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Journal articles on the topic 'Smallholder dairy production'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Staal, S. J., M. M. Waithaka, G. A. Owour, and M. Herrero. "Demand and supply changes in the livestock sector and their impact on smallholders: the case of dairying in Kenya: a summary." BSAP Occasional Publication 33 (2004): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041844.

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Smallholder dairy production in Kenya is one of the developing world’s success stories. Kenya's improved dairy cattle herd of more than 3 million is the largest in Africa, and significantly is held mostly by smallholders. As a result, dairy production is a major part of the agricultural sector and an important source of livelihoods for at least an estimated 600,000 smallholder farm families in Kenya (Omore et al., 1999). Compared to its neighbours, the country has a welldeveloped dairy production and processing industry, and the country has broadly managed to be self-reliant in dairy products, so that except during extreme dry years, imports are negligible.
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2

Ulicky, Edward, Jackson Magoma, Helen Usiri, and Amanda Edward. "Improving smallholder livelihoods: Dairy production in Tanzania." Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales 1, no. 2 (2013): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(1)244-248.

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3

Al Sidawi, Rami, Teo Urushadze, and Angelika Ploeger. "Changes in Dairy Products Value Chain in Georgia." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 22, 2020): 5894. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155894.

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The livestock sector, as a part of the traditional food system in Georgia, occupies a considerable portion of the national economy. Though smallholder farmers are the key suppliers at the primary stage in the food value chain, the empowerment of smallholder farmers in the dairy production system in Georgia is a questionable matter. This research study reports the results of changes in the dairy sector in Georgia (Caucasus) after becoming independent from the Soviet Union (literature survey) and how these changes are seen by experts in the dairy value chain. In addition, this study aimed to look in-depth at the dynamics of the value chain of dairy in Georgia and examine the current dairy production policies. Qualitative research was applied as the methodology for expert interviews in 2019. The findings showed the difficulties experienced by the local and national dairy market sectors in Georgia nowadays. Where these difficulties were analyzed by the parameters of the value chain, it states the impact of the current regulations and policies on the safety and the quality of dairy production in the country and the depth of social, economic, and ethical impacts on the marketing of dairy products for smallholders. Furthermore, the Sustainable Development Goals on the dairy value chain are described.
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Seble, Wongel Getachew, Kubota Satoko, Kanayama Toshihisa, Tiana Navalona Randrianantoandro, and Hiroichi Kono. "Impact of Training of Small-Scale Dairy Farmers on Milk Production and Income in Ethiopia." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 3 (August 13, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i3.1.

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This paper examined dairy husbandry training impact on milk production and milk income under smallholder farmers’ management condition. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two districts in Ethiopia and the data was collected from a total of 180 smallholder dairy farmers (60 of the participants were trained on dairy husbandry practices). Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique was employed to construct suitable comparable group and to calculate the average treatment effect on the treated sample. The average treatment effect on the treated shows that dairy husbandry training increased milk production, volume of milk processed and milk income by about 21.7%, 56.5% and 22.5% respectively. This study confirms that training on dairy husbandry plays great role to bring change in dairy technology adoption which further enhance milk production and milk income under smallholder farmers’ management condition. Keywords: milk income; milk production; Ethiopia; propensity score matching; smallholder dairy farmers, training
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Kilungo, J. K., W. Oluoch-Kosura, and J. J. McDermott. "ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY IN SMALLHOLDER DAIRY PRODUCTION IN KENYA." Agrekon 38, sup001 (May 1999): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1999.9524916.

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Tebug, Stanly Fon, Victor Kasulo, Susan Chikagwa-Malunga, Steffi Wiedemann, David J. Roberts, and Mizeck G. G. Chagunda. "Smallholder dairy production in Northern Malawi: production practices and constraints." Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, no. 1 (June 4, 2011): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9887-0.

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Wangu, James, Ellen Mangnus, and A. C. M. (Guus) van Westen. "Recognizing Determinants to Smallholders’ Market Orientation and Marketing Arrangements: Building on a Case of Dairy Farming in Rural Kenya." Land 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10060572.

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Smallholder commercialization is central to international development policy and practice. As a result, several arrangements to foster market linkages are being implemented. Especially popular are farmers’ organizations, which are believed to be owned, controlled, and financed by smallholders. As such, their design is considered inclusive given every household in a community is theoretically allowed to become a member, and the governance and management structure encourage participatory decision-making. However, even in the context in which farmers’ organizations are actively promoted, a notable proportion of smallholders may not be able to engage in market-oriented production or may opt for the existing alternative marketing arrangements, as dictated by individual households’ socioeconomic characteristics. Focusing on the case of smallholder farming in Olenguruone, Nakuru county, Kenya, where a donor funded dairy farmers’ cooperative marketing arrangement is promoted alongside existing marketing opportunities, the present research investigated the factors that determine smallholders’ commercial farming orientation and marketing arrangements. It employed a case study approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods for a more complete empirical inquiry. The findings demonstrate that irrespective of the external support provided through marketing opportunities such as farmer organizations, smallholders’ engagement in commercial farming and marketing is dictated by the socioeconomic attributes and market perceptions that are heterogeneous among households in a smallholder community.
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Ransom, Elizabeth, Carmen Bain, Harleen Bal, and Natasha Shannon. "Cattle as technological interventions: The gender effects of water demand in dairy production in Uganda." FACETS 2, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2017-0031.

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Smallholder dairy production dominates the country of Uganda, with over 90% of the national herd owned by smallholders. To reduce hunger, malnutrition, and raise families out of poverty agricultural development, interventions in Uganda have focused on increasing milk production through the introduction of improved dairy cow breeds. Development actors, such as the East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) program in Uganda, see crossbreed dairy cows as a key technological intervention for improving production. Drawing on a multi-method study (spatial analysis, surveys, and qualitative interviews) of dairy smallholders, our paper examines the gendered effects of the introduction of crossbreed dairy cows. To ensure peak performance, improved breeds require more inputs (e.g., water, feed, and medicine), which are labor and time intensive with specific gendered outcomes. Our findings reveal that both men and women identify fetching water as one of the greatest challenges in maintaining dairy cows, but women and children disproportionately fetch the water and women have higher reported rates of time poverty. Water quality is also an issue, with smallholders struggling to provide clean water to cows, and our basic water testing reveals water sources with high nitrate levels that can be harmful for children and dairy cows.
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kumar, N. K. Sudeep, and D. Thirunavukkarasu. "Reorienting dairy extension to meet changing needs of smallholder dairy production system." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 4, Spl2-SSPN (October 13, 2016): S17—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(spl-2-sspn).s17.s22.

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10

AGYEMANG, K., D. L. DOGOO, and H. J. MAKUN. "PROFITABILITY OF FORAGE PRODUCTION IN SMALLHOLDER PERI-URBAN DAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 4 (October 1998): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798004013.

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Peri-urban dairy producers in West Africa face major production constraints including inadequate and poor quality feeds. In view of the high cost of traditional supplementary feeds such as oilseed cakes, the production of forage, especially legumes, is increasingly being advocated. However, it has not been established whether returns in terms of increased livestock productivity from sown forages will be adequate to encourage smallholder livestock owners to undertake forage production for indigenous livestock.In three trials involving indigenous Bunaji cows biological and economic responses in terms of milk yields to farmer-planted forage legumes and tree legumes from home gardens were evaluated. Synthesis of the resulting data on labour inputs, forage yields, feed intakes, milk yields, value of outputs and cost of inputs such as seeds and fertilizers showed that for the semi-intensive smallholder and zero-grazed models considered in this study, the margin or profit from using home-grown fodder was 5–8 times the cost of acquiring the feed. The opportunity cost of using the land for forage production rather than for cultivating sorghum, a highly favoured cereal crop, was only 67% of the accrued benefits from milk yields produced by cows supplemented with the forage hays. Thus, there is a real potential for profitable dairy production in peri-urban areas using home-grown fodder.
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Didanna, Habtamu L., Ashenafi Mengistu Wossen, Tadesse Kuma Worako, and Berhanu Kuma Shano. "Factors influencing intensification of dairy production systems in Ethiopia." Outlook on Agriculture 47, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030727018770463.

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Little is known of how dairy intensification driven by socioeconomic issues and dairy development efforts works as well as the challenges of changing production systems in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. A study was carried out to analyze factors determining intensification of dairy production systems and the present status of market-oriented smallholder dairy operations in Ethiopia. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 200 dairy farmers. The results revealed that 77% of respondents reared improved/crossbred dairy cows, 53.5% acquired good manure management besides crossbreeding, and 44% of the sampled rural households were involved in cultivating improved forage crops and crossbreeding practices. The binary logistic regression model output showed that herd size, farmland size, dairy training, and cooperative membership had significant effects on cultivating improved forages. Dairy production system, dairying experience, and herd size were significantly associated with rearing only crossbred dairy cows. Farmland size, dairy system, and awareness of manure handling were significantly associated with practicing good manure management. Further analysis of the extent of intensification indicated that mean daily milk yield per cow and household milk market share were significantly related to crossbreeding and manure management practices in combination. Thus, production systems–based dairy breeding and manure management, related input supply, and alternative formal marketing options are the key attributes of the intensification and improved productivity of smallholder dairy production that need to be considered while designing policy and intervention.
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12

Makau, D. N., J. A. VanLeeuwen, G. K. Gitau, S. L. McKenna, C. Walton, J. Muraya, and J. J. Wichtel. "Effects of Calliandra and Sesbania on Daily Milk Production in Dairy Cows on Commercial Smallholder Farms in Kenya." Veterinary Medicine International 2020 (February 21, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3262370.

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There is a growing interest in protein supplementation of dairy-cow diets using leguminous shrubs. The study objective was to ascertain the association between diet supplementation with Calliandra calothyrsus and Sesbania sesban and milk production in dairy cattle on commercial smallholder farms. This trial involved 235 cows from 80 smallholder dairy farms in Kenya randomly allocated to 4 intervention groups: (1) receiving Calliandra and Sesbania and nutritional advice; (2) receiving reproductive medicines and advice; (3) receiving both group 1 and 2 interventions; and (4) receiving neither intervention. Farm nutritional practices and management data were collected in a questionnaire, and subsequent physical examinations, mastitis tests, and milk production of cows on the farm were monitored approximately monthly for 16 months. Descriptive and univariable statistical analyses were conducted, and multivariable mixed-model regression was used for identification of factors associated (P<0.05) with daily milk production. The mean milk production was 6.39 liters/cow/day (SD = 3.5). Feeding Calliandra/Sesbania to cows was associated (P<0.0005) with an increase in milk produced by at least 1 liter/cow/day with each kg fed. Other variables positively associated with ln daily milk production in the final model included feeding of Napier grass, amount of silage and dairy meal fed, body condition score, and appetite of the cow. Other variables negatively associated with ln daily milk production in the final model included amount of maize germ fed, days in milk, sudden feed changes, pregnancy, and subclinical mastitis. In conclusion, our field trial data suggest that use of Calliandra/Sesbania through agroforestry can improve milk production in commercial smallholder dairy farms in Kenya. Agroforestry land use systems can be adopted as a way for dairy farmers to cope with feed shortages and low crude protein in farm-available feeds for their cows.
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13

Nherera, F. V., A. N. Pell, D. G. Fox, L. O. Tedeschi, D. M. Mbugua, I. W. Kariuki, and J. N. Kangara. "Predicting energy and protein supply and milk production of dairy cows consuming high forage rations in the central highlands of Kenya." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200020354.

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Level 1 of the Cornell Net carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) model has not yet been used to predict animal performance on smallholder dairy farms in African conditions. Over 60% of the smallholder dairy cattle in sub-Saharan Africa are in the East African highlands. Although the level of production is low, dairy cattle contribute significantly to the livelihoods of rural families. If the model predictions reflect animal performance, the CNCPS model could be a useful tool to develop feeding strategies to enhance animal production. The objectives of our study were to: (1) evaluate the accuracy of the predictions of dry matter intake, milk production and phosphorus excretion of the CNCPS model for dairy cattle on smallholder farms; (2) predict nutrient requirements and supply of confined and lactating crossbred cows consuming high forage rations and (3) determine the variation in feed quality and milk production.
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14

Somda, Jacques, Eric Tollens, and Mulumba Kamuanga. "Transaction Costs and the Marketable Surplus of Milk in Smallholder Farming Systems of the Gambia." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 3 (September 2005): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000005774378784.

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The neoclassical economic paradigm views market linkages as efficient mechanisms for trading. However, the validity of this position is questionable, as markets frequently do not possess the structural conditions necessary for perfect competition. In subsistence-farming systems, factors that prevent greater participation of smallholders in markets can be found from the production level to the access to markets themselves. This study investigates the transaction-cost factors operating in smallholder dairy farms in The Gambia. The results indicate that access to market at the farm gate, the number of local cows and the distance to the nearest city increase the likelihood of market participation by producers and the marketing of surpluses of dairy products. Increases in home consumption lead to decreases in sales and of farmers' participation in milk marketing. To achieve pro-poor rural growth, it is therefore essential to address explicitly the low productivity of dairy cattle, low capital endowments and market accessibility for smallholder farmers.
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15

Bayan, Baban. "Impacts of dairy cooperatives in smallholder dairy production systems: a case study in Assam." Agricultural Economics Research Review 31, no. 1 (2018): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2018.00008.3.

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16

Tawaf, Rochadi, and Fitrya Russanti. "Impact of Production Efficiency and Appropriate Technology to Smallholder Dairy Farm’s Revenue." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1061.

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The research aims to know the influence of appropriate technology toward smallholder dairy farm business revenue and to the technical efficiency of production factors. This research was conducted in Subang district to the members of dairy cooperatives smallholder dairy farmers from the 1stApril to the 30th June 2015. The survey was used to collect the data from 30 respondents, chosen by simple random sampling. The Cobb Douglass analysis was used to determine the appropriate technology as production factors influenced dairy farm revenue. The result showed that the application of appropriate technology feed, cow-shed, breeding and innovation, were significantly affected to the farm revenue (R2=0.823). For production factors, the positive effect of the revenue is show by feed and cow-shed, but the breeding and innovation are not giving effect. The technical efficiency showed that feed had achieved efficiently, drawn from the analysis of return to scale of 1.941. This value shows that the small holder dairy farm is on an increasing return to scale condition which is suitable to develop. Keywords: Dairy Farmer, appropriate technology, revenue and farm business
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17

Bebe, B. O., H. M. J. Udo, and W. Thorpe. "Development of Smallholder Dairy Systems in the Kenya Highlands." Outlook on Agriculture 31, no. 2 (June 2002): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/000000002101293958.

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Kenya is recognized among developing countries for its success in integrating dairy into smallholder farming systems, particularly in the highland areas. The major determinants of this success were colonial history, its favourable agroecology and supportive agricultural policies, and the importance of milk in rural and urban diets. In response to agricultural policies, market opportunities and human population pressure on land, smallholders have changed their farming systems by introducing the Friesian and Ayrshire breeds, keeping smaller herds with fewer heifers but more cows, increasing stocking rates through stall-feeding, growing fodder, purchasing feeds and becoming more dependent on external inputs and services. As a result, they can sell more milk. This increasing intensification, here defined as the use of external inputs and services to increase the output quantity and/or value per unit input, has ensured that more people are maintained per unit of land through increased returns per ha of family land. Because the level of intensification varies with the agroecological potential for cropping and dairying and with the level of milk market access and household resources, recommendations for production practices supporting intensification will be site-specific. Identifying appropriate recommendations will require a thorough understanding of farmers' objectives for keeping cattle.
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Astuti, Melani, Rini Widiati, and Yustina Yuni Suranindyah. "Efisiensi Produksi Usaha Sapi Perah Rakyat (Studi Kasus pada Peternak Anggota Koperasi Usaha Peternakan dan Pemerahan Sapi Perah Kaliurang, Sleman, Yogyakarta) (Production Efficiency of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farming (Case Study on The Farmer Members of." Buletin Peternakan 34, no. 1 (February 21, 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v34i1.108.

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<p>The objective of the study was to investigate rationality and allocative efficiency of the utilisation of production factors in smallholder dairy farmers. The study was conducted from June to August 2009 in the region of UPP Kaliurang cooperative, Sleman, Yogyakarta. There were forty respondents of smallholder dairy farmers taken by purposive sampling method. The primary data were taken from respondents and secondary data were from related institutions. Regression function of Cobb-Douglass model was used to determine the production factor which influenced milk production. Data were analysed based on unit/farmer. Coefficient of regression was estimated with Ordinary Least Square (OLS), further analysis was conducted by allocative efficiency. The result of this study showed that forage, concentrate, land owned/farmer, labor, number of livestock and percentage of lactating cows significantly affected the milk production (R2=0.78). Partially, percentage of lactating cows and total dairy cows had positive effect (P&lt;0.01 and P&lt;0.1) on the milk production of each farmer, however forage and concentrates did not affect the milk production. The result of allocative efficiency test showed that input consisted of forage and concentrates in this study have not achieved efficienly. Technically, the utilisation of production factors had not been rational, it was shown by the production elasticity (Ep) &gt;1 (1.462).</p><p>(Key words: Production of efficiency, Smallholder dairy farming, Factors of production)<br /><br /></p>
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19

Goraga, Zemelak, Asnaku Funga, Tewodros Fekadu, Seid Ali, Gemeda Tuntuna, Zenebe Tesfa, Eyob G. Egziyabher, and Ejigayehu Demisse. "Communal Use of Breeding Bulls on Bull Stations, Natural Mating and Artificial Insemination in Ethiopian Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems." Journal of Biotechnology Research, no. 56 (June 20, 2019): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jbr.56.50.56.

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The study was carried out to characterize Ethiopian smallholder farmers’ practice and indigenous knowledge on bull station service and adoption of different mating systems. A total of 62 respondents were selected from the smallholder dairy farming communities representing three districts in the Oromia region. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select sampling areas and respondents. A standardized questionnaire was used to collect qualitative and quantitative data using person to person interview. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical procedures of SPSS. According to the findings of the study, Ethiopian smallholder dairy farmers are using both bull service and artificial insemination for dairy cattle breeding. The bulls used for mating are either those bulls kept for communal use at bull stations or bulls belong to individual farmers. The sources of all those bulls were research centers (15.5%), NGOs (37.5%), cooperatives (7.8%), born and grown at farmers’ own farms (10%) and other sources (29.2%). About 79% of the interviewed respondents were participants of bull station service and above 63% of them started to participate in less than a decade ago. In bull station, one bull did serve 3 to 30 females per week. In addition to the bull service, considerable numbers of farmers were using artificial insemination. The study revealed that both natural mating and artificial insemination methods are acceptable as appropriate mating systems and have their own advantage and disadvantages. So, bull service can be further adopted as an option for improving dairy production and productivity at smallholder farmers’ level particularly in areas where there is limited access for an efficient AI service. The study provided valuable information that can support the importance of using bull station services and adopt different mating systems to improve dairy cattle production and productivity in smallholder dairy farming systems in Ethiopia.
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20

Burki, Abid A., and Mushtaq A. Khan. "Formal Participation in a Milk Supply Chain and Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Dairy Farms in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i1pp.63-81.

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This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact on technical inefficiency of smallholder dairy producers when they formally participate in a milk supply chain. Here the stochastic production frontier and technical inefficiency effects model are estimated based on the data gathered from 800 smallholder dairy farms in Pakistan. The results suggest that the technical inefficiency of the participating farms is significantly reduced. A strong impact of the supply chain is also detected in reducing technical inefficiency of farms that are located in remote areas and on those that have larger herd-size. Experienced farmers upto the age of 36 years have the advantage of reducing technical inefficiency. The remaining differences in relative inefficiency of dairy farms are accounted for by severe long-term depressive disorders. JEL classification: D24, Q12, Q13, Q18 Keywords: Agri-food Supply Chain, Production Frontiers, Dairy Efficiency, Food Policy, Pakistan
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21

Monica, Mburu, Mugendi Beatrice, Makhoka Anselimo, and Muhoho Simon. "Factors Affecting Kenya Alpine Dairy Goat Milk Production in Nyeri Region." Journal of Food Research 3, no. 6 (October 7, 2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v3n6p160.

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<p>In Kenya use of exotic dairy goats in breeding programmes for smallholder production systems has become popular, but information on the milk production is scarce. A study was carried out to assess the milk yield of dairy goats reared in high potential and semi arid areas of Nyeri County. This involved 190 smallholder farmers rearing Alphine dairy goats in Nyeri County and registered with Dairy Goat association of Kenya (DGAK). Which formed 100% sampling of the population under study. The grade, feeding practices and age of the dairy goats were evaluated. The dairy goat average milk production was 1.90 litres per day, with the appendix grade in Kieni East giving the highest production of 2.69 liters per day while foundation grade in Mukurweini gave the lowest, 0.98 litres per day. The higher milk production in Kieni East, which is a semi arid area, was noted to be due to good feeding practices where 43% of the farmers used concentrates during milking and also 48% supplemented the feed with minerals. In the high potential area of Mukurweini none of the farmers used mineral supplements with only 5% using concentrates during milking. The age of the dam significantly affected the average milk production, with the onset of production being the age of 2.0 years, reaching the peak at the age of 6.5 years. Kieni East, gave the highest production of 4.2 litres at the age of 6 years. The results demonstrated that the low-input farming conditions affected the Alphine goats milk production.</p>
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Musalia, L. M., S. M. M. Wangia, R. S. Shivairo, P. Okutu, and V. Vugutsa. "Dairy production practices among smallholder dairy farmers in Butere/Mumias and Kakamega districts in Western Kenya." Tropical Animal Health and Production 39, no. 3 (April 5, 2007): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-007-9011-7.

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Kabirizi, Jolly, Emma Ziiwa, Swidiq Mugerwa, Jean Ndikumana, and William Nanyennya. "Dry season forages for improving dairy production in smallholder systems in Uganda." Tropical Grasslands - Forrajes Tropicales 1, no. 2 (2013): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(1)212-214.

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24

Kawonga, Bettie S., Mizeck G. G. Chagunda, Timothy N. Gondwe, Sera R. Gondwe, and James W. Banda. "Characterisation of smallholder dairy production systems using animal welfare and milk quality." Tropical Animal Health and Production 44, no. 7 (January 31, 2012): 1429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0083-7.

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Mullins, G., L. Wahome, P. Tsangari, and L. Maarse. "Impacts of intensive dairy production on smallholder farm women in coastal Kenya." Human Ecology 24, no. 2 (June 1996): 231–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02169128.

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Amayi, A. A., T. O. Okeno, M. G. Gicheha, and A. K. Kahi. "Breeding dairy goats for disease resistance is profitable in smallholder production systems." Small Ruminant Research 197 (April 2021): 106337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106337.

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Lemma D, Habtamu, Ashenafi Mengistu, Taddese Kuma, and Berhanu Kuma. "Improving milk safety at farm-level in an intensive dairy production system: relevance to smallholder dairy producers." Food Quality and Safety 2, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fqsafe/fyy009.

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Garg, M. R., B. T. Phondba, P. L. Sherasia, and H. P. S. Makkar. "Carbon footprint of milk production under smallholder dairying in Anand district of Western India: a cradle-to-farm gate life cycle assessment." Animal Production Science 56, no. 3 (2016): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15464.

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In recent years, the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA) has proven to be useful because of its potential to assess the integral environmental impacts of agricultural products. Developing countries such as India are good candidates for LCA research because of the large contribution of smallholder dairy system to the production of agricultural products such as milk. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to explore the carbon footprint of milk production under the multi-functional smallholder dairy system in Anand district of Gujarat state, western India. A cradle-to-farm gate LCA was performed by covering 60 smallholder dairy farms within 12 geographically distinct villages of the district. The average farm size was 4.0 animals per farm, and the average number of each category of animal was 2.5 lactating cows, 1.4 lactating buffaloes, 1.8 replacement cows, 1.6 replacement buffaloes, 2.0 retired cows, 1.3 retired buffaloes and 1.0 ox per farm. The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) on CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) basis from feed production, enteric fermentation and manure management were allocated to fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) on the basis of mass balance, price and digestibility. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from cattle contributed 11.0%, 75.4% and 13.6%, respectively, to the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The contribution of CO2, CH4 and N2O from buffalo was 8.2%, 80.5% and 11.3%, respectively, to the total GHG emissions of farms. The average carbon footprint (CF) of cow milk was 2.3, 1.9 and 2.0 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM on mass, economic and digestibility basis, respectively, whereas for buffalo, milk CF was 3.0, 2.5 and 2.7 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM, respectively. On the basis of digestibility allocation, emissions from retired (>10 years of age and incapable of or ceased producing milk) cows and buffaloes were 1571.3 and 2556.1 kg CO2-eq/retirement year, respectively. Overall, the CF of milk production under the smallholder dairy system in Anand district was 2.2 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM, which reduced to 1.7 kg CO2-eq/kg FPCM when milk, manure, finance and insurance were considered as economic functions of the smallholder system. The CF was lower by 65% and 22% for cow and buffalo milk, respectively, than were the estimates of FAO for southern Asia, and this was mainly attributed to difference in the sources of GHG emissions, manure management systems, feed digestibility and milk production data used by FAO.
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Swai, Emanuel Senyael, and Luuk Schoonman. "The Use of Rose Bengal Plate Test to Asses Cattle Exposure to Brucella Infection in Traditional and Smallholder Dairy Production Systems of Tanga Region of Tanzania." Veterinary Medicine International 2010 (2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/837950.

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A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and to identify risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in traditional and smallholder dairy cattle production systems in the Tanga region of North-eastern Tanzania. The study populations comprised 246 indigenous and 409 crossbred cattle, randomly selected from 105 smallholder dairy and 25 traditional managed herds, respectively. Individual animal and herd-level data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Serum samples were screened forBrucellaantibodies using the Rose Bengal Plate Test The overall seroprevalence ofBrucellaantibodies in the smallholder dairy and traditional managed cattle was 4.1% and 7.3% respectively. The corresponding overall herd prevalence was 10.5% and 20% respectively. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, closeness to stock route, access to surface drinking water and location were identified as the major risk factors for individual herd seroprevalence. Older animals (6 years) were associated with increased risk of sero-positivity compared to animals of age category of 6 years. The results showed that brucellosis is prevalent and widely distributed locally, underscoring the need for further studies including surveillance and institution of preventive and control measures particularly among female young-stock and the general public who are at high risk of contracting brucellosis.
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Dizyee, Kanar, Derek Baker, and Amos Omore. "Upgrading the smallholder dairy value chain: a system dynamics ex-ante impact assessment in Tanzania's Kilosa district." Journal of Dairy Research 86, no. 4 (November 2019): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029919000840.

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AbstractThis paper examines ex-ante impacts of two policy interventions that improve productivity of local-breed cows through artificial insemination (AI) and producers’ access to distant markets through a dairy market hub. The majority of cattle in Kilosa district in Tanzania are local low productivity breeds kept by smallholders and agro-pastoralists. Milk production is seasonal, which constrains producers’ access to distant urban markets, constrains producers’ incomes and restricts profitability in dairy processing. We developed and evaluated an integrated system dynamics (SD) simulation model that captures many relevant feedbacks between the biological dynamics of dairy cattle production, the economics of milk market access, and the impacts of rainfall as an environmental factor. Our analysis indicated that in the short (1 year) and medium (5-year) term, policy interventions have a negative effect on producers’ income due to high AI costs. However, in the long term (5+ years), producers’ income from dairy cattle activities markedly increases (by, on average, 7% per year). The results show the potential for upgrading the smallholder dairy value chain in Kilosa, but achievement of this result may require financial support to producers in the initial stages (first 5 years) of the interventions, particularly to offset AI costs, as well as additional consideration of post-farm value chain costs. Furthermore, institutional aspects of dairy market hub have substantial effects on trade-offs amongst performance measures (e.g. higher profit vs. milk consumption at producer's household) with gain in cumulative profit coming at the expense of a proportional and substantial reduction in home milk consumption.
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Thorpe, W., F. Chabari, S. Maloo, R. Muinga, A. Mukhebi, G. Mullins, J. Mureithi, et al. "Smallholder dairy cattle production in coastal Kenya: resource base assessment and constraint identification." BSAP Occasional Publication 16 (1993): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x0003127x.

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Lobago, F., M. Bekana, H. Gustafsson, and H. Kindahl. "Reproductive performances of dairy cows in smallholder production system in Selalle, Central Ethiopia." Tropical Animal Health and Production 38, no. 4 (May 2006): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4328-1.

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Moll, Henk A. J., Steven J. Staal, and M. N. M. Ibrahim. "Smallholder dairy production and markets: A comparison of production systems in Zambia, Kenya and Sri Lanka." Agricultural Systems 94, no. 2 (May 2007): 593–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2007.02.005.

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34

Ojango, J. M. K., C. B. Wasike, D. K. Enahoro, and A. M. Okeyo. "Dairy production systems and the adoption of genetic and breeding technologies in Tanzania, Kenya, India and Nicaragua." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 59 (December 2016): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633616000096.

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SummaryDevelopment of the livestock industry and its role in poverty alleviation in developing countries depends on how adaptive the production systems are to changing global environmental and economic trends. This paper characterizes dairy production systems in India, Tanzania, Kenya and Nicaragua, and describes the genetic and breeding technologies that hold promise for the advancement of global development goals. The dairy value chain has been prioritized for development under the CGIAR research programme on Livestock and Fish in Tanzania (East Africa), India (South Asia) and Nicaragua (Latin America), while ILRI is involved in research on dairy development in Kenya. In all the countries, a large number of smallholder farmers operating mixed crop–livestock production systems play a significant role in dairy production. In Tanzania, Kenya and Nicaragua, milk is predominantly produced by cattle of genotypes that differ both across countries and among production systems within the same country. In India, buffaloes contribute to a larger proportion of the national milk than cattle. Information on productivity per animal and on optimal genotypes to utilize within the smallholder production systems of all the countries is however limited. Crossbreeding and artificial insemination were identified as the most widely utilized breeding and reproductive technologies. Only in Kenya is there a national organization conducting livestock recording and monitoring productivity, however, the proportion of the dairy cattle population enrolled in the recording system is small (&lt;2.5 percent). In all the countries, enhanced and adequately planned use of breeding and reproductive technologies, complemented with the relevant infrastructure, is needed to sustainably increase dairy productivity. The capacities of actors in the dairy value chain need to be developed in order to properly implement and manage improvements.
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Iqbal, Humera, Anam Afzal, Khizar Hayat, Emma Hand, and David McGill. "Farmer Perception and Resources for Calf Fattening Under Smallholder Production System." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (March 5, 2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036117.

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In Pakistan, smallholder farmers are primarily engaged in dairy farming while keeping beef animals as secondary products. Farmers experience poor production due to lack of focus on beef farming, traditional calf rearing practices and limited resources. The objective of this study was to understand the perceptions of smallholder farming households of beef production and the available resources for farmers to engage in beef fattening to increase overall farm profitability. Data was collected using a focus group discussion approach, from farming households in villages across Punjab (n = 7) and Sindh (n = 8). An integrated framework incorporating gender and value-chain considerations was used as a tool to assess farmer interest, goals and resources for rearing livestock. The data was analyzed using content analysis. The majority of farmers interested in calf fattening were more resource rich, with livestock as their primary source of income. A smaller proportion of farmers, with limited resources, also took interest in calf fattening. Women from a few villages mentioned that they were reluctant to be involved in beef businesses due to an emerging focus on childhood education as well as a lack of agency for livestock sales and control over income. Another factor contributing to farmer perceptions of beef included their enterprise focus (dairy or cropping). Overall, smallholder farmers perceived that calf fattening could be a profitable business if claves were reared properly, had adequate feed resources and good market return. Training and farm support targeting these areas is critical for calf fattening to become a profitable market strategy.
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Marwa, Mwita Erick, John Mburu, Rao Elizaphan James Oburu, Okeyo Mwai, and Susan Kahumbu. "Impact of ICT Based Extension Services on Dairy Production and Household Welfare: The Case of iCow Service in Kenya." Journal of Agricultural Science 12, no. 3 (February 15, 2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v12n3p141.

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Smallholder dairy farmers have the challenges of accessing timely and reliable agricultural information, and this limits them from realizing maximum farm output. The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a farming extension tool by smallholder farmers has the potential to reverse the scenario and improve farmers&rsquo; outputs and incomes leading to increased welfare. This study employed the Propensity score Matching approach to evaluate the impacts of ICT-based extension services, in this case, iCow services on milk production, milk income, and household income using cross-sectional data from a survey of dairy farmers in Uasin Gishu, Nyandarua and Bomet counties of Kenya. The use of ICT-based iCow services is shown to increase Annual milk production per cow, milk income, and household income by 13%, 29%, and 22%, respectively. Partnerships between network providers and research institutes should be encouraged as part of bridging the extension gap occasioned by reduced public expenditure on extension services.
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HAKUZIMANA, Janvier, Divin Jean Paul Munyambonera, and Jean de Dieu Habimana. "The Carbon Footprint Of Smallholder Dairy Farming In Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review." International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies 25, no. 1 (March 6, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.52155/ijpsat.v25.1.2737.

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Agriculture sector is one of major sources of income and livelihood to many populations of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Over the past years animal production has been playing a vital role not only in generating revenues to farmers but also as a source of high qualitative proteins and essential micronutrients (i.e iron, zinc and vitamins) and boosting the agricultural productivity due to its importance in farmyards organic fertilization (i.e manure). Livestock production and Milk market in SSA are dominated by smallholder dairy farming (SDF) which employ nearly 70% of all livestock farmers. Despite its positive impact on people and SSA countries’ economy, SDF has been the major fastest growing agricultural contributors of GHG emissions such as CH4, N2O and CO2 (i.e 9t CO2e per tonne of milk; the highest in the world compared to other regions) thus accelerating global warming effect.Although several articles have investigated the impacts of livestock production on climate change, to the best of our knowledge the existing literature doesn’t contain any studies that provide insight review of smallholder dairy farming’s carbon footprint (CF) in SSA. This review paper is therefore aimed at critical analysis of current knowledge in terms of CF of smallholder dairy farming in SSA and effective mitigation strategies (dietary, manure and animal management) recently proposed to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions from ruminants. SSA was selected because of rapid rise of SDF in the region therefore it is expected to rapidly increase its GHG emissions in future if no sustainable measures are taken.The critical analysis, what is known and gaps in SDF from this review will help to inform the farmers, researchers, decision and policy makers interested in GHG emissions thus to provide the next direction in research and improvement of the sector for sustainability. Capacity building for raising awareness among farmers was identified as paramount to better understand the issue and the options to mitigate emissions on-farm. As longer as adaptation and mitigation strategies become paramount on national and regional agenda, SDF will make significant contribution to economies, improved livelihood and become sustainable livestock production systems in SSA at large.
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Minjauw, B., H. G. Muriuki, and D. Romney. "Development of Farmer Field School methodology for smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya." BSAP Occasional Publication 33 (2004): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1463981500041820.

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Considering the escalating population growth, shrinking grazing land and increased demand for animal products, sustainable livestock production through improved management is critical to the issue of food security and poverty alleviation in most developing countries. The challenge facing the research and extension services in these countries is to increase productivity in the livestock sector while sustaining and enhancing the productive potential of the available natural resources.
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Rayas-Amor, A. A., P. Dorward, T. Rehman, F. L. Mould, and O. A. Castelan-Ortega. "Linear and quadratic models as predictors of dry matter production and nutritive value of pastures located in the central plateau of Mexico." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200029987.

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Approximately 80% of all production costs are related to the purchase of forages and other feeds in dairy enterprises in Mexico. Resource poor, smallholder (campesino) systems are heavily reliant on the use of maize stover, noncultivated/cultivated grass species and weeds to feed their dairy cattle, thus a nutritional understanding of local forage resources would be of considerable economic benefit. The objective of this study was to develop predictive models of herbage production and nutrient composition of four non-cultivated pastures (NcP), in order to minimise the cost of sample analysis and improve the utilisation of local forage resources in dairy enterprises.
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Buaphun, S., P. Skunmun, S. Prasanpanich, N. Buathong, and C. Chantalakhana. "Costs and Returns in Raising Male Calves from Smallholder Dairy Farms for Beef Production." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2000): 1461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2000.1461.

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41

Devendra, C. "Smallholder Dairy Production Systems in Developing Countries : Characteristics, Potential and Opportunities for Improvement - Review -." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2001.104.

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42

Amayi, A. A., T. O. Okeno, M. G. Gicheha, and A. K. Kahi. "Breeding systems for genetic improvement of dairy goats in smallholder production systems in Kenya." Small Ruminant Research 144 (November 2016): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.09.017.

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43

Muraguri, G. R., A. McLeod, and N. Taylor. "Estimation of Milk Production from Smallholder Dairy Cattle in the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya." Tropical Animal Health and Production 36, no. 7 (2004): 673–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:trop.0000042850.73205.93.

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44

Suzuki, K., M. Kanameda, S. Tachibana, T. Ogawa, T. T. S. Dang, and D. U. Pfeiffer. "Temporal dynamics of dairy health and production in rural smallholder communities in Northern Vietnam." Tropical Animal Health and Production 38, no. 5 (July 2006): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-006-4336-1.

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45

Nalianya, Gregory Wafula, Jacob W. Wakhungu, and Dr Nicodemus O. Nyandiko. "Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Smallholder Dairy Cattle Production in Bungoma, Kenya." International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications (IJSRP) 10, no. 12 (December 24, 2020): 725–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/ijsrp.10.12.2020.p10886.

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46

Kimani, David. "Risk and Social Interactions in the Adoption of Improved Dairy Breeds by Smallholder Farmers in Kenya." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 20 (July 31, 2017): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n20p80.

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This study investigates the role of production risk and social interaction in the adoption of improved dairy breeds by smallholder farmers in Kenya. In agricultural production outputs are uncertain and they may turn out to be favorable or unfavorable. Therefore, farmers may not always get what they expect to produce. Deviation from expected output constitutes production risk. This form of risk is said to hinder the adoption of yield increasing technologies. Farmers rarely have complete information about the performance of new agricultural technologies. Lack of perfect information about the performance of new technologies may as well hinder adoption. To fill the information gap farmers seek to acquire information through formal and informal sources. Informal sources include social interations with peers and neighbors. Flexible moments method is used to derive production risk variables. While mean values of selected variables of a reference group defined at village level are used as proxies for social interactions. The study applies three different methods, probit, two-stage instrumental variable, and Control function on cross-sectional data collected from a sample of 373 smallholder farmers to evaluate role of risk and social interactions in the adoption of improved dairy breeds. The finding shows that endogenous social Interactions as measure by proportion of improved breeds’ adopters in a reference group have positive and significant effect on adoption of improved dairy breeds. Production risk as measured by variance and skewness of milk output is found to have negative and significant effects of adoption of improved dairy breeds.
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Nyambo, Devotha G., Edith T. Luhanga, Zaipuna O. Yonah, and Fidalis D. N. Mujibi. "Application of Multiple Unsupervised Models to Validate Clusters Robustness in Characterizing Smallholder Dairy Farmers." Scientific World Journal 2019 (January 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1020521.

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The heterogeneity of smallholder dairy production systems complicates service provision, information sharing, and dissemination of new technologies, especially those needed to maximize productivity and profitability. In order to obtain homogenous groups within which interventions can be made, it is necessary to define clusters of farmers who undertake similar management activities. This paper explores robustness of production cluster definition using various unsupervised learning algorithms to assess the best approach to define clusters. Data were collected from 8179 smallholder dairy farms in Ethiopia and Tanzania. From a total of 500 variables, selection of the 35 variables used in defining production clusters and household membership to these clusters was determined by Principal Component Analysis and domain expert knowledge. Three clustering algorithms, K-means, fuzzy, and Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), were compared in terms of their grouping consistency and prediction accuracy. The model with the least household reallocation between clusters for training and testing data was deemed the most robust. Prediction accuracy was obtained by fitting a model with fixed effects model including production clusters on milk yield, sales, and choice of breeding method. Results indicated that, for the Ethiopian dataset, clusters derived from the fuzzy algorithm had the highest predictive power (77% for milk yield and 48% for milk sales), while for the Tanzania data, clusters derived from Self-Organizing Maps were the best performing. The average cluster membership reallocation was 15%, 12%, and 34% for K-means, SOM, and fuzzy, respectively, for households in Ethiopia. Based on the divergent performance of the various algorithms evaluated, it is evident that, despite similar information being available for the study populations, the uniqueness of the data from each country provided an over-riding influence on cluster robustness and prediction accuracy. The results obtained in this study demonstrate the difficulty of generalizing model application and use across countries and production systems, despite seemingly similar information being collected.
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Al Sidawi, Rami, Teo Urushadze, and Angelika Ploeger. "Factors and Components Affecting Dairy Smallholder Farmers and the Local Value Chain— Kvemo Kartli as an Example." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105749.

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Smallholder farmers are the cornerstone of the livestock sector and an essential element in building and developing the local dairy value chain, critical for developing its local economy. In Georgia, and despite the efforts made since independence from the Soviet Union until now, farmers still face many problems that prevent them from participating effectively in developing the dairy value chain, especially heavy metal pollution that afflicts the study region. This research study refers to smallholder farmers’ viewpoints in the Kvemo Kartli region on the dairy production sector and the problems these farmers face. This study also investigates the effect of several factors (ethical factors, traditions, animal welfare, cultural factors, etc.) on the dairy value chain. The convergence model was used in the mixed-method approach’s triangular design as a methodology for this research study. As part of the social data, 140 farmers who produce and sell milk and cheese in the Kvemo Kartli region were interviewed. The results showed the influence of the ethical, cultural, and traditional factors in developing the value chain. The results also showed the problems and difficulties small farmers face in rural areas, on the one hand, and the gap between these farmers and governmental and private organisations on the other hand. These results are compared to those of a previous study, where interviews with experts in Georgia’s dairy production sector were performed.
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Duguma, Belay. "A survey of management practices and major diseases of dairy cattle in smallholdings in selected towns of Jimma zone, south-western Ethiopia." Animal Production Science 60, no. 15 (2020): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an19079.

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Context Smallholder dairy farming is becoming an important source of food, income and employment for many urban dwellers in Ethiopia. However, suboptimal productivity is a major constraint due to diseases and poor management practices. Aims The present work aimed at assessing management practices, dairy cattle diseases, and methods used by farmers to identify diseases on smallholdings in selected towns of Jimma zone, south-western Ethiopia. Methods Data for the study were obtained by surveying 52 dairy-keeping farmers by using a semi-structured questionnaire and personal observations. Key results The mean herd size of indigenous and crossbred cattle was 5 ± 0.04 and 2 ± 0.4 respectively. Natural pasture was the main source of feed with supplementation, mainly with agro-industrial by-products, concentrate mixes, non-conventional feeds and crop residues. In total, 75% of the respondents practiced a free-grazing system. Most (64%) of the respondents used natural service for breeding. In all, 64% and 35% of the respondents washed their hands and the teats respectively, before milking. In the order of decreasing percentage of respondents, the most frequently reported dairy cattle health problems were tick infestation, mastitis, lumpy skin disease, blackleg, heart water, facioliasis, trypanosomiasis, foot-and-mouth disease, pasteurellosis, brucellosis and anthrax. Repeated breeding, retained fetal membranes, abortion, stillbirths and dystocia were the common reproductive health problems, in a decreasing order of the reported percentage. Lumpy skin disease was reported as a major cause of calf and lactating-cow deaths. A total of 89% of the respondents used veterinary medicines to treat their sick animals. About 24% of the respondents stated culling of their animals due to old age, lack of space, infertility, feed shortage, need for cash and low production, in a decreasing order of importance. Conclusions The results showed farmers are well knowledgeable in cattle production practices and are actually mitigating effects of most disease challenges in their farms, which may have resulted in low milk productivity. Implications The farmers in the current study had some knowledge of milk production activities that may be recommended for similar settings, especially on how to manage dairy cattle production under smallholder farms, obviously including the occurrence of diseases, which they are managing appropriately with available technologies including vaccines and treatment. These could be used as baseline data by dairy stakeholders and policy makers during the formulation and implementation of policies for sustainable growth and development of smallholder dairy for similar settings.
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Sarker, NR, F. Tabassum D. Yeasmin, MA Habib, and MR Amin. "A case study on year round fodder production scheme for smallholder dairy producers in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research 26, no. 1-2 (October 25, 2020): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v26i1-2.49940.

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This study was undertaken to develop a year round fodder production model for small scale dairy farmers. Five pregnant dairy cows of Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) genotype were selected. For rearing five cows, 66 decimal of land was selected from existing fodder plots under Pachutia Research Farm at Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI), Savar, Dhaka. The selected land was divided into two parts (33 decimal in each). One part was brought under perennial (Napier-4 and Splendida) and the 2nd part of land for seasonal (Maize & Matikalai) fodder production. Data on live weight and live weight gain of cows, birth weight of calves, feed intake, milk production, actual biomass yield for both perennial and seasonal fodder, yearly manure production were recorded and calculated. Napier-4 grass, splendida, maize, straw, silage were supplied to the experimental cows according to the seasonal availability in different months. Concentrate mixture were also supplied consisting of wheat bran, kheshari (red gram), soybean meal, maize crushed, til oil cake, DCP and common salt. Economics of the model revealed that considering the sale of milk, calves and manure and cost included only feed and land leased, a farm/family rearing 5 indigenous dairy cows with his/her family labours, he/she could earn around BDT 98 thousand in a year (1$ = 85 BDT) and the benefit cost ratio of the model on total variable cost and total cost were 1.86 and 1.66, respectively. Therefore, it may be recommended that a farmer having 5 adult dairy cows with 66 decimal land under fodder cultivation may earn substantial share of his/her family income as small-scale rural dairying. Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 89-102
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