Journal articles: 'Small-scale farmer'

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Simukanga, Alinani, Jackson Phiri, Mayumbo Nyirenda, and Monica Kalumbilo-Kabemba. "E-Governance Systems: A Case Study of the Development of a Small-Scale Farmer Database." Zambia ICT Journal 2, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33260/zictjournal.v2i1.41.

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Use of enhanced Information Communication Technology is among the key targets set forth in the 7th National Development Plan. Absence of a rigorous approval process has seen an increase in the number of ghost farmers benefiting from the Farmer Input Support Programme. The lack of a single pool of farmer and marketing information for technocrats makes decision making a near impossible task. This paper proposes a system for the capturing and management of farmer information using cloud infrastructure. Having this information will bring efficiency to the activities of farmer-facing bodies such as the Farmer Input Support Programme and the Food Reserve Agency.

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Krejčí, Igor, Pavel Moulis, Jana Pitrová, Ivana Tichá, Ladislav Pilař, and Jan Rydval. "Traps and Opportunities of Czech Small-Scale Beef Cattle Farming." Sustainability 11, no. 15 (August 6, 2019): 4245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11154245.

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Small farmers represent a majority of the European Union (EU) farming sector and are considered the cornerstone of both the current and future sustainable EU agriculture. The dynamic complexity of livestock systems hinders the understanding of its behaviour, as well as recognizing the causes of problems and sources of resistance to applied policies and strategies. Livestock system behaviour needs to be understood in order to find leverage points and identify efficient solutions. The presented study depicts issues of small-scale beef cattle farmers in the market environment from a systemic perspective. The common complexity of managing a company increases with biological processes characterized by very long time periods, especially in the case of beef cattle farming. The scenarios analysed by the computer simulation model presented in the study evaluate the benefits of basic diversification into meat processing and a farm-to-table approach. The direct contact of the farmer with the final consumers represents increased demand and requirements on farmers’ entrepreneurship; nevertheless, such a strategy is a significant growth driver that allows faster maximisation of the farm’s output, accelerates the return of the investments, strengthens the market position of the farmer, and increases the farm’s sustainability.

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Ewbank, Richard. "Increasing small-scale farmer access to climate services." Food Chain 6, no. 2 (December 2016): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/2046-1887.2016.007.

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Kimmage, K., and W. M. Adams. "Small-scale farmer-managed irrigation in Northern Nigeria." Geoforum 21, no. 4 (January 1990): 435–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7185(90)90023-y.

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Zelaya, Priscilla, Amy Harder, and T. Grady Roberts. "Small-Scale Farmers’ Decision-Making for Crop Selection and Production Practices in Northern Haiti." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 24, no. 2 (August 15, 2017): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2017.24202.

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Decision-making is an essential aspect of farming. The decisions farmers make affect their overall yield and, ultimately, impact their livelihoods. Understanding the different factors impacting farmer decision-making can provide insight for extension providers to improve the quality of service. In Haiti, the vast majority of farms are smallholder farms averaging less than 1.5 hectares (Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources, and Rural Development [MARNDR], 2010). The purpose of this study was to determine the decision-making practices of small-scale farmers in Northern Haiti related to crop production. The following research objectives guided the study: (a) identify the factors associated with crop selection, and (b) identify reasons farmers engage in specific practices for crop production. Results from this study found that small-scale farmers in the North Department reported using the following factors to determine crop selection: financial security, familial traditions, concern for family, and availability of financial resources. When determining practices for crop production, farmers relied on the following drivers: financial limitations and previous learning experiences. Recommendations include increasing the availability of resources to the farmers in this region in order to create a solid foundation for behavior adoption and increased farmer capabilities.

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Jat, Mohan Lal, P. S. Shekhawat, and Sonu Jain. "Socio-economic analysis of small and marginal farmers in Jaipur district of Rajasthan." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/170-175.

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The study was conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan to know the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers. A total of 60 farmers (30 farmers in each small and marginal category) were selected for the present investigation. The primary data relating to various socioeconomic variables were collected from the sample farmers by personal interview method using semistructured schedules and questionnaires for the purpose. Composite scales analysis like Udai Pareek revised scale-2019 and Modified BG Prasad scale-2019 were used to analyze the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers, which have combinations of social and economic variables. The study revealed that, the socio-economic condition of small farmers was better than socio-economic condition of marginal farmers, according to composite scales analysis. On the basis of Udai Pareek revised scale, majority of marginal farmers (about 47.00%) belonged to lower middle class whereas, majority of small farmers (about 53.00%) belonged to middle class. Study further found that, in both categories of farmers, no farmer belonged to the lower and upper class. As per BG Prasad modified scale which is based on monthly income of household, majority of marginal farmers (50.00%) belonged to upper middle class while, majority of small farmers (60.00%) belonged to upper class. In both categories of sample farmers, no farmer belonged to lower and lower middle class.

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Simukanga, Alinani, Madaliso Patrick Muhone, Joseph Mulenga, Jackson Phiri, and Mayumbo Nyirenda. "Creation of an Agricultural Geographical Information System." Zambia ICT Journal 2, no. 2 (November 4, 2018): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33260/zictjournal.v2i2.57.

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To properly monitor the grain storage facilities, small scale farmer land parcels and track crops grown in the land parcels, we propose an information system that uses GIS technologies. The proposed module would assist in improving food security by providing a real-time record of stock levels in the various strategic grain reserves. It would also help the Government through Farmer Input Support Program (FISP) adequately target small scale farmers of the poorest households by displaying their land parcels. Knowing where farmers are located is vital information for the planning process.

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Danse, Myrtille, and Sietze Vellema. "Small-scale Farmer Access to International Agri-food Chains." Greener Management International 2005, no. 51 (September 1, 2005): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9774/gleaf.3062.2005.au.00004.

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Lopus, Sara, Paul McCord, Drew Gower, and Tom Evans. "Drivers of farmer satisfaction with small-scale irrigation systems." Applied Geography 89 (December 2017): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.10.004.

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Brown, Bryan, and Eric R. Gallandt. "To each their own: case studies of four successful, small-scale organic vegetable farmers with distinct weed management strategies." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 5 (November 28, 2017): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000576.

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AbstractOrganic vegetable farmers execute weed management using many overall philosophies, including focusing management during the early-season critical period, managing the weed seedbank with a ‘zero seed rain’ strategy, or physically suppressing weeds with plastic or natural mulches. While these strategies vary in their ecological and economic implications, farmers’ reasons for adopting specific weed management approaches, and the related practical implications of each approach remain unclear. To better understand farmer motivations and ecological impacts of broad weed management philosophies, we conducted case studies of four successful organic vegetable farmers with specialization in different management approaches. The farmers were interviewed about their experiences and soil samples were collected for weed community and soil organic matter (SOM) analysis. The farmer who controls weed seedlings primarily during the critical period has appreciated the associated weeding labor savings, but late-season weeds have contributed to a large weed seedbank (38,482 seeds m−2), which is necessitating a change in his management. Conversely, the zero seed rain strategy of another farmer required a large amount of labor in the initial years, but weeding labor requirements have lessened every year due to decreased weed emergence from his diminishing weed seedbank (3065 seeds m−2). Another farmer utilizes plastic mulch in many crops in order to reduce weeding labor during the busy spring planting season. Finally, the farmer that uses natural mulches has high labor costs, but they are offset by the benefits of weed suppression, soil moisture conservation and increases to SOM. The two farmers utilizing mulch had the greatest portion of monocotyledonous weeds, perhaps relating to their morphology allowing them to emerge through the mulch. In ranking management criteria based on their importance, the case study farmers generally valued the criteria that are benefited by their strategy, indicating a strong relationship between their priorities and their management. Overall, there was no ‘best’ weed management strategy, but farmers may benefit from the consideration of how their management priorities match the practical tradeoffs of each strategy.

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Yuana, Ambayu Sofya, Siti Kholifah, and Mohamad Anas. "Mekanisme Survival Petani “Gurem” pada Masa Pandemi COVID-19." JSW (Jurnal Sosiologi Walisongo) 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/jsw.2020.4.2.6201.

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Small-scale farmers in Tlogosari, Pagak, Malang have many limitations, especially economically. Instead of wanting to improve economic prosperity, small-scale farmer makes changes to the commodities they grow from sugar cane to sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L) or albizia). But the change in this commodity has an impact on changing the pattern of short to long harvests. This condition has increasingly resulted in the economic downturn of the farming family, coupled with the existence of the COVID-19 pandemic, making farmers increasingly powerless. This research focuses on the survival mechanism of small-scale farmers who switch commodities from sugar cane to sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses James Scott's theory of the ethics of subsistence as a knife of analysis and uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research informants were determined by purposive sampling with the criteria of small-scale farmer informants who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the change of sugarcane commodity to sengon. The price of sengon during the COVID-19 pandemic dropped dramatically due to many factories closed, so farmers are also confused looking for sengon buyers. This condition makes small-scale farmers feel like poor famine. Faced with such conditions, smallholders do survival by other work, namely making gatot, tiwul, and corn grits (ampok) as a profitable employment opportunity in the future of COVID-19

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Zelaya, Priscilla, Amy Harder, and T. Grady Roberts. "Small-Scale Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Information Sources in Northern Haiti." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 23, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2016.23205.

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Agricultural extension in developing countries can be a major source of support for small-scale farmers. In Haiti, the majority of the agricultural population is made up of smallscale farmers. In the past, Haiti’s extension system has suffered from various governmental instabilities in the nation. This study sought to (a) determine the information channels smallscale farmers use in the North Department of Haiti, (b) determine the accessibility of quality information as perceived by small-scale farmers in the North Department of Haiti, and (c) identify the perceived barriers to successful production of small-scale farmers in the North Department of Haiti. Results from this study showed Haitian farmers in the North Department gain their information for farming from a variety of sources. The farmers in this study varied in their perceptions of the accessibility of quality information in the area. While some farmers participated in groups with extension services, most farmers had not participated in these groups. Farmers in this study also displayed a lack of trust towards service providers in the region. Farmer perceptions of external factors as barriers towards production illustrated a sense of powerlessness in their production practices. Recommendations include using opinion leaders to engage small-scale farmers and build trust towards service providers.

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Iles, Keri, Zhao Ma, and Anna Erwin. "Identifying the common ground: Small-scale farmer identity and community." Journal of Rural Studies 78 (August 2020): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.06.018.

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Mohammed, MA, GF Ortmann, and SR Ferrer. "Risk management strategies on small-scale commercial farms in three zobatat of Eritrea." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 9, no. 4 (May 22, 2014): 521–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v9i4.1050.

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In this study the perceptions of small-scale commercial farmers in Eritrea of the importance of various risk responses are ascertained and analysed to gain insight into their risk-management strategies. Data were elicited through a survey of 186 small-scale commercial farmers conducted in three zobatat (regions) of Eritrea. Factor Analysis is used to investigate heterogeneity in sample farmers’ responses. Results indicate that relatively more important risk responses include the use of internal and external sources of information, on-farm and off-farm diversification, choice of production system and product marketing arrangements. Farmers’ perceptions of risk responses vary according to farm type, geographical location, farm and farmer characteristics, as well as the existence of enterprise specific risk responses (e.g. livestock insurance) and differences in the marketing regulations of various agricultural products.

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Sankar, A. Siva, and K. Nirmal Ravi Kumar. "Efficient Utilisation of Credit by The Farmer-Borrowers in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 4, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v4i2.616.

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The present study has aimed at analyzing the technical and scale efficiencies of credit utilization by the farmer-borrowers in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. DEA approach was followed to analyze the credit utilization efficiency and to analyze the factors influencing the credit utilization efficiency, log-linear regression analysis was attempted. DEA analysis revealed that, the number of farmers operating at CRS are more in number in marginal farms (40%) followed by other (35%) and small (17.5%) farms. Regarding the number of farmers operating at VRS, small farmers dominate the scenario with 72.5 per cent followed by other (67.5%) and marginal (42.5%) farmers. With reference to scale efficiency, marginal farmers are in majority (52.5%) followed by other (47.5%) and small (25%) farmers. At the pooled level, 26.7 per cent of the farmers are being operated at CRS, 63 per cent at VRS and 32.5 per cent of the farmers are either performed at the optimum scale or were close to the optimum scale (farms having scale efficiency values equal to or more than 0.90). Nearly 58, 15 and 28 percents of the farmers in the marginal farms category were found operating in the region of increasing, decreasing and constant returns respectively. Compared to marginal farmers category, there are less number of farmers operating at CRS both in small farmers category (15%) and other farmers category (22.5%). At the pooled level, only 5 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS, majority of the farmers (73%) are operating at IRS and only 22 per cent of the farmers are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of credit. The log-linear regression model fitted to analyze the major determinants of credit utilization (technical) efficiency of farmer-borrowers revealed that, the three variables viz., cost of cultivation and family expenditure (both negatively influencing at 1% significant level) and family income (positively influencing at 1% significant level) are the major determinants of credit utilization efficiency across all the selected farmers categories and at pooled level. The analysis further indicate that, escalation in the cost of cultivation of crop enterprises in the region, rise in family expenditure and prior indebtedness of the farmers are showing adverse influence on the credit utilization efficiency of the farmer-borrowers.

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Davis, Kristin, Steven Franzel, Peter Hildebrand, Tracy Irani, and Nick Place. "Extending technologies among small-scale farmers in Meru, Kenya: Ingredients for success in farmer groups." Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension 10, no. 2 (June 2004): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13892240485300101.

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Huda, Asri Nurul, Aulia Puspita Anugera Yekti, Poespitasari Hazanah Ndaruc, Jaisy Aghniarahim Putritamara, Danung Nur Adli, and Zulfaini Shamad. "Potential of Small-Scale Business Development and Sociocultural of Beef Cattle Farm at Pamekasan Regency: Case Study at Madura Island." Jurnal Ternak 12, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/jt.v12i1.93.

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Most of beef cattle farmers in Indonesia are dominated by small-scale farmer with ownership of three heads per household, homever the existence of small-scal farmer is expected to contribute to the development of the livestock sectore as whole. The interview was conducted with the total respondent at 30 beef cattle farmers at Larangan Dalam and Panaguan Village, Larangan Sub-District, Pamekasan Regency. The majority of the respondents' age range is 46-50 years old, with male breeders dominating, namely 76.67%, with the most educational qualifications being elementary school, namely 46.67%. The age and education level significantly affect the adoption rate of new technology. The objectives of raising livestock include fattening, breeding, and savings. In summary, the socio-culture was acted as important support in small-scale business development. The correlation between each socio-culture with new adaptation was a help to increase productivity in the future.

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Watako, A. O., C. N. Mundia, and P. O. Odhiambo. "FARMER PRODUCTION PRACTICES AMONG SMALL-SCALE FLOWER ENTERPRISES IN CENTRAL KENYA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 911 (October 2011): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.911.60.

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Mburu, Samuel, Chris Ackello-Ogutu, and Richard Mulwa. "Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Farm Size: A Case Study of Wheat Farmers in Nakuru District, Kenya." Economics Research International 2014 (October 16, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/802706.

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The primary objective of this study is to examine the effect of farm size on economic efficiency among wheat producers and to suggest ways to improve wheat production in the country. Specifically, the study attempts to estimate the levels of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among the sampled 130 large and small scale wheat producers in Nakuru District. The social-economic factors that influence economic efficiency in wheat production have also been determined. Results indicate that the mean technical, allocative, and economic efficiency indices of small scale wheat farmers are 85%, 96%, and 84%, respectively. The corresponding figures for the large scale farmers are 91%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. The number of years of school a farmer has had in formal education, distance to extension advice, and the size of the farm have strong influence on the efficiency levels. The relatively high levels of technical efficiency among the small scale farmers defy the notion that wheat can only be efficiently produced by the large scale farmers.

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Mthombeni, Danisile, MA Antwi, and T. Rubhara. "http://ajfand.net/Volume21/No1/index.html#gsc.tab=0." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 21`, no. 01 (February 2, 2021): 17125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.96.19455.

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Agro-processing is becoming more popular and practiced by farmers to reduce post-harvest losses,add value to farm products and increase farm income. This paper presents the small-scale crop farmers’ level of participation in agro-processing in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data were collected from 255 small-scale crop farmers selected by random sampling using a semi-structured questionnaire.Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23 of 2015)was used to analyse data. Descriptive statistics (in form of percentages) were used to analyse the background characteristics of the farmers,whereas the multinomial logit model was further used to show the level of participationamongst the small-scale crop farmers. With respect to agro-processing, results indicated that 47.1% of the small-scale crop farmers participated partly,40.8% of them participated fully while 12.2% did not participate at all. Results of the multinomial analyses indicated that, educational level(p<0.05), size of the field(p<0.05),distance to the market (p<0.01),and access to credit (p<0.01)had positive significant influence on small-scale crop farmers’choice to participate fully in agro-processing. Gender,regarding male participation (p< 0.05),and age of farmer (p<0.01) had significant influence on farmers’ choice to fully participate in agro-processing. Furthermore, the results of the multinomial analyses showed that size of the field (p<0.01)owned by the farmer and access to credit(p< 0.05)had positive influence on the farmers’choice to participate partly in agro-processing whereas older farmers (p< 0.05),widows (p< 0.1) and farmers with more number of fields(p<0.01) were less likely to participate partly in agro-processing activities. These results have implications for the development of small-scale farmers venturing into agro-processing in the Gauteng province. Young females should be encouraged to join the agricultural sector as they are likely to participate in agro-processing activities which in turn results in improved income and food security at the household level. Furthermore, new agricultural education programmes should be encouraged in the area households as educated farmers are more likely to participate in the value addition activities of agro-processing.

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Carr, M. K. V. "Irrigation Issues in Swaziland 2: Small-Scale Projects." Outlook on Agriculture 16, no. 3 (September 1987): 140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072708701600308.

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This is the second of two papers which discusses current irrigation issues in Swaziland, a relatively poor developing country in southern Africa. In the first, developments in large scale commercial irrigation schemes were considered [1]. In this, an important irrigation settlement scheme is described, together with small-scale government-supported and farmer-initiated schemes. Among other factors, the importance of secure systems of land tenure is examined. Finally, general conclusions are drawn regarding the role of irrigation in agricultural development in Swaziland and elsewhere in sub-Saharan Africa.

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Thiele, Graham. "Small Farmer Mechanization in the Santa Cruz Colonization Zone: a Failure of Farming Systems Diagnosis?" Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 4 (October 1992): 453–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700020160.

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SUMMARYThis paper uses survey results to show how one group of small scale farmers in Santa Cruz, Bolivia, were able to mechanize annual cropping despite a farming systems diagnosis which indicated that this was not a viable development path. It attempts to identify the underlying causes of farmer success and diagnosis failure.

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Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O., Ayala Wineman, Sarah Young, Justice Tambo, Carolina Vargas, Thomas Reardon, Guigonan Serge Adjognon, et al. "A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 10 (October 2020): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00621-2.

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Abstract Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to end hunger, achieve food and nutrition security and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. This requires that small-scale producers be included in, and benefit from, the rapid growth and transformation under way in food systems. Small-scale producers interact with various actors when they link with markets, including product traders, logistics firms, processors and retailers. The literature has explored primarily how large firms interact with farmers through formal contracts and resource provision arrangements. Although important, contracts constitute a very small share of smallholder market interactions. There has been little exploration of whether non-contract interactions between small farmers and both small- and large-scale value chain actors have affected small farmers’ livelihoods. This scoping review covers 202 studies on that topic. We find that non-contract interactions, de facto mostly with small and medium enterprises, benefit small-scale producers via similar mechanisms that the literature has previously credited to large firms. Small and medium enterprises, not just large enterprises, address idiosyncratic market failures and asset shortfalls of small-scale producers by providing them, through informal arrangements, with complementary services such as input provision, credit, information and logistics. Providing these services directly supports Sustainable Development Goal 2 by improving farmer welfare through technology adoption and greater productivity.

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Anang, Benjamin Tetteh, and Joseph A. Awuni. "Effect of Training on Small-Scale Rice Production in Northern Ghana." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 12, no. 3-4 (December 13, 2018): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2018/3-4/2.

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Training in modern farming methods enables farm households in developing countries to improve agricultural productivity. Notwithstanding the efforts of governmental and non-governmental organisations to provide farmers with agricultural training, productivity remains low. The existing literature provides little empirical evidence of the effect of training on agricultural productivity in Ghana. This study therefore seeks to bridge this gap by investigating small scale rice farmers’ participation in agricultural training programmes and its effect on productivity in northern Ghana. A treatment effect model was used to account for sample selection bias. The results indicated that participation in training increased with the number of extension visits, group membership, access to credit and the degree of specialisation in rice production. Furthermore, total output and labour productivity both increased with participation in training but the relationship with land productivity (yield) was insignificant. On average, participation in training was associated with 797kg increase in rice output, while labour productivity increased by 7.3kg/man-day. With the exception of farm capital, all the production inputs had a positively significant relationship with output suggesting sub-optimal use of capital in production. The study concludes that farmers’ training needs are not adequately being met while inadequate capital is constraining farm output. Increasing access to extension service and involving farmer-based organisations in the design and implementation of training programmes will enhance participation and farm performance. JEL Classification: C21, D24, Q12

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Sigei, Geoffrey, Bett K. Hillary, Kiprop K. Jonah, and Odipo O. Timothy. "Factors Influencing the Choice of Marketing Outlets among Small-Scale Pineapple Farmers in Kericho County, Kenya." International Journal of Regional Development 2, no. 2 (September 9, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijrd.v2i2.6237.

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<p>Markets act as pivotal point in the agricultural transformation process. Access to market plays crucial role in exploiting the marketing opportunities for the pineapple farmers. In the study area, the strategies to unlock the market access among pineapple farmers are wanting and these have resulted to limited marketing outlets. This study therefore seeks to determine the factors influencing the choice of pineapple marketing outlets in Bureti district. The cross-sectional data were collected from a sample of 100 small-scale pineapple farmers. Data was analyzed using descriptive and Multinomial Logit model. The results showed that gender, group marketing, pineapple produce, price information, marketing under contract and vehicle ownership significantly influenced the choice of pineapple marketing outlets. The study has potential policy implication of improving the pineapple marketing performance and the welfare of the farmer. </p>

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Kr. Chaturvedi, Dr Bhartendu. "Personal Characteristics and Behavior of Small Scale Dairy Farmer: An Empirical Analysis." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 19, no. 5 (2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-19554144.

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Karalliyadda, S. M. C. B., and Tsuji Kazunari. "Certified Organic Farming: Awareness of Export Oriented Small-Scale Farmers in Sri Lanka." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p259.

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This study aimed at investigating Sri Lankan small-scale Certified organic (CO) farmers’ awareness on their adopted organic standards, the third-party certification body, internal control system, Fairtrade certification, and conditions of contracts with coordinating organizations. A cross sectional survey was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 202 CO farmers who were linked with five coordinating organizations. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire along with key informant discussions and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to generate simple summaries and tendencies. According to the results, CO farmers are organized as farmer organizations that were initiated as out-grower groups of coordinating organizations. All CO farmers were unaware of the adopted organic standard. The majority were unaware of the third-party certification body (83%), and the internal control system (81.7%). This perhaps due to their exclusion in managing certification related aspects. Thus, showed submissive decision-making behavior. However, many of them were aware of Fairtrade certification (56.4%) as it provides a wide spectrum of additional benefits covering production, marketing, and farmers’ welfare. Farmers were also aware of their contracts (verbal or written) with coordinating firms (62.2%) but hardly conscious of their conditions. In some contracts, conditions were unfairly distributed among stakeholders. Therefore, the study recommends enhancing small-scale farmers knowledge not only the production aspects but also certification, quality assurance, administration, and marketing as well. Meanwhile, mediating the partnership among stakeholders by a government body is also recommended to avoid power abuses among stakeholders.

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Baldé, Alpha Bocar, Eric Scopel, François Affholder, Fernando Antonio Macena Da Silva, Jacques Wery, and Marc Corbeels. "Maize relay intercropping with fodder crops for small-scale farmers in central Brazil." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 4 (July 17, 2020): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000150.

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AbstractRelay intercropping of maize with fodder crops is a promising option for sustainable intensification of dairy small-scale farms in the Cerrado of Brazil. Twenty-six intercropping trials were conducted on farmers’ fields with the following experimental treatments: sole maize crop cropping (MS), maize-Brachiaria intercropping (MB) and maize-pigeon pea intercropping (MP). The trials were managed by the farmers, i.e. choice of conventional tillage (CT) versus no-tillage (NT), sowing dates, fertilization and weed control. Maize grain yield varied strongly across the farmer fields, from 100 to 5900 kg ha−1 in the MS treatment, 500 to 6900 kg ha−1 in MP and 300 to 5500 kg ha−1 in MB. Intercropping did not significantly affect maize grain yields under NT, but yields were reduced under CT in one out of two seasons. Maize yields in the intercropped systems were also higher under NT than CT. Total biomass productivity was significantly higher in the maize-fodder than in the sole maize system. An increased interval between sowing of maize and fodder crop significantly reduced the fodder crop biomass. Relay intercropping, especially in combination with NT, is a promising option if crop calendars and fertilization are properly managed by farmers to reduce interspecific competition between the maize and fodder crop.

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Adewumi, Matthew Olaniyi, Ayodele Jimoh, and Olubunmi Abayomi Omotesho. "Analysis of the effects of Zimbabwean white farmers on small scale farming in Nigeria." Acta Universitaria 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2013.408.

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Many observers believe that the on-going liberalization of the world will have dramatic negative effects on small farmers in both developed and developing countries. This study aims to capture the effects of the presence of foreign migrant farmers on small scale farming systems, which are prevalent in Nigeria. The Agricultural Development Project Zone D in which the white farmers settled in the state of Kwara, was used as a case study. Primary data were collected from white farmers as well as from local farmers regarding their situation before and after the arrival of white farmers. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the farm budget were used in evaluating the data. The majority of local farmers (98.63%) transitioned towards sole cropping since the arrival of white farmers in the area. There were significant increases in seed rate, fertilizer and other chemicals, as well as labor inputs per farmer in the area when compared to the situation that was prevalent before the white farmers settled there. Their average farm size, distances between their houses and farms and tractor use reduced significantly, while output per farm size increased considerably since the arrival of white farmers in the area. In order to provide sustainability of the positive development, there is the need to seek a policy option that will calm local farmers who once in a while exhibit signs of dissatisfaction for the way in which white farmers came to settle on their land. These could be achieved through the use of the participatory approach to agricultural development in the area. This approach could also be relevant in other regions of the world with similar situations.

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Baltenweck, Isabelle, Debbie Cherney, Alan Duncan, Erin Eldermire, Edda Tandi Lwoga, Ricardo Labarta, Elizaphan James Oburu Rao, Steven Staal, and Nils Teufel. "A scoping review of feed interventions and livelihoods of small-scale livestock keepers." Nature Plants 6, no. 10 (October 2020): 1242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00786-w.

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AbstractLivestock support the livelihoods of one billion people in Africa, Asia and Latin America, but the productivity of animals remains low, reducing the potential of the sector to support higher incomes and better nutrition. Improved livestock feeding has been identified as the most important step towards higher productivity. This scoping review assessed the evidence for the uptake of improved ruminant livestock feed options, the effect of this uptake on livestock productivity and the degree to which this improves smallholder farmer livelihoods. In total, 22,981 papers were identified, of which 73 papers were included in the final analysis after a rigorous double-blind screening review. Only papers that reported farmers’ decision to use a new feed intervention were selected, thereby excluding feeding trials and participatory feed assessments. Of the 73 papers, only 6 reported combined evidence of adoption, effect on productivity and livelihood changes. A total of 58 papers looked at adoption, 19 at productivity change and 22 at livelihood change. This scoping review highlights the gap in evidence for the adoption of new livestock feeding practices and provides recommendations to support farmers’ uptake of feed interventions.

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Folorunso, Solomon T., T. Omosebi, and D. A. Agbonika. "COMPARATIVE ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY AND PROFITABILITY OF DIFFERENT SCALES OF POULTRY-EGG PRODUCTION IN JOS METROPOLIS, PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 4, no. 4 (June 13, 2021): 259–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-481.

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The study compared the allocative efficiency and profitability of poultry-egg farmers in Jos metropolis of Plateau State, Nigeria, across different scales. To select 143 respondents, a two-stage sampling technique was used. Using well-structured questionnaire and interview schedules, primary data on socioeconomic variables were collected. Collected data were analyzed using budgetary technique and stochastic production frontier model. Result of allocative efficiency showed the following: The mean allocative efficiency of the small, medium and large scales was 0.68, 0.12 and 0.11 respectively; the minimum allocative efficiency for small, medium and large scales was 0.30, 0.10 and 0.10 respectively. The maximum allocative efficiency was 0.59, 0.18 and 0.11 respectively for small, medium and large scale farmers. The profitability result indicated that egg production for small, medium and large-scale farms was profitable in the study area with N675, 671.79, N4, 897,236.09 and N16, 327,633.66 per farmer. The rate of return on investment per bird was found to be 19.51%, 31.21% and 83.13% respectively for small, medium and large farm sizes. For small, medium and large-scale farmers respectively, the capital turnover per bird was N 1.20, N1.31 and N1.83. Also, the profitability indices for the small, medium and large scales are N0.16, N0.24 and N0.45. The study recommends that; Farmers should be advised to increase production from small scale to large scale through policies that will promote such, special intervention is needed from the government at all levels through farmers’ cooperatives in the area of inputs subsidy, price efficiency of the farmers could

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Paganini, Nicole, Kustiwa Adinata, Nomonde Buthelezi, David Harris, Stefanie Lemke, Alberto Luis, Jennifer Koppelin, et al. "Growing and Eating Food during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Farmers’ Perspectives on Local Food System Resilience to Shocks in Southern Africa and Indonesia." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 8556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208556.

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The COVID-19 outbreak forced governments to make decisions that had adverse effects on local food systems and supply chains. As a result, many small-scale food producers faced difficulties growing, harvesting, and selling their goods. This participatory research examines local small-scale farmers’ challenges as farmers but also as consumers and their coping strategies during the month of April and one week in June 2020. The study was initiated and conceptualized in collaboration with small-scale farmer members of an existing research network in selected urban and rural areas in South Africa, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, and Indonesia. Participants co-designed the research, collected and uploaded data through digital survey tools, and contributed to data analysis and interpretation. A common observation across regions is that the measures imposed in response to COVID-19 highlighted and partly exacerbated existing socio-economic inequalities among food system actors. Strict lockdowns in Cape Town, South Africa, and Masvingo, Zimbabwe, significantly restricted the production capacity of small-scale farmers in the informal economy and created more food insecurity for them. In Maputo, Mozambique, and Toraja and Java, Indonesia, local food systems continued to operate and were even strengthened by higher social capital and adaptive capacities.

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Işgın, Tamer, Remziye Özel, Abdulbaki Bilgiç, Wojciech J. Florkowski, and Mehmet Reşit Sevinç. "DEA Performance Measurements in Cotton Production of Harran Plain, Turkey: A Single and Double Bootstrap Truncated Regression Approaches." Agriculture 10, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10040108.

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A single and a double bootstrap of data envelopment analysis examines Harran Plain cotton farming in Turkey. The single bootstrap technique was employed to derive the bias-corrected efficiency values under both constant returns to scale (CRS) and versus variable returns to scale (VRS) technologies while discriminating between the two technologies using a smoothed bootstrap test statistic. Results indicated that the farms operated under VRS technology. Given that VRS technology prevailed across Harran Plain cotton farmers sampled, we then determined factors affecting the bias-corrected technical efficiencies using the double bootstrap technique. Another important finding in the single bootstrap analysis is that cotton farmers in the region have a U-shaped technical efficiency based on the input and output scale. Thus, small-scale farmers tend to use their resources more efficiently in cotton farming than that of both medium- and large-scale farmers. Interestingly, the medium-scale farmers with resource inefficiency are at the forefront of the other two types of farmers (i.e., small-scale and large-scale) on the Harran Plain in Turkey. The results also showed that most of the farm and farmer specific as well as economic factors play a significant role in explaining the technical efficiency values.

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Adepoju, Abimbola O., and Precious P. Osunbor. "Small Scale Poultry Farmers’ Choice of Adaption Strategies to Climate Change in Ogun State, Nigeria." Rural Sustainability Research 40, no. 335 (December 1, 2018): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/plua-2018-0009.

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Abstract Climate risks constitute an enormous challenge to poultry production and have affected the livelihoods of the people who depend on them. Thus, farmers have adopted various strategies that can help them cope with the adverse effects of climate change. The aim of this study is to examine the factors influencing small scale poultry farmers’ choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. Data used for this study were obtained from 121 representative farmers selected through a two-stage random sampling procedure. Descriptive Statistics, Likert Scale and the Multinomial Logit Model were the tools used for analysis. Results showed that the mean age and household size of the respondents were 45 years and 5 persons respectively, while the average number of birds per farmer stood at 583 birds. Majority of the respondents had a moderate perception of the impacts of climate change on poultry farming and chose management adaptation strategies in their fight against climate change. Econometric analysis showed that the age, gender and educational status of farmers, number of birds, household size, poultry experience, access to cooperative societies, poultry housing system, access to credit, access to extension services and farm size were the factors influencing farmers’ choice of climate change adaptation strategies in the study area. Therefore, policy should focus on awareness creation on management adaptation strategies through enhancing education and extension services as well as access of poultry farmers to credit facilities to indirectly insure farmers against climate change impacts.

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Okeyo, Samuel O., Samuel N. Ndirangu, Hezron N. Isaboke, Lucy K. Njeru, and Jane A. Omenda. "Analysis of the determinants of farmer participation in sorghum farming among small-scale farmers in Siaya County, Kenya." Scientific African 10 (November 2020): e00559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00559.

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Misnawi, Misnawi, Ariza Budi Tunjungsari, Noor Ariefandie Febrianto, Resa Setia Adiandri, Fahrizal Fahrizal, and Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi. "Improvement of Small Scale Cocoa Fermentation Using Lactobacillus fermentumas Starter Culture." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i3.295.

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Low harvest amount of cocoa smallholder has became a great constraint for farmer in order to carry out a proper postharvest practice. Low production of raw cocoa beans cause farmers are not able to ferment their cocoa beans that lead to low quality of cocoa beans produced. Addition of starter culture to improve the fermentation performance has been previously reported by some researchers. In this study, Lactobacillus fermentum(LF) inoculum was used as stater culture for small scale cocoa fermentation (15 kg). The LF culture (107 CFU/gr) was added in several concentration (1, 2.5, and 5% w/w) prior cocoa fermentation. The fermen-tation was carried out in 4 days (96 h) with once turning in 48 h. The result showed that the addition of LF in small batch of cocoa fermentation could improve the performance of fermentation and resulted in higher amount of fermented cocoa beans (70,34%, 5% LF) compared to natural fermentation and fair average quality (FAQ) beans (45% and 41%, respectively). This research result is significantly important solving the issues of fermentation concerning with minimum quantity of cocoa needed. With this approach, small batch of cocoa fermentation even could result in comparable quality to full-batch fermentation.

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Sell, Mila, Hilkka Vihinen, Galfato Gabiso, and Kristina Lindström. "Innovation platforms: a tool to enhance small-scale farmer potential through co-creation." Development in Practice 28, no. 8 (August 30, 2018): 999–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2018.1510473.

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Matthews, G. A. "Changes in application techniques used by the small scale cotton farmer in Africa." Tropical Pest Management 36, no. 2 (January 1990): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670879009371466.

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García-Villegas, Juan de Dios, Anastacio García-Martínez, Carlos Manuel Arriaga-Jordán, Monica Elizama Ruiz-Torres, Adolfo Armando Rayas-Amor, Peter Dorward, and Carlos Galdino Martínez-García. "Use of information and communication technologies in small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico." Experimental Agriculture 56, no. 5 (October 2020): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479720000319.

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AbstractThe objective of the study was to characterize small-scale dairy production systems to identify the technological preferences according to the farmer and farm characteristics and to analyze the importance and role of the information communication technologies (ICTs) in the dissemination of information related to management and livestock activities. To collect the data, a survey was applied to 170 small-scale dairy farmers from central Mexico. To characterize the farms, a factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed. To compare and identify differences between groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted. Four factors that explain 70.93% of the accumulated variance were identified; these factors explain the use of technology, production characteristics, social connections, and use of ICTs. The cluster analysis identified four groups. Group 1 was integrated by farmers with more experience and the largest farms. Group 2 had higher studies and use of ICTs. Group 3 was formed by young farmers but had a low use of technology. Group 4 contained older farmers with a low use of technology. The young farmers with higher studies have begun to incorporate ICTs into their daily activities on the farm, as observed in Group 2. Smartphones were the most used and were considered important by the farmers of the four groups, since they enable interaction with other farmers and the dissemination of topics of interest related with the farm. In conclusion, four group of farmers were differentiated; therefore, different extension approaches should be implemented to take into account the preferences and the technologies considered most important for each group. The ICTs are emerging technologies among small-scale dairy farmers to communicate information related to livestock management, mainly by young farmers with studies of secondary, as observed in Group 2.

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., Silfia, Helmi ., Melinda ., and Henmaidi . "Penguatan Daya Saing Sektor Pertanian Barbasis Usaha Tani Skala Kecil; Review Literature." Jurnal Pembangunan Nagari 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30559/jpn.v3i1.77.

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Agricultural competitiveness is a prerequisite to benefit from free trade. Increasing the competitiveness of agriculture can not be separated by the existence of small-scale farming because Indonesia's agricultural sector is dominated by cultivation activities conducted in small-scale units, inefficient, low productivity, low value added and low trading performance strategy is needed in improving the competitiveness of small scale farm-based. This review is a qualitative description presenting a review literature on the concept of competitiveness and the dynamics of agriculture based on small-scale farming and how to build competitivenessof small-scale farmer

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Elijah, Volenzo Tom, and John O. Odiyo. "Perception of Environmental Spillovers Across Scale in Climate Change Adaptation Planning: The Case of Small-Scale Farmers’ Irrigation Strategies, Kenya." Climate 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8010003.

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The failure to acknowledge and account for environmental externalities or spillovers in climate change adaptation policy, advocacy, and programming spaces exacerbate the risk of ecological degradation, and more so, the degradation of land. The use of unsuitable water sources for irrigation may increase salinisation risks. However, few if any policy assessments and research efforts have been directed at investigating how farmer perceptions mediate spillovers from the ubiquitous irrigation adaptation strategy. In this study, the cognitive failure and/or bias construct is examined and proposed as an analytical lens in research, policy, and learning and the convergence of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation discourses. A cross-sectional survey design and multistage stratified sampling were used to collect data from 69 households. To elicit the environmental impacts of irrigation practices, topsoil and subsoils from irrigated and non-irrigated sites were sampled and analysed using AAS (atomic absorption spectrophotometer). A generalised linear logistic weight estimation procedure was used to analyse the perception of risks while an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyse changes in exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). The findings from small-scale farmers in Machakos and Kakamega counties, Kenya, suggest multifaceted biases and failures about the existence and importance of externalities in adaptation planning discourses. Among other dimensions, a cognitive failure which encompasses fragmented approaches among institutions for use and management of resources, inadequate policy. and information support, as well as the poor integration of actors in adaptation planning accounts for adaptation failure. The failures in such human–environment system interactions have the potential to exacerbate the existing vulnerability of farmer production systems in the long run. The findings further suggest that in absence of risk message information dissemination, education level, farming experience, and information accumulation, as integral elements to human capital, do not seem to have a significant effect on behaviour concerning the mitigation of environmental spillovers. Implicitly, reversing the inherent adaptation failures calls for system approaches that enhance coordinated adaptation planning, prioritise the proactive mitigation of slow-onset disaster risks, and broadens decision support systems such as risk information dissemination integration, into the existing adaptation policy discourses and practice.

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Grover, Samantha, and Joshua Gruver. "‘Slow to change’: Farmers’ perceptions of place-based barriers to sustainable agriculture." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 32, no. 6 (January 12, 2017): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170516000442.

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AbstractSmallholder farmers are an important and growing segment of the farm population in Indiana and in the USA. Past research regarding farmer decision-making has been inconsistent and has largely focused on the larger-scale, conventional farmer, leaving smallholders poorly understood. There is a need to better understand the management decisions of smallholder farmers within their regional context to promote efforts toward environmental, social and economic sustainability. Through in-depth qualitative inquiry, this study investigated the impact of regional factors that influence farmers’ decisions and the barriers and opportunities most relevant to farm viability and sustainability in the context of East Central Indiana (ECI). Semi-structured interviews with 15 key informants and 33 farmers informed our understanding of the factors most relevant to small-scale farming in the region. Several important themes emerged related to perceived barriers to sustainable farm management, including markets; structures and regulations; time and labor; environmental/ecological factors; and networking and access to educational support. The results of this study complement the findings of previous work that describe the complex framework farmers navigate when making decisions on the farm. Further, subtle regional factors emerged that significantly impact farmers’ decisions, emphasizing the importance of local context in crafting agricultural policies and outreach efforts. Implications and recommendations for ECI are discussed.

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Murphy, Kevin, Doug Lammer, Steve Lyon, Brady Carter, and Stephen S. Jones. "Breeding for organic and low-input farming systems: An evolutionary–participatory breeding method for inbred cereal grains." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 1 (March 2005): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf200486.

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AbstractOrganic and low-input farmers often plant seed varieties that have been selected under conventional practices, traditionally including high inputs of artificial fertilizers, crop protection chemicals and/or water. In addition, these crops are often selected in environments that may or may not represent the local environment of the farmer. An evolutionary participatory breeding (EPB) method emphasizes the utilization of natural selection in combination with site-specific farmer selection in early segregating generations of a heterogeneous crop population. EPB is a combination of two specific breeding methods, evolutionary breeding and participatory plant breeding. Evolutionary breeding has been shown to increase yield, disease resistance, genetic diversity and adaptability of a crop population over time. It is based on a mass selection technique used by farmers for over 10,000 years of crop improvement. Participatory plant breeding programs originated in developing countries to meet the needs of low-input, small-scale farmers in marginal environments who were often overlooked by conventional crop breeders. The EPB method is an efficient breeding system uniquely suited to improving crop varieties for the low-input and organic farmer. The EPB method utilizes the skills and knowledge of both breeders and farmers to develop heterogeneous landrace populations, and is an effective breeding method for both traditional and modern farmers throughout the world.

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BELAY, G., H. TEFERA, B. TADESSE, G. METAFERIA, D. JARRA, and T. TADESSE. "PARTICIPATORY VARIETY SELECTION IN THE ETHIOPIAN CEREAL TEF (ERAGROSTIS TEF)." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (January 2006): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479705003108.

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Participatory variety selection (PVS) was carried out in two of the major tef-growing woredas (districts) of Ethiopia, Ada and Akaki, in 2003 and 2004. The objectives were to identify farmers' selection criteria, to increase farmers' awareness and their access to improved tef varieties, to enable farmers to assess the performances of improved tef varieties of their choice and to accelerate seed dissemination of farmers' chosen varieties through farmer-to-farmer exchange mechanisms. Seed colour was the overriding selection criterion. Farmers overwhelmingly selected the very white seed variety DZ-01-196 (Magna) for market purposes, indicating that tef is a cash crop. Farmers also selected brown-seeded tef, but for home consumption. There was no evidence of connection between seed colour and desirable agronomic traits, or nutritional quality (protein content). Factors other than seed-colour were of secondary concern to farmers. When market demands become the dominant selection criteria, PVS should not be an end by itself: rather, it complements the formal breeding system. The results imply that tef performance evaluation trials need to be separated on a colour-group basis, and any new successful variety in the two woredas should be superior to DZ-01-196 not only in grain yield but also in seed-colour quality. A faster, more efficient and reliable pure-seed supply system than the traditional farmer-to-farmer exchange mechanism is required in order for farmers to continue planting improved varieties, which might be better achieved through small-scale commercial producers and/or cooperatives.

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Littlejohn, S. Craig. "Modernizing Agricultural Methods: Automatic Identification Traceability Technology and the Small Scale Limited Resource Farmer." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 10 (October 2014): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-041012026.

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Machekano, Honest, Brighton M. Mvumi, Peter Chinwada, Susan J. Kageler, and Richard Rwafa. "Evaluation of alternatives to synthetic pesticides under small-scale farmer-managed grain storage conditions." Crop Protection 126 (December 2019): 104941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2019.104941.

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Schreiner, Barbara, and Barbara van Koppen. "Hybrid Water Rights Systems for Pro-Poor Water Governance in Africa." Water 12, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12010155.

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Water-permit systems are widely used across Africa as a blanket requirement for small and micro irrigation enterprises, as well as large enterprises. The present study aimed to, first, further understand the implications of permit systems for both the most vulnerable and the state, and, second, based on the findings, identify options for pro-poor water legislation that also meet the water governance requirements of the state. The growing recognition of the importance of farmer-led irrigation development for food security across the continent underlines the importance of these questions. Focusing on Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe, and other African countries, we found that permit systems criminalized instead of protected the water rights of small-scale farmers. Moreover, little if any attention is paid to the logistical burdens and costs to the state of implementing such systems relative to the intended revenue generation. As many small-scale farmers in Africa were found to operate under customary land and water tenure systems, the study proposes a hybrid system of water rights that formally recognizes such practices, along with the use of permits, including enforcement of conditions for large users, to serve the interests of both the state and small-scale farmers.

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Walle, Robert J., and Brian G. Sims. "Natural terrace formation through vegetative barriers on hillside farms in Honduras." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 2 (June 1998): 79–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007700.

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AbstractThe effects of contour live barriers of vetiver and pennisetum on soil erosion were studied on four small farms in south central Honduras. Paired plots were installed and soil erosion measured by changes in the soil surface level of transects 0.3 and 6.0 m up the slope from the barrier. After three years, transects 0.3 m above the barriers significantly retained eroded soil compared with control transects. Soil accumulation by barriers ranged from 2.6 to 11.2 cm, and natural terrace formation (the difference between the barrier and corresponding control transect) ranged from 5.2 to 13.8 cm. No difference was detected between barrier and control for the transects 6.0 m above the barrier. Deposition in front of the barriers and reduction in surface rilling were apparent to farmers. Erosion from up slope on the barrier plots and from both transects in the control sections was not obvious. Direct measurement and farmer observation of sediment deposition by live barriers will help evaluate farmer-identified species for future use. The deposition helps farmers become aware of sheet erosion before the effects of soil degradation on crop yields become grossly apparent and soil fertility restoration becomes too costly for small-scale farmers.

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Akhter, Shahida, Alamgir Hasan, Hasan Habibur Rahman, Md Kamrul Hassan, Most Tahmina Khan, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, M. Harun Ar Rashid, and Mohammad Ismail Hossain. "Marketing System of Small Scale Broiler in Selected Areas of Tangail District." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 7, no. 2 (September 1, 2020): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v7i2.48864.

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The study was attempted to explore the small scale broiler farming of Tangail district. Bhuapur, Ghatail, Kalihati, Shakhipur, Delduar and Basail Upazilas were selected purposively for this study. Primary data were collected through face to face interview with the respondents of broiler farmers during February to July, 2016. Secondary data were collected from the BBS, poultry production and marketing reports, journals, DAM, DLS and MS theses. A total of 30 broiler farm owners and 54 intermediaries were selected by applying purposive sampling technique. In the production and marketing system of broiler, many intermediaries were involved such as Bepari, Paiker, Wholesaler and Retailer. Marketing of broiler, produced in Tangail district, was moved from producers to the consumers through four separate chains. The average production cost of farmer for 500 birds was BDT 54781.25, and marketing cost of paiker, wholesaler and retailer were BDT 1230, BDT 1310 and BDT 440, respectively. However, beparies received highest marketing cost which was BDT 1370/500 birds. Transportation was found as the highest cost item which was 37.96%, 39.02% and 40.46%, in case of bepari, paiker, and wholesalers, respectively, but there was no transportation cost of retailer. Broiler farmers sold 90% of their broiler to paiker/bepari and remaining 10% to retailer (distance paiker) sold directly. Paikers sold 85.63% of their broilers to retailers and 14.34% to retailers through wholesalers. Consumer purchases100% of broiler from the retailers in the study areas. Broiler producers did not get fair price due to lack of economic storage facilities, existence of stronger middlemen, inadequacy of veterinary care and services, inefficient transportation facilities, and lack of proper marketing information. It could be concluded that institutional credits, timely supply of inputs and stable price of broiler should be ensured along with the provision of transport and market facilities. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.7(2): 243-254, August 2020

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NGUTU, M. N., and H. RECKE. "EXPLORING FARMERS' INNOVATIVENESS: EXPERIENCES WITH THE ADAPTATION OF WATER-SAVING TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL-SCALE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION AROUND MARSABIT MOUNTAIN IN NORTHERN KENYA." Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 4 (September 25, 2006): 459–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479706003851.

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Over 90 % of the farmers around Marsabit Mountain, a pocket of arable land amidst a predominantly arid area in northern Kenya, are former pastoralists, unfamiliar with productive and sustainable farming technologies. This paper describes how encouraging farmer innovativeness enhanced adoption and adaptation of water-saving technologies to suit individual farmers' needs. When farmers understood the principles behind a technology they were more likely to adapt it. Both men and women farmers were most interested in increasing their available income through improved technologies, but more women than men ranked labour saving as an important attribute of a new technology. More women adopted the new technologies, but men used them on a larger area than women. The paper also shows that agricultural productivity can substantially increase even if the theoretical full potential of the recommended practices might not be achieved. It is concluded that farmers need to be exposed to new ideas in exciting and thought provoking ways to tap their innovation potential.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Small-scale farmer'

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