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Journal articles on the topic 'Small scale public contracts'
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Hanak, Tomas, and Jana Korytarova. "Procurement management in construction: study of Czech municipalities." Open Engineering 9, no. 1 (2019): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0019.
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AbstractEfficient spending of public money is a crucial requirement of public procurement. This requirement is even more important in the case of public works contracts since construction projects are usually very costly. Accordingly, public authorities should manage the procurement process in an efficient way. The aim of this paper is to analyse municipal procurement practices focusing on small-scale public contracts for construction works. The Czech Republic is the study area for this analysis. Data concerning procurement practices were collected through a questionnaire survey and on the basis of available internal municipal directives that govern the procurement process. The results show that a majority of municipalities use internal directives and specify financial categories for small-scale public contracts. It has also been found that the majority of municipalities contract external consulting companies for specific contracts or subsidised public contracts. Directives usually concern the issue of responsibility and the approval procedure related to the public contract. Based on the research findings, general recommendations for awarding public contracts have been formulated. These findings can potentially contribute to the dissemination of best practices among contracting authorities in the Czech Republic.
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Park, Daehyeon, Jinhyeong Jo, and Doojin Ryu. "Incentive Contracts for Sustainable Growth of Small or Medium-Sized Enterprise." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (2021): 4964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094964.
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This study analyzes incentive contracts in public procurement supply chains using a game-theoretic approach. Specifically, we compare a structure in which the host company is a large enterprise and the partner company is a small or medium-sized enterprise (SME) to a structure in which the host is an SME and the partner is a large enterprise. For each structure, we examine whether an incentive contract improves supply chain performance and confirm that the performance improvement effect is greater when the host company is an SME. Our analysis has several policy implications. SMEs are less likely to be selected as host companies for large-scale procurement projects, limiting their growth opportunities. Thus, to enable SMEs’ sustainable growth through large-scale procurement projects, the governments can allocate a portion of public procurement to SMEs. The introduction of incentive contracts elicits sustainable cooperation from large companies when an SME is the host company in a public procurement supply chain.
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Ticha, Alena, Jiri Nowak, and Zuzana Mrnova. "Model Example of Small-Scale Public Contracts Evaluation in the Czech Republic." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 471 (February 23, 2019): 022018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/471/2/022018.
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Vinberg, Stig, Lisa Torsdatter Markussen, and Bodil J. Landstad. "Cooperation Between Occupational Health Services and Small-Scale Enterprises in Norway and Sweden: A Provider Perspective." Workplace Health & Safety 65, no. 8 (2017): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079916668527.
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Although small-scale enterprises (SSEs) dominate the private enterprise sector, knowledge about support for these organizations from occupational health services (OHSs) is insufficient. The aim of this research was to study OHS services provided and staff cooperation with SSEs in Norway and Sweden. In total, 87 Norwegian and 51 Swedish OHS providers answered a survey on their experiences providing requested services from and cooperation with SSEs. Based on survey questions and constructed indices, providers in the two countries were compared using independent sample t tests and non-parametric tests. Open-ended questions were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that SSEs, particularly in industrial, construction, and trade sectors, commonly contract for Norwegian and Swedish OHSs, and these contracts have increased in the last 12 months. Norwegian providers state that SSEs request broader organizationally- based services; their Swedish counterparts request more individual-based health-related services. Improvements concerning specific strategies for OHS collaboration with SSEs may be needed.
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Svarts, Anna. "Healthcare managers’ perception of economies of scale." Journal of Health Organization and Management 31, no. 3 (2017): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-01-2017-0006.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how healthcare managers perceive economies of scale and the underlying mechanisms for how scale/size affects performance. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected in 20 in-depth interviews with healthcare professionals from 13 healthcare delivery organizations and from a public authority that finances and contracts healthcare services. Data were coded and analysed using content analysis. Findings The study concludes that the impact of scale on performance is perceived by healthcare professionals to be different for different types of healthcare services: For surgery, significant scale effects related to spreading of fixed cost, the experience curve, and potential for process improvement. For inpatient care, moderate scale effects related to spreading of fixed costs and costs of doctors on on-call duty. For outpatient care, small or no scale effects. Research limitations/implications The small sample of interviewees from a single geographical region and healthcare system limits the applicability of the findings. Originality/value The paper provides insights into how healthcare managers experience scale effects and how they consider economies of scale when planning hospital configuration. Also, past studies of economies of scale in hospitals proffer mixed results and the findings in this paper indicate a possible explanation for this inconclusiveness, i.e. differences in service mix between different hospitals.
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Ecchia, Stefania. "Informal rural credit markets and interlinked transactions in the district of late Ottoman Haifa, 1890–1915." Financial History Review 21, no. 1 (2014): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096856501400002x.
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By examining the acts of the Public Notary of Haifa (1890–1915), this article shows that it was the traditional informal market of credit, run by local notables, which financially supported the development of the small-landholding-based agricultural sector of the Haifa district in late Ottoman Palestine. In seeking to ascertain what led to the success of the informal rural credit market as compared with the formal credit market, the article finds that the local notables, who acted as financial intermediaries for small landholders, enjoyed an information advantage over the banks stemming from the establishment of interlinked credit market transactions connected to the stipulation of bay' wafā, salam and muzara‘ah contracts. In a context of land privatisation and growing commercialisation of agriculture, these contracts became the instruments used by notables to invest in peasants' landholdings and to manage a sales network for agricultural products on a local and international scale, hence representing an efficient financial institution to support the ‘agricultural export-led growth’ of late Ottoman Palestine.
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Miles, Derek. "A Decade of Small Contractor Development in Asia: Lessons from Project Experience." Public Works Management & Policy 1, no. 3 (1997): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x9700100304.
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Two of the more notable trends in development thinking relating to public works over the past decade are the increasing emphasis on private sector execution and the growing appreciation that the technological flexibility of the sector permits a high level of employment creation. In several Asian countries, these trends have been fostered by international technical cooperation projects aiming to introduce labor-based techniques and/or to improve the performance of small-scale domestic contractors. This article reviews eight such projects in countries with a variety of operational environments, distinguishing between projects where the task was contractor development and those where there was a more ambitious goal of construction industry development. It offers a model for mobilizing private sector capacity and concludes that a more coherent and replicable approach to project design and execution could yield substantial benefits.
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Wachs, Johannes, Taha Yasseri, Balázs Lengyel, and János Kertész. "Social capital predicts corruption risk in towns." Royal Society Open Science 6, no. 4 (2019): 182103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.182103.
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Corruption is a social plague: gains accrue to small groups, while its costs are borne by everyone. Significant variation in its level between and within countries suggests a relationship between social structure and the prevalence of corruption, yet, large-scale empirical studies thereof have been missing due to lack of data. In this paper, we relate the structural characteristics of social capital of settlements with corruption in their local governments. Using datasets from Hungary, we quantify corruption risk by suppressed competition and lack of transparency in the settlement’s awarded public contracts. We characterize social capital using social network data from a popular online platform. Controlling for social, economic and political factors, we find that settlements with fragmented social networks, indicating an excess of bonding social capital has higher corruption risk, and settlements with more diverse external connectivity, suggesting a surplus of bridging social capital is less exposed to corruption. We interpret fragmentation as fostering in-group favouritism and conformity, which increase corruption, while diversity facilitates impartiality in public life and stifles corruption.
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Kulemeka, Paul John, Grant Kululanga, and Danny Morton. "Critical Factors Inhibiting Performance of Small- and Medium-Scale Contractors in Sub-Saharan Region: A Case for Malawi." Journal of Construction Engineering 2015 (July 1, 2015): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/927614.
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The construction industry is dominated by small- and medium-scale contractors (SMCs) who face an emerging trend of unique challenges in the implementation of projects. The study was aimed at examining inhibiting factors that influence performance of SMCs in terms of “quality of work,” “tender estimation,” “tender preparation,” and “timely completion of construction projects” in Malawi. A survey questionnaire was administered to 370 players in the construction industry which included public sector clients, contractors, consultants, and construction resource trainers in order to elicit data from 118 variables that were identified through a careful literature review. The inhibiting factors were generally dominated by economic issues, which was an emerging trend to what has been previously reported in the sub-Saharan region. The first highest ranked inhibiting factors were high lending interest regimes offered by financial institutions; stringent conditions to access capital; fluctuation of currency; stringent requirements for obtaining bonds; and high taxes. The research lays the foundation for further understanding of inhibitors on performance of SMCs in an evolving world which is being impacted by global factors and punctuated by sudden changes.
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Schinkel, Maarten Pieter, Lukáš Tóth, and Jan Tuinstra. "Discretionary Authority and Prioritizing in Government Agencies." Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 30, no. 2 (2019): 240–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muz018.
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Abstract Government agencies have a certain freedom to choose among different possible courses of action. This article studies agency decision making on priorities in a principal–agent framework with multiple tasks. Agency leadership has discretion over part of the agency’s budget to incentivize staff in the pickup of cases. The head is concerned not only with society’s benefits from the agency’s overall performance, but also with the organization’s public image. Based on their talent and the contracts offered by the head, staff officials choose which type of task to pursue: complex major cases with an uncertain outcome or basic minor and simple cases with a higher probability of success. We show how the size of the agency’s discretionary budget influences both the scale and type of tasks it will engage in. Small changes in the budget can cause extensive restructuring from major to minor tasks, or vice versa, causing social welfare jumps. The mechanism provides overhead authorities with some control over the priorities of supposedly independent agencies. It applies generally to government bureaus with the formal and informal discretion to choose their tasks. Antitrust authorities serve as one illustration of implications for institutional design.
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Boettcher, James W. "Diversity, toleration and recent social contract theory." Philosophy & Social Criticism 45, no. 5 (2019): 539–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0191453718820907.
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Ryan Muldoon has recently advanced an interesting and original bargaining model of the social contract as an alternative to Rawlsian social contract theory and political liberalism. This model is said to provide a more plausible account of social stability and the acceptance of diversity, at least as compared to those approaches that emphasize the traditional liberal idea of toleration. I challenge this claim by pursuing three criticisms of Muldoon’s new social contract theory. First, the principle of distribution that he proposes is likely to be rejected by some (or even many) members of the public, due to its indeterminacy or highly inegalitarian implications. Second, Muldoon tends to reduce the benefits of cooperation to gains from trade, ignoring other cooperative benefits that complicate his call for small-scale social experimentation. Finally, while motivating the acceptance of diversity is a commendable goal, distinguishing more defensible conceptions of toleration from less defensible conceptions requires attending to those elements of political liberalism that Muldoon seems to abandon, namely, standards of public reason and public justification.
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Rowden, Rick. "Indian Companies Engaged in Agricultural “Land Grabbing” in Africa: The Need for Indo-african Solidarity Linkages." Human Geography 4, no. 3 (2011): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861100400305.
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Indian agricultural companies have been involved in the recent trend in large-scale overseas acquisitions of farmland, criticized as “land grabbing”. India has joined China, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and South Korea among other nations heavily investing in large-scale agricultural projects in Africa and elsewhere. Several factors are driving India's effort to “outsource its food production,” including the Government's growing strategic concerns about ensuring long-term food security and concerns about falling ground water tables. Eager developing country governments have also courted Indian agricultural investors, offering special incentives, including offers to lease massive tracts of arable land on very generous terms at much cheaper rates than land and water in India. The Indian Government has supported this trend through high-level trade diplomacy, foreign aid, and subsidized credit for its agricultural companies investing overseas. Critics call the trend “land grabbing” and claim there have been negative impacts on local peoples, who are often displaced in the process. The public disclosure of lease contracts between the Ethiopian Government and five Indian investors sheds light on the negative ethical, political, human rights and environmental consequences for local people in host countries. New and ongoing advocacy strategies are discussed, including the idea to establish international advocacy linkages between Indian activists fighting for small farmers rights and addressing “land grabbing” actions within India, and small farmers in Africa and elsewhere facing similar problems. One idea is for such linkages to inform Indian citizens who can take action to address the problem of land-grabbing by Indian companies operating overseas. International land rights advocates see a common struggle in which land deals must involve transparent and participatory relations between governments, companies and local democratic communities.
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Marella, Giuliano, and Valentina Antoniucci. "Time Overrun in Public Works—Evidence from North-East Italy." Sustainability 11, no. 24 (2019): 7057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11247057.
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Cost and time overruns in public mega-projects have been widely studied and considered as interdependent factors in the literature on project management and the public economy. On the other hand, small-scale projects for public works (costing under €100 million) are far more common and contribute to transforming cities and territories even more than mega-projects. Is the development of these kinds of projects affected in the same way by overrun issues? Do cost and time overruns always go hand in hand? The present contribution tries to answer these questions by means of an empirical study on a dataset of 4781 small public works planned and built in the Veneto Region (north-east Italy) from 1999 to 2018. Specifically, the analysis refers to the stage of development when the decision is made to outsource the work, that is, after the project’s design and before its construction. Our sample of data is considered both as a whole and clustered by period, cost, contractor and category of work. The results of our analysis and statistical modeling are counterintuitive, suggesting that time overruns do not depend on the cost dimension, whereas norms and regulations play a crucial part in extending the duration of public works. The threshold by law of 1 million € costs implies time-consuming procedures to verify abnormal offers in the bid, that double the average award time from 244 days to 479 days.
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Anwer, Zaheer, Alam Asadov, Nazrol K. M. Kamil, Mehroj Musaev, and Mohd Refede. "Islamic venture capital – issues in practice." ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance 11, no. 1 (2019): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijif-06-2018-0063.
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Purpose This paper aims to explore the structure and underlying contracts of Islamic venture capital (IVC) and to evaluate its prospects. VC can be perceived as an investment vehicle possessing most of the desirable attributes of a Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle. There are certain issues involved in the formation, operations and exit strategies of these investments that are discussed in detail in this paper. Design/methodology/approach A detailed review of relevant literature is performed to identify how IVC investments can be made and how related issues may be resolved. Findings IVC investment has potential of incorporating Sharīʿah-compliant investment modes. Additionally, it may offer higher than average returns. These attributes can be desirable for Islamic finance industry that is currently in need of equity-based financing products. The major causes of lesser growth of IVC investments are lack of awareness among the investors and the absence of viable investment opportunities for small- and medium-scale investors. IVC may attract general public if established after extensive research aimed at introducing innovative products. Originality/value This paper provides an overview of a truly Sharīʿah-compliant investment vehicle, furnishes a synthesis of various suggestions made by industry and academia and suggests viable solutions for valuation, risk management and exit strategies.
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Krige, Detlev. "Debt/credit, money and social relationships in the underground credit markets of Soweto, South Africa." Social Science Information 58, no. 3 (2019): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018419851767.
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This article engages with contemporary debates about debt and money from the vantage point of an ethnographic study of unregulated, small-scale moneylending business who continues to operate in the township of Soweto’s poorer neighbourhoods. Following Peebles’ argument that reading poor people’s unwillingness to bank with formal institutions as a sign of ignorance is unwarranted, this article describes persistent dynamics of underground credit markets and personalized credit relationships, demonstrating how the practice of ukumashonisa (extending cash money as credit) by neighbourhood lenders are embedded in social fields shared by lenders and borrowers. This article further demonstrates how the vilification of the figure of the township moneylender ( mashonisa) by a broad coalition of civil society groups, trade unions, the state and commercial financial institutions, assisted in the financialization of poor people’s monies. This public consensus about the depravity of the neighbourhood moneylender is not shared by all Sowetans, especially poor and unemployed Sowetans who have been pushed into a greater dependency on both money and intense personalized social relationships as they try to survive. Seeking out personalized credit relationships, and turning debt transactions, contracts and relationships with local moneylenders into exchanges that take on the appearance of gifts rather than commodity exchanges, continues to remain a strategy for people who are no longer able to count on stable wage work as their primary source of income.
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BUBB, ALEXANDER. "Class, Cotton, and ‘Woddaries’: A Scandinavian railway contractor in Western India, 1860–69." Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 5 (2017): 1369–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x16000251.
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AbstractThis article makes use of a recently unearthed archive in Sweden, complemented by research in the India Office Records and Maharashtra State Archives, to explore the business networks of the small-scale railway contractor in 1860s Bombay Presidency. The argument centres on the career of one individual, comparing him with several contemporaries. In contrast to their civilian colleagues, freebooting engineers have been a somewhat understudied group. Sometimes lacking formal technical training, and without an official position in colonial India, they were distrusted as profiteering, even corrupt, opportunists. This article will present them instead as a diverse professional class, incorporating Parsis alongside various European nationalities, who became specialists in local milieux, sourcing timber and stone at the lowest prices and retaining the loyalty of itinerant labourers. It will propose that the 1860s cotton boom in western India provided them with a short-lived window of opportunity in which to flourish, and to diversify into a variety of speculative enterprises including cotton trading, land reclamation, and explosives. The accidents and bridge collapses of the 1867 monsoon, and subsequent public outcry, will be identified as a watershed after which that window of opportunity begins to shut. The article's concluding section analyses the contractors’ relationship with their labour force and its intermediary representatives, and strategies for defusing strikes. Ultimately, small independent contractors were agents of modernity not formally affiliated with the imperial project, and forced to bargain with merchants and strikers without official backing. Theirs is a record of complex negotiations at the local level, carried out in the immediate post-Mutiny settlement.
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Špička, Jindřich, and Luboš Smutka. "The Technical Efficiency of Specialised Milk Farms: A Regional View." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/985149.
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The aim of the article is to evaluate production efficiency and its determinants of specialised dairy farming among the EU regions. In the most of European regions, there is a relatively high significance of small specialised farms including dairy farms. The DEAVRS method (data envelopment analysis with variable returns to scale) reveals efficient and inefficient regions including the scale efficiency. In the next step, the two-samplet-test determines differences of economic and structural indicators between efficient and inefficient regions. The research reveals that substitution of labour by capital/contract work explains the variability of the farm net value added per AWU (annual work unit) income indicator by more than 30%. The significant economic determinants of production efficiency in specialised dairy farming are farm size, herd size, crop output per hectare, productivity of energy, and capital (atα=0.01). Specialised dairy farms in efficient regions have significantly higher farm net value added per AWU than inefficient regions. Agricultural enterprises in inefficient regions have a more extensive structure and produce more noncommodity output (public goods). Specialised dairy farms in efficient regions have a slightly higher milk yield, specific livestock costs of feed, bedding, and veterinary services per livestock unit.
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Teru, Susan Peter. "How Far Islamic Banking Has Gone Globally and Nigeria in Particular." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 2, no. 1 (2014): 06–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2014.2.1(2).
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Objective- Non interest banking, also known as Islamic banking is a system of banking that does not permit interest to either be given or received by the bank for the maintenance of their customers or client account or any contract between them and their clients. In its operation, it has witnessed rapid expansion globally since first established 30 years ago. In Nigeria, it is a new concept and its establishment has been challenging. This study was carried out with the aim of appraising its operation globally and in Nigeria in particular using the conceptual and theoretical frame work. Methodology/Technique The challenges faced in its operation such as unfamiliarity and wrong perception by the populace, regulatory framework, implementation process, liquidity management, lack of professionals among others are highlighted. The differences between it and the conventional bank are also considered. Findings The study recommends that there is a need to develop research and development units comprising of scholars, marketers, professionals and skilled bankers. Novelty - The Nigeria government and the central bank should not relent in public awareness campaign for wider acceptability as this will benefit the poor member of the community as they will have easy access to interest free loan for small scale business. Type of Paper Empirical paper Keywords: Banking, Conventional Banking, Interest, Islamic Banking and Shari'ah.
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Kovač, Matjaž. "Novelties Regarding Public Procurement Procedures." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 6, no. 3 (2009): 373–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/58.
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The public procurement volume amounts to 10.5% of GDP which represents a considerable part of the Slovene economy. Thus, public procurement remains an important generator of economic growth and one of the key agents for the public financial expenditure policy. The public procurement analysis shows that the public procurement structure and share did not essentially change in Slovenia from 2001 to 2006. The data analysis of the public procurement contracts awarded in 2006 showed that the public procurement contracts were non-uniformly distributed according to their values and the number of procedures. On the one hand, great fragmentation and dispersion of public procurement contracts manifest themselves in the small-value public contract segment and its 25.1% value share in all of the public procurement contracts, but on the other hand, there is concentration of the high-value public procurement contracts in merely few large-volume orders.
 
 Key words: • public procurement • public funds • public procurement procedure • economic policy • Slovenia
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Stiegler, Zack. "Conceptualising The Small-Scale Public Sphere." Javnost - The Public 16, no. 2 (2009): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2009.11009003.
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Withey, John J. "Small manufacturing businesses: their interest in securing contracts from public agencies." Journal of Public Procurement 11, no. 3 (2011): 388–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-11-03-2011-b004.
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Karalliyadda, S. M. C. B., and Tsuji Kazunari. "Certified Organic Farming: Awareness of Export Oriented Small-Scale Farmers in Sri Lanka." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 6 (2018): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n6p259.
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This study aimed at investigating Sri Lankan small-scale Certified organic (CO) farmers’ awareness on their adopted organic standards, the third-party certification body, internal control system, Fairtrade certification, and conditions of contracts with coordinating organizations. A cross sectional survey was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 202 CO farmers who were linked with five coordinating organizations. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire along with key informant discussions and field observations. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to generate simple summaries and tendencies. According to the results, CO farmers are organized as farmer organizations that were initiated as out-grower groups of coordinating organizations. All CO farmers were unaware of the adopted organic standard. The majority were unaware of the third-party certification body (83%), and the internal control system (81.7%). This perhaps due to their exclusion in managing certification related aspects. Thus, showed submissive decision-making behavior. However, many of them were aware of Fairtrade certification (56.4%) as it provides a wide spectrum of additional benefits covering production, marketing, and farmers’ welfare. Farmers were also aware of their contracts (verbal or written) with coordinating firms (62.2%) but hardly conscious of their conditions. In some contracts, conditions were unfairly distributed among stakeholders. Therefore, the study recommends enhancing small-scale farmers knowledge not only the production aspects but also certification, quality assurance, administration, and marketing as well. Meanwhile, mediating the partnership among stakeholders by a government body is also recommended to avoid power abuses among stakeholders.
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Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O., Ayala Wineman, Sarah Young, et al. "A scoping review of market links between value chain actors and small-scale producers in developing regions." Nature Sustainability 3, no. 10 (2020): 799–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00621-2.
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Abstract Sustainable Development Goal 2 aims to end hunger, achieve food and nutrition security and promote sustainable agriculture by 2030. This requires that small-scale producers be included in, and benefit from, the rapid growth and transformation under way in food systems. Small-scale producers interact with various actors when they link with markets, including product traders, logistics firms, processors and retailers. The literature has explored primarily how large firms interact with farmers through formal contracts and resource provision arrangements. Although important, contracts constitute a very small share of smallholder market interactions. There has been little exploration of whether non-contract interactions between small farmers and both small- and large-scale value chain actors have affected small farmers’ livelihoods. This scoping review covers 202 studies on that topic. We find that non-contract interactions, de facto mostly with small and medium enterprises, benefit small-scale producers via similar mechanisms that the literature has previously credited to large firms. Small and medium enterprises, not just large enterprises, address idiosyncratic market failures and asset shortfalls of small-scale producers by providing them, through informal arrangements, with complementary services such as input provision, credit, information and logistics. Providing these services directly supports Sustainable Development Goal 2 by improving farmer welfare through technology adoption and greater productivity.
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Kravtsiv, I., S. Tkach, and I. Urban. "Features of functioning of the marketing system of rural territories of the border region at the present stage of European integration of Ukraine." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 93 (2019): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9306.
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The article investigates the development of marketing of rural areas of the border region in which the main socio-economic and integration processes affecting the functioning of the rural economy are taking place. Priority attention is paid to actualization of marketing issues in the activities of local self-government bodies of rural communities of Ukraine in the context of the new challenges of European integration. The main components of the marketing system of the rural areas of the frontier region are outlined, which should be focused in the process of adaptation of the institutional environment of Ukraine to the institutional standards of the EU: social and economic potential of the rural territory, contractors (subjects of economic activity), markets (agrarian, financial, labor resources, etc.), intermediaries (public authorities and local self-government, educational institutions and scientific institutions, public organizations, etc.), competitors (rural areas of other regions gions, including neighboring border regions of the EU member states) and contact points (potential investors, media, political parties and movements, etc.). The specifics of the formation and development of the marketing system of the rural territories of the border region are investigated. In particular, based on the application of the cluster analysis method, four main types of rural areas in the Lviv Oblast (clusters) were identified, for each of them there is an own model of optimal development of the marketing system: a cluster of high investment attractiveness; satellite-transit cluster; agrarian cluster; conditional peripheral cluster. It was revealed that the main problems that restrict the development of marketing of rural areas in each of the four types of clusters mentioned above, as in the Lviv region, as well as in other border regions of the EU with the regions of Ukraine, are: low level of financial capacity of local self-government bodies of rural communities, The number is due to the small number of their population, small-scale agricultural production, which is carried out mainly in private peasant farms, as well as the presence of a number of socio-psychological problems caused by poverty of the rural population, its social apathy and pessimism. The key barriers to be addressed include: under-financing of the rural marketing sector as a whole and the lack of attention given to its development by the heads of local government bodies of rural communities; low quality of human and social capital of the village, generated by the outflow of skilled personnel in the city and abroad; the lack of modern marketing, transport and logistics and engineering infrastructure, which complicates the formation of a positive image of rural areas and the attraction of foreign capital and investment resources in their development; demotivation of business entities for the introduction of innovations and establishing mutually beneficial cooperation with territorial communities, which makes it impossible to effectively implement public-private partnership projects at the local level.
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Hutchinson, Harry. "Small-Scale Power." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 10 (2000): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-oct-4.
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This article discusses that world-class manufacturers have been examining alternatives to the traditional energy market. Companies such as ABB in Zurich and Capstone Turbine Corp. in Chatsworth, CA, have been taking orders for installations of distributed generation plants running on natural gas. Capstone, which made its initial public offering this past summer, specializes in marketing microturbines for generating electricity. According to ABB, demand for alternative energy sources and distributed power generation—including wind farms, fuel cells, and small combined heat and power plants—is a rapidly growing market. This market has been sparked in large part by deregulation, which has forced power suppliers to put a higher priority on profitability. ABB has been working to build a reputation for concern over a number of sensitive issues, particularly protection of the environment and conservation of resources. ABB planned to build a power plant near the rural village of Broadclyst, which was also home to a number of articulate opponents who had a talent for organizing themselves.
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Nicholas, Caroline, and Michael Fruhmann. "Small and medium-sized enterprises policies in public procurement: Time for a rethink?1." Journal of Public Procurement 14, no. 3 (2014): 328–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-14-03-2014-b002.
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This paper will consider the rationale and effectiveness of SMEsupport policies in the award of public procurement (PP) contracts. One group of economic justifications for SME policies derives from the notion that awarding PP contracts to SMEs (and micro-enterprises) encourages innovation, entrepreneurship and so contributes to job creation, economic growth and can support local and regional developments to the benefit of wider society. The link between SMEs, innovation and economic growth has often been assumed in PP policy-making. While some studies show higher growth rates in small than larger firms, others indicate, to the contrary, that many micro and small enterprises, and particularly informal businesses, are not actively seeking to grow. This paper will assess how effective SME policies may be, and questions the extent to which they are properly evaluated.
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Budzise-Weaver, Tina, Kathy Christie Anders, and Stephen Bales. "Matters of scale: small-scale intensive outreach to graduate students." Public Services Quarterly 16, no. 3 (2020): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15228959.2020.1765945.
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Mchopa, Alban. "Integrating contract management practices into the achievement of value for money in tanzania public procurement: Evidence from selected procuring entities in moshi municipality." Journal of Public Procurement 15, no. 2 (2015): 129–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-15-02-2015-b001.
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Contract management is an important activity in public procurement especially on executing development projects while aiming at value for money. On the contrary, reports from the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority show that funds have been wasted due to poor contract management practices hindering value for money achievement. Hence, the study aimed at assessing the contribution contracts management practices towards value for money achievement. Questionnaires and Interviews were used for data collection and findings revealed that contracts contained all the necessary conditions, contracts practices of time management, quality management and costs control were effective and resulted into value for money achievement. Therefore, value for money was achieved above average scale by considering qualitative measures and it was recommended that more efforts are needed to enhance supervision and enforce defect liability clause.
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Kidalov, Max V. "Impact of contract bundling and consolidation on defense acquisition system and defense industrial base: The case of the u.s. department of the navy." Journal of Public Procurement 15, no. 1 (2015): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-15-01-2015-b001.
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Despite Congressional and Presidential emphasis on reducing bundling and consolidation of defense contracts, recent studies cast doubt on whether such practices are problematic for small contractors or the defense acquisition system. Those studies proposed that bundling and consolidation are generally positive tools to procure best value. This paper tests these propositions by examining relevant U.S. Department of the Navy (DON) contracts for Fiscal Year 2010, when Congress reported record bundling and consolidation in U.S. defense contracting. Specifically, the paper looks to performance of Navy and Marine Corps buying commands in meeting small business goals and other good-government objectives such as competition, performance-based acquisitions, preference for commercial suppliers, and support for the U.S. defense industrial base. The paper recommends improvements in targeted good-government practices as measures to reduce bundling and consolidation.
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Komaladara, Anak Agung Sagung Putri, Ian Patrick, and Nam Hoang. "Contract bonus systems to encourage biosecurity adoption on small-scale broiler farms in Indonesia." Animal Production Science 58, no. 3 (2018): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15845.
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Ongoing economic losses in the poultry industry, due to endemic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza and Newcastle disease, ensure that biosecurity adoption on small-scale broiler farms remains a priority for Indonesia. However, given their economic constraints and the nature of the market for their products, these smallholders need to be convinced that there is an economic benefit to them from investing in biosecurity. As the majority of smallholders manage their birds under a contract, these contract companies not only need to be involved in the discussion but, if they are not prepared to assist directly in assisting with improved biosecurity, need to ensure that the conditions of the contract do encourage this smallholder investment. Every contract includes price and performance bonuses and, although the nature of these vary between contract companies, they are designed to encourage productivity improvement. This study evaluates existing contract bonus systems in six major contract companies in Indonesia and their capacity to encourage investment in biosecurity. Results indicated that the price bonus plays a significant role in providing additional smallholder income. If higher than expected sale prices are obtained, contracts with companies 3, 5 and 6 ensure that a greater proportion of this price is passed on to smallholders. Contracts 2, 4, and 6 provide farmers with higher performance bonuses, indicating that these companies encourage farmers to improve production efficiency. Overall estimates after the initial year of biosecurity investment show improvements in returns, where farmers can receive up to USD 2.73 for every dollar invested in biosecurity.
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Lutze, Dr Michael. "Further Development of a New Concept in Small Scale Forestry: “Forest-Management-Service-Contracts” in Bavaria." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 7, no. 3 (2021): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.73.1001.
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The forests in Bavaria cover about one third of its land area or 2.56 Mio hectares (ha) and the major part of this forest is held by private forest owners. Around 700 000 landlords manage approximately 1.4 Mio ha. In Bavaria, about 130 Forest Owner Associations (FOAs) play a key role in managing the small scale forests. In the last years, a new concept in small scale forest management arose, “Forest-Management-Service-Contract” (FMSC). The statutory corporations needed a proper management for their forests accordingly the German forest laws and the FOA took the chance to adopt a new business concept. In Bavaria exist about 3000 forest-management-service-contracts, covering over 40.000 hectares. In a current project “Further development of the successful concept – Forest-Management-Service-Contracts – through economic analysis” will be elaborated a data base for the better understanding of the crucial to success factors of FMSC. The economic analysis of the FMSC will base on business process analysis related to the administration of FMSC, on economic operating figures deviated from a single contract analysis and performance data. This information base aims to optimize the contracting process and to reduce the risks related to unknown hazards of the single FMSC.
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Rautenbach, Christa. "Editorial." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 5 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i5a2450.
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The last issue of 2013 consists of fourteen contributions dealing with a potpourri of topics. The first two articles are both by the same author. In the first one, André Louw addresses the recent, sometimes deplorable conduct of intellectual property (or IP) lawyers, and in the second one, André Louw explores the proper role and meaning of good faith (or bona fides) in contract law, and the approach of our courts to the application of this principle in individual cases involving claims of unfairness and the like. The third article, by Rufaro Mavunga, critically assesses the Minimum Age Convention 138 of 1973 and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 182 of 1999. Nicholas Orago, in the fourth article, discusses socio-economic rights in Kenya and proposes that if the entrenched socio-economic rights are to achieve their transformative objectives, Kenyan courts must adopt a proportionality approach in the judicial adjudication of socio-economic rights disputes. The fifth article, by Oliver Fuo, explores and critically investigates the relevance and potential of integrated development planning in contributing towards the achievement of social justice in South Africa. Next, Michaela Young discusses the fate of informal fishers in the context of the Policy for the Small-Scale Fisheries Sector in South Africa. The second-last article, by Hermanus van der Merwe, provides a historical and teleological overview of the crime of direct and public incitement to commit genocide under international law, as well as the definitional elements thereof as interpreted and applied by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, before he continues to examine it in contemporary South African law. The last article, by Chuma Himonga, Max Taylor and Anne Pope, explores the scope and content of the ever elusive concept of ubuntu, as pronounced on by the judiciary in various cases, and demonstrates that its fundamental elements of respect, communalism, conciliation and inclusiveness enhance the constitutional interpretation landscape.
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Preda, Ionel. "THE ANALYSIS OF THE CONTRACTS AWARDED ON THE BASIS OF A SINGLE TENDER IN THE PUBLIC PROCUREMENT IN ROMANIA." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 4, no. 2 (2019): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe082.
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The analysis of the contracts awarded on the basis of a single tender in public procurement is necessary to be performed for studying the degree of openness of a market and for identifying a number of deficiencies such as reduced competition, high level of bureaucracy, reduced stimulation of the small and medium entreprises participation at the procurement procedures or non-splitting into lots the object of the procurement. The article describes the existing specialised literature, the advantages and disadvantages of receiving only one tender situation in Romania and European Union during the period 2015 – 2017, in correlation with the statistics regarding the weight of conracts awarded to small and medium entreprises and the weight of procurement procedures divided into lots. Also, the article longer poses a number of issues concerning the approach of contracts contracts based on only one offer as an indication of fraud or corruption or the conclusion of anticompetitive agreements.
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Escoffery, Cam, Kathleen R. Miner, and Jane Trowbridge. "Conducting Small-Scale Community Assessments." American Journal of Health Education 35, no. 4 (2004): 237–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2004.10603648.
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Thurber, Timothy M. "Racial Liberalism, Affirmative Action, and the Troubled History of the President's Committee on Government Contracts." Journal of Policy History 18, no. 4 (2006): 446–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jph.2006.0016.
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On August 13, 1953, Dwight Eisenhower signed Executive Order 10479 establishing the President's Committee on Government Contracts (PCGC). Designed to oversee federal agencies' efforts to ensure nondiscrimination in firms with government contracts, the committee could receive complaints of discrimination, conduct educational campaigns, make recommendations to agencies on how to combat discrimination, receive agency enforcement reports, and establish ties with private and public organizations working on equal employment issues. Enforcement powers, including the authority to cancel contracts, would remain with individual agencies. Eisenhower designated Vice President Richard Nixon to head the committee, which consisted of six individuals from agencies awarding the largest contracts and nine representatives from business, labor, and civic groups. A small full-time staff would implement policies set by these members.
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Kornecki, Janusz. "Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on the Public." Equilibrium 6, no. 2 (2011): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.010.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises are believed to be a key driving force of economic vitality, innovation and new job creation. For a few years the European Union has been monitoring SME performance and the quality of public procurement procedures to make access of SMEs to the public procurement market easier and provide for their greater participation in this market. These activities have their origin in the assumption that having in mind the size of the public procurement market and public resources involved, suitable shaping of this area may improve effectiveness of selected policies at the EU level and in particular member countries. The directives concerning public procurement should ensure opening the market of public procurement for all enterprises irrespectively of their size. Recently the public procurement market in Poland has been continuously growing which doubtlessly resulted from Poland’s accession to the European Union. The aim of this paper is to give evidence of SME position on the public procurement market and to attempt to answer two basic research questions. Firstly, is the market potential fully used as far as applying for awarding public contracts by SMEs is concerned? And secondly, what are the main obstacles determining the access of SMEs to the public procurement market? This is done by reference to available statistical data and two studies that were carried out by the author.
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Whatley, Warren C. "Southern Agrarian Labor Contracts as Impediments to Cotton Mechanization." Journal of Economic History 47, no. 1 (1987): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700047410.
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The traditional view of cotton mechanization, first advanced by rural sociologists in the 1920s, is that southern agrarian institutions impeded progress. Recently their view has been questioned. New studies attribute much of the southern lag to factors like small-scale production, cheap labor, the cotton crop, and environment. I contribute to the debate by emphasizing how the structure of the southern economy encouraged landlords to use annual labor contracts that hindered attempts to mechanize. I present evidence that supports the traditional view and suggest how the incentive structure of annual labor contracts delayed invention of the mechanical cotton picker.
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Tammi, Timo, Jani Saastamoinen та Helen Reijonen. "Market orientation and smesʼ activity in public sector procurement participation". Journal of Public Procurement 14, № 3 (2014): 304–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jopp-14-03-2014-b001.
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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been found to be under-represented in the awarding of public sector procurement contracts. Currently, very little is known about the strategic and behavioral aspects associated with SMEsʼ participation in public sector procurement. To take a step in filling the gap, we used a conceptual construct known as market orientation (MO). The construct comprises a firmʼs orientation in gathering information on competitors and customers, and using the information to gain competitive advantage. This research found that MO has a positive effect on how active SMEs are in searching information on available requests for tenders and how actively they participate in bidding contests. This work strongly suggests that MO should be taken into account when designing procurement contracts, and MO should be fostered among SMEs.
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Zhou, Yingyao, Bin Zhou, Kaisheng Chen, et al. "Large-Scale Annotation of Small-Molecule Libraries Using Public Databases." Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 47, no. 4 (2007): 1386–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ci700092v.
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Atkinson, Carol, and Els Pareit. "Psychological contracts of international business travellers." Personnel Review 48, no. 7 (2019): 1701–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-06-2016-0142.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of psychological contracts of international business travellers (IBTs), a new form of expatriate that has arisen from the growing need for alternative forms of internationally mobile talent. The research is conducted in Belgium, a country recognised as a global hub in which international assignments are essential to economic success. Design/methodology/approach Research in respect of IBTs is limited and semi-structured interviews are used to explore Belgian employee perspectives. Findings The contract is more relational in nature than might be expected with an idiosyncratic mix of relational and transactional obligations. Research limitations/implications The research is small-scale and qualitative and not widely generalisable. Further it presents only employee perspectives. Nevertheless it generates rich insights into a phenomena about which little is known. Practical implications The findings develop understanding of how to manage the valuable strategic resource that is the IBT. Originality/value First, the research is of value to the International Human Resource Management field in developing understanding of a newly emerging form of international employee, the IBT. Second, it contributes to psychological contract research in both developing understanding the transactional/relational balance and in generating much-needed rich and nuanced qualitative data.
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Lu, Hualiang, Jacques Trienekens, Onno Omta, and Shuyi Feng. "The role of guanxi networks and contracts in Chinese vegetable supply chains." Journal on Chain and Network Science 7, no. 2 (2007): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2007.x082.
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This paper investigates the effect of personal relationships (called guanxi in China) and contractual governance on compliance with channel requirements and on market performance for both vegetable farmers and processing and exporting firms in China. A survey of 167 farmers and 84 firms in Jiangsu Province, P.R. China provides the data for empirical study based on a structural model. The results demonstrate that guanxi networks in China significantly improve small-scale farmers' compliance with buyers' delivery requirements based on formal contracts, which eventually improves farmers' market performance. Vegetable firms, on the other hand, place more emphasis on formal contracts in order to improve suppliers' compliance with delivery requirements and thereby improve their own profitability. The results reveal that personal relationships and contracts have different impacts on farmers and firms.
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Flynn, Anthony. "Re-thinking SME disadvantage in public procurement." Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 24, no. 4 (2017): 991–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsbed-03-2017-0114.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between firm size, resources, capabilities and involvement in public procurement. While the liability of smallness has been a recurring theme in research into public sector suppliers, there remains a dearth of evidence and theorising on the effects of size. Design/methodology/approach A model linking firm size, resources, capabilities, tendering activity and performance is devised. Resource-based view theory informs the model. Survey data from over 3,000 firms active in the Irish public sector marketplace is used to test the model. Findings As hypothesised, firm size is positively associated with tendering resources and capabilities. Resources and capabilities, in turn, influence tendering activity and performance. Specifically, resources act as enablers for the number and value of contracts firms tender for while capabilities are important for winning contracts. The author also finds similarities between medium and large enterprises in their ability to tender. Research limitations/implications The treatment of tendering resources and capabilities is not exhaustive. Future research could include additional indicators of resources (e.g. external consultants, IT) and capabilities (e.g. production, process innovation). Practical implications Managers of micro and small suppliers should focus on augmenting their tendering capabilities as they lag bigger suppliers. Legislators need to re-assess current “one-size-fits-all” small and medium enterprise (SME) friendly policy as it is not sensitive to intra-SME differences. Originality/value This study introduces an important qualification into understanding of public sector suppliers by demonstrating that SME disadvantage is less black and white than shades of grey.
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Lenk, Klaus. "Contracts, multimedia networks and the human interface: Enhancing public and commercial services through small common ServiceShops." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 19, no. 3 (1995): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0198-9715(95)00004-4.
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Faletar Tanackovic, Sanjica, Darko Lacovic, and Snjezana Stanarevic. "Small scale study on linguistic diversity and public libraries in Croatia." New Library World 112, no. 11/12 (2011): 513–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03074801111190400.
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Rodionova, Yuliya D., and Andrey A. Yakovlev. "Which Manufacturing Enterprises Have Received Advantages in Access to Government Orders After the Crisis of 2014–2015?" Journal of Institutional Studies 13, no. 1 (2021): 095–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.17835/2076-6297.2021.13.1.095-114.
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This paper, based on two surveys of manufacturing enterprises in 2014 and 2018, analyzed the characteristics of enterprises receiving public orders, as well as the dynamics of changes in access to public procurement after tightening external conditions for the Russian economy against the backdrop of international sanctions and the 2014–2015 crisis. The analysis showed that in 2016–2017 in the manufacturing industry, almost half (45%) of large and a third of medium-sized firms had public contracts. However, among the small firms that took part in the survey, only 22% received public contracts, despite the declared policy of supporting small businesses. In contrast to 2013, in the post-crisis period there were no significant differences in access to public procurement for enterprises with and without state participatio n. Along with this, the state began to impose more requirements on the disclosure of information on the structure of ownership by enterprises. Membership in business associations gave advantages in access to public procurement for medium and large enterprises, but this effect was absent for small firms. In general, against the background of international sanctions and the crisis of 2014–2015 for all types of enterprises in the post-crisis period, the scheme of complementarity of direct and indirect instruments of state support has been preserved, and for small enterprises, the manifestations of the "model of exchanges" between government and business have become more significant, thus small enterprises providing assistance to the regional and local authorities in the social development of the region, more often received public orders.
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Chhibber, Ajay, and Swati Gupta. "Public sector undertakings: Bharat’s other Ratnas." International Journal of Public Sector Management 31, no. 2 (2018): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-02-2017-0044.
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Purpose While national public policies such as performance contracts and disinvestment affect the dynamics of large- and medium-scale state-owned enterprises in emerging market economies, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the performance of India’s public sector undertakings (PSUs) and suggest options to improve their outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Using firm-level data on India’s 235 PSUs with total assets of around $500 billion over the past two and half decades (1990-2015), the study empirically tests the effect of performance contracts, measured by memorandum of understanding (MOU) and disinvestment, measured by private equity share, on PSUs performance indicator such as return on capital (ROC). Data were collected from the Public Enterprises Survey Reports released by the Department of Public Enterprises under India’s Ministry of Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises, Department of Disinvestment, Bombay Stock Exchange and Capitaline database. By controlling firm-, industry- and macro-level factors in regression models, the results were presented in several aspects like service sector, non-service sector and individual and joint effects. Findings Empirical estimations indicate that performance contracts such as MOUs have had a positive impact on PSU performance by increasing their ROC by 8-9 percent. This result holds more strongly for the non-service sector (manufacturing, mining) but less so for service sector firms. In the case of service sector firms, partial privatization (share sales) has a significant impact on performance, making them ideal candidates for more aggressive disinvestment. Larger PSUs (Maharatnas) appear to perform better than smaller PSUs and even better than private firms of similar size. Smaller PSUs (Navratnas and Miniratnas) perform worse than private companies and should be good candidates for strategic disinvestment (privatization). PSUs that do not have Ratna status – and are loss makers – should be disposed of their asset value. Practical implications The study recommends that India should change the public sector balance sheet by raising capital through strategic disinvestment (privatization), disinvestment and liquidation of PSUs and re-investing it, in public infrastructure through the National Infrastructure Investment Fund and not into the budget as a revenue-raising measure. It should also transform Maharatnas into world class companies with greater commercialization. Originality/value The paper makes significant contributions to the academic literature on the changing dynamics of state-owned enterprises in emerging economies by examining the effect of performance contracts and disinvestment on India’s PSUs performance. It is one of unique longitudinal-empirical studies on India’s PSU performance in several dimensions.
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Marshall, S. W. "Work related injuries in small scale commercial fishing." Injury Prevention 10, no. 4 (2004): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ip.2003.005058.
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Carter, Richard C. "The development of small-scale irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa." Public Administration and Development 9, no. 5 (1989): 543–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pad.4230090507.
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BRIGGS, CHRIS. "Introduction: law courts, contracts and rural society in Europe, 1200–1600." Continuity and Change 29, no. 1 (2014): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841601400006x.
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AbstractPrivate contracts of many different kinds were at the heart of the rural economy in medieval and early modern Europe. This article considers some of the key issues involved in the study of those contracts, and of the institutions that facilitated their registration and enforcement. Drawing on examples from medieval England as well as the articles in this special issue of the journal, it is argued that complex and effective ‘public-order’ structures for contract registration and enforcement – principally various kinds of law court – were ubiquitous in European villages and small towns in this era.
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Platteau, Jean‐Philippe, and Anita Abraham. "An inquiry into quasi‐credit contracts: The role of reciprocal credit and interlinked deals in small‐scale fishing communities." Journal of Development Studies 23, no. 4 (1987): 461–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00220388708422044.
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