To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Small Tonga.
Journal articles on the topic 'Small Tonga'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Small Tonga.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Xu, Jingyuan, Dan Li, Zhixuan Bai, Mengchu Tao, and Jianchun Bian. "Large Amounts of Water Vapor Were Injected into the Stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Eruption." Atmosphere 13, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13060912.
Full textAbstract:
The Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha’apai (Tonga) injected only small amount of SO2 into the stratosphere, while our analyses of the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) measurements show that a massive amount of water vapor was directly injected into the stratosphere by the Tonga eruption, which is probably due to its submarine volcanic activity. The Tonga eruption injected a total amount of 139 ± 8 Tg of water vapor into the stratosphere and resulted in an increase of 8.9 ± 0.5% in the global stratospheric water vapor. Analyses also show that the uppermost altitude impacted by Tonga reached the 1 hPa level (~47.6 km). Additionally, the maximum hydration region for increased water vapor is at 38–17 hPa (~22.2–27 km), where the water vapor mixing ratio increased by 6–8 ppmv during the three months after the Tonga eruption. The enhanced stratospheric water vapor has great potential to influence the global radiation budget as well as ozone loss.
2
MARINOV, MILEN, and THOMAS DONNELLY. "Teinobasis fatakula sp. nov. (Zygoptera: Coenagrionidae), found on ‘Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga." Zootaxa 3609, no. 6 (February 4, 2013): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.6.4.
Full textAbstract:
A recent study of the 'Eua Island in the Kingdom of Tonga has yielded a small Odonata fauna including the new species Teinobasis fatakula (Holotype ♂: Kingdom of Tonga, ‘Eua Island, 21.3781o S, 174.9346o W, elevation 175 m; 14 July 2012, M. Marinov leg.). Because 'Eua has aquatic habitats unique within the Kingdom of Tonga, the new species is very likely endemic to that island and represents an extension of the verified range of the genus of at least 2800 km.
3
Yousefzadeh, Moslem, Manfred Lenzen, and Muhammad Arsalan Tariq. "Cooling and Power from Waste and Agriculture Residue as a Sustainable Strategy for Small Islands—A Case Study of Tonga." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010537.
Full textAbstract:
Identifying local energy sources and devising a circular economy could improve self-sufficiency in many Pacific Islands. On the islands with significant agriculture, the residue from the cultivation of plants has promising energy potential. The waste stream is another potential source of energy that otherwise should undergo proper treatment. Additionally, cold-storage capacity improves the preservation of crops and increases the agricultural exports of these islands. This study proposes a combined cooling and power (CCP) system driven by biomass from agriculture residue and waste streams as fuel for different districts in Tonga. The units supply a fraction of the districts’ electricity demand and provide sufficient cold-storage capacity to preserve the prospective yield of a fraction of fallow lands. The technical and economic performance of the CCP units was analysed for different fractions of electricity demand and fallow land exploitation in each district during a year of operation. The results show that the optimum combination of the CCP units supplies 38% of the total electricity demand of Tonga and prevents the annual consumption of 7.4 million litres of diesel and emission of 20 kilotonnes of CO2. In addition, it provides 3700 m2 of cold-storage area, which is sufficient for preserving the prospective yield of the exploitation of 27% of the total fallow land of Tonga. Annual export revenue of about AU$10 million is expected from such a cold-storage capacity for Tongan farmers. Furthermore, the units consume 10,000 tonnes of annual waste, significantly reducing waste management costs. This study presents an example of a comprehensive circular-economy solution for a remote island state that improves its socioeconomic and environmental condition by supplying the community’s local needs from its available and abundant resources under a viable business model. The solution presented in this study can be adapted to many island communities with significant agriculture in the economy and crucial energy and cooling needs.
4
Faasolo, Malia Benedine, and Eli Sumarliah. "Exploring the Determinants of Intent to Adopt Mobile Value-Added Services by Women's Micro and Small Businesses in Tonga." International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems 17, no. 4 (October 2021): 16–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijeis.2021100102.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines factors affecting the intention to adopt mobile value‐added services (MVS) by women's micro and small businesses (WMSBs) in the Kingdom of Tonga. Previous research on technology acceptance reveals that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness affect the intent to use technologies. Nevertheless, studies on behavior propose that societal values affect the intent to use. The study tries to fill the gap by examining those three variables' effects on the intent to adopt MVS in Tonga—a Pacific island nation that embraces a distinctive culture of mutuality and sharing. After surveying 267 women microbusiness owners, the study reveals that the most influential determinant of intent to use MVS is social support. Social support also affects perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of MVS. Therefore, in collective cultures such as Tonga, leaders and decision-makers should involve social networks to expand the adoption of technologies.
5
Finsch, Dr O., and Dr G. Hartlaub. "On a small Collection of Birds from the Tonga Islands." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 37, no. 1 (August 21, 2009): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1869.tb07364.x.
Full text
6
Fall, Patricia L. "Vegetation Change in the Coastal-Lowland Rainforest at Avai'o'vuna Swamp, Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga." Quaternary Research 64, no. 3 (November 2005): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.08.003.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAvai'o'vuna Swamp, a small coastal wetland in Vava'u, Kingdom of Tonga, produced a 4500-year pollen and sediment record. Results are: (1) a mid-Holocene sea level highstand is confirmed for Tonga between about 4500 and 2600 14C yr B.P.; marine clay contains pollen from mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), coastal forest trees (Barringtonia asiatica and Cocos nucifera), and rainforest trees (Alphitonia, Rhus, Hedycarya and Calophyllum). (2) Microscopic charcoal first appeared at 2600 14C yr B.P., coincident with the arrival of Polynesians. (3) Cocos, Pandanus, Excoecaria, Macaranga, and Elaeocarpaceae pollen reflects the establishment of a mixed coastal-lowland rainforest in the last 2500 years. (4) The loss of Hedycarya, Elaeocarpus, Calophyllum, and Guettarda and the reduction of Terminalia and taxa in the Papilionaceae family by about 1000 years ago may be due to habitat destruction and the loss of dispersal capabilities of some species through the extinction of the two largest pigeons in Tonga.
7
Gibson, John, and David McKenzie. "How Does High-Skilled Emigration Affect Small Countries? Microeconomic Evidence from Tonga." Annals of Economics and Statistics, no. 97/98 (2010): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41219114.
Full text
8
Sika-Paotonu, Dianne, Kolinisiupeli Vaea, Lisiate Kilipeni ‘Ulufonua, Siale ‘Akau’ola, George Aho, Amelia Afuha’amango Tuipulotu, Seventeen Toumoua, Filimone Lilo, Latu Fotu, and Parry Guilford. "The utilization of ctDNA technology as an early diagnostic tool for Cancer detection in Tonga." Journal of Immunology 200, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2018): 120.38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.120.38.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) refers to small fragments of tumour DNA found in the blood circulation. These DNA fragments can be isolated and quantified to obtain data about a cancer’s size and progression. The possibility of utilizing a simple blood sample to allow early detection and monitoring of cancer growth is a highly desirable application for this ground breaking technology. Significant health inequalities exist for Pacific peoples with cancer living in New Zealand and in the Pacific region, where the burden of cancer remains a public health concern. The application of this simple ctDNA method of detecting and monitoring cancer to enhance the precision of early cancer diagnostics and surveillance to improve cancer health outcomes for Pacific peoples in Tonga was investigated. Consultation was sought with senior Government officials, Medical, Nursing, Health and Community research staff concerning the development and implementation of ctDNA as a diagnostic tool within the health care setting throughout Tonga. Preliminary assessment of the on-the-ground laboratory requirements needed for the implementation of the ctDNA technology was also undertaken. Strong support for the development of ctDNA as an early diagnostic tool within the clinical setting was expressed. A key feature of the ctDNA technology within this resource constrained environment was the anticipated detection of cancers at an earlier stage with a greater chance of being treatable given that most cancer presentations in Tonga are late. This work sought to explore and progress the implementation of ctDNA as an early cancer diagnostic tool within the Pacific setting, and remains a highly feasible early cancer detection tool within Tonga.
9
Foster, John. "The Relationship between Remittances and Savings in Small Pacific Island States: Some Econometric Evidence." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 4, no. 1 (March 1995): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689500400106.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between remittances and savings is examined for Tonga and Western Samoa using an econometric modelling approach. Savings deposits of various types held in banks in these countries are modelled and evidence is discovered of a strong relationship with the income level of migrants. Remittances are also found to be interest sensitive. The implications of the results for the “remittance decay” hypothesis are considered and preliminary conclusions are drawn with regard to the feasibility of introducing strategies to increase migrant saving flows into these and other South Pacific countries.
10
Corbett, Jack, Wouter Veenendaal, and Lhawang Ugyel. "Why monarchy persists in small states: the cases of Tonga, Bhutan and Liechtenstein." Democratization 24, no. 4 (August 5, 2016): 689–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1212019.
Full text
11
Davies, K. P., J. Duncan, N. Wales, R. Varea, H. Shojaei, E. Bruce, B. Boruff, and E. Biggs. "AN OPEN-SOURCE MOBILE GEOSPATIAL PLATFORM FOR PROMOTING CLIMATE-SMART LIVELIHOOD-LANDSCAPE SYSTEMS IN FIJI AND TONGA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W14 (August 23, 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w14-31-2019.
Full textAbstract:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Communities in Fiji and Tonga rely on landscape services to support a variety of livelihoods. These communities are increasingly vulnerable to climate (e.g. increasing cyclone occurrence and intensity) and environmental (e.g. mining and deforestation) stressors. Within these landscape systems, accurate and timely monitoring of human-climate-environment interactions is important to inform landscape management, land use policies, and climate-smart sustainable development. Data collection and monitoring approaches exist to capture landscape-livelihood information such as surveys, participatory GIS (PGIS), and remote sensing. However, these monitoring approaches are challenged by data collection and management burdens, timely integration of databases and data streams, aligning system requirements with local needs, and socio-technical issues associated with low-resource development contexts. Such monitoring approaches only provide static representation of livelihood-landscape interactions failing to capture the dynamic nature of vulnerabilities, and benefit only a small user base. We present a prototype of a mobile, open-source geospatial tool being collaboratively developed with the Ministries of Agriculture in Fiji and Tonga and local stakeholders, to address the above shortcomings of PGIS and other environmental monitoring and data sharing approaches. The tool is being developed using open-source mobile GIS technologies following a formal ICT for Development (ICT4D) framework. We discuss the results for each component of the ICT4D framework which involves multiple landscape stakeholders across the two Small Island Developing States. Based on the ICT4D user requirements analysis, we produced a prototype open-source mobile geospatial data collection, analysis and sharing tool. New dynamic spatial data layers related to landscape use and climate were specifically developed for use in the tool. We present the functionality of the tool alongside the results of field-testing with stakeholders in Fiji and Tonga.</p>
12
White, Ian, Tony Falkland, and Taaniela Kula. "Meeting SDG6 in the Kingdom of Tonga: The Mismatch between National and Local Sustainable Development Planning for Water Supply." Hydrology 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2020): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology7040081.
Full textAbstract:
UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 challenges small island developing states such as the Kingdom of Tonga, which relies on variable rainwater and fragile groundwater lenses for freshwater supply. Meeting water needs in dispersed small islands under changeable climate and frequent extreme events is difficult. Improved governance is central to better water management. Integrated national sustainable development plans have been promulgated as a necessary improvement, but their relevance to island countries has been questioned. Tonga’s national planning instrument is the Tonga Strategic Development Framework, 2015–2025 (TSDFII). Local Community Development Plans (CDPs), developed by rural villages throughout Tonga’s five Island Divisions, are also available. Analyses are presented of island water sources from available census and limited hydrological data, and of the water supply priorities in TSDFII and in 117 accessible village CDPs. Census and hydrological data showed large water supply differences between islands. Nationally, TDSFII did not identify water supply as a priority. In CDPs, 84% of villages across all Island Divisions ranked water supply as a priority. Reasons for the mismatch are advanced. It is recommended that improved governance in water in Pacific Island countries should build on available census and hydrological data and increased investment in local island planning processes.
13
Nájera Catalán, Héctor E., Viliami Konifelenisi Fifita, and Winston Faingaanuku. "Small-Area Multidimensional Poverty Estimates for Tonga 2016: Drawn from a Hierarchical Bayesian Estimator." Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 13, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12061-019-09304-8.
Full text
14
Sika-Paotonu, Dianne, and Parry Guilford. "The potential application of ctDNA for improved cancer management, treatment and diagnosis within the Pacific." Journal of Immunology 198, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2017): 157.4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.157.4.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The burden of cancer among Pacific peoples living in New Zealand and in the Pacific remains a significant health concern. Given the health inequalities that exist for Pacific peoples and the global burden of cancer, it remains a priority to consider the medical situation for cancer patients in the Pacific. It is acknowledged that within resource constrained environments, the diagnosis, treatment and management of cancer patients is fraught with unique challenges and difficulties. A novel cancer detection method known as circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) monitors small fragments of tumour DNA found in the blood circulation. These fragments can be isolated and quantified to obtain information providing data concerning cancer progression and treatment response. It is anticipated this simple method of detecting and monitoring cancer will enhance the precision of cancer care for patients, and will eventuate into a particularly useful tool within resource constrained environments such as the Pacific. The purpose of this work was to identify the diagnostic, treatment and pharmacologic options currently available for cancer patient within the main and rural Hospitals in Tonga and to explore the potential utility of ctDNA to support the management, treatment and diagnosis of cancer patients. Cancer diagnosis, treatment and management pathways were available in Tonga but options were limited. The potential diagnostic utility of the ctDNA technology was an element of intense interest as cancer presentation is typically late with medical, nursing and support staff operating within resource constrained environments. The potential application of ctDNA for improved support of cancer patients in Tonga remains a highly appealing possibility.
15
W. Steadman, David, Janet Franklin, Donald R. Drake, Holly B. Freifeld, Leslie A. Bolick, Darren S. Smith, and Timothy J. Motley. "Conservation status of forests and vertebrate communities in the Vava`u Island Group, Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 5, no. 3 (1999): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc990191.
Full textAbstract:
Based on field work in 1995 and 1996, we assess the distribution, relative abundance, and habitat preferences of forest plants, lizards, birds, and mammals on 17 islands in the Vava'u Group, Kingdom of Tonga. The islands vary in habitat composition, land area (0.02-96 km2), elevation (20-215 m), and distance (0-10.1 km) from the largest island of 'Uta Vava'u. Two major forest types are recognized - coastal and lowland. They are similar in composition to forest communities described for the southern Tongan island group and for lowland Samoa, but with unique patterns of species dominance. The most mature category of lowland forest persists mainly in areas too steep for cultivation and covers about 10% of the land area. The greatest variation in plant species composition appears to be related to the degree of human disturbance. Among lizards, six species are widespread and at least locally common, whereas three others are localized and typically rare. Among landbirds, 11 species are widespread and at least locally common, one (West Polynesian Ground-Dove Gallicolumba stain) is extremely rare, and three others have been extirpated in the past century. The overall species richness and relative abundance of indigenous plants and vertebrates among islands in Vava'u have been affected more by deforestation and other human activities than by the classic physical variables of island biogeography - area, elevation, or isolation. Small islands (<1 km2) may be very important for conservation purposes, especially given the propensity for secondary succession to indigenous forests following agricultural abandonment.
16
Jayaraman, T. K., Chee-Keong Choong, and Ronald Ravinesh Kumar. "Financial Sector Development and Remittances in Pacific Island Economies: How Do They Help the World’s Two Most Recipient-Dependent Countries?" Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 10, no. 3-4 (2011): 386–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914911x610376.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In the context of the current recession in industrialized countries and the resultant dim prospects for exports from small Pacific island countries, mobilization of foreign exchange earnings assumes considerable importance. The dependency of Samoa and Tonga on inward remittances is well known, as the two Polynesian island countries in recent years have been among the first top ten remittance recipient countries of the world. This paper examines the long-run nexus between economic growth and inward remittances during a three-decade period (1981-2008). The paper also discusses some important policy implications arising out of the study’s findings.
17
Harris, Usha Sundar. "REVIEW: Journalism at the community media level." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i2.279.
Full textAbstract:
Review of Foundations of Community Journalism, edited by Bill Reader and John A. Hatcher. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2012, 283 pp. ISBN: 9781412974660 (pbk)This publication adds to a growing body of scholarly work currently being undertaken in the subfield of journalism and mass communication studies known as community media or alternative media. At first glance, the book appears to present a largely American perspective in its coverage of community journalism, but further reading assures one that the editors have fostered an approach that has universal relevance. The term community journalism is broadly defined as ‘journalism at the community level’. While the origins of community journalism in the United States is strongly linked to small-town newspapers, the practice has expanded in the 21st century as the notion of community itself has evolved from its link to geographical ties towards the emergence of global communities linked by ethnicity, religion, culture and interests. This deterritorialisation of community newspapers is demonstrated in the Pacific through the work of Tongan-born publisher Kalafi Moala, who prints weekly editions of Taimi ‘o Tonga for distribution to diaspora Tongan communities in New Zealand, Australia and the United States. With the changing conception of community journalism, it has become necessary to study this subfield within broader theoretical approaches, as the editors of this volume reflect in the book’s preface, ‘to prepare the next generation of scholars for a media environment in which community journalism no longer operates in the shadow of “big J” journalism.’ At the end of each chapter the volume includes reflective contributions from scholars and practitioners who bring valuable insights towards enabling a greater theoretical understanding of the field.
18
GON, OFER, and GERALD R. ALLEN. "Revision of the Indo-Pacific cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes: Apogonidae)." Zootaxa 3294, no. 1 (April 30, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3294.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The Indo-Pacific apogonid genus Siphamia Weber 1909 is unique among cardinalfishes in having a bacterial biolumines-cent system and spinoid scales. Light is produced by luminous bacteria found in a small pocket connected to the gut in theabdominal cavity and in a sac on each side of the tip of the tongue. Siphamia consists of 23 small species many of whichare associated with invertebrates such as sea urchins, crown-of-thorns starfish and coral. Species of this genus fall intotwo main groups with different dark pigment pattern of the longitudinal translucent muscle acting as a light organ thatdiffuses light along the ventral edge of the body. The S. tubifer group, with a striated light organ, includes S. arabica, newspecies, from the Gulf of Oman; S. argentea from the Philippines and northern Western Australia; S. fraseri, new species,from New Caledonia, Tonga and Fiji; S. fuscolineata from the Marshall and Line islands; S. goreni, new species, from thesouthern Red Sea; S. guttulata from Darnley Island, Queensland; S. jebbi from the western Pacific, ranging from the Phil-ippines to Western Australia and east to the Caroline Islands, Fiji, and Tonga; S. majimai from the Ryukyu and Ogasawaraislands to northwestern Australia, ranging eastward to New Caledonia and Tonga; S. mossambica from the western IndianOcean; S. randalli, new species, from the Society and Cook islands; S. spinicola, new species, from Biak in eastern Indo-nesia, Papua New Guinea, Woleai Atoll, Vanuatu, New Caledonia and the Chesterfield Islands; S. stenotes, new species,from the Triton Bay area of Irian Jaya Barat Province of Indonesia; and S. tubifer ranging widely in the Indo-West Pacificfrom the Red Sea to Madagascar and east to Vanuatu. The S. tubulata group, with a dark-dotted light organ, includes S.brevilux, new species, from Papua New Guinea; S. cephalotes from southern Australia; S. corallicola from Indonesia, Sa-bah, and Timor Sea; S. cuneiceps from Western Australia and the east coast of Queensland; S. cyanophthalma, new species,from the Philippines, Palau, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea; S. elongata from the Philippines and Brunei; S. fistulosafrom Java, Sumbawa and Komodo, Indonesia, and Brunei; S. roseigaster from Western Australia, ranging along the north-ern and eastern coast of Australia south to Sydney Harbour, New South Wales; S. senoui, new species, from the RyukyuIslands, Japan; and S. tubulata from the Papua Barat Province, Indonesia, south coast of Papua New Guinea, northern Western Australia and Queensland.
19
Sun, Yang-Yi, Chieh-Hung Chen, and Chi-Yen Lin. "Detection of Vertical Changes in the Ionospheric Electron Density Structures by the Radio Occultation Technique Onboard the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC2 Mission over the Eruption of the Tonga Underwater Volcano on 15 January 2022." Remote Sensing 14, no. 17 (August 30, 2022): 4266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174266.
Full textAbstract:
A large near-surface perturbation such as the eruption of the Tonga underwater volcano on 15 January 2022 can generate disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere and ionosphere. It is quite challenging to detect and investigate the disturbances in the vertical direction due to the lack of ground-based instruments, especially in the ocean area. To examine the vertical disturbances due to the Tonga eruption, this study utilizes the radio occultation (RO) technique onboard the satellites of the FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC2 (F7/C2) mission to sound the ionospheric electron density (Ne) profiles in the Central Pacific Ocean area around the eruption. The ionospheric Ne profiles show that the eruption almost annihilated the typical Chapman-layer structure over the eruption in the nighttime on 15 January. The Hilbert–Huang transform was applied to expose the vertical changes in the Ne structures as functions of wavelength and altitude. The analysis shows not only the occurrence of the small-scale disturbances with a wavelength of ~20 km from 100 km to 500 km altitudes, but also the significant attenuation of the structures with a wavelength >50 km, which has never been reported before. The time series of the total electron content from the ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System receiver near the eruption also verifies the significant long-lasting disturbances due to the eruption.
20
Johnston, William, Sophie E. Gordon, Max Wingfield, Tu’ikolongahau Halafihi, Damian Hine, and Paul C. Southgate. "Economic feasibility of small-scale mabé pearl production in Tonga using the winged pearl oyster, Pteria penguin." Aquaculture Reports 17 (July 2020): 100347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100347.
Full text
21
Kumar, Nikeel Nishkar, Ravinay Amit Chandra, and Arvind Patel. "Mixed frequency evidence of the tourism growth relationship in small Island developing states: a case study of Tonga." Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 26, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 294–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1862884.
Full text
22
Jayaraman, T. K., and Chee-Keong Choong. "Role of Money in Smaller Pacific Island Countries." Economics Research International 2012 (March 15, 2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/368265.
Full textAbstract:
Pacific island countries (PICs), which attained political independence, are open economies with very small manufacturing base and narrow range of exports of copra and tuna. They are highly dependent on imports ranging from food and mineral fuels to intermediate and capital goods and transport machinery. Four of the 14 PICs, namely Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, and Vanuatu, have independent currencies with usual paraphernalia of central banks under fixed exchange rate regimes. Their financial sectors are small and with undeveloped money and capital markets. The nominal exchange rate as an anchor has served the four PICs well by keeping inflation low. The objective of the paper is to investigate whether money has played any significant part in output growth as well as determination of prices in PICs. The findings are that broad money (M2) and exchange rate have a long run as well as short-run casual relationship with both output and prices in all PICs.
23
Jayaraman, Tiru K., Lin Sea Lau, and Cheong Fatt Ng. "Role of Financial Sector Development as a Contingent Factor in the Remittances and Growth Nexus: A Panel Study of Pacific Island Countries." Remittances Review 3, no. 1 (May 15, 2018): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/rr.v3i1.426.
Full textAbstract:
Except for emergencies and for technical assistance for raising skills and institution building, foreign aid to Pacific island countries (PICs) for budgetary support has been phased out since the late 1990s. Because of the small sized domestic markets, foreign direct investment (FDI) is small and is confined to development of tourism infrastructure. On the other hand, inward remittances received from the rising number of islanders migrating overseas for work are increasing, far exceeding aid and FDI. However, influence of remittances on economic growth depends on financial sector development (FSD) for mobilizing the savings from the remittance receipts for domestic investment. This paper assesses the role of FSD in the nexus between remittances and economic growth through a panel study of five major PICs, namely Fiji, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. The study findings show that the ongoing efforts for strengthening FSD have to be stepped up by focusing on financial inclusion through spread of branchless banking and promotion of information and communication technology.
24
Singh, Shailendra. "Media ownership in Oceania: Three case studies in Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Tonga." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 2 (September 1, 2004): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i2.804.
Full textAbstract:
The news media in Oceania are small but remarkably diverse and vigorous. Ownership ranges from large transnational corporations and robust local media companies, as in Fiji and Papua New Guinea, to local entrepreneurial and Government media interests, such as in Tonga and smaller South Pacific nations. News Corporation, through its South Pacific subsidaries, owns the two largest English-language dailies, The Fiji Times and the PNG Post-Courier, while the Malaysian timber company Rimbunan Hijau is a major media investor in Papua New Guinea (The National) as well as having interests in New Zealand and South-East Asia. Australia's Channel nine owns PNG's national TV broadcaster, EMTV, and New Zealand has played an important role in the development of Fiji Television. All three countries have had constitutional freedom of expression guarantees under assault in recent years and the role of the media in good governance has been an emerging theme. Three authors, prominent journalists (and, in the case of two, now also media edcators), analyse the trends in their countries.
25
Leal Filho, Walter, Murukesan Krishnapillai, Henry Sidsaph, Gustavo J. Nagy, Johannes M. Luetz, Jack Dyer, Michael Otoara Ha’apio, et al. "Climate Change Adaptation on Small Island States: An Assessment of Limits and Constraints." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060602.
Full textAbstract:
Small Island States (SIDS) are among the nations most exposed to climate change (CC) and are characterised by a high degree of vulnerability. Their unique nature means there is a need for more studies focused on the limits to CC adaptation on such fragile nations, particularly regarding their problems and constraints. This paper addressed a perceived need for research into the limitations of adaptation on SIDS, focusing on the many unique restrictions. To this end, the study identified and described the adaptation limits they have by using a review of the literature and an analysis of case studies from a sample of five SIDS in the Caribbean and Pacific regions (Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago, Cook Islands, Fiji, Solomon Islands and Tonga). This research’s findings showed that an adaptable SIDS is characterised by awareness of various values, appreciation and understanding of a diversity of impacts and vulnerabilities, and acceptance of certain losses through change. The implications of this paper are two-fold. It explains why island nations continue to suffer from the impacts of CC and suggest some of the means via which adequate policies may support SIDS in their efforts to cope with the threats associated with a changing climate. This study concluded that, despite the technological and ecological limits (hard limits) affecting natural systems, adaptation to CC is limited by such complex forces and societal factors (soft limits) that more adequate adaptation strategies could overcome.
26
Bryceson, Kim P., and Anne Ross. "Agrifood Chains as Complex Systems and the Role of Informality in Their Sustainability in Small Scale Societies." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 6535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166535.
Full textAbstract:
Agrifood chains are complex systems; they encompass biological, economic, social, health and political variables at different scales (e.g., on-farm, local, regional, national and global). Consequently, what enables a food system to achieve ‘sustainability’ is also complex. This is particularly the case in small-scale societies in developing nations which are socially constituted. In this paper we posit that a habitus of informality underpins food systems’ sustainability in these societies. We argue that conventional applications of approaches like the Triple Bottom Line (TBL) and Circles of Sustainability (CoS) frameworks fail to assist understanding of sustainability in informal socio-economic systems because they either place too much emphasis on economic growth (TBL) or underplay the strength of socio–cultural obligations and responsibilities (CoS). This is seen in international aid programs that encourage economic growth in the agrifood sector, which is challenging for villages in such societies. We review data from two Pacific Island countries—Tonga and Solomon Islands—to demonstrate the need for a more holistic way to think about sustainability in informal agrifood systems in small-scale developing nations. We demonstrate the value of employing a Hybrid Value Chain Framework for collecting information necessary to understanding how sustainability is constituted in the food systems of small-scale societies.
27
KANTOR, YURI I., NICOLAS PUILLANDRE, AUDREY RIVASSEAU, and PHILIPPE BOUCHET. "Neither a buccinid nor a turrid: A new family of deep-sea snails for Belomitra P. Fischer, 1883 (Mollusca, Neogastropoda), with a review of Recent Indo-Pacific species." Zootaxa 3496, no. 1 (September 25, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3496.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The new family Belomitridae is established for the deep-water buccinoid genus Belomitra P. Fischer, 1883, based onmorphological (shell and radulae) and molecular evidence. The rachiglossate radula is uniquely characterized by amulticuspid rachidian and lateral teeth with very long narrow bases and two small cusps closer to tip. Molecular anal-ysis of a reduced set of Buccinoidea did not resolve the group as a clade, but shows that Belomitridae forms a wellsupported clade within Buccinoidea. Species of Belomitra have adult sizes in the 7–53 mm range; they live in deepwater, mostly in the 500–2,000 meters range, at low and mid latitudes. Eleven valid species described from the Indo-Pacific were originally named in the families Buccinidae, Columbellidae, Cancellariidae, Volutidae, and Turridae.Fourteen new species are described: Belomitra nesiotica n. sp. (Society Islands to Tonga and Fiji in 580–830 m), B.bouteti n. sp. (Society and Tuamotu Islands in 430–830 m), B. subula n. sp. (Solomon Islands to Vanuatu in 760–1110m), B. caudata n. sp. (Sulu Sea in 2300 m), B. gymnobela n. sp. (South Pacific, eastern Indonesia and Philippines in780–2040 m), B. hypsomitra n. sp. (Fiji in 392–407 m), B. brachymitra n. sp. (Fiji in 395–540 m), B. comitas n. sp.(Madagascar and Philippines in 1075–1110 m), B. minutula (Coral Sea in 490 m), B. granulata n. sp. (New Caledoniain 105–860 m), B. reticulata n. sp. (Tonga and Fiji to New Caledonia in 395–656 m), B. decapitata n. sp. (IndianOcean and New Caledonia in 3680–4400 m), B. admete n. sp. (off Sri Lanka in 2540 m), and B. radula n. sp. (Madagascar in 367–488 m).Key-words: Buccinoidea, molecular phylogeny, morphology, anatomy, radula, deep-water fauna
28
Stevenson, Anthony C., Jamie Skinner, G. Edward Hollis, and Michael Smart. "The El Kala National Park and Environs, Algeria: An Ecological Evaluation." Environmental Conservation 15, no. 4 (1988): 335–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029830.
Full textAbstract:
The structure of the El Kala National Park, its aims, zonation scheme for conservation and development, and boundaries, are described. Those ecobiomes and ecosystems which merit the highest classification and protection within the National Park are described and evaluated along with the numerous sites of similar importance outside the Park. A summary evaluation table (Table III) of the habitats, the species, and the resources for sustainable utilization, is presented.Three wetlands within the Park—Lake Oubeïra (perennial freshwater lake: a Ramsar Convention site important for wintering waterfowl), Lake Tonga (semi-perennial freshwater lake with surrounding marsh and earn a Ramsar Convention site with significant numbers of breeding waterbirds), and the Bou Redim marsh (freshwater carr with open water and a breeding colony of herons) are placed in the highest category of protection for the National Park. Four wetlands outside the National Park—the Mkhada marsh (8,900 ha of seasonally-flooded freshwater marsh), Lake Fetzara (15,000 ha freshwater lake now refilled with water in winter), Lac des Oiseaux (40 ha perennial freshwater lake), and the Cheffia Reservoir (3,000 ha)—are considered as important and consequently deserving of legislative protection. A marine section of the Park needs further study.The highest level of protection is recommended for the coastal dunes, including alder carrs, within and outside the Park; for the pristine low-montane Cork Oak woodlands, including the last remnants of Pinus pinaster ssp. renoui in Algeria; for the rare Lusitanian Oak forests including the small and declining Algerian population of Barbary Deer (Cervus elephas barbarus); and for some of the last remaining riverine woodland in North Africa. In addition, the healthy and diverse population of raptors is noted. The megalithic and later archaeological remains are extensive, valuable, and little-known.MEcological improvements to Lakes Tonga and Fetzara, which were drained in the 1930s, have recently developed from the operation of the old sluices to hold water back in the lakes, although at Lake Tonga some of the marginal vegetation and alder forest appears to be suffering from the prolonged inundation. The construction of the large Mexanna Dam within the National Park will desiccate the Mkhada Marsh, and Lake Oubeïra may have its ecological character changed if it is used for regulatory storage. The dune ecosystems are being affected by agriculture, groundwater pumping, industrial forestry (including perhaps a pulp mill), and the new road which is being driven into the heart of the dunes. Fishing and aquaculture may further reduce the suitability of Lakes Oubeïra and Melah for wintering waterfowl, and deliberate fires continue to ravage the Cork Oak forests.
29
Kumar, Nikeel Nishkar, Arvind Patel, Ravinay Amit Chandra, and Navneet Nimesh Kumar. "Publication bias and the tourism-led growth hypothesis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 14, 2021): e0258730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258730.
Full textAbstract:
This study attempts to solve the publication bias suggested by recent review articles in the tourism-growth literature. Publication bias is the tendency to report favourable and significant results. Method and data triangulation, and the Solow-Swan model are applied. A sample from 1995 to 2018 is considered with Tonga as a case study. The approach consists of multiple methods, data frequencies, exchange rates, structural breaks, and an overall tourism index developed using principal component analysis (PCA). Consistent results across these dimensions are obtained with the PCA models. Tourism has small, positive, and statistically significant economic growth effects. Theoretically consistent values of the capital share and exchange rates are obtained. The results indicate the importance of multiple methods and the overall tourism index in assessing the tourism-growth relationship and minimising publication biases. The practical implication is the provision of robust elasticity estimates and better economic policies.
30
RANDALL, JOHN E., CAROLE C. BALDWIN, and JEFFREY T. WILLIAMS. "Pseudogramma xanthum, a new replacement name for a serranid fish from the subtropical South Pacific Ocean with description of the species." Zootaxa 40, no. 1 (May 28, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.40.1.1.
Full textAbstract:
The subtropical South Pacific serranid fish Pseudogramma australis Randall & Baldwin, 1997, was divided by Randall & Baldwin (1997) into two subspecies, P. a. pasquensis from Easter Island (type locality of P. australis) and P. a. australis from the Pitcairn Islands to Tonga. The latter is now regarded as a valid species, distinct in its yellow ground color, small size, modally one more dorsal, anal, and pectoral rays, 16 instead of 17 caudal vertebrae, larger head, and other proportional differences. Because of errors in the type designations for the two subspecies, the name P. australis is occupied by the Easter Island species and does not apply to the western Pacific P. a. australis. We provide a new replacement name, P. xanthum nomen novum, for P. a. australis and redescribe it based on the 12 known specimens, including the holotype from Temoe Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago.
31
Huish, Ryan D., Tevita Faka'osi, Heimuli Likiafu, Joseva Mateboto, and Katherine H. Huish. "Distribution, population structure, and management of a rare sandalwood (Santalum yasi, Santalaceae) in Fiji and Tonga." Pacific Conservation Biology 21, no. 1 (2015): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc14902.
Full textAbstract:
The aromatic heartwood of Santalum yasi has been harvested extensively in Fiji and Tonga over the past two centuries for international trade in the medicinal, perfume, and incense industry and other cultural purposes. Field surveys and a review of historic and modern documents reveal a sparse and scattered distribution and indicate that the natural distribution of S. yasi has fluctuated over time, even declining to local extinction in the wild in some areas, while S. album has been introduced and naturalisation of S. yasi × S. album hybrids is evident. Population data collected along transects in three in situ S. yasi populations show discontinuous size-class structures, indicating regenerative stress. The population densities at study sites ranged from 19 to 63 adult trees (≥5 cm dbh) per hectare and less than two heartwood-bearing trees (≥15 cm dbh) per hectare. Though S. yasi trees may attain up to 40 cm dbh, no trees greater than 23 cm dbh were found in any of the studied populations. Low density and small size of adult trees and human-induced bole damage are suggestive of frequent, premature, and defensive harvesting patterns and indicate the need for ongoing adaptive comanagement in recognition of underlying economic and sociocultural pressures.
32
Beyerl, Katharina, Harald A. Mieg, and Eberhard Weber. "Comparing perceived effects of climate-related environmental change and adaptation strategies for the Pacific small island states of Tuvalu, Samoa, and Tonga." Island Studies Journal 13, no. 1 (May 2018): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.53.
Full text
33
Naidu, Suwastika, and Anand Chand. "A comparative study of the financial problems faced by micro, small and medium enterprises in the manufacturing sector of Fiji and Tonga." International Journal of Emerging Markets 7, no. 3 (June 29, 2012): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17468801211236974.
Full text
34
Krajčovičová, Katarína, Aleksandr Vladimirovich Matyukhin, and Jana Christophoryová. "Two new pseudoscorpion species (Pseudoscorpiones, Chthoniidae, Cheiridiidae) from the Tonga Islands, Polynesia, with a redescription of the genus Nesocheiridium." ZooKeys 927 (April 16, 2020): 37–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.927.49351.
Full textAbstract:
The genera Tyrannochthonius Chamberlin, 1929 and Nesocheiridium Beier, 1957 are recorded from the Tonga Islands, Polynesia, for the first time. Tyrannochthonius euasp. nov. is described from the island of Eua. Nesocheiridium onevaisp. nov. is described from the island of Onevai. This is the first discovery of a representative of the genus Nesocheiridium in more than 60 years. The holotype of the type species, Nesocheiridium stellatum Beier, 1957, is redescribed, allowing a better understanding of this poorly known genus. The genus Nesocheiridium is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: integument coarsely granulate, dorsally granulo-reticulate; vestitural setae either relatively long, with a leaf-like outline, or arcuate with a small spine; cucullus short; only 10 abdominal tergites visible in dorsal view; cheliceral rallum of four blades; venom apparatus present in both chelal fingers; fixed chelal finger with granulate swelling mesally and seven trichobothria; trichobothria ib and ist located distad of granulate swelling; eb and esb situated close together at the base of the finger; moveable chelal finger with two trichobothria.
35
Magee, Andrew D., Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd, Anthony S. Kiem, and Stephen A. Royle. "Tropical cyclone perceptions, impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific: an urban perspective from Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 5 (May 12, 2016): 1091–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-1091-2016.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. The destruction caused by tropical cyclone (TC) Pam in March 2015 is considered one of the worst natural disasters in the history of Vanuatu. It has highlighted the need for a better understanding of TC impacts and adaptation in the Southwest Pacific (SWP) region. Therefore, the key aims of this study are to (i) understand local perceptions of TC activity, (ii) investigate impacts of TC activity and (iii) uncover adaptation strategies used to offset the impacts of TCs. To address these aims, a survey (with 130 participants from urban areas) was conducted across three SWP small island states (SISs): Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga (FVT). It was found that respondents generally had a high level of risk perception and awareness of TCs and the associated physical impacts, but lacked an understanding of the underlying weather conditions. Responses highlighted that current methods of adaptation generally occur at the local level, immediately prior to a TC event (preparation of property, gathering of food, finding a safe place to shelter). However higher level adaptation measures (such as the modification to building structures) may reduce vulnerability further. Finally, we discuss the potential of utilising weather-related traditional knowledge and non-traditional knowledge of empirical and climate-model-based weather forecasts to improve TC outlooks, which would ultimately reduce vulnerability and increase adaptive capacity. Importantly, lessons learned from this study may result in the modification and/or development of existing adaptation strategies.
36
Kirch, P. V., and T. L. Hunt. "Radiocarbon Dates from the Mussau Islands and the Lapita Colonization of the Southwestern Pacific." Radiocarbon 30, no. 2 (1988): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200044106.
Full textAbstract:
Three decades of archaeological excavations in Melanesia and Western Polynesia have led to a consensus among Oceanic prehistorians that the initial human colonization of the southwestern Pacific (east of the Solomons) was effected by populations of the Lapita Cultural Complex (Green, 1979; Kirch, 1982, 1984; Allen, 1984; Spriggs, 1984). Although the western Melanesian islands of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and possibly the Solomon Islands were settled in the late Pleistocene by small hunter-gatherer populations (Downie & White, 1979; Specht, Lilley & Normu, 1981; Groubeet al, 1986), discovery and occupation by humans of the more remote island chains to the east required sophisticated voyaging and colonization strategies. That the Austronesian-speaking Lapita people possessed long-distance voyaging craft is suggested both by lexical reconstructions, and by the archaeological evidence of long-distance transport of obsidian and other exotic materials over distances of up to 3700km (Ambrose & Green, 1972; Best, 1987). Lapita sites are marked by a distinctive complex of dentate-stamped earthenware ceramics, and associated shell, bone, and stone artifacts. Sites yielding such assemblages have been recorded between the Bismarck Archipelago in the west, through Melanesia, and as far east as Samoa and Tonga, a straight-line distance of ca 4500km.
37
Franklin, Janet, and Sergio J. Rey. "Spatial patterns of tropical forest trees in Western Polynesia suggest recruitment limitations during secondary succession." Journal of Tropical Ecology 23, no. 1 (January 2007): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003774.
Full textAbstract:
Spatial analysis can be used to relate the patterns of tree species to their regeneration syndromes – pioneer to late-successional – and is a first step in refining hypotheses about the species traits and biotic and abiotic factors that give rise to forest community dynamics. This study examines the spatial pattern of the most abundant trees in three 0.45-ha plots in species-poor lowland rain forests on oceanic islands in Tonga, Western Polynesia, that experience frequent natural disturbance and have a 3000-y history of shifting cultivation. We contrast secondary vs. remnant late-successional forest, with particular attention paid to the spatial dispersion and clustering of tree species, and the presence of spatial dependence in the density of seedlings and saplings. Shade-tolerant species were not strongly clustered at any scale. They did not appear to be dispersal limited, in late successional forest, and only some showed patterns consistent with density-dependent mortality (more clumped when small). Shade-tolerant species were more clumped in secondary forest, and may be dispersal-limited there because vertebrate dispersers prefer primary forest. Shade-intolerant species were clumped in gaps in late-successional forest, but some were also clumped in secondary forest, indicating that they too may be dispersal limited during secondary succession. We also compared the species composition of seedlings and saplings in the centre of plots with trees in the surrounding area and inferred that active dispersal (by vertebrate frugivores) contributed as much as 50% to site species richness.
38
Cochrane, Thandeka. "The politics of literature in Malawi: Filemon Chirwa, Nthanu za Chitonga and the battle for the Atonga tribal council." Africa 92, no. 5 (November 2022): 819–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000197202200064x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIn 1932, as Nyasaland (present-day Malawi) was heading to indirect rule, a small vocal community in the north of the country resisted the colonial government’s attempts to assign them a Native Authority. Instead, they proposed their own form of government: a council of thirty-two mafumu (chiefs) who would make decisions on an egalitarian basis, the Atonga tribal council. The champion of this alternative form of governance was a Tonga intellectual named Filemon K. Chirwa. At the height of the political manoeuvring to institute the Atonga tribal council, Filemon wrote and published his only book: Nthanu za Chitonga (Folktales in Chitonga). This article argues that this book was – and still is – an important piece of political literature. Through an exploration of the context of the creation of the Atonga tribal council, it sets out the stakes that were at play in the construction of local traditions and customs, and then shows how the book was part of a project of producing an image of these. It then explores the ‘afterlife’ of the book, as it became a symbolic force in contemporary village communities, not only articulating the sense of political marginalization experienced, but also capturing a new form of political agency. The article concludes by suggesting that Filemon Chirwa’s collection of stories is an astounding example of the deeply political role that folktale literature can play within colonial and (post)colonial Africa.
39
Yuh, Leighanne, and Claudia Soddu. "The Nationalist Critique of Female Double Suicide in Colonial Korea." International Journal of Korean History 27, no. 2 (August 31, 2022): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22372/ijkh.2022.27.2.1.
Full textAbstract:
During the colonial period, the double love suicides of young “new women” were sensationalized by media outlets and became the object of discussion at a national level, triggering discourse over the role and value of women in Colonial Korea. This sense of involvement in the life and death of women was even more prominent when these suicides involved young women of child-bearing age, whose deaths could be collectively perceived as a loss of an important human resource for the country. This article will examine why the media focus was on young, educated upper-class women and how the discourse about their suicides expanded beyond a moral cautionary tale and was coopted by the Korean nationalist movement. We analyze the discourse that followed two representative female double suicides, the Yun/Kim suicide of 1926, and the Hong/Kim homosexual double suicide of 1931, focusing on the critique published mainly in the Tonga Ilbo newspaper. We also examine the response of the feminist movements, or lack thereof, and the development of the ideological conflict between feminist and nationalist movements. Female suicide was one of the many battlefields between the nationalist and the feminist movements during the colonial period. As an issue involving women at every level of society, it had the potential to challenge the Confucian patriarchal system and bring to light the new needs of Korean women. However, as this analysis has shown, it was dismissed as a personal and trivial matter compared with the urgent public issue of national liberation. The rise of women's movements in Korea, fueled by a small clique of educated women, was ultimately subsumed by the nationalist movement and relegated to the realm of the private and inconsequential.
40
Cuthbertson, Joseph, Carol Stewart, Alison Lyon, Penelope Burns, and Thompson Telepo. "Health Impacts of Volcanic Activity in Oceania." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 5 (July 16, 2020): 574–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x2000093x.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractVolcanoes cause a wide range of hazardous phenomena. Close to volcanic vents, hazards can be highly dangerous and destructive and include pyroclastic flows and surges, ballistic projectiles, lava flows, lahars, thick ashfalls, and gas and aerosol emissions. Direct health impacts include trauma, burns, and exacerbation of respiratory diseases. Far-reaching volcanic hazards include volcanic ashfalls, gas and aerosol dispersion, and lahars. Within Oceania, the island arc countries of Papua New Guinea (PNG), the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Tonga, and New Zealand are the most at-risk from volcanic activity. Since 1500ad, approximately 10,000 lives have been lost due to volcanic activity across Oceania, with 39 lives lost since 2000. While volcano monitoring and surveillance save lives, residual risks remain from small, sudden, unheralded eruptions, such as the December 9, 2019 eruption of Whakaari/White Island volcano, New Zealand which has a death toll of 21 at the time of writing. Widespread volcanic ashfalls can affect the habitability of downwind communities by contaminating water supplies, damaging crops and buildings, and degrading indoor and outdoor air quality, as well as disrupting transport and communication networks and access to health services. While the fatality rate due to volcanic eruptions may be low, far greater numbers of people may be affected by volcanic activity with approximately 100,000 people in PNG and Vanuatu displaced since 2000. It is challenging to manage health impacts for displaced people, particularly in low-income countries where events such as eruptions occur against a background of low, variable vaccination rates, high prevalence of infectious diseases, poor sanitation infrastructure, and poor nutritional status. As a case study, the 2017-2018 eruption of Ambae volcano, Vanuatu caused no casualties but triggered two separate mandatory off-island evacuations of the entire population of approximately 11,700 people. On the neighboring island of Santo, a health disaster response was coordinated by local government and provided acute care when evacuees arrived. Involving primary care clinicians in this setting enhanced local capacity for health care provision and allowed for an improved understanding of the impact of displacement on evacuee communities.
41
Abplanalp, Karen. "REVIEW: Noted: Bold educational portrait." Pacific Journalism Review 18, no. 2 (October 31, 2012): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v18i2.284.
Full textAbstract:
Review of Tongan Ark, directed by Paul Janman. Public Films, 2012. tonganark,netTongan Ark tells a remarkable story, about a remarkable man, Futa Helu, and his one-of-a-kind, bold, unconventional university called 'Atenisi', the Tongan world for Athens. Ancient philosophy, opera and Tongan culture come together in this intimate portrait of a teacher, his school and his people as they navigate a sea of repression and doubt in a small but troubled Pacific Island kingdom.
42
Tui`one, Vanessa, Brian Hui, Alisi Tulua-Tata, and Diana M. Tisnado. "Tongan American Health Professionals Association Promoting Health Through Sharing, Mentoring and Networking." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 8, SI (December 15, 2010): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v8isi.2044.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Tongan-Americans face severe disparities in health including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Educational disparities also affect health opportunities and well-being, influencing health status and community capacity to address disparities. Few resources have been identified within the Tongan-American community to address these concerns. The Tongan American Health Professionals Association (TAHPA) was conceived to identify and develop health and health career resources for the Tongan community. Through TAHPA, the Tongan-American community is utilizing a communityempowerment approach to address disparities and well-being. Methods: TAHPA was formed in 2008 through the leadership of individuals with a vision of a healthier Tongan-American community. TAHPA's purpose was to inspire and empower the Tongan-American community by developing an organization of Tongan-American health care professionals and pre-professionals, celebrating their accomplishments, and providing resources and support for educational and career development. Founders gathered in small work groups in community settings to discuss health concerns, well-being and solutions. Key community members facilitated the process to establish goals and objectives. Next Steps: To date, 40 Tongan health professionals and pre-professionals have become members. TAHPA's vision and outreach processes have been developed. TAHPA’s uniqueness and strength is that it is rooted in the community, created by the community to serve the community.
43
Kang, Minseok, Chulsang Yoo, and Wooyoung Na. "Assessment of the Contribution of Rainwater Collection to Crop Production on Udo Island, Korea." Water 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 3299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13223299.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluated the contribution of small agricultural reservoirs (the mool-tongs) to crop production on Udo, and the role they play. Agricultural water demand and deficit, water storage in the mool-tongs, and the amount of irrigation water were analyzed by applying the water balance model. In particular, the Blaney-Criddle method was used to estimate the agricultural water for crop growth. In this study, four typical crops of garlic, spring onion, peanut, and barley were considered, whose growing seasons were somewhat different from each other. A total of 47 years (1973–2019) of rainfall, temperature, and evaporation data were used in this study. As a result, it was confirmed that the crop coefficient, growing period of a crop, share of the cultivated area, and the seasonal distribution of rainfall affect the role of the mool-tongs. Comparison of the frequencies of occurrence of agricultural water deficit and irrigation interval before and after introducing the mool-tongs also confirms their usefulness. After the introduction of the mool-tongs for irrigation, the frequency of occurrence of agricultural water deficits changed significantly, from almost 30% of the entire simulation period to less than 20%. Even though the water supply capacity of the mool-tongs on Udo is insufficient to offset the entire agricultural water deficit, the water stored in the mool-tongs was found to considerably aid the survival of the crops and increase crop production. The results in this study can help to determine the capacity of rainwater collecting systems, especially on a small island where the available water resources are limited.
44
McCracken, John. "Fishing and the Colonial Economy: the Case of Malawi." Journal of African History 28, no. 3 (November 1987): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700030115.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the evident importance of fishing in Malawi, its role in the territorial colonial economy has been largely ignored. This paper focuses on the evolution of fishing and fish-trading at the south end of Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi), emphasising the interaction between ecological change and changes in market opportunity. During the late nineteenth century, fishing played an important role in the economy of the Mang'anja people alongside agricultural production. Communual tasks such as the setting of nets or building of canoes were conducted by male members of an mbumba or matrilineage group who traded fish with the agriculturally productive highland regions nearby in exchange for maize and beans. Little changed initially with the estalishment of colonial rule, though some labour previously employed in fishing may have been diverted into cotton-growing which the Government encouraged in the Upper Shire Valley. The establishment of military camps during the First World War, combined with the sudden drying up of Lake Chilwa, the major source of fish in the Shire Highlands, created the opportunity for enterprising fishermen to start a regular trade in dried fish to Blantyre and Zomba from about 1917. This was stimulated in the 1920s by the steady rise of water levels on the Shire River which brought cotton production virtually to a halt making fishing an attractive alternative.The advent in the 1930s of non-African commercial fishermen who used lorries to transport fresh fish to Blantyre and dried fish to Salisbury did not prevent a further expansion of African fishing and fish-trading, many of the traders using bicycles to extend their sales into the southern Malawian hinterland. Officials tended to side with African fishermen when their interests clashed with those of incomers, notably the Greek Yiannakis brothers. But they had little success in introducing new techniques to improve productivity and fell back in the 1950s On the prohibition of exports to the Rhodesias, a policy aimed at ensuring a regular supply of fish to workers on European estates within Malawi.By the 1950s, European companies were recorded as being responsible for over half the fish caught in Malawi. African fishing had been affected by the emergence of a small group of capitalist entrepreneurs, most of them former labour migrants, who had invested their savings in imported nets and boats and employed labour on a regular basis. Mang'anja fishermen now faced competition from Tonga migrants using new technical and organisational methods. In contrast to under-development sterotypes, the indigenous industry continued to expand, with migrant workers playing an important role in the development of fishing.
45
KAHN, MIRIAM. "Voyages: From Tongan Villages to American Suburbs byCathy A. Small." American Ethnologist 40, no. 1 (February 2013): 236–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/amet.12015_19.
Full text
46
Cheng, Ning Bo, Li Wen Guan, Li Ping Wang, and Jian Han. "Dynamic Parameters Identification for Tong & Tong-Carrier of a Forging Manipulator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2006–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2006.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the dynamic parameters of the combination of the tong, the tong-carrier and (or without) a forging (link TCF). Two linear form equations of the dynamic model of link TCF about the dynamic parameters are obtained. And then based on two linear form equations, the least square method is adopted to identify the parameters. Simulation results show that the identified dynamic parameters, mass m, moment of inertia IL and the mass center parameter b1, have a small relative error that no more than 5%.
47
Dong, Qin, Runping Shen, Cunpu Li, Ruiyi Gan, Xiaotong Ma, Jianchuan Wang, Jing Li, and Zidong Wei. "Construction of Soft Base Tongs on Separator to Grasp Polysulfides from Shuttling in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Small 14, no. 52 (November 26, 2018): 1804277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201804277.
Full text
48
Sebba, Mark. "Adjectives and Copulas in Sranan Tongo." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.1.1.07seb.
Full textAbstract:
Some linguists regard predicate adjectives in Sranan and other creole languages as stative verbs, one argument being the absence of a copula before such adjectives. An analysis by Seuren, on the other hand, treats predicate adjectives as true adjectives in Sranan: an underlying copula fails to surface before them. This paper argues for an analysis which treats Sranan predicate adjectives as a type of stative verb, and accounts for the appearance of the copula in a relatively small number of cases by positing the existence of "extent phrases" in Sranan. These may modify a verb or copula; except under certain conditions, they contain a quantifier and an adjective. This accounts not only for the appearance of copulas with predicate adjectives, but also for the "repetition" of the adjective as in o bradi a liba bradi? (how broad the river broad) 'How broad is the river?'
49
Nurdin, Erfind. "PERIKANAN TUNA SKALA RAKYAT (SMALL SCALE) DI PRIGI, TRENGGALEK-JAWATIMUR." BAWAL Widya Riset Perikanan Tangkap 2, no. 4 (February 7, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/bawal.2.4.2009.177-183.
Full textAbstract:
Tulisan ini membahas tentang perikanan tuna skala kecil. Penelitian telah dilakukan di salah satu pusat pendaratan tuna di selatan Jawa, yaitu Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Prigi, Trenggalek - Jawa Timur. Alat tangkap utama yang digunakan oleh nelayan Prigi untuk menangkap ikan tunacakalang adalah, jaring insang hanyut (drift gill net), pancing ulur (hand line), dan tonda (troll lines). Kegiatan penangkapan ikan dilakukan di perairan selatan Jawa dengan menggunakan rumpon. Musim ikan terjadi pada bulan Agustus-Desember dengan puncak musim pada bulan Oktober. Sebaran panjang cagak (fork length) dominan untuk beberapa jenis sebagai berikut yellowfin berkisar 46-50 cm (40,0%) dan bigeye berkisar 46-50 cm (76,0%). Hubungan panjang bobot menunjukkan pertambahan panjang lebih cepat dari bobot (Alometrik negatif).
50
Li, Qun Ming, Dan Gao, and Hua Deng. "Calculation of Contact Forces of Large-Scale Heavy Forging Manipulator Grippers." Key Engineering Materials 419-420 (October 2009): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.419-420.645.
Full textAbstract:
Different from dexterous robotic hands, the gripper of heavy forging manipulator is an underconstrained mechanism whose tongs are free in a small wiggling range. However, for both a dexterous robotic hand and a heavy gripper, the force closure condition: the force and the torque equilibrium, must be satisfied without exception to maintain the grasping/gripping stability. This paper presents a gripping model for the heavy forging gripper with equivalent friction points, which is similar to a grasp model of multifingered robot hands including four contact points. A gripping force optimization method is proposed for the calculation of contact forces between gripper tongs and forged object. The comparison between the calculation results and the experimental results demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed calculation method.