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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Small scale industries

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Academic literature on the topic 'Small scale industries'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Small scale industries"

1

K.GNANAVADIVEL, K. GNANAVADIVEL. "A Study of Small Scale Industries: Marketing Strategies." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 1 (October 1, 2011): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/jan2014/34.

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Dr. A. Vinayagamoorthy, Dr A. Vinayagamoorthy, and S. Maniraj S. Maniraj. "Importance of Food Products in Small Scale industries." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2011): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/mar2013/15.

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Parameshwara, Parameshwara, and Dr A. Raghurama Dr. A.Raghurama. "Indian Five-Year Plans and Small Scale Industries." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/15.

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Boeh-Ocansey, Osei. "Small-scale food industries." Food Policy 13, no. 4 (November 1988): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-9192(88)90080-2.

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Dr. A. Jeyapragash, Dr A. Jeyapragash, and R. Boopathi R. Boopathi. "Impact of Stress on Employees of Small Scale Industries." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 3, no. 7 (January 1, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/july2014/15.

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AGARWAL, Shubhi, and ROHIT GOEL. "Impact of Globalisation on Small Scale Industries in India." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 5 (June 15, 2012): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/may2014/8.

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T, Kolappan, and Dr Vijaya G S. "Implementation challenges of Enterprise Resource Planning on small scale Industries." International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews 5, no. 4 (April 11, 2024): 3009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.5.0424.1004.

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Khadka, Narayan. "Small Scale Industries in Nepal." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 24, no. 4 (December 1997): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846419970408.

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Ali, M. Zathik. "Absenteeism in Small Scale Industries." SEDME (Small Enterprises Development, Management & Extension Journal): A worldwide window on MSME Studies 31, no. 4 (December 2004): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0970846420040409.

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Subrahmanya K C, Subrahmanya K. C., and Pavan K. U. Pavan K U. "Importance of Small Scale Industries in the Economic Development of India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2013/145.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Small scale industries"

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Fundanga, Caleb Mailoni. "The role of small scale industries in regional development in Zambia." Konstanz : Hartung-Gorre, 1985. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/14876631.html.

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Hamzah, Ab Rahman Bin. "An evaluation of Malaysian rural small-scale industries : 1983-1986." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322166.

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Bockari-Kugbei, Samuel Morie. "The role of small scale enterprises in African seed industries." Thesis, University of Reading, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270417.

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Arthur, Peter Kow. "Promoting small-scale industries in Ghana, development institutions, culture and politics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ56073.pdf.

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Sartorius, Kurt. "Linking small-scale farmers to agribusiness the economics of contracting /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122007-171339.

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Ray, Ajit kumar. "An Evolution of credit to small scale industries by nationalised commercial banks : an econometric study." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/324.

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Ofei, Kwadwo Ansah. "Self-management and participatory schemes in co-operatives : a comparative study of self-management in industrial co-operatives in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana." Thesis, Open University, 1996. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57644/.

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This research study investigates the extent to which participatory schemes determine member participation and control in industrial cooperatives in Ghana. Recent studies on co-operative organizations in developing countries have indicated that the problems of self-management in co-operatives are due to low member participation in decision making and control over the affairs of co-operatives. These studies, coming from mainly sociological and anthropological studies, have further suggested that the low member participation and control in co-operatives are due to the problems in the implementation of the principles and ideals of co-operatives in developing countries. The studies have further argued that principles and ideals of co-operatives are difficult to implement because the are incompatible with the traditional social structures and norms in developing countries. A central argument of this study is that the problems of member participation and control in co-operatives should not be attributed solely to the influences of environmental factors in developing societies. The study points out that the degree of member participation and control in a co-operative will also be related to properties of the participatory schemes in the co-operatives. That is, the structures and processes along which participation takes place. The findings of the research study indicate that fundamental determinants of member participation and control are the structural attributes of participatory schemes in the co-operatives. The findings of the study also suggest that the participatory schemes in the cooperatives are influenced by the organizational conditions in the cooperatives. On the basis these findings, the research has contributed to our knowledge of the organization and the functioning of co-operatives in developing countries. Furthermore, the research has demonstrated the possibilities of the extension of modern organization theory to the study self-help and related self-managed enterprises in developing countries.

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Chipika, Stephen. "Networking and technological learning : small and medium scale manufacturing enterprises in Zimbabwe." Thesis, n.p, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/.

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Shahadan, Faridah Binti. "The determinants of technological innovation adoption among Bumiputera small scale food processing industries in Malaysia." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5981/.

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Bumiputera Small scale Food Processing Industry (FPI) need to modernise and adopt technological innovation to stay competitive. This will increase their efficiency, improve productivity and allow for the introduction of new products and services to satisfy existing market demand or expanding market share. By adopting new technology, Bumiputera small scale FPI will not only decrease cost and increase productivity, but they will also be enabled to increase their share in the domestic market and even export their products. The development of FPI is to ensure that Malaysia can produce adequate food and help to provide much needed employment and contribute to national income. Being small scale there are various factors that inhibit or influence Bumiputera small scale FPI ability to adopt a technological innovation. Hence, the main aim of this study is to identify the determinants of technological innovativeness among small-scale Bumiputera entrepreneurs in the food processing industry in Malaysia. The pertinent questions are: Why do some Bumiputera small scale FPI adopt technological innovation while others do not do the Bumiputera small scale FPI have the capabilities to introduce new technology; how does institutional support shape SSIs' response to technology adoption? The theoretical model developed in this study used five main theoretical approaches - adoption decision process, organisational buying behaviour, decision theory of firms, small firms decision process and the personality of entrepreneurs From this model the key factors influencing technology innovation decisions among Bumiputera small scale food processing firms were identified. Based on this model, we can show and quantify the inter-relationship between the various factors influencing technology adoption decisions. The researcher used a survey method to collect information from 197 Bumiputera entrepreneurs in small scale FPI. In the statistical analysis, as a way of solving the problem of multicollinearity among hypothesised factors, based on firms' size, the researcher stratified the respondents into two groups - tiny and small firms. Findings of this study showed that Bumiputera small scale FPI has a greater tendency to adopt an incremental type of innovation. The entrepreneurs' characteristics, communication, their perception of the buying situation, the objective characteristic of the innovation, institutional involvement and their firms' characteristics significantly influenced entrepreneurs in small and tiny firms to innovate. The entrepreneurs' perception of the innovation only influenced the decision to innovate of the entrepreneurs in tiny firms. In tiny and small firms, among the entrepreneurs' characteristics that influence the innovativeness are their personal demographics, personality traits and skill upgrading. Firms' performance and their financing problem are the characteristics of their firms that had significant influence on firms' innovativeness. Firms' age only has significant influence on tiny firms, while firms' size and structure have significant influence on small firms' decision to innovate.

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Sheik, Osman Wan Rozaini. "Using multiview to develop information systems for Malaysian small and medium scale manufacturing industries (SMIs)." Thesis, University of Salford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360442.

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Books on the topic "Small scale industries"

1

M, Soundarapandian, ed. Small scale industries. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2002.

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Jalal, R. S. Industrial entrepreneurship in small scale industries. New Delhi: Anmol Publications, 1991.

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Mohanty, Bedabati. Economics of small scale industries. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1986.

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G, M. TIBET BAQAL. ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT & SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES. J&K,Srinagar: kitab mahal publications, 2008.

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C, Gupta M. Entrepreneurship in small scale industries. New Delhi, India: Anmol Publications, 1987.

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Khanka, S. S. Entrepreneurship in small scale industries. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House, 1990.

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Arora, Ashok K. Financing of small-scale industries. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1992.

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Satyanarayana, T. Financing of small-scale industries. Bombay: Himalaya Pub. House, 1989.

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M, Saiful Islam, ed. Financing of small scale industries. [Rajshahi: University of Rajshahi, 2006.

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C, Reddy K., ed. Sickness in small scale industries. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Small scale industries"

1

Campbell, Miranda. "Inclusive Spaces for Small-Scale Cultural Production." In Reimagining the Creative Industries, 173–93. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003031338-7.

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Buatsi, Sosthenes. "Prelims - Small-scale Industries Promotion in India." In Small-scale Industries Promotion in India, i—2. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780443355.000.

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Buatsi, Sosthenes. "1. Small-scale Industries Promotion in India." In Small-scale Industries Promotion in India, 3–66. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780443355.001.

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Madarapu, Anjaiah, and M. Harinatha Reddy. "Development of Solar Turbine for Small-Scale Industries." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 139–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1124-0_12.

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Carr, Marilyn. "7. Women in small-scale industries — some lessons from Africa." In Gender, Small-scale Industry and Development Policy, 109–15. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780442280.007.

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Uribe-Echevarrfa, F. "9. Changing policy regimes for small-scale industries in Latin America. Lessons for Africa?" In Small Enterprises and Changing Policies, 159–84. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780445908.009.

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Girsang, Wardis. "Feasibility of Small-Scale Sago Industries in the Maluku Islands, Indonesia." In Sago Palm, 109–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5269-9_8.

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Gaunkar, Vaibhav, and A. P. Sudheer. "Development of Novel Cost-Effective Automatic Packing System for Small-Scale Industries." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 207–18. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2696-1_20.

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Dadfar, Hossein, and Morteza Sanaie. "Manufacturing and Product Development by Symbiotic Co-operation in Small Scale Industries." In Achieving Competitive Edge Getting Ahead Through Technology and People, 229–34. London: Springer London, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1904-3_38.

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Kareem, B. "Development of a Changeable Die Forging Machine for Small Scale Forging Industries." In Advanced Materials Research, 487–92. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-450-2.487.

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Conference papers on the topic "Small scale industries"

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Song, J. S., J. U. Won, and J. H. Roh. "347. Comparison on the Health Status Between the Small Scale Industries and Large Scale Industries." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765487.

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Kanitha, Mani, Krishnaswamy Kavin Kumar, Mani Kavin, Nachimuthu Venkateshprabhu, and Mathiyalagan Viswalk. "Factors interventing ergonomic implementation at small scale industries." In RECENT ADVANCES IN SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0155499.

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Saghlatoun, Saeedeh, Weilin Zhuge, and Yangjun Zhang. "Review of Expander Selection for Small-Scale Organic Rankine Cycle." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21904.

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After more than twenty years working on the selection of an appropriate expander for Organic Rankine cycles and wide research and attentions about its influence on the performance and total cost of waste heat recovery systems, now there is a good-enough background studies and achievement for large scale applications. But small-scale industries is like a art space to modify and revise the previous results. As it is clearly known, in small-scale applications and industries especially in internal combustion engines, besides the investigation of performance, physical properties and final efficiency of expander, other parameters should be analyzed accurately like manufacturing cost, availability, reliability, sensitivity to operating condition fluctuations. Due to a significant role of expander equipment to enhance the efficiency of ORC system in the first step expanders is investigated. In this paper, as per related operating characteristics, a complete comparison of small-scale expanders will be debated to guide designers to select more appropriate and the best efficient expansion machine as per their requirements. According to available literatures there is more need to do research about different types of expanders with various operating conditions in small-scale industries.

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Alsaif, Hussain F., Houssam Antar, Ashmita Tandon, Demitri Baker, Jack Manning, Guohua Ma, and James McCusker. "A Small-Scale Robotic Spill Detection and Cleaning Method." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87180.

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Small-scale spill detection and removal represents a fundamental concern for a wide variety of industries such as food production plants. Often these spills are detected and cleaned manually resulting in slower operations and less productivity. In this design project, a robotic solution, including detection of the spill and removal of it, is presented to maintain high productivity and operations standards in a given organization. The design consists of a plastic structure including acrylic and polylactide (PLA), a vacuum motor, spill detection electronics using image processing and control apparatus. For initial testing purposes, the robotic attachment was mounted to iRobot Create 2 as a movement platform. Testing methods consisted of rounds of spill cleaning for a variety of materials including oil and syrup. As a result of those tests, the design can be scaled to different industries such as Oil and Gas, Energy, Supermarket and Warehouses. Results show improved spill detection and removal compared to manual methods.

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Suma, V., and T. R. Gopalakrishnan Nair. "Enhanced Approaches in Defect Detection and Prevention Strategies in Small and Medium Scale Industries." In 2008 The Third International Conference on Software Engineering Advances (ICSEA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsea.2008.79.

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Riady, Ashif Fajar, Grace Martha Tara, and Suciannna Ghadati Rabiha. "Designing an IoT-Based Information System for Improving Efficiency and Productivity in Small-Scale Manufacturing Industries." In 2023 IEEE 9th International Conference on Computing, Engineering and Design (ICCED). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icced60214.2023.10425435.

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Lu, Sophia Francesca. "O-48 Policy Issues on Work and Employment in Small Scale Mining Industries in the Philippines." In 28th International Symposium on Epidemiology in Occupational Health (EPICOH 2021). BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2021-epi.101.

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Agre, Someshwari, Qutubuddin S.M., Smita Shabadi, and Rudreshwar Hiremath. "Identification of Ergonomic Risks and Postural Analysis in Small Scale Industries – A Case Study of Oil Mill and Dal Mill (pulse processing) Industries." In 3rd African International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Michigan, USA: IEOM Society International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46254/af03.20220230.

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Sampatibai, Qutubuddin S.M., Veeresh, Kajal, and Aishwarya K. "Ergonomic Assessment of Postural Load and Workstation Design using CATIA in Small Scale Aluminum Utensil Manufacturing Industries." In 2nd Indian International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management. Michigan, USA: IEOM Society International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46254/in02.20220466.

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Udoh, Francis D., Offiong I. Akpanika, and Okon Anietie N. "Local Content Policy and Enterpreneurship: Implications for Small and Medium Scale Industries in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Sector." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178269-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Small scale industries"

1

Van Biesebroeck, Johannes. Productivity, Exporting and Financial Constraints of Chinese SMEs. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011638.

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While many studies explain the correlation between firm-level productivity and export status entirely by better firms self-selecting into exporting, a few studies find evidence of reverse causation. Especially in developing or ransition economies, exporters seem to improve performance after they start selling internationally. We provide evidence that the realization of scale conomies is one possible explanation for such a learning-by-exporting effect. Exporting enables small firms to expand output and exploit all scale economies that the production technology allows. With access to finance problems and weak contract enforcement at home, domestic expansion of SMEs is constrained by the necessity of awarding trade credit to new clients. We show that small firms with a lot of outstanding trade credit expand sales the most following export market entry. This is especially true if they operate in industries with higher scale economies or if they are located in provinces with weaker institutions. The same type of firms also enjoy the largest productivity gains immediately following export market entry.

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Lubowa, Nasser, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn, and Kari L. Clase. Pharmaceutical Industry in Uganda: A Review of the Common GMP Non-conformances during Regulatory Inspections. Purdue University, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317442.

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The prevalence of substandard medicines in Africa is high but not well documented. Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are likely to face considerable challenges with substandard medications. Africa faces inadequate drug regulatory practices, and in general, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in most of the pharmaceutical industries is lacking. The majority of pharmaceutical manufacturers in developing countries are often overwhelmed by the GMP requirements and therefore are unable to operate in line with internationally acceptable standards. Non-conformances observed during regulatory inspections provide the status of the compliance to GMP requirements. The study aimed to identify the GMP non-conformances during regulatory inspections and gaps in the production of pharmaceuticals locally manufactured in Uganda by review of the available 50 GMP reports of 21 local pharmaceutical companies in Uganda from 2016. The binary logistic generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was applied to estimate the association between odds of a company failing to comply with the GMP requirements and non-conformances under each GMP inspection parameter. Analysis using dummy estimation to linear regression included determination of the relationship that existed between the selected variables (GMP inspection parameters) and the production capacity of the local pharmaceutical industry. Oral liquids, external liquid preparations, powders, creams, and ointments were the main categories of products manufactured locally. The results indicated that 86% of the non-conformances were major, 11% were minor, and 3% critical. The majority of the non-conformances were related to production (30.1%), documentation (24.5%), and quality control (17.6%). Regression results indicated that for every non-conformance under premises, equipment, and utilities, there was a 7-fold likelihood of the manufacturer failing to comply with the GMP standards (aOR=6.81, P=0.001). The results showed that major non-conformances were significantly higher in industries of small scale (B=6.77, P=0.02) and medium scale (B=8.40, P=0.04), as compared to those of large scale. This study highlights the failures in quality assurance systems and stagnated GMP improvements in these industries that need to be addressed by the manufacturers with support from the regulator. The addition of risk assessment to critical production and quality control operations and establishment of appropriate corrective and preventive actions as part of quality management systems are required to ensure that quality pharmaceuticals are manufactured locally.

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Wicker, Louise, and Nissim Garti. Entrapment and controlled release of nutraceuticals from double emulsions stabilized by pectin-protein hybrids. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695864.bard.

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Original Objectives Specific objectives are to: (1) modify charge and hydrophobicity of pectins to improve emulsion stabilizing properties (2) develop emulsions that can be sterically stabilized using modified pectins and/or pectin/protein hybrids (3) obtain submicronal inner emulsion droplets (10-50 nanometers) with small and monodispersed double emulsion (1-2 μm) droplets with long-term stability (possibly by emulsified microemulsions) and (4) trigger and control the release at will. Background Methodology for encapsulation and controlled release of selected addenda, e.g. drugs, vitamins, phytochemicals, flavors, is of major impact in the food industries. Stable double emulsions with desired solubilization and release properties of selected addenda are formed using charge modified pectin or pectin-protein hybrids. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements * We developed methodology to isolate PME isozymes and prepared modified pectins in sufficient quantity to characterize, form single and double emulsions and test stability. *Amino acid sequence of PME isozymes was estimated and will facilitate cloning of PME for commercial application * The contribution of total charge and distribution of charge of modified pectin was determined *Soluble complexes or modified pectins and whey isolates are formed * Stable W/O/W double emulsions were formed that did not cream, had small particle size * Inner phase of double emulsions are nano-sized and stable. These new structures were termed emulsified microemulsions (EME) * Release of bioactives were controlled between a few days to months depending on layering on droplets by hybrids * Commercial testing by Israeli company of stability and release of Vitamin C showed good chemical stability Implications Resolved the major stability limitation of W/O/W emulsions. Resolved the questions regarding citrus PMEs and tailored pilot scale modification of pectins.

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Zhang, Renduo, and David Russo. Scale-dependency and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7587220.bard.

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Water resources assessment and protection requires quantitative descriptions of field-scale water flow and contaminant transport through the subsurface, which, in turn, require reliable information about soil hydraulic properties. However, much is still unknown concerning hydraulic properties and flow behavior in heterogeneous soils. Especially, relationships of hydraulic properties changing with measured scales are poorly understood. Soil hydraulic properties are usually measured at a small scale and used for quantifying flow and transport in large scales, which causes misleading results. Therefore, determination of scale-dependent and spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties provides the essential information for quantifying water flow and chemical transport through the subsurface, which are the key processes for detection of potential agricultural/industrial contaminants, reduction of agricultural chemical movement, improvement of soil and water quality, and increase of agricultural productivity. The original research objectives of this project were: 1. to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales at large fields; 2. to develop scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties; and 3. to determine spatial variability and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties as a function of measurement scales. The US investigators conducted field and lab experiments to measure soil hydraulic properties at different locations and different scales. Based on the field and lab experiments, a well-structured database of soil physical and hydraulic properties was developed. The database was used to study scale-dependency, spatial variability, and heterogeneity of soil hydraulic properties. An improved method was developed for calculating hydraulic properties based on infiltration data from the disc infiltrometer. Compared with the other methods, the proposed method provided more accurate and stable estimations of the hydraulic conductivity and macroscopic capillary length, using infiltration data collected atshort experiment periods. We also developed scale-dependent relationships of soil hydraulic properties using the fractal and geostatistical characterization. The research effort of the Israeli research team concentrates on tasks along the second objective. The main accomplishment of this effort is that we succeed to derive first-order, upscaled (block effective) conductivity tensor, K'ᵢⱼ, and time-dependent dispersion tensor, D'ᵢⱼ, i,j=1,2,3, for steady-state flow in three-dimensional, partially saturated, heterogeneous formations, for length-scales comparable with those of the formation heterogeneity. Numerical simulations designed to test the applicability of the upscaling methodology to more general situations involving complex, transient flow regimes originating from periodic rain/irrigation events and water uptake by plant roots suggested that even in this complicated case, the upscaling methodology essentially compensated for the loss of sub-grid-scale variations of the velocity field caused by coarse discretization of the flow domain. These results have significant implications with respect to the development of field-scale solute transport models capable of simulating complex real-world scenarios in the subsurface, and, in turn, are essential for the assessment of the threat posed by contamination from agricultural and/or industrial sources.

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Haeckel, Matthias, and Peter Linke. RV SONNE Fahrtbericht/Cruise Report SO268 - Assessing the Impacts of Nodule Mining on the Deep-sea Environment: NoduleMonitoring, Manzanillo (Mexico) – Vancouver (Canada), 17.02. – 27.05.2019. GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_59_20.

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Cruise SO268 is fully integrated into the second phase of the European collaborative JPI-Oceans project MiningImpact and is designed to assess the environmental impacts of deep-sea mining of polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). In particular, the cruise aimed at conducting an independent scientific monitoring of the first industrial test of a pre-protoype nodule collector by the Belgian company DEME-GSR. The work includes collecting the required baseline data in the designated trial and reference sites in the Belgian and German contract areas, a quantification of the spatial and temporal spread of the produced sediment plume during the trials as well as a first assessment of the generated environmental impacts. However, during SO268 Leg 1 DEME-GSR informed us that the collector trials would not take place as scheduled due to unresolvable technical problems. Thus, we adjusted our work plan accordingly by implementing our backup plan. This involved conducting a small-scale sediment plume experiment with a small chain dredge to quantify the spatial and temporal dispersal of the suspended sediment particles, their concentration in the plume as well as the spatial footprint and thickness of the deposited sediment blanket on the seabed.

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Shapira, Philip, Jan Youtie, Debbie Cox, Elvira Uyarra, Abullah Gök, Juan Rogers, and Chris Downing. Institutions for Technology Diffusion. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009253.

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This technical note analyzes international experiences and practices of public technology extension service programs. Technology extension services comprise varied forms of assistance provided directly to enterprises to foster technological modernization and improvement, with a focus on established small and mid-sized enterprises. The note discusses the definitions, rationales, and characteristics of selected technology extension service programs, drawing on examples from Europe, North America, and other regions. It presents four detailed case studies: the U.S. Manufacturing Extension Partnership; the National Research Council-Industrial Research Assistance Program in Canada; England's Manufacturing Advisory Service; and Tecnalia, an applied technology organization in Spain. The case studies address several program elements including the history and evolution of the program, structure, program scale, financing structure, services and clients, governance, personnel, monitoring, and evaluation. The analysis highlights common and distinctive characteristics as well as program strengths, weaknesses, and key practices. The note provides a framework for positioning technology extension services within the broader mix of policies for technology transfer, business upgrading, and innovation, and offers conclusions and insights to support efforts to strengthen technology extension services in Latin America.

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Haddad, J., L. A. Horta Nogueira, Germano Lambert-Torres, and L. E. Borges da Silva. Energy Efficiency and Smart Grids for Low Carbon and Green Growth in Brazil: Knowledge Sharing Forum on Development Experiences: Comparative Experiences of Korea and Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0007001.

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The Brazilian continental dimensions and diversified natural resources are proportional to the challenges to develop its infrastructure sustainably and supply proper public services to more than 200 million inhabitants. Energy consumption has doubled since 1990, fostered by economic growth and the expansion of middle class. In this context, promote energy efficiency, in a broad sense, is urgent and rational. Brazil has a relatively long history in promoting energy efficiency at final user level. A landmark of this process is the Brazilian Labeling Program, launched in 1984, as direct consequence of high prices of energy at that time. This program was coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality, which sets standards for evaluation, ranks the performance of energy equipment and imposes a classificatory labeling to inform consumers, with a label similar to other countries. The National Electricity Conservation Program was created in 1985 by MME and is executed by ELETROBRÁS. The energy saving induced by this program in 2013 is equivalent to 2.1% of the total electric energy consumption in the period, corresponding to the annual energy consumption of about 5 million Brazilian households. In 2001, Federal Law 10,295, also known as the Energy Efficiency Law, was approved to reinforce those energy efficiency programs, allowing the Brazilian government to establish Minimum Energy Performance Standards for appliances and energy equipment, prohibiting the commercialization of low efficiency models and promoting the progressive withdrawal of low-efficiency models. According to the National Energy Plan 2030, up to 15.5 GW of electricity generation could be saved as a result of energy efficiency in the next 20 years. The Smart Grids, adopting modern technologies in electricity distribution has been proposed in Brazil improve the quality provided in the low voltage service, reduce losses, and reduce operating costs, among others. Several regulations related to this subject, dealing with grid connection for distributed small-scale generation, the establishment of the 'hourly tariff', with the regulation of the use of PLC; and with the compulsory use of Geographic Information System. Currently, dozens pilot projects on Smart Grids are underway in the country. Two projects are presented in detail: CEMIG and AES Eletropaulo, two Brazilian power utilities.

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Buesseler, Buessele, Daniele Bianchi, Fei Chai, Jay T. Cullen, Margaret Estapa, Nicholas Hawco, Seth John, et al. Paths forward for exploring ocean iron fertilization. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, October 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/67120.

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We need a new way of talking about global warming. UN Secretary General António Guterres underscored this when he said the “era of global boiling” has arrived. Although we have made remarkable progress on a very complex problem over the past thirty years, we have a long way to go before we can keep the global temperature increase to below 2°C relative to the pre-industrial times. Climate models suggest that this next decade is critical if we are to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The world must continue to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and find ways to adapt and build resilience among vulnerable communities. At the same time, we need to find new ways to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in order to chart a “net negative” emissions pathway. Given their large capacity for carbon storage, the oceans must be included in consideration of our multiple carbon dioxide removal (CDR) options. This report focused on ocean iron fertilization (OIF) for marine CDR. This is by no means a new scientific endeavor. Several members of ExOIS (Exploring Ocean Iron Solutions) have been studying this issue for decades, but the emergence of runaway climate impacts has motivated this group to consider a responsible path forward for marine CDR. That path needs to ensure that future choices are based upon the best science and social considerations required to reduce human suffering and counter economic and ecological losses, while limiting and even reversing the negative impacts that climate change is already having on the ocean and the rest of the planet. Prior studies have confirmed that the addition of small amounts of iron in some parts of the ocean is effective at stimulating phytoplankton growth. Through enhanced photosynthesis, carbon dioxide can not only be removed from the atmosphere but a fraction can also be transferred to durable storage in the deep sea. However, prior studies were not designed to quantify how effective this storage can be, or how wise OIF might be as a marine CDR approach. ExOIS is a consortium that was created in 2022 to consider what OIF studies are needed to answer critical questions about the potential efficiency and ecological impacts of marine CDR (http://oceaniron.org). Owing to concerns surrounding the ethics of marine CDR, ExOIS is organized around a responsible code of conduct that prioritizes activities for the collective benefit of our planet with an emphasis on open and transparent studies that include public engagement. Our goal is to establish open-source conventions for implementing OIF for marine CDR that can be assessed with appropriate monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) protocols, going beyond just carbon accounting, to assess ecological and other non-carbon environmental effects (eMRV). As urgent as this is, it will still take 5 to 10 years of intensive work and considerable resources to accomplish this goal. We present here a “Paths Forward’’ report that stems from a week-long workshop held at the Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in May 2023 that was attended by international experts spanning atmospheric, oceanographic, and social sciences as well as legal specialists (see inside back cover). At the workshop, we reviewed prior OIF studies, distilled the lessons learned, and proposed several paths forward over the next decade to lay the foundation for evaluating OIF for marine CDR. Our discussion very quickly resulted in a recommendation for the need to establish multiple “Ocean Iron Observatories’’ where, through observations and modeling, we would be able to assess with a high degree of certainty both the durable removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide—which we term the “centennial tonne”—and the ecological response of the ocean. In a five-year phase I period, we prioritize five major research activities: 1. Next generation field studies: Studies of long-term (durable) carbon storage will need to be longer (year or more) and larger (>10,000 km2) than past experiments, organized around existing tools and models, but with greater reliance on autonomous platforms. While prior studies suggested that ocean systems return to ambient conditions once iron infusion is stopped, this needs to be verified. We suggest that these next field experiments take place in the NE Pacific to assess the processes controlling carbon removal efficiencies, as well as the intended and unintended ecological and geochemical consequences. 2. Regional, global and field study modeling Incorporation of new observations and model intercomparisons are essential to accurately represent how iron cycling processes regulate OIF effects on marine ecosystems and carbon sequestration, to support experimental planning for large-scale MRV, and to guide decision making on marine CDR choices. 3. New forms of iron and delivery mechanisms Rigorous testing and comparison of new forms of iron and their potential delivery mechanisms is needed to optimize phytoplankton growth while minimizing the financial and carbon costs of OIF. Efficiency gains are expected to generate responses closer to those of natural OIF events. 4. Monitoring, reporting, and verification: Advances in observational technologies and platforms are needed to support the development, validation, and maintenance of models required for MRV of large-scale OIF deployment. In addition to tracking carbon storage and efficiency, prioritizing eMRV will be key to developing regulated carbon markets. 5. Governance and stakeholder engagement: Attention to social dimensions, governance, and stakeholder perceptions will be essential from the start, with particular emphasis on expanding the diversity of groups engaged in marine CDR across the globe. This feedback will be a critical component underlying future decisions about whether to proceed, or not, with OIF for marine CDR. Paramount in the plan is the need to move carefully. Our goal is to conduct these five activities in parallel to inform decisions steering the establishment of ocean iron observatories at multiple locations in phase II. When completed, this decadal plan will provide a rich knowledge base to guide decisions about if, when, where, and under what conditions OIF might be responsibly implemented for marine CDR. The consensus of our workshop and this report is that now is the time for actionable studies to begin. Quite simply, we suggest that some form of marine CDR will be essential to slow down and reverse the most severe consequences of our disrupted climate. OIF has the potential to be one of these climate mitigation strategies. We have the opportunity and obligation to invest in the knowledge necessary to ensure that we can make scientifically and ethically sound decisions for the future of our planet.

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