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Journal articles on the topic 'Small scale groundnut farmers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 September 2021

Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Yusuf Dogara, Ja,afaru, and Hamidin Abd Hamid. "A Systematic Literature Review on Cash Crop Production." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 6, no. 1 (April 22, 2020): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v6i1.1256.

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Works of literature have clearly attested to the fact that cash crop production as a global phenomenon has a track of history. Past and contemporary scholars on economics, agriculture, and history show little commitment to the subject matter of cash crop production globally. Related studies are reviewed in order to develop sensible solutions and add value to the limited sources on the area (finding). Thus, this research aims at a systematic literature review of relevant literature on cash crop production. Literature that relates to the subject matter is assembled, examined, and incorporated according to the need of this systematic literature review. We focus on the studies that encompass cash crop sustainability, cash crop smallholders/small-scale/households, cash crop farming/farmers, cash crop and food production, groundnut production, sustainable groundnut production, groundnut seed production, groundnut small-holders farmers, and contribution, impact, and the role of groundnut production on the economy.

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2

N.W. Agbo, T.N.N. Nortey, F. A. Anani, F. K. E. Nunoo, M. Steiner-Asiedu,. "Production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v4i1.68.

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The increasing costs of commercial fish feeds have made it imperative for most small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to resort to the use of alternative feed types to feed cultured fish. Some fish farmers rotate commercial feeds with farm-made types. This study was carried out to investigate the production and use of farm-made fish feeds by small-scale pond fish farmers in five major pond fish farming Regions (Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Volta and Western) in Ghana. Of the 147 farmers interviewed in all the five regions, 86 farmers used farm-made feeds of which 37 depended solely on farm-made feeds whilst 49 used both commercial and farm-made feeds. Farm-made feeds were produced using locally available ingredients and the most used oneswere groundnut bran (92%), fish meal (90%), wheat bran (74%) and maize (60%). The farmers did not follow appropriate and standardized feed formulation protocol during farm-made fish feed production. Hence, farm-made fish feeds produced by all farmers interviewed were found not to be nutritionally balanced. There is the need for small-scale pond fish farmers in Ghana to be trained in formulation and production of nutritionally balanced and cost-effective fish feeds so as to increase fish production through aquaculture in the country.

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3

Sidibé, Amadou, Gennifer Meldrum, Harouna Coulibaly, Stefano Padulosi, Issa Traore, Gaoussou Diawara, Adja Rokiatou Sangaré, and Charlie Mbosso. "Revitalizing cultivation and strengthening the seed systems of fonio and Bambara groundnut in Mali through a community biodiversity management approach." Plant Genetic Resources: Characterization and Utilization 18, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262120000076.

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AbstractFonio (Digitaria exilis (Kippist) Stapf) and Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.) are native crops grown at a small scale in Mali that have potential to support agricultural productivity under climate change. A community biodiversity management approach was explored in this study as a means to reinforce the cultivation of these crops by increasing farmers' access to intraspecific diversity and developing capacities of community institutions for their management. The research involved six communities in Ségou and Sikasso regions. Multiple varieties of fonio (10–12) and Bambara groundnut (8–12) were established in diversity fields in each site over 2 years where farmers engaged in experiential learning over the crop cycle. Significant adoption of fonio and Bambara groundnut was detected in several study sites. The precise drivers of adoption cannot be definitively determined but likely include increased seed access and awareness gained through the diversity field fora, seed fairs and community seed banks. No significant yield advantage was detected for any of the varieties in the diversity fields, which showed variable performance by site and year. The number of varieties registered and managed by community seed banks in each site increased from 1–5 varieties of each crop to 11–12 varieties following the interventions. The number of Bambara groundnut varieties cultivated in farmers' fields also increased, while there was evidence of a slight decline in fonio diversity in some communities. The results of this study can inform efforts to strengthen seed systems and cultivation of neglected and underutilized species in Africa.

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4

Musa, Mukhtar, and Ajit Singh. "Influence of Cow Dung Application on the Yield and Yield Components of Two Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Varieties in Sokoto, Semi-arid Zone of Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 48, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2015): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2015-0011.

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Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a valuable crop for millions of small scale farmers around the tropics. Despite its importance, the production of the crop in semi-arid tropics is constrained by shorter rain duration and low soil nutrient status. The present studies was carried out during the 2007 and 2008 rainy seasons to study the influence of cow dung application on the yield and yield components of two groundnut varieties in the region. Treatments consisted of factorial combination of two groundnut varieties (Ex-Dakar and RMP-12) and three cow dung levels (0, 15 and 30 t ha−1) making a total of six treatment combinations. The treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated three times. The findings of this research revealed that Ex-Dakar variety performed better than RMP-12 in all the parameters measured. Application of cow dung increased the number of pods plant−1, pod yield and grain yield of the crop and was optimum at the rate of 15 t ha−1. Thus, Ex-Dakar variety could be suggested for increased groundnut production in the study area. Application of cow dung at the rate of 15 t ha−1 was optimum for groundnut production in the study area.

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5

Unigwe, Amara Evangeline, Abe Shegro Gerrano, Patrick Adebola, and Michael Pillay. "Morphological Variation in Selected Accessions of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc) in South Africa." Journal of Agricultural Science 8, no. 11 (October 11, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n11p69.

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<p>Bambara groundnut (<em>Vigna subterranea </em>L. Verdc) is an underutilized crop in the African continent. It is a drought tolerant crop and fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Bambara groundnut is primarily grown for the protein content of its seeds and is mainly produced by small scale farmers at subsistence level. The objective of the study was to assess the morphological variation of landraces of bambara groundnut in South Africa. Thirty accessions of bambara groundnut were evaluated for their variability in agronomic and morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted at ARC-VOPI in Roodeplaat research farm during the 2014/2015 summer cropping season. The field trial was arranged as a complete randomized block design with three replications. Eighteen quantitative traits were recorded to estimate the level of genetic variability among accessions. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the phenotypic traits evaluated. The UPGMA cluster analysis based on the quantitative traits produced four distinct groups of genotypes and a singleton. Genotypes SB11-1A, SB19-1A, SB12-3B and Bambara-12 were found to possess good vegetative characters and are recommended for use as suitable parents when breeding cultivars for fodder production. Desirable yield and yield-related traits were identified in B7-1, SB4-4C, SB19-1A, Bambara-12 and SB16-5A and are recommended as suitable parental lines for bambara groundnut grain production improvement. The phenotypic characters therefore provide a useful measure of genetic variability among bambara genotypes and will enable the identification of potential parental materials for future breeding programs in South Africa.</p>

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6

Ejara, Ejigu, Kemal Kitaba, Zinash Misganaa, Mulatu Gabisa, and Ganene Tesama. "Performance Evaluation of Early Maturing Ground Nut Varieties in West Guji lowland, Southern Ethiopia." Journal of Agriculture and Crops, no. 65 (May 20, 2020): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.65.73.77.

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Groundnut is an important oil seed crop, grown throughout the tropics and sub tropics worldwide. It is one of the three economically important oilseed crops grown in Ethiopia. Groundnut is commonly produced by small scale farmers as food and cash crops in the study area. The area has potential to the production of Ground nut for food and nutrition security as well as export commodity. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major constraints of production. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate five Ground nut varieties and select early maturing varieties with considerable yield and agronomic traits. The field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at Abaya and varieties were planted in Randomized complete block design (RCBD). Data were collected on yield and important agronomic traits. The computed analysis of variance revealed significant variations among varieties for days to maturity, number of primary branches, number of pegs per plants, Grain yield and shelling percentage. The pooled over year mean of varieties indicated , Tole- 1 variety ( Check) is high yielding with mean grain yield of 4174.7kg followed by variety Sedi (3552.5kg/ha) and Babile local (3550.4kg/ha).Variety Sedi has special merit in terms of earliness and therefore recommended for moisture stress areas of Abaya and location with similar agro ecologies while Tole -1 (Standard check) is high yielding varieties and should be used in production until new varieties will be developed through selection/breeding program.

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7

Yanuartono, Yanuartono, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Alfarisa Nururrozi, Hary Purnamaningsih, and Slamet Raharjo. "Urea Molasses Multinutrien Blok Sebagai Pakan Tambahan pada Ternak Ruminansia (UREA MOLASSES MULTINUTRIENT BLOCK AS A FEED SUPPLEMENT TO CATTLE)." Jurnal Veteriner 20, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.19087/jveteriner.2019.20.3.445.

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The poor quality crop residues constitute the bulk of dry matter consumed by the ruminants. Like in most developing countries, including in Indonesia, feed shortage is the main constraint to their productivity. During the hot and dry seasons, the available feed resources are not enough in energy and digestion proteins, which are insufficient to maintenance requirements and reducing productivity throughout the year. The use of conventional feedstuffs such as rice brand, pollard, soybean cake, and groundnut cake to enhance production has become inappropriate. These supplements are in short supply owing to increasing demand from agricultural and industrial users. Their exorbitant prices and erratic supply made them too expensive for small-scale farmers to incorporate them into ruminant feeding. Urea Molasses Multinutrient Block (UMMB) is a convenient and inexpensive method of providing a range of nutrients to ruminants. Giving UMMB can improve low-quality feed digestion so in general can improve the performance of livestock such as milk production, weight, BCS and reproductive status. This article aims to evaluation the benefits of a UMMB for feed ruminants.

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8

Arumugam, S., KR Ashok, SN Kulshreshtha, I. Vellangany, and R. Govindasamy. "Adapting to climate change through crop choice by small and medium farmers in Southern zone of Tamil Nadu, India." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 12, no. 1 (December 3, 2014): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i1.21120.

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Unpredictable changes in the climate can have a significant impact on crop yield in India in general and in particular in the climate vulnerable state of Tamil Nadu. This study evaluates how farmers in the Sothern Zone of Tamil Nadu adapt crop change as a technique to cope with uncertainty in crop yield. Three districts in the Sothern Zone, viz., Virudhunagar, Thoothukudi and Thriunelveli districts were adopted for this study. The sample size was equally distributed with 60 households randomly selected and who actively engage in agriculture. The results derived from the Multinomial Logit Model indicate that older farmers were more likely to choose sorghum, groundnut and less likely to choose maize, fruits and vegetables. Education had positive and significant influence on growing sorghum groundnut and chillies. Fruits and vegetables are more likely to chosen if farmer has large acreage. The climate variables seem to have neutral effect for sorghum and groundnut, hence farmers lend to choose theses crops for price stability. Farmers are most likely to prefer sorghum, cotton, maize and groundnut when income increases from other non-farm sources. When temperature increases by 1oC, farmers more often tend to choose pulses, sorghum, chilli and groundnut. If precipitation increases by 1 cm, farmers choose to cultivate pulses, maize, cotton, fruits and vegetable. Farmers adaptations may vary across agro climatic zones of Tamil Nadu. Hence local government policies and programs in agriculture should have a built in component to address the climate change issues. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i1.21120 SAARC J. Agri., 12(1): 139-149 (2014)

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9

Richter, C. J. J. "Fish culture for small-scale farmers." Aquaculture 46, no. 1 (May 1985): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90181-4.

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10

du Plessis, J. H., H. D. van Schalkwyk, and D. B. Louw. "SETTLEMENT OF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN QWAQWA." Agrekon 39, no. 2 (June 2000): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2000.9524935.

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11

Mushunje, A., and A. Belete. "EFFICIENCY OF ZIMBABWEAN SMALL SCALE COMMUNAL FARMERS." Agrekon 40, no. 3 (September 2001): 344–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2001.9524958.

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12

Van Crowder, Loy. "Marketing Information Systems for Small-Scale Farmers." Information Development 13, no. 4 (December 1997): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666974238861.

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13

Mugiya, Davison, and Costa Hofisi. "Climate change adaptation challenges confronting small-scale farmers." Environmental Economics 8, no. 1 (April 12, 2017): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.08(1).2017.06.

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Climate change adaptation issues have recently gained attention for the past few years in Zimbabwe. However, little has been done to explore the challenges, associated with climate change in the country. Therefore, this article explores the challenges affecting small-scale farmers in the Zvishavane District of Zimbabwe in coping with climate change vulnerability. The qualitative research methodology encompassing semi-structured interviews was used to collect data from small-scale farmers and other key informants in the study area. The study portrays that small-scale farmers are struggling to cope with climate change due to resource constraints, lack of access to credit and inputs, aid bottlenecks coupled with contradiction of programs among other critical issues.

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14

Poczta-Wajda, Agnieszka, Agnieszka Sapa, Sebastian Stępień, and Michał Borychowski. "Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Farmers in Poland." Agriculture 10, no. 7 (July 14, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10070295.

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The problem of food insecurity is generally associated with developing countries, but at the household level it also occurs in developed countries, especially in socially vulnerable groups, such as small-scale farms. However, the issue of food insecurity in developed countries, especially at the household level, is rather neglected in the scientific literature. This study was conducted to fill this gap and examine the level of food insecurity among small-scale farms in Poland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from 710 small-scale farms in Poland. The incidence and degree of food insecurity was measured with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS). The study found that about 43% of the respondents were exposed to food insecurity, including almost 9% to severe food insecurity, which is well above the average for the entire Polish population. By applying cross-tabulation and the zero-inflated Poisson regression model, the study found that the higher age and secondary or higher education of the farm manager, having children in the household and higher land productivity have a statistically significant negative influence on households’ food insecurity (i.e., decreased HFIAS score). On the contrary, family size of five or more and production type “permanent crops” and “dairy cows” have a statistically significant positive influence on households’ food insecurity (i.e., increased HFIAS score).

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15

Raikes, Philip, B. Mothander, F. Kjaerby, and K. Havnevik. "Farm Implements for Small-Scale Farmers in Tanzania." Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines 26, no. 1 (1992): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/485417.

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16

Brembridge, T. J. "Characteristics of progressive small‐scale farmers in Transkei." Social Dynamics 12, no. 2 (December 1986): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533958608458408.

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17

Nieuwoudt, WL, and N. Vink. "Financing of land purchase by small‐scale farmers." Development Southern Africa 12, no. 4 (August 1995): 509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768359508439835.

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18

Paraffin, Annah Shingirai, Titus Jairus Zindove, and Michael Chimonyo. "Perceptions of Factors Affecting Milk Quality and Safety among Large- and Small-Scale Dairy Farmers in Zimbabwe." Journal of Food Quality 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5345874.

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The study investigated the perceptions of milk producers on milk quality and safety. Randomly selected large-scale farmers (n=158) and small-scale farmers (n=186) were surveyed using semistructured questionnaires. An ordinal logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of farmers considering milk quality and safety important. Large-scale farmers were 3 times more likely to consider that breed affects milk quality compared to their small-scale counterparts. Farmers aged over 30 years were 3 times more likely to indicate that hygiene affected milk quality. The likelihood of milk transportation affecting its quality was 4 times higher in small-scale farmers compared to large-scale producers. Postmilking contamination of milk was perceived to occur during transportation by small-scale farmers, whilst commercial farmers ranked storage as the important source of contamination after milking. Udder diseases were ranked first by large-scale farmers while small-scale farmers ranked milking environment as the major cause of milk spoilage. The likelihood of milk safety being important was two times higher in large farms compared to small-scale farms. Intervention programmes on milk safety should mainly target small-scale dairy farmers since they are less concerned about milk quality and safety.

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Zelaya, Priscilla, Amy Harder, and T. Grady Roberts. "Small-Scale Farmers’ Perceptions of Agricultural Information Sources in Northern Haiti." Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education 23, no. 2 (July 15, 2016): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5191/jiaee.2016.23205.

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Agricultural extension in developing countries can be a major source of support for small-scale farmers. In Haiti, the majority of the agricultural population is made up of smallscale farmers. In the past, Haiti’s extension system has suffered from various governmental instabilities in the nation. This study sought to (a) determine the information channels smallscale farmers use in the North Department of Haiti, (b) determine the accessibility of quality information as perceived by small-scale farmers in the North Department of Haiti, and (c) identify the perceived barriers to successful production of small-scale farmers in the North Department of Haiti. Results from this study showed Haitian farmers in the North Department gain their information for farming from a variety of sources. The farmers in this study varied in their perceptions of the accessibility of quality information in the area. While some farmers participated in groups with extension services, most farmers had not participated in these groups. Farmers in this study also displayed a lack of trust towards service providers in the region. Farmer perceptions of external factors as barriers towards production illustrated a sense of powerlessness in their production practices. Recommendations include using opinion leaders to engage small-scale farmers and build trust towards service providers.

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20

Saputra, Yonas Hangga. "Eksistensi Dan Transformasi Petani Gurem: Kasus Pertanian Wilayah Pinggiran Kota Bandung." SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 14, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v14i2.25006.

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<em>This article aims at: (1) describing the existence and transformation of small-scale farmers; (2) identifying the problems of small-scale farmers related to the land tenure pattern, farming system, and institutional aspect; and (3) recommending the policy for small-scale farmers empowerment, case of sub-urban area of Bandung municipality. The research results show that the existence and transformation of small-scale farmers were degraded. The most problem faced by small-scale farmers in locale of the study was agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural purposes. Consequently, the proportion of small-scale farmers who operate their owned land was decreased and some of them transformed to the status of cultivated farmers either in rented or shared systems or became farm laborers. Moreover, the farm productivity was not optimal while the position of small-scale farmers especially the cultivated farmers became feeble in negotiation with owned land as well as in terms of capital aspect. The empowerment program intervention should be followed by technical assistance in line with aspiration of small-scale farmers toward collectively participatory in the organization of farmers. It should be implemented through participatory young generation both in on-farm and in off-farm activities.</em>

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Anyaegbu, C. N., U. C. Ibekwe, M. A. C. A. Odii, N. C. Ehirim, and C. Chikezie. "Analysis of income distribution patterns of broiler farmers in Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 17, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 116–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v17i2.10.

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This study analyzed the income distribution patterns of broiler farmers in Imo State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to disaggregate the broiler farmers into different scale of production in the study area; determine the pooled income distribution patterns of broiler farmers in the study area; and to determine the income distribution patterns of broiler farmers across different scale of production. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted, and a total of 9 LGAs were purposively selected from the 3 zones. Stratified random sampling was used in selecting 26small-scale, 9 medium-scale and zero large-scale broiler farmers from Owerri Agricultural Zone for the study. In Orlu, 15 small-scale, 15 medium-scale and 6 large-scale of broiler farmers were selected, while 15 small-scale, 11 medium-scale and 3 large-scale broiler farmers were selected from Okigwe Zone using the same method. This gave a total of 113 broiler farmers selected from the chosen LGA’s in the state. Out of 113 broiler farmers selected for study only a total of 100 responses were retrieved from the field. The survey was conducted between June 2018 to November 2018. Data were collected on the socio-economic variables of the broiler farmers; scale of operation of broiler farmers; cost of broiler production, imputed cost and income; and revenue from broiler production. Use was made of Gini Coefficient, Lorenz curve, and Decile distribution. The result of this study revealed 3 scale of broiler operation with small-scale having 57%, medium-scale 34%, while large-scale is 9%. The study discovered that income was unequally distributed among the broiler farmers and this was confirmed by Gini coefficient value of 0.58 for small-scale broiler farmers, Gini coefficient value of 0.68 for medium-scale farmers, Gini coefficient value of 0.83 for the pooled income of broiler farmers across the state and deciledistribution of the pooled income in which 10th decile controls 77.39% of the total income of broiler farmers while 1st decile controls only 0.52% of the total income of broiler farmers. The Lorenz curve confirmed the existence of unequal distribution of income which is a deviation from the line of equality. In contrast, income gap among large-scale broiler farmers is very small, thus the distribution pattern can be regarded as relatively equal with a Gini Coefficient value of 0.25. The result reveals that the income gap among broiler farmers in Imo State is too wide to allow broiler farmers to transition from small-scale operation to large-scale which left majority of them as small-scale farmers. Keywords: Income distribution, broiler farmers and scale of operation.

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22

Wu, Haixia, Hantao Hao, Hongzhen Lei, Yan Ge, Hengtong Shi, and Yan Song. "Farm Size, Risk Aversion and Overuse of Fertilizer: The Heterogeneity of Large-Scale and Small-Scale Wheat Farmers in Northern China." Land 10, no. 2 (January 25, 2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020111.

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The excessive use of fertilizer has resulted in serious environmental degradation and a high health cost in China. Understanding the reasons for the overuse of fertilizer is critical to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture, and large-scale operation is considered as one of the measures to deal with the excessive fertilizer use. Under the premise of fully considering the resource endowment and heterogeneity of large-scale farmers and small-scale farmers in production and management, different production decision-making frameworks were constructed. Based on the 300 large-scale farmers and 480 small-scale farmers in eight provinces of northern China wheat region, we analyzed the optimal fertilizer use amount and its deviation as well as the influencing factors of small-scale and large-scale farmers, then further clarified whether the development of scale management could solve the problem of excessive fertilizer use. The empirical results show that: (1) both small-scale farmers and large-scale farmers deviated from the optimal fertilizer application amount, where the deviation degree of optimal fertilizer application of small-scale farmers is significantly higher than that of large-scale farmers, with a deviation degree of 35.43% and 23.69% for small and large scale farmers, respectively; (2) not all wheat growers in North China had the problem of excessive use of chemical fertilizer, as the optimal level of chemical fertilizer application in Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia are 346.5 kgha−1 and 335.25 kgha−1, while the actual fertilizer use amount was 337.2 kgha−1 and 324.6 kgha−1, respectively; and (3) the higher the risk aversion level, farmers tended to apply more fertilizer to ensure grain output. Therefore, increasing farm size should be integrated into actions such as improving technological innovation and providing better information transfer to achieve the goal of zero-increase in Chinese fertilizer use.

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23

Gül, A., S. Engindeniz, R. Z. Eltez, N. Aykut, and H. Gülçin. "ADAPTATION OF CLOSED SUBSTRATE CULTURE BY SMALL-SCALE FARMERS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 729 (January 2007): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2007.729.42.

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24

Mishra, Ashutosh, Neetu Bhagat, and Padam Singh. "Development of Solar Operated Sprayer for Small Scale Farmers." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 8, no. 02 (February 10, 2019): 2593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.802.301.

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25

Tsou, Samson. "PREPARING SMALL-SCALE ASIAN FARMERS FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED HORTICULTURE." Acta Horticulturae, no. 621 (July 2003): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2003.621.1.

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26

Baudoin, W. O., and CHR von Zabeltitz. "GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTIONS FOR SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN TROPICAL REGIONS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 578 (June 2002): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2002.578.20.

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27

Randela, R., Z. G. Alemu, and J. A. Groenewald. "Factors enhancing market participation by small-scale cotton farmers." Agrekon 47, no. 4 (December 2008): 451–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.2008.9523810.

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Kirsten, J. F., and J. van Zyl. "DEFINING SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTEXT." Agrekon 37, no. 4 (December 1998): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1998.9523530.

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29

Qaim, Matin. "Biotechnology for small-scale farmers: a Kenyan case study." International Journal of Biotechnology 2, no. 1/2/3 (2000): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbt.2000.000135.

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30

Okito, Ambate, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Segundo Urquiaga, and Robert Michael Boddey. "Nitrogen fixation by groundnut and velvet bean and residual benefit to a subsequent maize crop." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 39, no. 12 (December 2004): 1183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2004001200004.

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Chemical fertilisers are rarely avaiable to poor farmers, for whom the nitrogen (N) is often the most limiting element for cereal grain production. The objective of this study was to quantify the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) crops using the 15N natural abundance (delta15N) technique and to determine their residual effect and that of a natural fallow, on growth and N accumulation by two rustic maize varieties. The contribution of BNF calculated from delta15N data was 40.9, 59.6 and 30.9 kg ha-1, for groundnut, velvet bean and the natural fallow, respectively. The only legume grain harvested was from the groundnut, which yielded approximately 1.000 kg ha-1. The subsequent maize varieties ("Sol de Manhã" and "Caiana Sobralha") yielded between 1.958 and 2.971 kg ha-1, and were higher after velvet bean for both maize varieties and "Sol da Manhã" groundnut, followed by "Caiana" after groundnut and, finally, the natural fallow. For a small-holder producer the most attractive system is the groundnut followed by maize, as, in this treatment, both groundnut and maize grain harvest are possible. However, a simple N balance calculation indicated that the groundnut-maize sequence would, in the long term, deplete soil N reserves, while the velvet bean-maize sequence would lead to a build up of soil nitrogen.

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Damtie, Yilebes Addisu, and Mandefrot Amare. "Socio-economic contributions of small-scale plantations in Ethiopia." Holistic approach to environment 9, no. 4 (December 7, 2019): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.9.4.3.

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In order to enhance the attention given by farmers, government and concerned bodies, the socio-economic contributions of small-scale plantations should be studied. This study identified the socio-economic benefits of small-scale plantations in the Godera Woreda of Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Data were collected through questioners and key informant interviews from 208 farmers and 8 key informants. Descriptive statistics and a regression model were used to analyse the data. The results of the study revealed that of the average 1.72 ha of land possessed by small-scale farmers 0.81 ha was used for tree plantations. The main types of plantations were coffee, eucalyptus, banana and avocado. The mean annual production was 645 kg, 290 kg and 271 kg for coffee, banana and avocado, respectively. Small-scale farmers earned a mean of 4675.56 Birr from plantations which was 32.37 % of the total income. The Woreda government gained 365,022 Birr royalty payment during 2015/16.The regression results show income from plantations significantly affects the annual income of small-scale farmers (β = 0.436, p < 0.01). Access to basic services, land use change, expenditures, population growth, employment opportunities, and migration are social changes supported by small-scale plantations. The availability of a favourable environment, extension service, land, and peace are opportunities of plantations. In contrast, challenges of small-scale plantations are disease, low prices for product, lack of improved plantation varieties, shortage of land, lack of demand, climate change and rainfall reduction, lack of government support, and high transportation costs. It is recommended to strengthen the small-scale plantations for better positive socio-economic contributions of the sector through supporting the opportunities and management of identified challenges.

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Jat, Mohan Lal, P. S. Shekhawat, and Sonu Jain. "Socio-economic analysis of small and marginal farmers in Jaipur district of Rajasthan." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/170-175.

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The study was conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan to know the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers. A total of 60 farmers (30 farmers in each small and marginal category) were selected for the present investigation. The primary data relating to various socioeconomic variables were collected from the sample farmers by personal interview method using semistructured schedules and questionnaires for the purpose. Composite scales analysis like Udai Pareek revised scale-2019 and Modified BG Prasad scale-2019 were used to analyze the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers, which have combinations of social and economic variables. The study revealed that, the socio-economic condition of small farmers was better than socio-economic condition of marginal farmers, according to composite scales analysis. On the basis of Udai Pareek revised scale, majority of marginal farmers (about 47.00%) belonged to lower middle class whereas, majority of small farmers (about 53.00%) belonged to middle class. Study further found that, in both categories of farmers, no farmer belonged to the lower and upper class. As per BG Prasad modified scale which is based on monthly income of household, majority of marginal farmers (50.00%) belonged to upper middle class while, majority of small farmers (60.00%) belonged to upper class. In both categories of sample farmers, no farmer belonged to lower and lower middle class.

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Rahman, Z., MM Hossain, MA Hashem, MAK Azad, and H. Khatun. "Factors Related to Small Scale Beef Fattening Programs in Dinajpur District of Bangladesh." Progressive Agriculture 23, no. 1-2 (October 11, 2013): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16563.

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The experiment was conducted to investigate the factors related to small scale beef fattening programs in three upazilas (Birganj, Kaharul, and Khansama) under Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Data were collected using an interview schedule from randomly selected 75 farmers who were involved in small scale beef fattening programs. In this study out of the 75 farmers 54.7% are involved in agriculture, 26.7% in business, 13.3% in service and 5.3% in beef fattening. About 44.7% farmers fattened beef for 3 months. Fifty six percent farmers used own capital for beef fattening, 24% took bank loan and remaining farmers lending from others sources. About 57.3% farmers had taken short training on beef fattening whereas about 42.7% did not take any training on beef fattening. More than 34.7% farmers used beef fattening tablets, 28.0% Urea Molasses Straw (UMS), 26.7% used Urea Molasses Block (UMB) in beef fattening. Sixty six percent farmers reported shortages of animal feed, 50% reported lack of credit and 93.3% reported high cost of feed as the major problems of small scale beef fattening. In conclusion, the result of present study would be useful information to farmers and researchers to identify the management of small scale beef fattening practices in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16563Progress. Agric. 23(1 & 2): 33 38, 2012

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Ekobi, Gabriel, and Lovelyne Mboh. "An Exploratory Study in to the Benefits and Challenges Facing Small-Scale Farmers in the Taung Irrigation Scheme, North West Province, South Africa." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 8, no. 1 (September 10, 2018): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.1005/2018.8.1/1005.1.28.39.

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This study examined the benefits and challenges small-scale farmers faced in the Taung irrigation scheme. Irrigation schemes have been identified as the backbone in promoting agriculture in South Africa. Nevertheless, literature have shown that very few studies have been conducted on the benefits and challenges facing small-scale farmers in irrigation schemes, there is a need to supplement this gap. The findings contend that Taung irrigation scheme enabled small-scale framers to generate income. Income made in the scheme permitted small-scale farmers to purchase gardening tools such as watering cans, cattle ploughs and hoes to improve productivity. The scheme also provides a platform for farmers to produce more food therefore, a reduction in poverty incidence in the area. However, challenges such as lack of market, absence of institutional structure, farming capital, transport and loss of harvest through theft are affecting farmers on the scheme. Institutional structure is needed since it allows small-scale farmers to make decision regarding management of the scheme.

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Anyaegbu, C. N., U. C. Ibekwe, M. A. C. A. Odii, N. C. Ehirim, C. Chikezie, S. E. Ogbonna, and V. C. Chukwurah. "Analysis of net farm income and non-farm income of broiler farmers across different scale of production in Imo State, Nigeria." Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 18, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jafs.v18i2.7.

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This study analyzed net farm income and non-farm income of broiler farmers across different scale of production in Imo State, Nigeria. Capital accumulation for reinvestment and expansion remains a challenge among broiler farmers in the study area. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted, and a total of 9 LGAs were purposively selected from the 3 zones (Orlu, Owerri and Okigwe zone). Stratified random sampling was used in selecting 26 small-scale and 9 medium-scale farmers from Owerri Agricultural zone for the study. In Orlu, 15 small-scale, 15 medium-scale and 6 large-scale of broiler farmers were selected, while 15 small-scale, 11 medium-scale and 3 large-scale broiler farmers were selected from Okigwe Zone. This gave a total of 113 broiler farmers selected from the chosen LGA's in the state. Out of 113 broiler farmers selected only a total of 100 responses were found useful for the study. Descriptive statistics, profitability ratio and net income model tools were employed for analyses in this study. The profitability result revealed that the large-scale broiler production has the highest return on naira used with 174% followed by medium-scale production with 47% return on naira used and the least was small-scale production with 33% return on naira expended. The result reveals that broiler farming in the study area is profitable and has the ability to offset its own cost, and still generate substantial return on naira used from every additional N1 spent no matter the scale of operation. The study also shows that net farm income of broiler farmers (N7,690,429.50 for small-scale, N 17,615,997.00 for medium-scale and N 142,674,200.00 for large-scale) is significantly greater than their non-farm income irrespective of scale ofoperation. In an attempt to raise the net-income of broiler farmers vis-a-vis more capital to scale-up broiler production, small and medium-scale operators are encouraged to diversify their productions with other livestock enterprises like layer production enterprise, turkey production enterprise and goat production enterprise.

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Almeida, Carla, Luisa Massarani, and Ildeu de Castro Moreira. "Perceptions of Brazilian small-scale farmers about genetically modified crops." Ambiente & Sociedade 18, no. 1 (March 2015): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4422asoc891v1812015en.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of small-scale farmers in Brazil towards genetically modified (GM) crops based on a sample of 15 focus groups involving 111 individuals. The analysis of the corpus shows heterogeneous perceptions regarding these crops, shaped by diverse factors, including economic prospects and concerns with the impact on health and the environment. There are many misgivings about these effects among the farmers, who are keen to receive unbiased information on the topic. These uncertainties affect them more as consumers, as most would prefer eating GM-free food, than as producers, as they consider other aspects, especially economic feasibility, when deciding what to grow. Although most farmers believe they should have a voice in decision-making on agricultural issues, few have made concerted efforts to be heard.

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Zewdie, Markose Chekol, Michele Moretti, Daregot Berihun Tenessa, Zemen Ayalew Ayele, Jan Nyssen, Enyew Adgo Tsegaye, Amare Sewnet Minale, and Steven Van Passel. "Agricultural Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Farmers in Ethiopia: A Stochastic Frontier Approach." Land 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10030246.

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In the past decade, to improve crop production and productivity, Ethiopia has embarked on an ambitious irrigation farming expansion program and has introduced new large- and small-scale irrigation initiatives. However, in Ethiopia, poverty remains a challenge, and crop productivity per unit area of land is very low. Literature on the technical efficiency (TE) of large-scale and small-scale irrigation user farmers as compared to the non-user farmers in Ethiopia is also limited. Investigating smallholder farmers’ TE level and its principal determinants is very important to increase crop production and productivity and to improve smallholder farmers’ livelihood and food security. Using 1026 household-level cross-section data, this study adopts a technology flexible stochastic frontier approach to examine agricultural TE of large-scale irrigation users, small-scale irrigation users and non-user farmers in Ethiopia. The results indicate that, due to poor extension services and old-style agronomic practices, the mean TE of farmers is very low (44.33%), implying that there is a wider room for increasing crop production in the study areas through increasing the TE of smallholder farmers without additional investment in novel agricultural technologies. Results also show that large-scale irrigation user farmers (21.05%) are less technically efficient than small-scale irrigation user farmers (60.29%). However, improving irrigation infrastructure shifts the frontier up and has a positive impact on smallholder farmers’ output.

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Wang, Hai Chao, Hong Yan Liao, and Hong Ling Chen. "Tenebrio Small-Scale Ecological Farming Feasibility Study." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 267–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.267.

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Highest types of animal and plant nutrients Tenebrio first. In this paper, the development prospects of Tenebrio breeding, breeding advantage, farming techniques, market potential and project economic and ecological benefits in areas such as comprehensive analysis. The results showed that: Tenebrio farming is a small investment, quick, easy breeding, no pollution, good economic returns, eco-efficient, farmers can get rich quick good project.

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Adewumi, Matthew Olaniyi, Ayodele Jimoh, and Olubunmi Abayomi Omotesho. "Analysis of the effects of Zimbabwean white farmers on small scale farming in Nigeria." Acta Universitaria 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15174/au.2013.408.

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Many observers believe that the on-going liberalization of the world will have dramatic negative effects on small farmers in both developed and developing countries. This study aims to capture the effects of the presence of foreign migrant farmers on small scale farming systems, which are prevalent in Nigeria. The Agricultural Development Project Zone D in which the white farmers settled in the state of Kwara, was used as a case study. Primary data were collected from white farmers as well as from local farmers regarding their situation before and after the arrival of white farmers. Descriptive statistics and analysis of the farm budget were used in evaluating the data. The majority of local farmers (98.63%) transitioned towards sole cropping since the arrival of white farmers in the area. There were significant increases in seed rate, fertilizer and other chemicals, as well as labor inputs per farmer in the area when compared to the situation that was prevalent before the white farmers settled there. Their average farm size, distances between their houses and farms and tractor use reduced significantly, while output per farm size increased considerably since the arrival of white farmers in the area. In order to provide sustainability of the positive development, there is the need to seek a policy option that will calm local farmers who once in a while exhibit signs of dissatisfaction for the way in which white farmers came to settle on their land. These could be achieved through the use of the participatory approach to agricultural development in the area. This approach could also be relevant in other regions of the world with similar situations.

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Gumirakiza, Jean D., and Spencer Langford. "Do Small and Mid-scale Beginning Farmers and Experienced Farmers Feel the Same About Farm Financial and Profitability Position?" Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 11 (October 15, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n11p8.

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This study examined various levels of feelings that small and mid-scale farmers in Kentucky have towards financial and profitability situations of their farm operations. The study uses mailed and online survey data collected from 129 small and mid-scale farmers in 2017. We used an ordered Probit model to analyze data. Findings indicate that the probabilities for small and mid-scale farmers to feel positively, fairly, and negatively are 36 percent, 55 percent, and 9 percent, respectively. We found that small and mid-scale beginning farmers are significantly less likely to feel positively than experienced farmers. Findings showed that those who are knowledgeable about agricultural marketing and agricultural economics are more likely to feel positive. These findings are useful for policymakers, outreach specialists, and other agencies seeking to improve the financial and profitability position of small and mid-size farms.

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Massay, Emmanuel Michael, and Majio Moshi Mujaya. "Non-governmental organization’s contribution to women small-scale farmers: A case study of Tchenzema ward, Morogoro, Tanzania." Jurnal Sosiologi Dialektika 16, no. 2 (August 28, 2021): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jsd.v16i2.2021.129-139.

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Tanzanian women play a vital role in the country’s development and industrialization. Tanzania’s agriculture is considered the country’s backbone, but women are the driving force behind small-scale farming. This study aims to identify the types of NGOs that support women, small-scale farmers, to investigate the effects of NGOs, and the challenges that small-scale farmers face in Tchenzema ward. The transition and growth model development theory, and patriarchy theory, were used in the study. The study revealed that poor transportation, crop illnesses and insects, lack of pesticides, price fluctuation, lack of energy, and high agricultural equipment prices are some of the issues faced by women small-scale farmers in Tchenzema ward. This study concludes that the lack of collaboration between the Tanzanian government and farmers causes farmers to only rely on NGOs. The government and non-governmental organizations need to support women small-scale farmers so as to solve the challenges, and raising the output, hence let the agriculture sector achieves its national aim of economic growth.

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Drafor, Ivy, and George T.-M. Kwadzo. "Small-scale Farmers’ Challenge of Integration into the World Market." International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, no. 6 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i06/55014.

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Sutherland, Lee-Ann, Lívia Madureira, Violeta Dirimanova, Malgorzata Bogusz, Jozef Kania, Krystyna Vinohradnik, Rachel Creaney, Dominic Duckett, Timothy Koehnen, and Andrea Knierim. "New knowledge networks of small-scale farmers in Europe’s periphery." Land Use Policy 63 (April 2017): 428–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.01.028.

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Perez, Carlos A., Claire Nicklin, and Sarela Paz. "Food crisis, small-scale farmers, and markets in the Andes." Development in Practice 21, no. 4-5 (June 2011): 566–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2011.562486.

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Irma, Susanti S., B. W. H. E. Prasetiyono, A. R. Siregar, N. Ali, and Dahniar. "Interrelationship development model of farmers with small scale feed mill." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 247 (April 9, 2019): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/247/1/012010.

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Darkwa, E. O., B. K. Johnson, K. Nyalemegbe, M. Yangyuoru, C. Oti-Boateng, T. J. Willcocks, and P. J. Terry. "Weed management on Vertisols for small-scale farmers in Ghana." International Journal of Pest Management 47, no. 4 (January 2001): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09670870110052068.

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Thelma, Namonje-Kapembwa, and Samboko Paul. "Is aquaculture production by small-scale farmers profitable in Zambia?" International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture 12, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 6–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ijfa2019.0737.

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Creevey, Lucy E. "Supporting small-scale enterprises for women farmers in the Sahel." Journal of International Development 3, no. 3 (1991): 355–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.4010030311.

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Abu, Orefi, Mimidoo Alumunku, and Peter T. Tsue. "Can Small-scale Tomato Farmers Flourish in Benue State, Nigeria?" Journal of Agricultural Sciences 2, no. 2 (December 2011): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09766898.2011.11884670.

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Jouzi, Zeynab, Hossein Azadi, Fatemeh Taheri, Kiumars Zarafshani, Kindeya Gebrehiwot, Steven Van Passel, and Philippe Lebailly. "Organic Farming and Small-Scale Farmers: Main Opportunities and Challenges." Ecological Economics 132 (February 2017): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.10.016.

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