique has been utilized in this study and applied to the side-door panel with an occupant positioned in the driver seat of the car in MADYMO. Regular side-impact deformable barrier and pole test simulations are performed with belted and unbelted occupant models considering two different target vehicles namely — a mid-size sedan and a small compact car. Responses from the dummy and the human body models are compared in order to quantify differences between the two in side impacts. The results from this study indicate that human body model behavior is generally similar to that of dummy model in terms of kinematic responses. However, the corresponding injury parameters of the human model are typically higher than that of the dummy model.
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Pinney, Chris, Melissa Shurland, and Brian Smith. "Cost Benefit Analysis of Alternative Fuel and Motive Power." In ASME 2013 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2013-4704.
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A research initiative by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) and Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) was developed to better understand the potential cost and benefits of using alternative fuels for United States freight and passenger locomotive operations. The framework for a decision model was developed to evaluate the feasibility of these newly emerging technologies. Because these alternatives (fuels and engine designs) are at early stages of development, the objective is to identify the most feasible alternatives and support their future development. Energy security policies developed by the US Department of Energy (DOE) and emission standards set forth by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are driving most of the technology initiatives related to alternative fuels in the US. Identifying alternatives that may provide benefits in the areas of emissions and energy security in relation to their potential cost, safety, and operating efficiencies are the main analysis objectives of this study. Some of the alternative energy sources being studied, and that may be in limited use are biomass, natural gas and coal. These energy sources have the potential to replace diesel fuel and provide power for locomotive operations. However, most are considered experimental by the railway industry. In most cases engine modifications or complete motive power design changes are required. As a result, the use of alternative fuels or locomotives that are different from current diesel engine designs represent only a small percent of the total railroad fleet. The main drivers for the decision model identified in this research effort are Cost, Energy, Security, Emissions, Safety and Efficiency. Under each decision driver there are multiple criteria that may be used for comparison between proposed alternatives. The goal of the decision model is to understand if the criteria under the decision drivers are independently a cost or benefit to industry stakeholders as compared to a baseline case.
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Kochanek, Sophie, Jinding Xing, Alper Yilmaz, George Edward Gibson, and Pingbo Tang. "Using Computer Vision to Reduce Human Errors of Operating on the Wrong Control Valves in Nuclear Power Plants." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002217.
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Nuclear power plants are complex systems that have many modules for errors to occur. Each year in the United States, an average of approximately 80 accidents happen, of which 50 (or 62%) are related to human errors (Nuclear Energy Agency, 2020). These errors reduce the efficiency of plants and have cost, safety, and environmental consequences. Nuclear operators manipulate control objects, like valves, to complete maintenance procedures involved in power generation by directing water around a plant (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021). However, there are many identical valves in a small area which can lead to errors handling the wrong valve. In practice, valves are identified using lockout tags that can contain as little as its normal position, or large blocks of information on its use, position, or contents. (Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 2011). This method of differentiating valves is insufficient because tags may be damaged and hard to read, or contain inadequate information to be useful in an emergency. Current efforts to reduce valve operation errors use AI tools to diagnose faults, like valve damage, and suggest best practice procedures. However, no existing solution identifies valves to prevent operational errors due to misidentification. Computer vision techniques that use machine learning, like object detection algorithms, can provide a solution to this problem. This paper explores the integration of computer vision and real-time sensors monitoring water systems to reduce errors operating on the wrong valves. This approach analyzes sensor data and uses object detection algorithms to identify control valves as workers are walking through a power plant to minimize the possibility of mixing them up. The sensor log analysis algorithm identifies critical valves that require action, then the computer vision algorithm, the YOLO version 3 object detection algorithm, highlights them in real-time. While developing the sensor data algorithm, we created a simulation that models valves controlling water flow between tanks. Within a nuclear power plant the simulation represents the long cycle cleanup operation where boiled feedwater cannot contaminate cooled feedwater. It captures random noise and is a virtual environment for testing operators on how they react to system errors like tank overflows or sudden influxes of water. For example, one valve oscillates around its input value to represent the uncertainty from imperfect or leaky valves. Other noise from large influxes of water is created by an oscillation of the inflow with a pulse function. Testing the developed algorithms on data from a mechanical room in Posner Hall at Carnegie Mellon University indicates their potential for reducing real-time operation errors. Specifically, testing results confirmed that control object operation is an issue and that computer vision provides a promising solution to this problem. Although this project is limited to merely recognizing control valves due to the method of object detection, it can have significance in reducing emission leakage, improving efficiency and reliability, and advancing technology for safety. Such limitations necessitate future work using other object detection algorithms to compare results as well as integrating spatial data to differentiate between identical valves.ReferencesNuclear Energy Agency, and International Atomic Energy Agency. “Nuclear Power Plant Operating Experience from the IAEA/NEA International Reporting System for Operating Experience 2015-2017.” Nuclear Power Plant Operating Experience, 2020, doi:10.1787/2bdd0383-en.“1910.147 - The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout).” (2011). Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, <https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147> (Nov. 3, 2021). “51-8011 Nuclear Power Reactor Operators.” U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 31 Mar. 2021, www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes518011.htm.
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Khan, Hikmat, Charles Johnson, Ghulam Rasool, and Nidhal Bouaynaya. "Rotorcraft Flight Information Inference from Cockpit Videos using Deep Learning." In Vertical Flight Society 75th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0075-2019-14708.
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As the premier agency for promoting and insuring aviation safety, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) continues to promote and highlight the importance of participating in aviation Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) programs to improve flight safety and operational efficiency. Indeed, recorder safety is one of the agency's top 10 most wanted list of safety improvements in 2017-2018. The FAA, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), and the United States Helicopter Safety Team (USHST) are strong proponents of recorder use. These organizations and other industry partners are working together toimplementahelicoptersafetyenhancement that promotes the use of flight data recorders as a mechanism to reduce the helicopter fatal accident rate. However, despite these best efforts to reduce the fatal accident rate with this lifesaving technology, barriers to implementation exist. These include initial costs of flight data recorders which can range from 9,000-50,000, on average. These costs can be significant for small operators and they combine to prohibit the widespread adoption of FDM by the rotorcraft community. Thus, rotorcraft, in general, typically have a lower participation rate in FDM programs than other forms of aviation (i.e. commercial fixed-wing or part 121 airline operations). On the other hand, even small helicopter operators often have access to or the financial means to purchase one or more off-the-shelf video cameras, which can be mounted inside the cockpit. These cameras offer an alternative to traditional flight data recorders as well as a means to augment them with supplementary data not always available depending on the type of Flight Data Recorder (FDR) installed in the helicopter. On board video data offers several possibilities for improving safety including flight replay, as well as the ability to extract information from the external scene such as readings of instrument panel gauges. As part of our research approach, we analyzed video data from cameras recording the instrument panel and compared these values against ground truth data from the flight data recorder. These values formed the training dataset for our video analytic framework. To analyze this information, we first cropped the gauge of interest (i.e. airspeed indicator, tachometer, engine oil temperature/pressure) in each frame of every video. The gauge image, extracted from all videos, were subsequently fed to train a deep Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)using the FDR measurements as ground truth. We trained Resnet50 CNN models for airspeed, engine oil temperature/pressure, and tachometer gauges. These models obtained 78%, 89%, 89%, and 88% validation accuracy on airspeed, engine oil temperature/pressure, and tachometer gauges, respectively. To further demonstrate the feasibility, we used the trained models to retrieve airspeed and engine oil values from the complete flight profile. We observed that the our models predicted trajectories for gauges closely follow the actual sensory values recorded by FDR. Such solution results in an effective flight data analysis tool as well as improved safety and operational efficiency of rotorcraft. These results demonstrate the feasibility of an inexpensive cockpit camera solution that would facilitate participation in FDM programs even for legacy helicopters that may otherwise require significant installation work.
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A. Buzzetto-Hollywood, Nicole. "Findings From an Examination of a Class Purposed to Teach the Scientific Method Applied to the Business Discipline." In InSITE 2021: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences. Informing Science Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4774.
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Aim/Purpose: This brief paper will provide preliminary insight into an institutions effort to help students understand the application of the scientific method as it applies to the business discipline through the creation of a dedicated, required course added to the curriculum of a mid-Atlantic minority-serving institution. In or-der to determine whether the under-consideration course satisfies designated student learning outcomes, an assessment regime was initiated that included examination of rubric data as well as the administration of a student perception survey. This paper summarizes the results of the early examination of the efficacy of the course under consideration. Background: A small, minority-serving, university located in the United States conducted an assessment and determined that students entering a department of business following completion of their general education science requirements had difficulties transferring their understanding of the scientific method to the business discipline. Accordingly, the department decided to create a unique course offered to sophomore standing students titled Principles of Scientific Methods in Business. The course was created by a group of faculty with input from a twenty person department. Methodology: Rubrics used to assess a course term project were collected and analyzed in Microsoft Excel to measure student satisfaction of learning goals and a stu-dent satisfaction survey was developed and administered to students enrolled in the course under consideration to measure perceived course value. Contribution: While the scientific method applies across the business and information disciplines, students often struggle to envision this application. This paper explores the implications of a course specifically purposed to engender the development and usage of logical and scientific reasoning skills in the business discipline by students in the lower level of an bachelors degree program. The information conveyed in this paper hopefully makes a contribution in an area where there is still an insufficient body of research and where additional exploration is needed. Findings: For two semesters rubrics were collected and analyzed representing the inclusion of 53 students. The target mean for the rubric was a 2.8 and the overall achieved mean was a 2.97, indicating that student performance met minimal expectations. Nevertheless, student deficiencies in three crucial areas were identified. According to the survey findings, as a result of the class students had a better understanding of the scientific method as it applies to the business discipline, are now better able to critically assess a problem, feel they can formulate a procedure to solve a problem, can test a problem-solving process, have a better understanding of how to formulate potential business solutions, understand how potential solutions are evaluated, and understand how business decisions are evaluated. Conclusion: Following careful consideration and discussion of the preliminary findings, the course under consideration was significantly enhanced. The changes were implemented in the fall of 2020 and initial data collected in the spring of 2021 is indicating measured improvement in student success as exhibited by higher rubric scores. Recommendations for Practitioners: These initial findings are promising and while considering student success, especially as we increasingly face a greater and greater portion of under-prepared students entering higher education, initiatives to build the higher order thinking skills of students via transdisciplinary courses may play an important role in the future of higher education. Recommendations for Researchers: Additional studies of transdisciplinary efforts to improve student outcomes need to be explored through collection and evaluation of rubrics used to assess student learning as well as by measuring student perception of the efficacy of these efforts. Impact on Society: Society needs more graduates who leave universities ready to solve problems critically, strategically, and with scientific reasoning. Future Research: This study was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic; however, it is resuming in late 2021 and it is the hope that a robust and detailed paper, with more expansive findings will eventually be generated. *** NOTE: This Proceedings paper was revised and published in the journal Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology, 18, 161-172. Click DOWNLOAD PDF to download the published paper. ***
Reports on the topic "Small libraries – United States – Administration"
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Gupta, Aditya, Tong Wang, Shruthi Ravi, Mesbah Talukder, Jessie Carviel, and Mary Bamimore. Relative efficacy of microneedling in the treatment of pattern hair loss: a protocol for a systematic review with network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0042.
Full textAbstract:
Review question / Objective: The objective of the proposed study is to determine the relative efficacy of microneedling and combination of it and other agents for androgenetic alopecia (AGA)—a condition that is also referred to as pattern hair loss. Rationale: Pattern hair loss is one of the most common forms of hair loss in men and women; the condition is associated with decreased quality of life. Oral finasteride and topical minoxidil are treatments currently approved, by the United States Food and Drug Administration, for AGA. However, finasteride has been associated with significant side effects in men, and is not appropriate for women of childbearing potential. Furthermore, topical minoxidil requires daily prolonged use which is time-consuming for patients and requires high compliance to maintain efficacy. Due to these drawbacks, new treatments, such as microneedling, have been investigated. Microneedling involves the creation of small wounds on the scalp that prompt growth factor release and neovascularization—which, in turn, may promote hair growth. Microneedling has been used as a monotherapy—or in combination with other standard therapies—for the treatment of AGA. Further investigation through meta-analysis is salient as this quantitative technique can estimate the relative success of mono- and poly-therapy with microneedling; therefore, findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis on the comparative effectiveness can enable clinicians, patients, and researchers to make more informed decisions.
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Committee on Toxicology. COT FSA PBPK for Regulators Workshop Report 2021. Food Standards Agency, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.tyy821.
Full textAbstract:
The future of food safety assessment in the UK depends on the Food Standards Agency’s (FSA) adaptability and flexibility in responding to and adopting the accelerating developments in science and technology. The Tox21 approach is an example of one recent advancement in the development of alternative toxicity testing approaches and computer modelling strategies for the evaluation of hazard and exposure (New Approach Methodologies (NAMs). A key aspect is the ability to link active concentrations in vitro to likely concentrations in vivo, for which physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling is ideally suited. The UK FSA and the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) held an “PBPK for Regulators” workshop with multidisciplinary participation, involving delegates from regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry. The workshop provided a platform to enable expert discussions on the application of PBPK to health risk assessment in a regulatory context. Presentations covered current application of PBPK modelling in the agrochemical industry for in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), pharmaceutical industry for drug absorption related issues (e.g., the effect of food on drug absorption) and drug-drug interaction studies, as well as dose extrapolations to special populations (e.g., those with a specific disease state, paediatric/geriatric age groups, and different ethnicities), environmental chemical risk assessment, an overview of the current regulatory guidance and a PBPK model run-through. This enabled attendees to consider the wide potential and fitness for purpose of the application of PBPK modelling in these fields. Attendees considered applicability in the context of future food safety assessment for refining exposure assessments of chemicals with narrow margins of exposure and/or to fill data gaps from more traditional approaches (i.e., data from animal testing). The overall conclusions from the workshop were as follows: PBPK modelling tools were applicable in the areas of use covered, and that expertise was available (though it is in small numbers). PBPK modelling offers opportunities to address questions for compounds that are otherwise not possible (e.g., considerations of human variability in kinetics) and allows identification of “at risk” subpopulations. The use of PBPK modelling tends to be applied on a case-by-case basis and there appears to be a barrier to widespread acceptance amongst regulatory bodies due to the lack of available in-house expertise (apart from some medical and environmental agencies such as the European Medicines Agency, United States Food and Drug Administration, and the US Environmental Protection Agency, respectively). Familiarisation and further training opportunities on the application of PBPK modelling using real world case studies would help in generating interest and developing more experts in the field, as well as furthering acceptance. In a regulatory context, establishing fitness for purpose for the use of PBPK models requires transparent discussion between regulatory agencies, government bodies, academics, and industry and the development of a harmonised guidance such as by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) would provide a starting point. Finally, PBPK modelling is part of the wider “new approach methodologies” for risk assessment, and there should be particular emphasis in modelling both toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics.