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Pereira, Abrao, Stacey Paterson, Peter McMahon, David Guest, Agus Purwantara, and Jenny Ann Toribio. "Assessing Profitability Of Small-Scale Cocoa-Goat Mixed-Farming In West Sulawesi, Indonesia." SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian 15, no. 1 (2021): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/soca.2021.v15.i01.p20.
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Cocoa is a key crop for small-scale farmers in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Decline in cocoa yield and cocoa price fluctuation have negatively affected the income of small-scale farmers. An approach to address the sustainability of small-scale cocoa farming is to diversify the household income via cocoa-goat mixed farming. This study aimed to assess whether cocoa-goat mixed farming was a viable and profitable enterprise for small-scale farmers in West Sulawesi by using cost benefit analysis (CBA). Three CBA models were developed to compare profitability of an existing medium-scale cocoa-goat mixed farm located in West Sulawesi with hypothetical small-scale cocoa monoculture and cocoa-goat mixed farming. The CBAs were informed by an interview using structured questionnaire and literature search. The principal CBA assessment criterion was net present value (NPV) while benefit cost ratio (BCR) and internal rate of return (IRR) were supplementary. Sensitivity analysis measured the impact of changes in key parameters on profit. Over a 25-year production cycle, the medium-scale cocoa goat mixed farm is a profitable enterprise, earning an estimated profit of USD 90,403. At small-scale level, the findings suggest that engaging in small-scale cocoa goat mixed farming has potential to increase household income by 27% of profit from the cocoa monoculture.
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Appiah, Sylvia Kyerewaa, Collins Osei, Kwadwo Amankwah, Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum, John-Eudes Andivi Bakang, and Fred Ankuyi. "GALAMSEY'S GRIP: UNRAVELLING THE IMPACT OF ILLEGAL SMALL-SCALE MINING ON COCOA FARMING AND LIVELIHOODS." Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal 24, no. 1 (2024): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2024.024.1.5.
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The encroachment of small-scale mining (galamsey) on fertile lands poses a significant threat to cocoa cultivation, affecting farmers' livelihoods and raising concerns about environmental sustainability. This study addresses the complex interaction between small-scale mining and cocoa farming. Conducted in the Bosome Freho district, Ashanti Region, the study employs a quantitative research design, utilizing a survey method with 316 cocoa farmers affected by galamsey. Descriptive statistics, including frequency and percentages, are applied to analyze data. Factors driving cocoa farmers to participate in galamsey include perceived profitability, low cocoa yields, high maintenance costs, and reduced cocoa prices. The perceived impact of galamsey on livelihood outcomes reveals concerns about environmental degradation, reduced farm output, soil fertility decline, and health and safety risks. Livelihood strategies employed include on-farm practices like intercropping and livestock rearing. Galamsey poses multifaceted challenges to cocoa farmers, affecting not only their livelihoods but also the environment and socioeconomic activities. The study highlights the need for comprehensive policies addressing the complex interplay between mining and agriculture, safeguarding environmental sustainability and farmers' well-being. The findings inform policymakers of the urgent need for stricter regulations, environmental safeguards, and diversified livelihood options for cocoa farmers.
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Misnawi, Misnawi, Ariza Budi Tunjungsari, Noor Ariefandie Febrianto, Resa Setia Adiandri, Fahrizal Fahrizal, and Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi. "Improvement of Small Scale Cocoa Fermentation Using Lactobacillus fermentumas Starter Culture." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 3 (2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i3.295.
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Low harvest amount of cocoa smallholder has became a great constraint for farmer in order to carry out a proper postharvest practice. Low production of raw cocoa beans cause farmers are not able to ferment their cocoa beans that lead to low quality of cocoa beans produced. Addition of starter culture to improve the fermentation performance has been previously reported by some researchers. In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum(LF) inoculum was used as stater culture for small scale cocoa fermentation (15 kg). The LF culture (107 CFU/gr) was added in several concentration (1, 2.5, and 5% w/w) prior cocoa fermentation. The fermen-tation was carried out in 4 days (96 h) with once turning in 48 h. The result showed that the addition of LF in small batch of cocoa fermentation could improve the performance of fermentation and resulted in higher amount of fermented cocoa beans (70,34%, 5% LF) compared to natural fermentation and fair average quality (FAQ) beans (45% and 41%, respectively). This research result is significantly important solving the issues of fermentation concerning with minimum quantity of cocoa needed. With this approach, small batch of cocoa fermentation even could result in comparable quality to full-batch fermentation.
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OWUSU, PRINCE, Isaac Osei Amoako, Benjamin Wiafe Asare, and Prince Yakohene Dogbe. "Cocoa Farming and Illegal Mining: Farmers’ Perception on the Livelihood Impacts in the Obuasi, Juabeso, and Amansie West Districts of Ghana." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 41, no. 1 (2025): 47–72. https://doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v41i1.620.
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Cocoa and gold are vital contributors to Ghana’s GDP, with many cocoagrowing communities also serving as hotspots for illegal small-scale mining. This study investigated cocoa farmers’ perceptions of the impact of illegal mining on their livelihoods in three districts where both activities coexist. Data was collectedfrom 180 purposively selected cocoa farmers using questionnaires. The findings revealed that illegal mining poses significant challenges, including water pollution, land degradation, cocoa tree mortality, and reduced yields, leading to income losses for farmers. Uncovered mining pits also contribute to health risks suchas mosquito-borne diseases. Key drivers of illegal mining include unemployment, poverty, and quick financial gains from illegal mining activities. The study recommends increased environmental education by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources to raise awareness among cocoa farmers and mining communities about the adverse effects of illegal small-scale mining on cocoa production and the environment.
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Osman, Najat, John Tennyson Afele, Eunice Nimo, David Ofoe Gorleku, Louisa Adomaa Ofori, and Akwasi Adutwum Abunyewa. "Assessing the Impact of Illegal Small-Scale Mining (Galamsey) on Cocoa Farming and Farmer Livelihood: A Case Study in the Amansie West District of Ghana." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 38, no. 1 (2022): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v38i1.496.
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Cocoa and gold are significant contributors to the gross dormestic product of Ghana which makes both commodities key parts of the Ghanaian economy. Unfortunately, in Ghana, most cocoa-growing communities are the hub of illegal small-scale mining commonly known as galamsey. It is alleged that cocoa farmerssell their farmlands for galamsey; however, given that cocoa farming is the primary source of income for many households in rural Ghana. This research aimed at investigating the motivations for galamsey and how the practice impacts cocoa farming and the environment as well as farmer livelihood. The study was undertakenin Amansie West District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana where both cocoa farming and illegal mining operations coexist. The data for the study was collected using structured questionnaires. Cocoa farmers were purposively selected as respondents in two cocoa-growing communities. Data were obtained from 90 purposively sampled respondents through snowballing. Data collected were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Scientist software. The results revealed that cocoa farmers face challenges due to galamsey such as; labour shortages, water pollution, competition for land amongst others. Also, cocoa farms, especially those downslope, get flooded whenever it rains as a result of uncovered galamsey pits near farms and cause black pod disease, early dropping of immature pods and stunted growth which ultimately reduce the output of cocoa farms. Farmers revealed that this affected their source of income adversely since the majority of them mainly depend on cocoa farming for their livelihood. They also reported a loss of green space and land degradation as some environmental hazards posed by galamsey. Information gathered from tenant farmers revealed that it is mostly landowners who give out their lands for galamsey. The major reasons that encourage galamsey were identified as higher short-term income, financial problems (40%) due to unemployment, and poor cocoa yield (26%).
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Roldan, Maria Belen, Ingrid Fromm, and Robert Aidoo. "From Producers to Export Markets: The Case of the Cocoa Value Chain in Ghana." Journal of African Development 15, no. 2 (2013): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.15.2.0121.
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Abstract For many smallholders, agriculture is the main source of income, understanding how value chains work can derive many benefits to increase productivity and therefore farmers' income. Many different stakeholders around the world are involved in the cocoa value chain, which is part of a billion-dollar chocolate industry. Cocoa farming in many developing countries is the main source of income for households. West Africa is the most important cocoa-producing area worldwide, accounting for 70 percent of the total production. In Ghana, small-scale farmers, with plantations of no more than 4 hectares, are responsible for most of the national production. This investigation sought to determine if the interactions of these farmers with different local and international stakeholders were improving their situation. The study took place in two main cocoa producer regions in Ghana, Brong Ahafo and Western. Three hundred small scale farmers in 20 different villages were interviewed. Interviews of different key stakeholders in Ghana, such as COCOBOD and in Switzerland, Felchlin AG, Chocolats Halba and Chocosuisse were conducted. This study focused on identifying the relationships, support, benefits and/or problems between stakeholders (national and international) and small scale farmers. On the other hand, the issue of contract farming and its impact on cocoa farmers in Ghana was analyzed. The results indicate that small scale farmers have little or no contact with stakeholders especially with chocolate manufacturers, the lack of farming contracts is high in both regions and if farmers work under contract there is little or no information about contracting terms and conditions. Awareness of sustainable production or certifications to motivate better producer price among farmers is also missing. Finally, a participatory value chain analysis is proposed in order to improve relationships between farmers and stakeholders.
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Ambarawati, I. Gusti Agung Ayu, and Ni Puspa Ayu Esterina. "Cocoa Producers’ Decision on Fermenting Beans in Jembrana Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 11, no. 2 (2024): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.112.16560.
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Cocoa bean has an important role in the agricultural economy of Indonesia for its foreign earnings. Demand for high quality of cocoa beans is increasing fast due to the expansion of global cocoa and chocolate market. Bali Province also plays an important role in Indonesia’s cocoa production and export where the main cocoa plantation lies in Jembrana Regency cultivated by small-scale farmers. Chocolate industry requests for high quality cocoa beans from fermented cocoa for high prices, however farmers are still reluctant to do fermentation. This study aims at analyzing probability of farmer’s decision to ferment cocoa beans at Jembrana Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. Logit regression was utilized where the dependent variable is in binary, which is the change in probability of a cocoa producer choosing to ferment their cocoa beans, given the independent variables included farm size, production and other occupation of farmers. The result from the average marginal effect shows that only production variable is significant to increase the probability of the cocoa farmers to ferment their cocoa beans. Result from the analysis indicates that on average for one kilogram increase in cocoa production per month, the probability of observing increases fermentation by approximately 0.26 percentage point. In other words, higher production volume increases the probability of the cocoa producers to ferment their cocoa beans. It is suggested to multi stakehonders in cocoa industry to further improve production through the implementation of good agricultural practices (GAP) and extending training for cocoa farmers.
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Nunoo, Isaac, Benedicta Nsiah Frimpong, and Frederick Kwabena Frimpong. "Fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in Ghana: the case of Sefwi Wiawso District." International Journal of Environment 3, no. 1 (2014): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9939.
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This study analyses factors that influence fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in the Sefwi Wiawso District in the Western Region, Ghana. Primary data were obtained from 200 cocoa farmers in the district. Descriptive statistics and ordinary least square regression analysis were used to analyse data collected. The results revealed that majority of the cocoa farmers were males and are getting old. Also farm size and price of fertilizer were significant factors affecting fertilizer use among cocoa farmers in the Sefwi Wiawso District in the Western Region. Moreover 74.5 percent farmers do not use fertilizer whereas 25.5 percent use fertilizer on their cocoa farms. The study recommends that Ghana government should further subsidise the price of fertilizer to make fertilizer more affordable to small holder cocoa farmers and also adopt strategies that hedge against price risk. In addition, illiterate farmers should be encouraged to undergo adult literacy programmes. Rural development policies should think about the importance of improving small-scale farmers? access to credit market. Furthermore, the extension unit of the Ghana Cocoa board and Ministry of Agriculture should be strengthened to educate cocoa farmers more on fertilizer usage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9939 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 22-31
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Sukanteri, Ni Putu, Putu Fajar Kartika Lestari, I. Gusti Ayu Diah Yuniti, and I. Made Tamba. "Policy and Competitiveness of Integrated Agricultural-Based technology for Cocoa Production in Indonesia: Application of a Policy Analysis Matrix." Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, no. 9 (2024): e06441. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-006.
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Purpose: The research aimed to evaluate the competitiveness of smallholder cocoa plantations and the efficiency of input use in cocoa farming by strengthening farmer groups Indonesia. Theoretical framework: The research design includes the steps taken in conducting research, data sources, and how to obtain data and data analysis. The research clearly describes the variables, data collection, and data analysis methods to have a clear picture of the competitiveness of cocoa farming. Design/methodology/approach : Measuring the competitiveness of cocoa in Bali using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method. PAM analysis is used to calculate private profit, which is a measure of farm competitiveness at the market price level or the actual price Findings: Competitiveness at the social price level is placed on the second row of the PAM table, Indonesia is an agricultural country and the development of the main agricultural sector, especially cocoa commodities which are managed through community plantations in rural areas, shows the ability to be comparatively competitive, even competitive, even though some components such as private farmer profits can be achieved at 69% compared to what cocoa farmers should receive. Farmers can receive social benefits of up to 40%. Even though cocoa production receives output subsidies, cocoa farmers are only able to obtain a price of 79%, or 21% lower than the world cocoa price, but it is still competitively profitable for farmers. The inputs needed by farmers in cocoa production can be managed by farmers so that the price of tradable inputs at the farmer level shows the same price at the economic level so that it is said to have comparative and competitive competitiveness. Research, Practical & Social implications: Competitive cocoa in Indonesia provides benefits to farmers at small-scale plantations of up to 69 %, and the profits received by farmers are 40% when measured comparatively. Originality/value: Originality/Value: This research is original. Implemented in smallholder cocoa plantations in Indonesia with integrated crop-livestock farming patterns to produce outputs that can compete at social prices and to motivate other cocoa farmers to develop farming system innovations that can increase cocoa production based on local resources.
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Vera-Montenegro, Lenin, Amparo Baviera-Puig, and Jose-Maria Garcia-Alvarez-Coque. "AHP choice in cocoa post-harvest technology for small-scale farmers." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 12, no. 3 (2014): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2014123-5467.
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Jezeer, Rosalien E., Pita A. Verweij, Maria J. Santos, and René G. A. Boot. "Shaded Coffee and Cocoa – Double Dividend for Biodiversity and Small-scale Farmers." Ecological Economics 140 (October 2017): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.04.019.
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Nformi Beatrice Maluh, Nchu Godwill Afual, and Egbenchong Ruth Eneke. "Cocoa production sector: Constraints and effects on livelihoods in the Mbonge Sub-Division, South West Region of Cameroon." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 25, no. 1 (2025): 2262–73. https://doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0284.
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In Cameroon, cocoa production is the most profitable economic activity for rural communities particularly in the Mbonge Sub-Division. This sector provides a vital source of income and employment opportunities for numerous small-scale farmers. Despite their crucial role, cocoa farmers still struggle to earn significant income, leaving them unable to meet their basic needs or achieve a good standard of living. This study seeks to examine the constraints to cocoa production and their effects on rural livelihoods in Mbonge Sub-Division. To achieve this objective, descriptive and explanatory research designs were used with both primary and secondary data collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical techniques. A random sampling was employed to select a sample of 368 respondents including all stakeholders involved in cocoa production process within the study area. The results revealed that the constant fluctuation in cocoa prices, inadequate access to credit facilities, insecure land tenure, poor infrastructural development like roads, poor storage facilities, climate variability and change were the major constraints to cocoa production observed in the study area. These constraints have resulted in a 50% fall in the total production and revenue. There is a drastic drop in income from approximately 18,700,000,000-billion-franc C.F.A in 2011-to-9000,000,000-billion-franc C.F.A in 2020. The overall effects of the constraints on rural livelihoods on the inhabitants of Mbonge is the difficulty to access quality health care, feeding, decent housing, clothing, toiletries, household utilities, education, socialization, and savings. Purchasing power of farmers has remained very low, in addition to a high rate of inflation. The study recommends farmers to improve on cocoa certification, encourage savings and diversification of their sources of income and activity. The government is recommended to improve on integrated rural development projects, cocoa extension services and more efforts to solve the socio-political crises plaguing the area. Given the pivotal role of the cocoa sector, agricultural policies should be favourable to small farm holders amidst the constraints to ameliorate and improve cocoa production, thus improving rural livelihoods.
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S., Adebiyi,, Uwagboe, E. O., Agbongiarhuoyi, A. E., Oluyole, K. A,, Abdulkarim, I. F, and Williams, A. O. "Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies on Cocoa Production in Ibarapa Central of Oyo State, Nigeria." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 07 (2018): 20478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/07/547.
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In spite of various efforts of improving cocoa yield and farm’s production embarked upon by cocoa farmers, the nation has recorded poor yield due to the unending activities of men which has led to global warming. In view of the relevance of cocoa in the country’s gross domestic product, there is need to sustain efforts for increase production and productivity of the sector. This research work examined the climate change and adaptation strategies on cocoa production in Ibarapa central local government area of Oyo state with sample size of 120 respondents. Data were collected from selected cocoa farmers with the aid of structured interview schedule and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results revealed that some respondents (60.6%) were still in their active age range with abundant family labour. The findings also revealed that majority (78.9%) of the respondents are small-scale farmers with less than 5 hectares of farm size while 94.5% of the respondents plant cover crops as regular adaptation strategy. Finance was a serious constraint faced by the respondents in the use of adaptation strategies in the study area. However, a significant relationship exists between respondent age education and farm size at P<0.05. It is recommended that farmers should be properly educated on current practices that will reduce the negative impact of climate change in cocoa farming environment.
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Cortéz Arias, Ricardo, and Ingrid Fromm. "From Cocoa Producers to Chocolatiers? Developing an Entrepreneurial Model for Small-scale Producers in Honduras." International Journal on Food System Dynamics 10, no. 1 (2019): 38–54. https://doi.org/10.18461/ijfsd.v10i1.03.
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Purpose - The cocoa value chain exemplifies the imbalances often seen in the global trade of commodities. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the likeliness of cocoa growers to become entrepreneurs and chocolatiers and to reflex about the impact this would have in their socioeconomic context. Design/Methodology/Approach – This research studies the possibility of entrepreneurial endeavors using the concepts of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) developed by Ajzen (1991). This way, a quantitative model based on the findings from Liñán and Chen (2009) was created, in which the Personal Attitude (PA), Subjective Norm (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) along with other personal and social variables -in this case the Readiness to be an Entrepreneur (RE)- affect directly the Entrepreneurial Intention (EI). Findings – Findings suggest that 75% of the farmers showed Entrepreneurial Intention and other entrepreneurial characteristics such as knowledge of the market, technology and regulatory framework. The existence of an organization of social capital in the same village, run by the wives of the farmers, also adds to the entrepreneurial intention of the village, since the main goal is to add value and produce chocolate. Originality/Value – This research provides insight of the mindset shared by Honduran cocoa growers about performing in the chocolate industry. At the same time provides a raw image of the living conditions these individuals face and how their view of the chocolate industry is affected by their need to escape poverty.
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Jacobi, Johanna, Monika Schneider, Patrick Bottazzi, Maria Pillco, Patricia Calizaya, and Stephan Rist. "Agroecosystem resilience and farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts on cocoa farms in Alto Beni, Bolivia." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 2 (2013): 170–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051300029x.
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AbstractCocoa-based small-scale agriculture is the most important source of income for most farming families in the region of Alto Beni in the sub-humid foothills of the Andes. Cocoa is grown in cultivation systems of varying ecological complexity. The plantations are highly susceptible to climate change impacts. Local cocoa producers mention heat waves, droughts, floods and plant diseases as the main impacts affecting plants and working conditions, and they associate these impacts with global climate change. From a sustainable regional development point of view, cocoa farms need to become more resilient in order to cope with the climate change related effects that are putting cocoa-based livelihoods at risk. This study assesses agroecosystem resilience under three different cocoa cultivation systems (successional agroforestry, simple agroforestry and common practice monocultures). In a first step, farmers’ perceptions of climate change impacts were assessed and eight indicators of agroecological resilience were derived in a transdisciplinary process (focus groups and workshop) based on farmers’ and scientists’ knowledge. These indicators (soil organic matter, depth of Ah horizon, soil bulk density, tree species diversity, crop varieties diversity, ant species diversity, cocoa yields and infestation of cocoa trees with Moniliophthora perniciosa) were then surveyed on 15 cocoa farms and compared for the three different cultivation systems. Parts of the socio-economic aspects of resilience were covered by evaluating the role of cocoa cooperatives and organic certification in transitioning to more resilient cocoa farms (interviews with 15 cocoa farmers combined with five expert interviews). Agroecosystem resilience was higher under the two agroforestry systems than under common practice monoculture, especially under successional agroforestry. Both agroforestry systems achieved higher cocoa yields than common practice monoculture due to agroforestry farmers’ enhanced knowledge regarding cocoa cultivation. Knowledge sharing was promoted by local organizations facilitating organic certification. These organizations were thus found to enhance the social process of farmers’ integration into cooperatives and their reorientation toward organic principles and diversified agroforestry.
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Orisasona, T. M., O. Taiwo, E. E. O. Agbebaku, K. A. Oluyole, O. A. Williams, and I. F. Abdulkarim. "Input Use Efficiency of Cocoa Production among Small Scale Farmers in Ondo State." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 16, no. 4 (2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2018/26814.
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Asamoah, Mercy, F. Owusu Ansah, V. Anchirinah, F. Aneani, and D. Agyapong. "Insight into the Standard of Living of Ghanaian Cocoa Farmers." Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, no. 5 (2013): 363–70. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375077.
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A survey was conducted to provide insight into the standard of living of cocoa farmers in Ghana. A total of 637 households (with 3392 persons) were randomly sampled using a multi staged sampling technique from eleven cocoa districts in Ghana. Formal questionnaires were used to interview the heads of households on various aspects of their lives. The objective was to find the total annual household expenditure as a proxy indicator and compare with national living standards in order to stratify the farmers by poverty status. Results indicated that 7.4 percent of the sampled population were extremely poor with total annual expenditure less than GH¢443.61 while 11.4 percent were poor with less than GH¢570.31. An analysis of the poverty gap revealed that a person needed an average of GH¢135.45 (about $68) or up to GH¢397.00 per annum to be lifted up from extremely poor to the upper poverty line. It could thus, be deduced that poorer cocoa farmers needed the money equivalent of two bags (125 kg) of dry cocoa to be able to satisfy their basic consumption needs. It is thus, recommended that the majority small-scale cocoa farmers should be assisted to adopt yield enhancing technology in order to increase their current low productivity of less than 400 kg.
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Escobar-Garcia, Hector Alonso, Daniel Junior de Andrade, Jennifer J. Beard, and Ronald Ochoa. "Peacock mites on cocoa in Peru (Acari: Tuckerellidae: Tuckerella): their economic importance and a key to species." Systematic and Applied Acarology 26, no. 3 (2021): 519–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.26.3.2.
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Seeds from the cocoa tree, Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae), make up the raw materials for cocoa which is used to produce chocolate. In Peru, cocoa is produced mainly by smallholder farmers under a small-scale agriculture model. During March and September 2020, surveys of organic smallholding farms were conducted in four Districts of the Department of Piura in northwestern Peru. Three species of the family Tuckerellidae (peacock mites) were collected and identified from this region in Peru: namely Tuckerella ornata (Tucker), Tu. pavoniformis (Ewing), and Tu. knorri Baker & Tuttle. In this article, we report the presence of peacock mites affecting cocoa crops in Peru for the first time. The populations of peacock mites found in the cocoa trees were considerable and causing significant fruit damage. A key to the species of Tuckerella found in cocoa is presented.
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Shimada, Schuhei. "Tsutomu Takane Cocoa Farmers in Ghana: Sociological Variables in Small-Scale Export Crop Production." Journal of African Studies 2000, no. 56 (2000): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.11619/africa1964.2000.86.
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Eta, HC, EO Eremi, FO Idiku, and JN Eta. "Pesticide use, management practices and perceived effects on the health of cocoa farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 23, no. 121 (2023): 23558–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.121.22785.
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Pesticide poisoning is a leading occupational and public health concern among farmers in Nigeria. Nevertheless, with the country’s rising population coupled with fluctuations in climatic conditions that favor frequent pest and disease outbreaks, the demand for pesticides has been on the increase to enhance food production and quality, thereby ensuring food security. Cross River State is the second largest cocoa producing state in the country with many small scale farmers involved in cocoa production. In spite of researches carried out on agrochemical use in Nigeria, little is known about pesticide use in Cross River State. This study was, therefore, aimed at documenting pesticide use, management practices and perceived effects on cocoa farmers’ health in Cross River State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to survey 150 cocoa farmers in the State. A set of structured questionnaires was used to elicit information from farmers. The instrument focused on farmers’ socio-economic characteristics, major pesticides used, pesticide management practices, and perceived pesticide effects on health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that the majority (71.3%) of farmers was male with most (60.7%) having farming experience of ten years and above, implying that cocoa production is dominated by men. Pesticides used in the study area were: herbicides such as clear weed (58%), insecticides such as Actara 25WG (98%) and Dursban 48EC (96%), inferring that more insecticides than herbicides were used by farmers. Pesticide management practices such as “use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and reading manufacturers’ instructions before pesticide application” were practiced by 26% and 38% of respondents, respectively. Cough (MS=4.03), shortness of breath (MS=3.96), skin itching (MS=3.87), dizziness (MS=3.78) and sneezing (MS=3.78) were the severely perceived pesticide related sicknesses reported by farmers. The study recommended that agricultural extension advisory services should lay more emphasis on pesticide risk awareness and attitudinal change among farmers. Key words: Pesticide use, Pesticide management practices, Farmers’ Health, Perceived pesticide effects
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Fayia, Alpha Obi, Emmanuel Dauda, and Mohamed Yusuf. "An analysis of the current taxation policies affecting agro-processing micro-enterprises (AMEs) in the Cocoa Sector in Kenema City." Advanced Research Journal 2, no. 1 (2025): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.71350/3062192527.
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The study utilized a qualitative research technique to investigate the impact of taxation on the operations and growth of several players in the cocoa value chain, including growers, buyers, sellers, and processors. A total of 25 participants were selected, including 8 cocoa producers, 6 buyers, 6 sellers, and 5 processors, all sourced from different areas within Kenema City to guarantee a representative sample. The results indicated that higher tax rates, complicated tax rules, and inadequate tax education constituted substantial obstacles for cocoa farmers. The study also found that a lack of understanding of tax policies and their consequences obstructed the successful functioning and expansion of AMEs. The study recommends various reforms to enhance the tax system, including thoroughly evaluating existing tax policies, establishing tax education and training initiatives for stakeholders, introducing financial assistance programs for small-scale farmers and processors, and heightening awareness of policy changes within the sector. These ideas seek to establish a more favorable environment for the development of cocoa-based AMEs and augment their impact on the local economy.
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KUWORNU, John K. M., Yaw B. OSEI-ASARE, Michael O. ANSAH, and Akwasi MENSAH-BONSU. "Effect of gold mining on total factor productivity of farmers: Evidence from Ghana." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 111, no. 2 (2018): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2018.111.2.08.
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Gold mining comes with several benefits to developing countries, manifested mainly in the form of employment and revenue, but simultaneously impacts negatively on the immediate environment. It affects the economic structure including agriculture and its productivity. Hence, this study investigated the effect of gold mining on total factor productivity of farmers in Ghana using 110 cocoa farmers from Asutifi North and Asutifi South districts of the Brong Ahafo Region, categorised into mining and non-mining areas respectively. About 83 % of the farmers in the mining areas were affected by gold mining through channels such as land disputes, relocation of farm/residence, high cost of labour, illegal small-scale mining and dust settlement on crops. Also, about 64 % of cocoa farmers in the mining areas lost their farm lands (between 0.4 and 3.64 ha as a result of gold mining. The Tornqvist Total Factor Productivity (TFP) indices for cocoa farmers in the non-mining areas (mean TFP of 1.404) were also statistically higher than those in the mining areas (mean TFP of 0.371). The study concluded that gold mining activities adversely affect productivity of farmers in the catchment areas. The study recommends, among others, that a policy of land-for-land should be in place and effectively implemented to ensure that mining companies in order to enhance and ensure continuity of livelihoods must fully replace lands lost through mining activities.
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Kumari, Shwetha, and Jitesh Nair. "Empowering farmers and enhancing sustainability: Inaru’s impact on the Dominican cocoa industry." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 14, no. 3 (2024): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2024-0161.
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Learning outcomes After completion of the case study, the students will be able to understand the challenges faced by cocoa farmers in developing countries and their impact on the cocoa value chain, describe the need for a business to create a business model that offers social impact in small developing economies, explore innovative business models, such as vertical integration, for addressing transparency and fair compensation issues in agricultural supply chains, analyze the role that start-ups can play in disrupting the commodities supply chain and building a national competitive advantage and examine how a values-driven business can gain the trust of stakeholders and create a profitable ecosystem. Case overview/synopsis This case study describes the innovative business model of Inaru Corporation, a pioneering venture founded by two sisters, Janett Liriano and Erika, aimed at revolutionizing the cocoa industry in the Dominican Republic. This case study outlines the challenges faced by cocoa farmers in the country, including low productivity, exploitation by middlemen and lack of value addition. Inaru’s innovative business model aimed to disrupt the traditional supply chains by prioritizing fair compensation for farmers, investing in sustainable practices and vertically integrating cocoa production from farming to manufacturing. Through direct relationships with producers, profit-sharing agreements, and a commitment to ethical business practices, Inaru sought to empower cocoa farmers and cultivate a more equitable and sustainable cocoa industry. Inaru was a model for ethical and caring business practices where it shared the profits with its farmers. By operating a profit-sharing model and sharing its fortune with other women, Inaru was helping create gender equity in the cocoa sector. Inaru planned to scale its business model to other cocoa-producing countries and even transfer its business model strategy to other commodities beginning with the coffee segment in Dominican Republic. By exploring Inaru’s case study, students gain a deep understanding of how businesses can drive positive change, create value for stakeholders and contribute to sustainable development goals. Complexity academic level This case was written for use in teaching graduate and postgraduate management courses in entrepreneurship and economics, politics and business environment. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
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Jamil, Muhammad, and Setia Budi. "Peranan Koperasi Dalam Pengembangan Sistem Agribisnis Kakao (Studi Kasus: Koperasi Perkebunan Kakao Bireuen)." Agrifo : Jurnal Agribisnis Universitas Malikussaleh 7, no. 1 (2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/ag.v7i1.11613.
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There is still great potential for the development of cocoa plants in Kabupaten Bireuen is a great opportunity to improve cocoa agribusiness in a sustainable, one of them is through institutional roles. However, the Kabupaten Bireuen government still has several problems in running the cocoa agribusiness system starting from the upstream subsystem to support services. Problems in the upstream subsystem and farming, namely farmers have not been able to fully implement the frequent harvest system, pruning, sanitizing and fertilizing (PsPSP) as well as fermentation. Even though the Bireuen Cocoa Plantation Cooperative has provided trainings related to the PsPSP system and the fermentation. This study aims to determine the cocoa agribusiness system in Kabupaten Bireuen and to find out the role of the Cocoa Plantation Cooperative that has been carried out so far. The sample criteria in this study were 34 cocoa farmers who were active members of the Bireuen Cocoa Plantation Cooperative. Data analysis in this study used a qualitative descriptive method with data measurement using a Likert scale. The results showed that the cocoa agribusiness system in Kabupaten Bireuennot well integrated, while in general the role of cooperatives in the development of the cocoa agribusiness system is large with an index value of 69.92%.The role of cooperatives in aid distribution activities is categorized as large with an index value of 73.94%,training activities have a big role with the category 79.65%, mentoring activities have a big role with an index value of 67.12% and the collection of results has a small role with an index value of 58.97%.
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Burgos Villamar, Ivonne Soraya, Luis Eduardo Solís Granda, Jorge Fabricio Guevara Viejó, and Juan Diego Valenzuela Cobos. "Analysis of the Impact of Information Behavior on the Marketing and Fertilization Strategies of Small Cocoa Producers in the Provinces of Guayas and Los Ríos in Ecuador." Agriculture 15, no. 8 (2025): 858. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15080858.
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The main barriers faced by small-scale cocoa producers in Ecuador are the limited access to and the use of information technologies, which affects their efficiency in production and marketing. This study evaluated the impact of information behavior on the fertilization and marketing strategies of small cocoa farmers in two Ecuadorian provinces that have presented outstanding performance at the national level in order to identify the main factors that cause information gaps. For this purpose, a structured survey was conducted between May and June 2024 on 150 cocoa producers farming up to 10 hectares to collect demographic data and analyze their information-use patterns in relation to agricultural market strategies. The survey included five dimensions: information sources, information evaluation, informational, social and economic. In addition, soil chemical analyses were conducted in 50 plantations managed by the same farmers to determine the affinity between fertilization practices and the nutritional needs of the crop. The results indicated that farmers in Guayas showed a more developed information behavior, with a greater knowledge of their information needs and an active interest in collecting data on agricultural markets. In contrast, farmers in Los Ríos made less use of the media as a source of information, which limited their impact on social and economic aspects. In soil chemistry, both provinces presented favorable conditions for the crop; however, low nitrogen and potassium concentrations could affect yields. In Guayas, the analyses revealed averages of 0.34 cmol(+)/L aluminum, 3.03 cmol(+)/L magnesium and 0.33 cmol(+)/L potassium, values that mostly meet the nutritional standards for cocoa. In Los Rios, the analyses reflected average values of 0.68 ± 0.46 cmol(+)/L aluminum, 2.98 ± 1.13 cmol(+)/L magnesium and 0.34 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/L potassium. Based on the findings of this study, in order to improve the competitiveness of the sector, it is suggested to design accessible public policies and training programs oriented to the use of digital tools and sustainable practices that promote access to markets and optimize the production chain.
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Sudjarmoko, Bedy, Dewi Listyati, and Abdul Muis Hasibuan. "Analisis Penyusunan Prioritas Kegiatan dalam Mendukung Diberlakukannya Kewajiban Fermentasi Biji Kakao." Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, no. 3 (2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n3.2017.p153-162.
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<em>Cocoa is a strategic commodity with an important role in Indonesian economy. Despite being the world's third largest cocoa producer and exporter after Ivory Coast and Ghana, Indonesia still faces a number of problems in production, processing, and marketing. The government issued Permentan Nomor 67/Permentan/OT.140 /5/2014 which aims to improve the competitiveness and added value of Indonesian cocoa, support national cocoa postharvest industries, protect the consumers of unqualified cocoa beans, increase cocoa farmers’ income, and facilitate the tracing for production and circulation deviation. The study aimed to develop a strategic priority recommendation in achieving the goals of Permentan Nomor 67/ Permentan/OT.140/5/2014. The study was conducted in West Sumatra, West Java, East Java, Yogyakarta, and DKI Jakarta from January to December 2016. The study was conducted by survey method and the data was analyzed analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results indicated that priorities should be put forward on: 1) implementing national regulation on cocoa beans fermentation consistenly and continuously; 2) product diversification with affordable and achievable cost and technology; 3) a massive, continuous, and intensive campaign on social awareness of the importance of sustainable energy; 4) stimulating small to big scale cocoa processing industries; 5) intensification, rehabilitation, and rejuvenation of the cocoa farming to meet the domestic demand for cocoa.</em>
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Amran, Arman, Paulus, and Warsidah. "The comparison of productivity before and after cocoa national movement program (gernas) implemented in Mamasa Regency West Sulawesi." Anjoro: International Journal of Agriculture and Business 2, no. 2 (2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31605/anjoro.v2i2.943.
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In early 1990, Indonesia entered as the third-largest exporter in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana. The number of cocoa farmers is estimated to be 1.4 million households, generally on a small scale, with an area of about two hectares of cocoa. The very high increase in cocoa prices during the economic crisis in the late 1990s contributed significantly to the poverty alleviation of cocoa farming communities, especially those in rural areas. Almost 20 percent of the national cocoa production comes from West Sulawesi Province. The Cocoa National Movement Program (Gernas) in West Sulawesi is a locomotive for community-based development as a holistic, integrated program involving stakeholders to increase productivity and quality and encourage the growth of the cocoa trade and industry. The Central Government subsequently carried it out formed the National Movement for the Improvement of Cocoa Production and Quality. The research showed that there had been a significant increase in cocoa productivity in Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, between before the National Movement Program and after its implementation through rejuvenetion, rehabilitation, and intensification programs. Rehabilitation activities are higher than those of rejuvenation and intensification. Rejuvenation increased cocoa production from 342.68 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 605.05 kg.ha–1.year–1. Rehabilitation increased cocoa productivity from 332.47 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 720.98 kg.ha–1.year–1 and intensification increased cocoa productictivity from 328.27 kg.ha–1.year–1 in 2008 to 531.45 kg.ha–1.year–1 during the program implemented.
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Boahene, Kwasi. "Rationality and Decision-Making of Small Farmers: The Case of Ghana." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 7, no. 2 (1996): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x9600700201.
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According to anthropologists and sociologists of non-western societies, small-scale farmers in the developing economies are not self-seeking profit maximizers—i.e., their activities are not oriented towards economic efficiency—compared to their counterparts in the developed economies. They are said to include cultural considerations in their decision-making process. As a result, sociology has been typically divided into western and non-western sociology. This gives the impression that societies are polarized into two extremes each of which requires a different method of analysis. The paper argues that in the less industrialised as in the industrialised societies, economic activities are subject to economic as well as socio-cultural considerations, although in the former, the cultural component may count more. A socio-economic model of rational behaviour has been developed to explain the activities of small cocoa farmers in Ghana. The relevance of a socio-economic model to explain the decision-making of the Ghanaian farmers broadens the notion of rational behaviour, and lends little support to the implications associated with the categorization of sociology into western and non-western sociology.
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Ferraris, Stefano, Rosa Meo, Stefano Pinardi, Matteo Salis, and Gabriele Sartor. "Machine Learning as a Strategic Tool for Helping Cocoa Farmers in Côte D’Ivoire." Sensors 23, no. 17 (2023): 7632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23177632.
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Machine learning can be used for social good. The employment of artificial intelligence in smart agriculture has many benefits for the environment: it helps small farmers (at a local scale) and policymakers and cooperatives (at regional scale) to take valid and coordinated countermeasures to combat climate change. This article discusses how artificial intelligence in agriculture can help to reduce costs, especially in developing countries such as Côte d’Ivoire, employing only low-cost or open-source tools, from hardware to software and open data. We developed machine learning models for two tasks: the first is improving agricultural farming cultivation, and the second is water management. For the first task, we used deep neural networks (YOLOv5m) to detect healthy plants and pods of cocoa and damaged ones only using mobile phone images. The results confirm it is possible to distinguish well the healthy from damaged ones. For actions at a larger scale, the second task proposes the analysis of remote sensors, coming from the GRACE NASA Mission and ERA5, produced by the Copernicus climate change service. A new deep neural network architecture (CIWA-net) is proposed with a U-Net-like architecture, aiming to forecast the total water storage anomalies. The model quality is compared to a vanilla convolutional neural network.
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Tunjung-Sari, Ariza Budi, Misnawi Jati, Noor Ariefandie Febrianto, and Teguh Wahyudi. "Use of Lactobacillus fermentum for improving fermentation degree of smallholder dried cocoa beans." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 35, no. 3 (2020): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v35i3.371.
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In an attempt to improve the quality of dried cocoa beans produced from small holder farming in Indonesia, experiment of cocoa beans and Lactobacillus fermentum (LF) was conducted. LF culture at concentration 5% w/w was added into dried cocoa beans and incubated for four days. Treated beans were sun dried and evaluated for slaty and purple appearance on the nibs, as well as defects and sensory quality. This study reports a significant decrease in the proportion of slaty and purple beans in the treated groups either in smaller (30 kg) or in the larger (150 kg) scales. The moulded bean number surged, but moulded beans was already present in the untreated group. The sensory profile was obtaining higher scores on the chocolate flavor, bitterness and astringency attributes. It is concluded that LF culture could be used for improving the physical and sensory qualities of cocoa beans from small holder farmers.
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Wadhwani, Dimple. "COCOA CRUNCH- How soaring prices of cocoa beans are shaping the future of the chocolate industry." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 07 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem04772.
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Abstract: This study examines the effects of high prices of cocoa on the global chocolate sector, with particular focus on the impact of the increased prices on consumers, manufacturers, and producers. Estimated causes of this increase in cocoa price include climate change, supply chain disruptions, and labour problems in key cocoa-producing regions. It analyzes the impact of these higher prices on the chocolate industry as a whole, specifically on cost production, pricing plans, and consumption behaviour. Since the companies have higher costs of production, they tend to raise the price or shrink the product size, which influences consumers' decision to buy. Additionally, the paper criticizes challenges in supporting the industry in its adaptation and transformation towards sustainability initiatives, ethics in sourcing, and innovative products. The economics of pressure on cocoa farmers, especially small-scale producers, the study also highlights how fair trade helps improve their livelihoods in the face of rising costs. In conclusion, the paper explores the idea that although the rising trends in cocoa prices are an uphill task for the chocolate industry and its consumers, they drive shifts towards more sustainable and ethical practices that may reshuffle the future of the industry. Keywords: Sustainable and Ethical Practices, Global Chocolate Sector, Rising Costs, Industry Transformation.
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Adranyi, Enoch, Lindsay C. Stringer, and Henrice Altink. "Joined-up governance for more complementary interactions between expanding artisanal small-scale gold mining and agriculture: Insights from Ghana." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (2024): e0298392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298392.
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Rising gold prices have led artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations to proliferate in sub-Saharan Africa, extending into agricultural areas. Little is known about the interactions between agriculture and mining in these new frontiers. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of ASGM on natural and physical livelihood capitals, ASGM’s interactions with agriculture at household, community and institutional levels and the drivers underpinning those interactions, and the policy implications for the co-existence of sustainable agriculture and ASGM. Alongside literature review, field-work took place in Atiwa West District and Koforidua, Ghana using environmental field surveys, questionnaires, focus group discussions and interviews. Questionnaire and field survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, with thematic analysis of interviews and focus group data. Findings revealed that most miners were unregulated, mined irresponsibly and degraded land, waterways, and farm roads. Over one-third of farmers (38%) suffered land degradation, and 79% of affected farmers’ lands were not reclaimed. Farmers diversified into ASGM, and mining proceeds boosted farming. Young farmers (18–40 years) shifted into ASGM full-time because it is more lucrative. Yet, ASGM is not replacing agriculture: cocoa farming remains a vital economic activity. Informal ASGM generates short-term income at household level for some but imposes long-term costs at community level, linked to cumulative loss of agricultural land and degradation of forest areas and water bodies, creating tensions, and increasing vulnerability. Financial hardships faced by farmers, landowners’ desire to benefit directly from gold and lack of law enforcement drive informal ASGM. There are no institutional linkages between the agricultural and mining sectors. More joined up governance across agriculture and mining is needed and between formal and informal (traditional) institutions. ASGM should be incorporated into broader rural development policy reforms that support farmers, incentivise miners to operate legally and responsibly and ensure effective stakeholder engagement.
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Cordaro, Francesco, and Alain Desdoigts. "Bounded Rationality, Social Capital and Technology Adoption in Family Farming: Evidence from Cocoa-Tree Crops in Ivory Coast." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (2021): 7483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137483.
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In this paper, we allege that the hypothesis in favor of bounded rationality is a plausible explanation when it comes to better understanding the sluggish pace of adoption of best available tree crop farming techniques in poor small-scale rural communities. Our research builds on data collection and analysis of cocoa farming in Ivory Coast. Firstly, we find that the cognitive scarcity under which smallholder farmers make their decisions, in particular, satisficing behavior and fast and frugal heuristics, outweigh the scarcity of financial and human resources. Secondly, we show that the structure of the environment measured through various dimensions of social capital influences human rationality and decision-making. On the one hand, the greater smallholder farmers’ civic capital (solidarity, reciprocity, trustworthiness, cooperation), the more likely they are to modify their farming practices (p < 0.05) and, more specifically, to exchange information, learn, and eventually revise these practices. On the other hand, the greater the number of organizations the farmers participate in, the greater the probability of modifying their practices (p < 0.01). Information about farming techniques disseminates through weak bridging ties built within agricultural organizations (e.g., cooperatives, extension services) rather than through strong bonding ties between family or diaspora members.
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Koomson, Frederick, Richard Oppong Ntiri, Daniel Boakye Dankwah, Francis Enu-Kwesi, and Emmanuel Ekow Asmah. "Artisanal and small-scale mining, institutional arrangements and vulnerability of cocoa farmers in the Wassa Amenfi East and West Districts, Ghana." Resources Policy 102 (March 2025): 105495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105495.
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Ngwang, Norbert Ngoongeh, and Mary-Juliet Egwu Bime. "Drivers of Financial Inclusion among Cocoa Producers in the Southwest Region of Cameroon." Finance & Economics Review 5, no. 1 (2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.38157/fer.v5i1.525.
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Purpose: Financial inclusion can considerably promote cocoa production and provide a buffer for the escape from poverty traps for cocoa-growing economies like Cameroon. However, the Southwest region of Cameroon still experiences a low level of cocoa production and poverty primarily due to financial exclusion. This article explores the drivers of financial inclusion in the region. Method: A stratified multistage sampling technique was used to survey 380 cocoa producers in the main cocoa-producing areas in the region through semi-structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the socio-economic variables and the probit model to analyze the drivers of financial inclusion, subject to the three major dimensions of financial inclusion; access to, use, and quality of financial services. Results: On average, the long distance of financial institutions (9.3 km), intermediate farm sizes (2.6 ha), and low annual income (1,125,863 FCFA) negatively influenced financial inclusion resulting in just 16.6% of farmers being financially included. The findings also revealed that financial inclusion is significantly enhanced by an increase in income, farm training, the closeness of formal financial institutions (FFIs), larger household size, and small-scale production at a 1% significance level, and more years of farming experience at 5%. Moreover, 51.3% of the major constraints to financial inclusion were accounted for by lack of collateral security, distant FFIs, and low income. Implications: Reducing the distance of FFIs by establishing more institutions with considerations on collateral, increasing income through extension services like farm training, and sound agronomic practices will enhance financial inclusion. Originality: The uniqueness of this study lies in the context of the socio-political crisis during which cocoa producers were interviewed and exploring how the crisis influenced financial inclusion through a host of factors. Moreover, besides just access to credit as considered by most studies in Cameroon, the current study considers the use and quality of formal financial services as well.
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Sri Indrayati, Suryani, Elsa Widia, Syamsuwirman, Butsainah Jauharah Taqiyyah, and Resi Ria Lestari. "Development Of Trichokompos In Empowering Mekar Tani Farmer Groups In Nagari Piobang, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra." Journal of Community Service and Application of Science 2, no. 1 (2024): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.62769/st3xx996.
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Farmer Group "Mekar Tani" is one of the farmer groups in Jorong Gando, Nagari Piobang, Payakumbuh District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency, West Sumatra with 20 members. The scarcity of subsidized inorganic fertilizers and farmers' dependence on the use of inorganic fertilizers are problems in efforts to increase the production of group agricultural products. In early 2023, this farmer group is determined to start producing compost on a small scale. Due to limited knowledge and skills, members of this farmer group are still not proficient in producing quality compost. As in the procurement of raw materials and decomposers, almost entirely purchased it requires high production costs. In making compost can utilize the resources around these partners, such as husks, cocoa skins, and cow/chicken dung which are agricultural and livestock waste from members of this group. In addition, the production entirely uses manual equipment so the results are also not optimal. So community service activities were carried out in the form of training and assistance in making Trichocompost. Trichokompos is a compost containing Trichoderma sp mushrooms, which was developed as an alternative to environmentally friendly fertilizers in increasing productivity independently and increasing partner skills. This training can improve the knowledge and skills of Mekar Tani farmer groups on making Trichocompost as measured through questionnaires to achieve an increase of 87%.
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Angulo Rincón, Sergio Oleider, and Claudia Magali Solarte Solarte. "Analysis of green innovation for cocoa growers in the municipality ofRoberto Payán." Environmental Research and Ecotoxicity 5 (January 1, 2026): 301. https://doi.org/10.56294/ere2026301.
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Introduction: This project focused on the application of green innovation to cocoa cultivation in the municipality of Roberto Payán, Nariño, with the purpose of improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmental sustainability in the region. Roberto Payán has large tracts of land suitable for large-scale cocoa production, which represents a key opportunity to transform its rural economy. The study focused on identifying the problems and opportunities associated with the crop, such as lack of technical support, inadequate land use and competition with illicit crops. It also proposed solutions focused on reducing environmental impact, improving product quality and increasing the income of small producers through sustainable and innovative practices.Methods: The research adopted a positivist paradigm, also known as quantitative, which relied on the collection and analysis of numerical data to test hypotheses and answer research questions. An empirical-analytical approach was used to study causes and effects of low cocoa yields and propose alternative solutions.The study was descriptive, aimed at characterizing the current conditions and practices of growers during the year 2024. The population consisted of 30 cocoa producers, randomly selected, including relatives of the researcher and inhabitants of the Loma Linda village.Results: The data obtained showed that Roberto Payán has a high potential to develop a competitive cocoa industry, thanks to its geographical and climatic conditions. However, producers face barriers such as lack of technification, training and access to markets. Surveys revealed a low use of sustainable practices and a high dependence on traditional methods, which limits product quality and profitability. However, farmers expressed interest in adopting technological improvements if provided with the necessary means and accompaniment.Conclusions: The research led to the conclusion that Roberto Payán has the necessary conditions to position itself as a sustainable and high quality cocoa producing area. The implementation of sustainable agricultural practices such as agroforestry, the use of organic fertilizers and crop diversification can increase productivity, protect the environment and ensure long-term sustainability. It is recommended to strengthen innovation in cocoa production and processing, take advantage of fair trade certifications and orient producers towards value-added markets. This will improve income, competitiveness and the quality of life of rural communities.
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Khairani, Tasyarafa Shelia, Muhammad Prasetya Kurniawan, Kuncoro Harto Widodo, Tri Marwati, and Titiek Farianti Djaafar. "Identification of Sustainable Supply Chain Performance in Primary Cocoa Processing (Case Study in Patuk, Yogyakarta)." BIO Web of Conferences 80 (2023): 07004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20238007004.
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This study identified the handling of dry fermented cocoa bean production, analyzed the level of cocoa supply chain (SC) performance in Patuk, and developed recommendations for poor performance to improve SC performance. In this study, environmentally friendly handling was carried out by observing the SC and processing process, and SC performance was measured based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) model in the scope of reliability, responsiveness, and agility supported by the 2.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) weighting method using pairwise comparison. The result of this study indicates that sustainable practices from the seeding, nurturing, harvesting, and shipping stages are easier to implement due to the small scale and proximity to residential areas and processing units. Cocoa SC performance in Patuk is divided into 3 parts, namely for farmer performance (79.79), collective traders (70.23), and processing industry (83.29). Improvements that can be made to improve the performance of the SC are by increasing plant maintenance, recording production, and making contracts. The benefits of this study are to encourage the adoption of environmentally friendly cocoa cultivation and processing practices, provide information on SC factors on SC performance, and provide recommendations for performance improvement.
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Brown, Peter R., Ken P. Aplin, Lyn A. Hinds, Jens Jacob, Sarah E. Thomas, and Barbara J. Ritchie. "Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu." Wildlife Research 44, no. 8 (2017): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17104.
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Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.
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Brown, Peter R., Ken P. Aplin, Lyn A. Hinds, Jens Jacob, Sarah E. Thomas, and Barbara J. Ritchie. "Corrigendum to: Rodent management issues in South Pacific islands: a review with case studies from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu." Wildlife Research 45, no. 2 (2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr17104_co.
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Rodents are a key pest to agricultural and rural island communities of the South Pacific, but there is limited information of their impact on the crops and livelihoods of small-scale farmers. The rodent pest community is known, but the type and scales of damage to different crops on different islands are unknown. Knowledge about rodent pest management in other geographical regions may not be directly transferable to the Pacific region. Many studies on islands have largely focussed on the eradication of rodents from uninhabited islands for conservation benefits. These broadscale eradication efforts are unlikely to translate to inhabited islands because of complex social and agricultural issues. The livelihoods, culture and customs of poor small-scale farmers in the South Pacific have a large bearing on the current management of rodents. The aim of the present review was to describe the rodent problems, impacts and management of rodents on South Pacific islands, and identify gaps for further research. We compared and contrasted two case studies. The situation in Papua New Guinea is emergent as several introduced rodent species are actively invading new areas with wide-ranging implications for human livelihoods and conservation. In Vanuatu, we show how rodent damage on cocoa plantations can be reduced by good orchard hygiene through pruning and weeding, which also has benefits for the management of black pod disease. We conclude that (1) damage levels are unknown and unreported, (2) the impacts on human health are unknown, (3) the relationships between the pest species and their food sources, breeding and movements are not known, and (4) the situation in Papua New Guinea may represent an emergent crisis that warrants further investigation. In addition, there is a need for greater understanding of the invasive history of pest rodents, so as to integrate biological information with management strategies. Ecologically based rodent management can be achieved on Pacific Islands, but only after significant well funded large-scale projects are established and rodent ecologists are trained. We can learn from experiences from other locations such as Southeast Asia to guide the way.
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Opoku, Joyce Abrafi, and Seth Nyarko Asare. "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Citrus Production in the Eastern Region of Ghana: The Case of Okumaning and Nkwantanang in the Kwaebibirem District." European Modern Studies Journal 7, no. 1 (2023): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.59573/emsj.7(1).2023.28.
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Citrus farming has not been as popular as cocoa and other traditional crops in Ghana. The University of Ghana Agricultural Research Station (UGARS) at Okumaning undertook a research into how citrus could be produced throughout the year and make the tree last longer. Why farmers cultivate citrus on small-scale basis and the impact of the results of the UGARS’ research findings on the citrus industry in Ghana is the basis for this study. Using a mixed method, the results revealed that the citrus industry has a very bright future since for every GH?1.00 invested, a return of GH?2.78 is obtained. Land acquisition in the study area is the challenge, coupled with the lack of credit. Farmers are unable to meet the collateral requirements of the banks and delay in loan approval also puts them off. As a result, the Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA-Ghana) and the University of Ghana, Legon signed an agreement to intercrop citrus with food crops on the farm of low-income earning farmers. The adoption of the ADRA-University of Ghana’s proposal by both part-time and full-time farmers in Ghana is a manifestation of the great impact the research findings of the UGARS, has on the country. Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that citrus processing plant(s) be established to take care of the excess fruits that will arise as a result of the local supply outweighing local demand while alternative markets are sought outside the country. Also, the rigid procedure for loan application and approval, especially to farmers, should be reviewed to incorporate a little flexibility to help the farmers acquire credit to improve, expand and make their operations easier.
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Pokorny, Benno, Valentina Robiglio, Martin Reyes, Ricardo Vargas, and Cesar Francesco Patiño Carrera. "The potential of agroforestry concessions to stabilize Amazonian forest frontiers: a case study on the economic and environmental robustness of informally settled small-scale cocoa farmers in Peru." Land Use Policy 102 (March 2021): 105242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105242.
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Alamsyah, Rizal, Maharani Dewi Solikhah, Agus Kismanto, and Susi Heryani. "Production of Coco-Biodiesel from CNO (Coconut Natural Oil) for Small Scale Industries/Coconut Farmers Using Static Mixer and Dry Washing." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1235, no. 1 (2023): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1235/1/012004.
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Abstract Coco-biodiesel is a derivative product of coconut (copra) and is a substitute for diesel fuel. The production of coco-biodiesel is a solution when the price of fossil fuels is uncertain and increasing. In addition, producing coco-biodiesel for coconut farmers will increase the added value of coconut, ensure the availability of local fuel, and support integrated coconut processing. The objective of the study is to introduce a process and equipment prototype for processing coco-biodiesel that can be operated on a small scale which is suitable for coconut farmers, especially in remote areas. Coconut natural oil (CNO) was mixed with 0.1% phosphoric acid in a tank, heated for 2 hours at 80°C, and settled for 4 hours. After that, the transesterification reaction was carried out by reacting coconut oil with methanol with a molar ratio variation of 1: 10, 1: 6, and 1: 4. The process was conducted at a temperature of 65°C and a flow speed of 1.25 m/s (on a static mixer) and using methanol 98 % and 1% KOH catalyst. The crude coco-biodiesel washing was done using dry washing (membrane filter), the results of which were compared with washing using hot water. The type of membrane filter used was ultra-filtration membrane with a membrane area of 0.0055 m2, length of 1200 mm, and porous size of 0.2-1.2 micrometers. The optimum condition of triglycerides synthesis into fatty acid methyl esters (coco-biodiesel) to produce a 96.5% content (requirement) was obtained at a molar ratio of 1: 6. Acid numbers, total glycerol, free glycerol, density, viscosity, and Iodine number of coco-biodiesel produced were <0.5, 0.1%, 0.02%, 855 kg/m3, 3.6 cSt, respectively. The values of these parameters meet the Indonesian biodiesel standards. The performance of dry washing exhibited the capacity of biodiesel washing of 0.56 kg/minute or 0.65 l/min, an energy consumption of 315 kJ/kg which was less than the energy consumption of water washing (1361 kJ/kg).
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Meyer zu Drewer, Johannes, Mareike Köster, Issaka Abdulai, Reimund Paul Rötter, Nikolas Hagemann, and Hans Peter Schmidt. "Impact of Different Methods of Root-Zone Application of Biochar-Based Fertilizers on Young Cocoa Plants: Insights from a Pot-Trial." Horticulturae 8, no. 4 (2022): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8040328.
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Effective and efficient nutrient management is central to best-practice agriculture, facilitating sustainable intensification while reducing negative externalities. The application of biochar-based fertilizers (BBF) in tropical agronomy has the potential to improve nutrient management by enhancing nutrient availability and uptake. Here, we performed pot-trials with Theobroma cacao L. seedlings planted in an Oxisol with critically low phosphorus levels. Four fertilizer levels were deployed, including BBFs using micro-dosed biochar (16 g plant−1 i.e., 0.3% soil amendment w/w) charged with mineral fertilizer. Three different fertilizer-placement levels (topsoil, root-zone hotspot and root-zone layer) were evaluated. The results from the topsoil application of mineral fertilizer (farmer practice) served as the reference data. The root-zone layer application of BBF increased the aboveground biomass, total leaf area and chlorophyll content index by 56%, 222%, and 140% respectively. Foliar phosphorus levels were also significantly elevated by 53%. The N:P ratio of the foliar tissue was improved, indicating the potential of BBF to ameliorate P limitations. Thus, low dosages of biochar, which is upgraded to BBF, can considerably improve plant nutrition. Small scale technology to produce biochar can be easily adopted and integrated in T. cacao systems. We suggest that BBF production and application within tropical, perennial systems can contribute to achieving a range of sustainable development goals (SDGs), including climate action.
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Rahman*, Lutfor, and Farid Mir. "Agroforestry as It Pertains to Vegetable Production in Bangladesh." HortScience 39, no. 4 (2004): 752A—752. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.752a.
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This study identified the diversity and distribution of tree species and which vegetable crops are grown beneath them, uses of different plants, to identify the problem faced by the farmer, and to recommend a suitable small scale mixed production system. The study was conducted in three sub districts of the Gazipur district in Bangladesh. Respondents for the survey were selected based on five different farm categories, i.e., tenant, marginal, small, medium, and large farm. The most common species in the study area was jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus, 26.3) and mango (Mangifera indica, 22.5) followed by mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni, 10.3), coconut (Cocos nucifera, 10.0), while low prevalence species was gora neem (Melia azadirch, 0.18) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica, 0.19). A total number of 43 plant species were identified in the homestead of the study area of which 28 were horticultural, and 15 were timber and fuelwood producing species. Total income was found to increase with increase of farm size. A large number of vegetables (32 species) are cultivated in the study area, largely for local consumption. The study showed that stem amaranthus, indian spinach, aroids, sweet gourd, chili, turmeric, eggplant, and radish were grown under shade of jackfruit, mango, date palm, litchi, mahogany, and drumstick trees. Country bean, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, and cowpea were found to grow as creeper on jackfruit, mango, litchi, mahogany, and drumstick trees. Farmers earned cash income by selling trees and vegetables produced in the homestead. Among different tree species, jackfruit was identified as an important cash generating crop in the study area. Scopes for improvement of tree management practices were prevalent in the study area.
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Boadu, Felix Nketia, Patrick Appiah, Enoch Kwame Tham-Agyekum, John-Eudes Andivi Bakang, and Fred Nimoh. "DOES COOPERATIVE MEMBERSHIP IMPROVE COCOA FARMER INCOME? EVIDENCE FROM MANKRANSO COCOA DISTRICT, GHANA." Agricultural Socio-Economics Journal 23, no. 3 (2023): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.agrise.2023.023.3.8.
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This study investigates whether cocoa cooperatives can significantly improve the revenue of cocoa farmers. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to draw a sample of 306 farmers from a population of 25,109 cocoa farmers in the Mankranso Cocoa District. Structured questionnaires were administered to obtain primary data from the households. Descriptive statistics were used to compare revenues generated by cocoa farmers. The study employed the multiple linear regression model to assess the effect of cooperative membership on cocoa farmers’ income. The study also used the Kendall's coefficient of concordance to assess the constraints faced by cooperatives societies. Revenue comparison reveal that although the price per bag of cocoa did not vary, the income level of cooperative members was significantly higher than non-members. Cooperative membership, credit access, and extension service significantly and positively affect cocoa revenue and revenue generated from other activities. The Likert scale analysis also indicate that farmers generally agree that cooperatives play social and production roles but disagree that cooperatives play appropriate financial roles. Lack of external motivation was the main limiting constraint faced by cocoa farmers. The study recommends that extension and credit institutions should be strengthened among cocoa farmers. Importantly, the positive effect of cooperative membership raises the need to incentivize cocoa cooperatives and the need for farmers to be actively motivated to join cooperative societies.
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Akinmolafe, Abiodun Oladele. "Cocoa-farmers’ preferred training schedule on good agricultural practices in Ondo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 26, no. 1 (2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v26i1.8.
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The study examined cocoa farmers’ preferred training schedule on good agricultural practices (GAP) in Ondo State, Nigeria. A total of 294 cocoa farmers were sampled through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected on respondents’ personal and socio-economic characteristics, perceived knowledge level in selected cocoa production management practices, method of training, form of training, venue of training, time of the year (month) for training and medium of expression. Data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation and percentage. The study revealed that cocoa farmers can read and write Yoruba language (86.1%), the majority (75.6%) had between 6 – 17 years of formal education, and 60.9% were participating in religious organization. Cocoa farmers preferred practical demonstration method of training (85.4%) and training in groups (96.6%). They also preferred training at farm site (83.0%) as well as using the local dialect (60.9%) as medium of communication. Any training for cocoa farmers should be designed using practical demonstration and small plot adaptive technique.
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Faila Sophia Hartatri, Diany, Alvin Rizki Ramadhani, Sholahuddin Akbar, Burhanuddin Fauzi, and Hendy Firmanto. "Added Value Analysis of Intermediate and Final Cocoa Products: Case Study in a Cocoa Producing Unit in Jember, East Java." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 37, no. 2 (2021): 166–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i2.482.
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Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contribute to Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodityas their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beans produced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gateprice. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi (down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required. Cocoa is one of the important commodities that significantly contributeto Indonesian economy. Moreover, millions farmers depend on this commodity as their main source of income. However, the low quality of dried cocoa beansproduced by Indonesian smallholder cocoa farmers has led the low farm-gate price. Therefore, efforts for increasing the cocoa income are required. Hilirisasi(down streeming) program has been implemented by the Government of Indonesia (GoI), including in cocoa commodity in order to increase the added value ofcocoa. There are various downstream products, including intermediate and final products that can be produced. The intermediate products include paste/liquor,cocoa butter, and cocoa powder, meanwhile the final products, such as 3 in 1 cocoa powder, milk chocolate bars and dark chocolate bars. Research on addedvalue of intermediate and final cocoa products specially in small size producing units is still limited, whereas this research is required to support the nationaleconomy and smallholder cocoa farmers. Therefore, this research aims to understand the added value of producing intermediate and final cocoa products at asmall sized enterprises of cocoa processing unit based in Jember, East Java. This research was conducted in March to June 2020 by conducting observation, documentation and interview for understanding the production activities of intermediateproducts (cocoa paste/liquor, cocoa butter and cocoa powder) and final products (3 in 1 milk powder, milk chocolate bar and dark chocolate bar). The researchresults show that producing intermediate and final products resulted in medium to high added value and profitable for the producing unit. Producing cocoa paste/liquor generated the highest profit among the intermediate cocoa products, meanwhile on final cocoa products, processing 3 in 1 cocoa powder provided thehighest profit. In order to increase the national and community economy, the support of GoI to small and medium enterprise (SMEs) or farmer groups for processing the downstream cocoa products is required.
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Osarenren, C. O., J. O. Ejuetueyin, and K. I. Eweka. "Socio-economic characteristics of registered cocoa farmers in Edo State, Nigeria." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (2016): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.5.
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This study examined the socio-economic characteristics of registered cocoa farmers in Edo State; Nigeria. Primary data was collected using a well structured questionnaire administered to 180 registered cocoa farmers selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary technique. Results showed that 88.9% of cocoa farmers were male with a mean range of 46 years with 75% being married and 88.8% having formal education. The budgetary technique was used to determine the profitability of cocoa production, which was found to be profitable in the study area at a gross margin of N66, 350, Net Farm Income of N59, 200, and net return on investment of N 1.11.The Benefit Cost Ratio and Expense Structure Ratio of 2.11 and 0.12 respectively indicated that cocoa production was economically profitable and viable since the BCR is greater than 1 and the Gross Ratio (GR) of cocoa production is 0.47. From these profitability ratios, it shows that cocoa production is a profitable business in the study area. Inadequate finance to operate on large scale was found to be the major constraint to the cocoa farmers in the study area. The study concludes that cocoa production is profitable and was recommended that production could be improved and sustained through provision of soft loans to the farmers.Keywords: socio-economics, characteristics, registered cocoa farmers
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PEPRAH, WILLIAMS KWASI, Enoch Asuah-Duodu, and Ruben T. Carpizo. "The Difference Between Ghana Cocoa Farmers’ Personal Profile on their Financial Sustainability." Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference 7, no. 1 (2019): 1054–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35974/isc.v7i1.953.
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Introduction: In pursuing their enterprises, cocoa farmers now need financial sustainability. This research focuses on financial sustainability because it is linked to the accessibility of agricultural funding and the effect on society for current and future generations in order to guarantee a sustainable livelihood. This study considers the personal profiles of cocoa farmers, which are sex, education level, number of dependents, and farm sizes. The cocoa farmers profile has a divergent view on their financial sustainability. The study is quantitative research and correlational design research. The sample population of 1,000 Cocoa farmers was conveniently sampled from the six cocoa-growing regions of Ghana as respondents. 
 Method: The study used self-constructed questionnaires to measure financial sustainability, which had sub-variables of financial viability, financial self-sufficiency, and financial impact. The statistical analysis for the differences was computed by using SPSS 23 with T’Test and ANOVA. 
 Result: The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in a number of dependents and educational level of cocoa farmers on their financial sustainability. Also, farm size and sex proofed to have a significant difference in the financial sustainability of the cocoa farmer. Large farm size indicated a major difference in financial sustainability as compared to small farm size. Male cocoa farmers were better than the female cocoa farmers on their financial sustainability.The dominance of males in cocoa farming in Ghana makes them consider the financial sustainability of the cocoa farming venture more than females. This is because they are mainly supporting the livelihood of their families. Farm Size as a determinant of financial sustainability is evident by the yield larger farm size can give a cocoa farmer. 
 Discussion: The study recommends that in order to attain financial sustainability for the cocoa farmer, the farm size and sex must be considered.