Academic literature on the topic 'Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions"
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Maravelias, Christos D., Paraskevas Vasilakopoulos, and Stefanos Kalogirou. "Participatory management in a high value small-scale fishery in the Mediterranean Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 75, no. 6 (September 14, 2018): 2097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy119.
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Abstract In the Mediterranean Sea, the dominant type of fisheries is small-scale. Coastal communities remain dependent on fisheries for their income, some of them with limited potential for economic diversification. The top-down micro-management regime has proven ineffective to secure ecological and social sustainability as it lacks flexibility and adaptation to local and regional conditions. This paper explores the advantages of using a participatory approach and a bio-economic model to develop management scenarios in a high value small-scale shrimp trap fishery in Greece. Seeking active stakeholder involvement throughout the management process advanced the identification of management measures aiming at MSY, with high levels of acceptance from stakeholders. It also increased transparency and legitimacy of the proposed management measures and could be considered as a first step towards co-management and regionalization. The participatory approach undertaken could promote compliance and facilitate the transition to sustainable fishing, ensuring the viability of coastal communities and, thus, social sustainability.
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Teh, Louise S. L., Lydia C. L. Teh, and U. Rashid Sumaila. "Low Discounting Behavior among Small-Scale Fishers in Fiji and Sabah, Malaysia." Sustainability 3, no. 6 (June 20, 2011): 897–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su3060897.
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Understanding the socio-economic factors that are associated with fishers’ willingness to delay gratification may be useful for designing appropriate fisheries management and conservation policies. We aim to identify the predictors of low discounting behaviour among fishers, which is analogous to having a longer-term outlook. We base our empirical study on two small-scale tropical reef fisheries in Sabah, Malaysia, and Fiji. We use an experimental approach to identify fishers with low discount rates, and then use a logistic regression model to identify predictors of low discount rates. We find that 42% of the respondents have low discount rates, and that site and village level variables are significant predictors of low discount rates. Within Sabah and Fiji, boat ownership and relative catch differentiate low discounting from non-low discounting fishers, but these variables have contradictory effects in Sabah and Fiji. Overall, our results imply that a substantial proportion of reef fishers may be willing to engage in conservation initiatives; however, local socio-cultural, economic, and ecological conditions have to be considered first during the process of designing management interventions.
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Arkham, M. Nur, Yudi Wahyudin, Novit Rikardi, Agus Ramli, and Arif Trihandoyo. "SOCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF COASTAL OMMUNITIES IN BATUI DISTRICT, BANGGAI DISTRICT, CENTRAL SULAWESI PROVINCE." Coastal and Ocean Journal (COJ) 4, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/coj.4.1.1-14.
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Most of the people who live in coastal villages are fishermen and are very dependent on marine resources and coastal ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-economic conditions of coastal communities that exploit the potential of the coast in Batui District, Banggai District. This research was conducted in the coastal area of Batui District, Central Sulawesi Province. Data were collected by means of surveys and interviews. The data analysis was done qualitatively and descriptively. The social conditions of the coastal communities in Batui District mostly live on the coast with less dense population density. The aspect of education shows that the average coastal community with a Bachelor degree is 40% with the human development index (HDI) in the medium category. It is seen from the economic condition that the livelihoods of the coastal communities in Batui District are dependent on the fishery sector, namely partly as fishermen. The fishing gear and fishing fleet used for fisheries in the research location are small-scale fisheries.
Keywords
coastal communities, small-cale fisherie, capture fisheries and Batui District
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Lammers, Pina Lena, Torsten Richter, and Jasmin Mantilla-Contreras. "From Safety Net to Point of No Return—Are Small-Scale Inland Fisheries Reaching Their Limits?" Sustainability 12, no. 18 (September 6, 2020): 7299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12187299.
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Small-scale inland fisheries (SSIF) are a livelihood opportunity for millions of people in developing countries. Understanding the economic, ecological, political and social impacts fishers are coping with can clarify weaknesses and challenges in the fishery management. Using the SSIF at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, as an example, we analyzed the development and fishers’ perception of, and adaptation strategies to, change. We surveyed fish catches to assess the state of fish stocks and conducted interviews to understand fishers’ livelihood, problems, behavior and attitudes. Our results show that the fishery sector of Lake Alaotra has grown dramatically although fish catches have fallen sharply. Changes in species composition and low reproduction rates reflect the fishing pressure. A point of no return seems near, as decreasing agricultural yields force farmers to enter the fishery sector as a form of livelihood diversification. Lake Alaotra reflects an alarming trend which can already be seen in many regions of the world and may affect a growing number in the near future. The Alaotran fisheries demonstrate that SSIF’s ability to provide livelihood alternatives under conditions of insecurity will become increasingly important. It further highlights that the identification of ongoing livelihood dynamics in order to disclose possible poverty trap mechanisms and to understand fisheries’ current function is essential for sustainable management.
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Almaden, Catherine Roween C. "A Case Study on the Socio-Economic Conditions of the Artisanal Fisheries in the Cagayan De Oro River." International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (April 2017): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.2017040102.
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Freshwater fishing is an important socioeconomic aspect of the communities in the Cagayan de Oro River (CDOR), Philippines. The fishery sector in CDOR has the elements that are generally characteristic of artisanal or small-scale fisheries. Before this study, very little was known of the scope and magnitude of artisanal level fishing activities within the CDOR. It has remained undocumented by Local Government Units (LGUs) as it does not contribute directly to the economy in terms of measurable cash flow. However, a number of fishes in the river have higher commercial value compared to marine fisheries in the nearby Macajalar Bay. This study is an attempt to examine the conditions of the CDOR fisheries and to quantify its economic contributions. The economic contribution is measured in terms of the market value of captured aquatic resources. In order to establish the behavior and trends in the fisheries of the different communities, the study area was divided into three sub-zones. Data in this study were collected through interviews of identified fishermen in the different sub-zones. Majority of the fishermen venture into other menial jobs due to proximity to the urban center. Many of them have subsidiary occupations which serve the dual purpose of alternative income and job opportunities and food source because fishing is seasonal. The peak fishing season usually spans two to four months. Comparatively, the earnings derived by the Cagayan de Oro River fishermen are relatively in almost the same range as the marine fishermen in the different parts of the country.
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Untari, Anggi Chintia Putri Malino, Nina Maksimiliana Ginting, Riza Fachrizal, Rahim Darma, Philipus Betaubun, and Andi Adri Arief. "Socio-economic conditions of small-scale traditional fishermen: a case study in Payum Village, Merauke District, Papua, Indonesia." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 18, no. 1 (August 28, 2021): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v18i1.7096.
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Fishermen in Payum Village are still classified as small-scale traditional fishermen and live in the coastal area of Merauke Regency. Their lives depend on the season of fish and shrimp, which causes uncertain income. This study aimed to identify the socio-economic conditions and welfare of local fishermen and non-local fishermen communities in Payum Village, Merauke Regency. The research method used a qualitative descriptive analysis method supported by an analysis of costs, income, and community welfare. The analysis of the social aspects of the education sector of fishermen's families included in family dependents above 70% follow compulsory education, i.e., elementary, junior, and senior high school as well. The health sector of the fishermen receives services from the community health centers (Puskesmas) with free health costs for first aid if they are getting sick. While the economic aspect, for the capital used in human capital and simple fishing gear in dragnets. The income of local fishermen from capture fisheries and shrimp per month is IDR 6,268,991/month and the income of non-local fishermen per year per month is IDR 5,340,403/month. The fishermen's welfare level results using the Fisherman's Exchange Rate (FER) analysis obtained FER values >1, where the FER results for local fishermen were 1.13 and non-local fishermen were 1.48. The study reveals that the level of life of local fishermen and non-local fishermen of coastal Payum, Merauke Regency is at a pretty good level of welfare and can save money.
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Mardyani, Yeyen, Tahmat Kurnia, and Luky Adrianto. "PENGELOLAAN PERIKANAN SKALA KECIL DI PERAIRAN PESISIR KABUPATEN BANGKA DENGAN PENDEKATAN BIOEKONOMI." Jurnal Kebijakan Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 10, no. 2 (December 29, 2020): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jksekp.v10i2.9305.
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Pengelolaan perikanan skala kecil di Kabupaten Bangka pada beberapa kurun waktu terakhir menunjukkan produktivitas yang semakin menurun. Hal ini disebabkan oleh pengelolaan ruang laut yang tidak hanya dimanfaatkan sebagai daerah penangkapan ikan, tetapi juga sebagai wilayah eksploitasi penambangan laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui status pemanfaatan perikanan skala kecil di perairan Kabupaten Bangka. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data primer dan sekunder; analisis bioekonomi digunakan pada ketiga zona daerah penangkapan ikan (DPI) dengan memisahkan sumberdaya ikan pelagis dan demersal untuk melihat status pemanfaatan perikanan pada masing-masing zona. Ketiga zona daerah penangkapan ikan didasarkan pada kondisi eksisting menurut RZWP3K Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, yaitu: Zona A (DPI dengan IUP), Zona A1 (DPI dengan IUP tanpa kegiatan), dan Zona B (DPI tanpa IUP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perikanan pelagis Zona A cenderung economical overfishing; sedangkan perikanan demersal sudah menunjukkan kondisi economical overfishing; Zona A1 berada pada kondisi underfishing; serta Zona B berada pada kondisi underfishing. Pemanfaatan perikanan Zona A dan A1 tidak mencapai 50% TAC; sedangkan pada Zona B hanya 15% TAC. Agar pemanfaatan perikanan baik pelagis ataupun demersal dapat berkelanjutan baik secara ekologi maupun ekonomi, pengelolaan perikanan skala kecil di perairan Kabupaten Bangka perlu dilakukan pengelolaan input pada upaya tangkap yang berbeda-beda pada tiap zona serta pengelolaan ekologi dan ekosistem.Title: Management of Small-Scale Fisheries in The Coastal Waters of Bangka Regency with Bioeconomic ApproachManagement of small-scale fisheries in Bangka Regency has recently shown decreased productivity. This is caused by the management of marine area which is not only used as a fishing ground, but also as an area of exploitation for off-shore mining. Based on these conditions, this study aims to determine the level of utilization of small-scale fisheries in the waters of Bangka Regency. This research uses primary and secondary data; bio-economic analysis was carried out in the three fishing ground zones by separating pelagic and demersal fish resources to see the utilization status of each zone. The three fishing ground zones are based on the existing fishing ground conditions according to RZWP3K Bangka Belitung Islands Province, namely: Zone A (fishing ground with IUP), Zone A1 (fishing ground with IUP without activities), and Zone B (fishing ground without IUP). The results showed that Pelagic Zone A fisheries tend to be economical, whereas demersal fisheries have shown economical overfishing; Zone A1 is under fishing; Zone B is under fishing. The utilization of fisheries in Zone A and A1 does not reach 50% TAC, while in Zone B it is only 15% TAC. For the utilization of pelagic and demersal fisheries to be sustainable both ecologically and economically, the management of small-scale fisheries in Bangka Regency waters needs to carry out input management for different fishing efforts in each zone as well as ecological and ecosystem management.
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Sutton, Abigail M., and Murray A. Rudd. "The effect of leadership and other contextual conditions on the ecological and socio-economic success of small-scale fisheries in Southeast Asia." Ocean & Coastal Management 114 (September 2015): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.06.009.
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Mohylnyi, Oleksii, Nataliia Patyka, and Olena Hryschenko. "Impact of COVID-19 quarantine restrictions on labor market and rural employment." Ekonomika APK 318, no. 4 (April 28, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202104051.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of restrictive quarantine measures in 2020-2021 related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rural labor market, the level of employment and the extent of rural poverty. Research methods. The basis for the study were general scientific and economic methods, creative heritage of the classical political economy founders, publications of Ukrainian scientists on the impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, on social and labor relations in rural areas, regulations, data from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and the State Employment Service, Internet resources and other sources. The monographic approach was used in the analysis of the employment rate dynamics of the rural population, changes in the labor market and the scale of poverty caused by the lockdowns introduction in 2020-2021. Normative and positive approaches are used to highlight the labor potential of rural areas and opportunities for its implementation in a pandemic. A number of abstract-logical techniques allowed formulating intermediate and final conclusions and proposals. Research results. The phenomenon of the category "labor" as a process of conscious and purposeful activity on the transformation of natural and economic factors of production in order to meet human needs is considered. The institutional preconditions of spatial differences in the concentration of jobs in rural and urban areas and the deepening of inequality in their development are highlighted. Changes caused by a number of restrictions on economic activity in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ukraine are analyzed, in the field of the rural population employment by age groups, employment status, unemployment among working-age people, the number of employees who received unemployment status, as well as the workload per vacancy registered with the State Employment Service, the dynamics of its provision of services to rural residents. Public opinion that in the employment and rural labor market due to non-compliance with quarantine restrictions on economic activity, technological features of agricultural production and lower density, the rural population suffers less from quarantine measures is refuted. As a result of the introduction of two all-Ukrainian lockdowns in 2020–2021, the number of employed rural population decreased by 361 thousand people, or by 7%, of them employed - by 198 thousand and self-employed - by 153 thousand. The unemployment rate for this period also increased by 1.7 percentage points, or 11.5%. In April-May 2021, almost 120,000 workers received the status of unemployed dismissed from agricultural, forestry and fisheries enterprises, or one in five of the total in the economy. In addition, the number of applicants for one vacancy in rural areas has doubled, while reducing the financial capacity of the State Employment Service, especially with regard to the implementation of active forms of employment recovery. An integral consequence of quarantine restrictions was the spread of poverty among the rural population and the further social exclusion of people with unprotected self-employment. Scientific novelty. Methodological approaches to assessing the negative impact of quarantine restrictions related to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural employment, the rural labor market and the well-being of rural households have been further developed. Practical significance. The results of the impact of quarantine restrictions on employment and the rural labor market in 2020-2021 may be taken into account when developing measures to support micro and small businesses and self-employed agricultural workers in extreme conditions of society, such as a pandemic. Tabl.: 3. Figs.: 5. Refs.: 35.
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Blythe, Jessica L., Derek Armitage, Nathan J. Bennett, Jennifer J. Silver, and Andrew M. Song. "The Politics of Ocean Governance Transformations." Frontiers in Marine Science 8 (July 2, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.634718.
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Recently, oceans have become the focus of substantial global attention and diverse appeals for “transformation.” Calls to transform ocean governance are motivated by various objectives, including the need to secure the rights of marginalized coastal communities, to boost ocean-based economic development, and to reverse global biodiversity loss. This paper examines the politics of ocean governance transformations through an analysis of three ongoing cases: the FAO’s voluntary guidelines for small-scale fisheries; debt-for-“blue”-nature swaps in the Seychelles; and the United Nations’ negotiations for a high seas’ treaty. We find that transformations are not inevitable or apolitical. Rather, changes are driven by an array of actors with different objectives and varying degrees of power. Objectives are articulated and negotiated through interactions that may reassemble rights, access, and control; however, there is also the potential that existing conditions become further entrenched rather than transformed at all. In particular, our analysis suggests that: (1) efforts to transform are situated in contested, historical landscapes that bias the trajectory of transformation, (2) power dynamics shape whose agendas and narratives drive transformational change, and (3) transformations create uneven distributions of costs and benefits that can facilitate or stall progress toward intended goals. As competing interests over ocean spaces continue to grow in the coming decades, understanding the processes through which ocean governance transformations can occur—and making the politics of transformative change more explicit—will be critical for realizing equitable ocean governance.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions"
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Moxham, Emily Jeanne. "The spatial ecology of Albula glossodonta in the St. Joseph Atoll, Seychelles." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/57863.
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Bonefish (Albula spp.) support valuable recreational and artisanal fisheries worldwide. Declining stocks have been reported at multiple localities, potentially jeopardising numerous multimillion-dollar industries. In particular, tourism generated through bonefish fly fishing contributes considerably to the economies of many isolated tropical islands and atolls. However, despite their economic value, little is known about bonefish in the Indian Ocean. This study aimed to contribute to the understanding of bonefish ecology in the Indian Ocean by (1) reviewing the bonefish literature to identify knowledge gaps; (2) evaluating the postrelease survival of acoustically tagged bonefish and; (3) quantifying the spatial and temporal movements of bonefish at a near-pristine and predator rich atoll in the Seychelles. A review of published literature on bonefish indicated that despite considerable biological and ecological research in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, virtually no research has been conducted in the Indian Ocean. To help address this research gap, an acoustic telemetry study was initiated at the remote St. Joseph Atoll, within an existing array of 88 automated datalogging acoustic receivers. Thirty Albula glossodonta were surgically implanted with Vemco V13 acoustic transmitters in May 2015 and tracked for a period of one year. Only 10% of the tagged bonefish were detected for more than two weeks. A comparison of the final 100 hours of movement data from fish that were detected for less than two weeks to fish detected for longer periods revealed distinct differences. These included differences in area use patterns and significant differences in the average daily distance moved, speed of movement and residency index. This suggested that mortality in the form of post-release predation was high (90%) with tagged fish detected for less than two weeks being preyed upon by sharks. The three surviving bonefish were tracked for 210 to 367 days. These individuals remained in the atoll and showed high use of the marginal habitats between the shallow sand flats and the deeper lagoon. Water temperature, diel cycle and tide were significant predictors of bonefish presence in the lagoon. The high post-release predation of bonefish has implications for the management of this and other Albula species. Despite these fisheries being catch-and-release, bonefish fishing may be unsustainable due to the high post-release mortality, particularly in areas that are rich in predators. Therefore, protected areas or limitations on fishing effort need to be considered.
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Crête, Philippe. "Agro-pastoralists turned fishermen : socio-economic and environmental changes in the buffer zone of Coiba National Park, Panama." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97937.
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In upcoming decades, the conservation and sustainable use of coastal and marine resources will become a major political and environmental challenge, as two-thirds of the world's population lives in coastal zones. The issue will likely become more problematic in developing countries, where an important number of coastal inhabitants still rely on marginal extractive activities such as fishing, farming and cattle ranching for subsistence, and where the rural poor's demand for development often lead to unsustainable extractive practices. Thus, innovative solutions need to be developed to ensure the long-term conservation and sound management of marine and coastal resources. This Masters thesis addresses the case of Coiba National Park, a marine protected area located in the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama, and its relationship with coastal fishing and farming communities located at its outskirt. Particularly, this thesis aims to discover the drivers that pushed an important number of coastal agro-pastoralists of Coiba National Park's buffer zone to switch to artisanal fishing over the past three decades, and to determine the social, economic, and environmental impacts that resulted from that switch. In addition, this thesis analyses the relationship between Coiba National Park's authorities and buffer zone communities, and how this relationship has evolved over the years as more and more resource-users exploit the marine resources of the park. Finally, this work analyses Coiba National Park's current management strategy, how park authorities have been able to adapt their planning and management activities over the years, and explores alternatives to improve Coiba National Park's management strategy so that it can better adapt to the ever changing social, economic, and environmental conditions in which Coiba National Park's buffer zone operates.
Books on the topic "Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions"
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Jentoft, Svein, Arne H. Eide, and Maria-Victoria Gunnarsdottir. Poverty mosaics: Realities and prospects in small-scale fisheries. London: Springer, 2011.
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Carrier, James G. The Ponam fish freezer: Analysis of the failure of a small-scale development project in Manus Province. [Port Moresby?]: Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology, University of Papua New Guinea, 1988.
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Barasa, Wangila, and Degen A. Allan 1946-, eds. Artisanal fishers on the Kenyan coast: Household livelihoods and marine resource management. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Hoorweg, Jan. Artisanal fishers on the Kenyan coast: Household livelihoods and marine resource management. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Hoorweg, Jan. Artisanal fishers on the Kenyan coast: Household livelihoods and marine resource management. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Hoorweg, Jan. Artisanal fishers on the Kenyan coast: Household livelihoods and marine resource management. Leiden: Brill, 2009.
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Fishers of Garogos: Livelihood and resource management in a Maluku Island, Indonesia. Darwin, NT: Charles Darwin University Press, 2004.
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Barria, Susana. Economic liberalisation and gender dynamics in traditional small-scale fisheries: Reflections on the proposed EU-India free trade agreement : a report for Focus on the Global South. New Delhi: Focus on the Global South, 2010.
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The state of world fisheries from a fishworker perspective: The Ghanaian situation. Chennai: International Collective in Support of Fishworkers, 2006.
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Hoorweg, Jan, Barasa Wangila, and Allan A. Degen. Artisanal Fishers on the Kenyan Coast: Household Livelihoods and Marine Resource Management. Ebsco Publishing, 2009.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions"
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"From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success." In From Catastrophe to Recovery: Stories of Fishery Management Success, edited by Daniel J. Gurdak, Caroline C. Arantes, Leandro Castello, Donald J. Stewart, and L. Cynthia Watson. American Fisheries Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874554.ch11.
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<i>Abstract</i>.â€â€Although tropical inland fisheries provide important regional income and food security, these fisheries face severe management challenges that are amplified by distinct ecological, economic, and political factors. The arapaima (genus <i>Arapaima</i>) are of particular interest because of their large size (up to +3 m and +200 kg) and their substantial economic and cultural value in South America. Arapaima are among the most historically important and overexploited fisheries in South America. Unfortunately, traditional fishery management approaches have been ineffective, and arapaima populations have suffered drastic stock depletions and even local extinctions across much of their range. Fortunately, over the past 15 years, small-scale co-management efforts have promoted pockets of successful recovery for arapaima fisheries. In this analysis, we begin by introducing the history of arapaima fishing, the difficulties encountered by early management efforts, and subsequent improvements to arapaima management approaches using co-management at a small scale with local residents. We then evaluate the implementation of this promising approach across three regions: (1) Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, Amazonas State, Brazil; (2) Santarém region, Pará State, Brazil; and (3) North Rupununi, Guyana. Specifically, each region was evaluated based on the presence and implementation of eight principles needed for the sustainable governance of common-property natural resources in situations with and without active management: (1) defined boundaries, (2) congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions, (3) collective action arrangement, (4) monitoring, (5) graduated sanctioning, (6) conflict resolution mechanism, (7) minimum recognition and right to organize, and (8) nested enterprises. For each region, we examined how management was implemented and identified current and ongoing challenges. Based on our experience with these fisheries, we offer some lessons that can be instrumental for arapaima management and other inland fisheries: manage even when faced with uncertainties; monitor, evaluate, and adapt management efforts; bridge knowledge systems; foster genuine interest and cooperation of various stakeholders to ensure long-term success; and move toward an ecosystem-based approach. These lessons will be instrumental in overcoming management challenges in the future and could be applied to other fisheries.
Conference papers on the topic "Small-scale fisheries – Seychelles – Economic conditions"
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Islam, Gazi. "Impact of Subsidies on the Economic and Environmental Conditions of Small Scale Fisheries in Malaysia." In ISSC 2016 International Conference on Soft Science. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.08.47.
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