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Merkel, Roger. "Smallholder Livestock Commercialization." Indonesian Bulletin of Animal and Veterinary Sciences 29, no. 1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/wartazoa.v29i1.1952.
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The world’s population is expected to grow by over 30% by 2050, putting tremendous strain on agriculture to produce the estimated additional one billion tons of cereal grains and 200 million tons of meat to feed that population. Most of the population growth will occur in Africa and Asia where the majority of smallholder farms are located. Commercialization of smallholder farms can lead to increased productivity. Producer identified constraints to commercialization include infrastructure, poor knowledge of market prices, limited access to banking services and loan opportunities, and poor extension services, among others. To overcome these constraints will take actions by various sectors. Producer must become more market oriented and take advantage of current technologies to improve production. Government organizations should develop ways to build farmer capacity in market and production activities. Research institutes and universities must conduct research to drive innovation, help farmers to apply technologies, and develop means to enhance producer knowledge. Making loans and banking services available to farmers is a main role of the private sector. The private sector can also partner with producers on marketing and market access.
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Zuza, Emmanuel Junior, Kadmiel Maseyk, Shonil Bhagwat, Andrew Emmott, Will Rawes, and Yoseph Negusse Araya. "Review of Macadamia Production in Malawi: Focusing on What, Where, How Much Is Produced and Major Constraints." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020152.
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Macadamia is an essential commodity crop in Malawi. The nuts are a lucrative commodity and are used for household consumption, income generation among farming families and as a foreign exchange earning crop at country-level. Macadamia production in Malawi has increased significantly in recent years. Malawi is the seventh top producer of macadamia nuts valued at £23.5 million, with a global market share of 3%. In 2018, the country was the fourth-largest exporter of macadamia nuts that were valued at £18.2 million. The majority (90%) of this crop was grown by large commercial estates with smallholder’s production only contributing about 10% of the total crop production. However, the smallholder sector is vital for the future growth of the macadamia sector in the country. Further, Malawian smallholders consider macadamia production as a low-input crop with large returns per unit area (£10.7 kg−1 ha−1), and it thus a lucrative commodity with high potential for poverty reduction and wealth creation among these farming families. This paper, therefore, explores: (i) the historical and current trends in macadamia nut production in Malawi; (ii) analyses the country’s macadamia value chain focusing on smallholder farmer contributions; and (iii) discusses the constraints of smallholder macadamia production in Malawi for informed policymaking. We conclude that the synthesis of the Malawian macadamia sub-sector provides an understanding of the vital contributions of macadamia to Malawi’s economic growth and improvement of livelihoods.
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Chalil, Diana, and Riantri Barus. "Is certification an effective tool to improve smallholdings’ performance?" E3S Web of Conferences 211 (2020): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021105004.
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Oil palm smallholders have rapidly grown but their performance is relatively low compared to other producer groups. One of the programs that are expected to address this is certification. However, only a small percentage of smallholders received the certification in practice. This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of certification to improve smallholder oil palm plantations’ performance. The study was conducted in North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Riau. Data were collected from 707 sample smallholders. Performance is measured from economic aspects, namely productivity, selling prices, fertilizer usage and harvest criteria, and environmental aspects, namely waste treatment and paraquat pesticide usage. The data were then analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test and the One-Sample t-test. The results show significant differences in productivity and selling prices between the plasma and other smallholder groups, but not between the certified and non-certified ones. The results also show significant differences in the waste treatment between the certified and non-certified groups, but not in paraquat pesticides. Therefore, it can be concluded that certification cannot improve smallholder oil palm plantations’ performance if not followed by intensive and sustainable partnership assistance.
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Hutabarat, Sakti, Maja Slingerland, and Liesbeth Dries. "Explaining the “Certification Gap” for Different Types of Oil Palm Smallholders in Riau Province, Indonesia." Journal of Environment & Development 28, no. 3 (2019): 253–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496519854505.
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Indonesia is the world’s largest producer of palm oil, and its smallholder oil palm plantations involve more than 2.3 million farmers. The rapid expansion of the oil palm area, and resulting negative environmental and social impacts, has increased the demand for sustainability certification for palm oil products. This study investigates whether different types of smallholders face different barriers in complying with certification standards. The study uses survey data from 829 smallholders in Riau, Sumatra. First, an assessment is made of the gap between current management practices and practices required by Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil standards for different types of smallholders. Second, the article explores explanations for the gap between current and required practices. Finally, an investigation is made of the different starting points of different types of smallholders. Results indicate that the diversity between smallholders affects their prospects for certification. To date, this diversity in smallholders has not been taken into account in the application of Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil standards. This can help to explain the limited success of smallholder certifications in Indonesia.
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Endalew, Birara, Mezegebu Aynalem, Fenta Assefa, and Zemen Ayalew. "Determinants of Wheat Commercialization among Smallholder Farmers in Debre Elias Woreda, Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2020 (August 6, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2195823.
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Even though wheat commercialization has got great emphasis, smallholder farmers face challenges to participate in the wheat market. As a result, understanding the intensity of smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization and factors affecting wheat commercialization has vital importance to tackle the problem. Consequently, this study was undertaken in northwestern Ethiopia to measure smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization and analyze factors that hamper wheat commercialization in the study area. For this purpose, a systematic sampling technique has been employed to select a total of 154 smallholder wheat producer household heads. A semistructured questionnaire has been used as a principal primary data collection method. Similarly, the output commercialization index and the beta regression model have been employed for data analysis. The result of the study showed that 23.4%, 51.9%, and 24.7% of smallholder farmers were subsistence, semicommercialized, and commercialized, respectively. The result indicated that the majority of smallholder farmers are semicommercial wheat producers. Moreover, the beta regression result indicated that educational status, number of oxen, land size allocated to wheat production, farming experience in wheat production, extension service, and market distance are major factors for smallholder farmer’s wheat commercialization. Therefore, an attempt to increase smallholder farmers’ wheat commercialization should give special priority for significant explanatory variables.
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Sita, Kralawi, Sunarru Samsi Hariadi, and Subejo Subejo. "The Role of Tea Farmer Group in Tea Smallholder Downstream Supply Chain Cooperatives in West Java Province, Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (2017): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1059.
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West Java Province is the center of the largest tea producer in Indonesia, includes its tea smallholders. The existence of tea farmer groups as main actor on tea agribusiness plays important and strategic role in realizing sustainability business unit for tea smallholder downstream supply chain. This study aims to: (1) describes the role of tea farmer groups on tea smallholder downstream supply chain; 2) describes the development of tea smallholder downstream supply chain cooperatives. The main method of this study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data was collected by in depth interview and focus group discussion (FGD). Data sources were analyzed by used analysis triangulation. The results shown that a few active tea farmer groups in West Java, can successful run the role of group as a business unit in downstream supply chain that has changed its member’s behavior in tea selling activity, improved the member’s income, improved the value added of tea smallholder product, improved the transfer of simple processing technology of tea production, encouraged the local tea product creation, improved tea promotion with government support, and built network in market. In develop sustainability tea supply chain cooperatives, tea farmer groups together joint in tea farmer group association (Gapoktan) to built own factory and village unit cooperative (Koperasi), built network and make a partnerships with government, private plantation, tea factories, and stores. The challenges of tea farmers groups in downstream supply chain are capital, tea prices, and policy that pro tea smallholder. So, sustainable assistance and extension to tea farmer groups important needed. Keywords: role, tea farmer group, downstream, supply chain, cooperative
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Akmal, Atqo, Warto Warto, and Sariyatun Sariyatun. "The Rapid Growth of Coconut Estates in Indragiri Hilir 1980s – 1990s." Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 5, no. 2 (2020): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v5i2.23594.
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Coconut estate is one of the vital agriculture sub-sectors in Indonesia because it has an important role in absorbing employment. In the early 20th century, Netherland Indies was one of the major copra exporters globally, and the eastern region of Nusantara contributed as the leading producer. However, in the 1930s – 1950s, the coconut-based economy's contraction phase in the eastern region had weakened the whole production. The Indonesian government tried to recover coconut estates and its economic market through several efforts, such as rehabilitating smallholder coconut estates, recovering copra trading, and starting coconut industrialization. Used historical research methods, this article described the shifting of Indonesia coconut-based economy from the past center of trade and production, in the eastern region of Indonesia, to a recent major producer and industry cluster in the Indragiri Hilir, Riau Province. In the 1980s – 1990s, the government efforts to improve coconut commodities have led to shifting the Indonesian coconut-based economy to Indragiri Hilir. Several policies issued by the government such as Smallholder Coconut Development Project, Proyek Peremajaan Rehabilitasi dan Perluasan Tanaman Ekspor (PRPTE), Nucleus Estate Smallholder (NES), Nucleus Estate Smallholder Transmigration (NES-Trans), and the local government funding, as well as the liberalization of coconut trading regulation, had stimulated rapid growth of coconut estates in Indragiri Hilir. Even though several schemes and governments attempt to develop smallholder coconut estates, the expansion rate was mostly dominated by self-funded smallholder coconut estates. During the 1980s – 1990s, the increasing demand for coconut from large-scale processing industries had attracted the smallholder to cultivate coconut.
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Smith, Vincent H. "Producer Insurance and Risk Management Options for Smallholder Farmers: Table 1." World Bank Research Observer 31, no. 2 (2016): 271–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkw002.
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Veettil, Prakashan Chellattan, Yashodha, and Judit Johny. "Group contracts and sustainability: Experimental evidence from smallholder seed production." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (2021): e0255176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255176.
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Contract farming in seed production has played an instrumental role in bringing private investment into seed research and production. As developing countries have predominantly small and marginal farmers, the number of inefficiencies that arise from seed contractual agreements hinders producers from realizing the full potential benefits from seed contracts. We carried out an economic experiment with real producers and organizers currently engaged in seed production to analyze their preference for group seed contracts, its sustainability and welfare implications in the seed value chain. The producers are offered two types of group contracts: B and C. Contract B involves a company-organizer-seed producer group (SPG) whereas contract C removes the organizer and directly engages with the SPG (company → SPG). In the experiment, producers are asked to choose between an existing contract and either of the proposed group contracts. The experiment consists of two treatments: (i) concealed and revealed price information between agents, and (ii) presence and absence of a local organizer while making the decision. We find that the preference for group contract B is higher than for group contract C, suggesting the need for producers bargaining which can be achieved through group contract in the existing contract, Bargaining is high (6.3 percentage points) when price information is concealed. SPGs survive for about four out of five rounds and more than half of the groups (53%) formed in the first round survived throughout the five rounds, indicating a very high group sustainability.
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Wouterse, F., and G. N. Francesconi. "Organisational health and performance: an empirical assessment of smallholder producer organisations in Africa." Journal on Chain and Network Science 16, no. 1 (2016): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jcns2016.x002.
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We use recent data from 253 smallholder producer organisations (SPOs) in Ethiopia, Malawi and Senegal, factor and regression analysis to define organisational health, understand its determinants and relate health to performance. We find that latent health evolves according to a life cycle and that start up incentives and design rules are important determinants of an organisation’s progression through this life cycle. Health, in turn, is found to explain SPO performance measured in terms of profits. Healthier and more profitable SPOs are those with an economic justification at establishment, those initially pursuing defensive objectives and those SPOs that have put in place a strategy for capital formation. More educated presidents contribute to the health of an SPO but it is also shown that when the president of the SPO is female, profits are lower while the organisation is not healthier.
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Adugna, Marelign, Mengistu Ketema, Degye Goshu, and Sisay Debebe Kaba. "Vegetable Market Performance in Smallholders Production System: The Case of Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia." Business, Management and Economics Research, no. 53 (March 20, 2019): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/bmer.53.40.48.
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Lake Tana basin is one of the most potential vegetable production areas in Ethiopia. However, production in this region has been carried out at smallholders’ level with poor marketing infrastructure. Hence, this study was aimed to examine the structure and performance of vegetable marketing in the Lake Tana basin. Multistage random sampling mixed with non probability sampling techniques were employed to collect data from 385 smallholder vegetable producing farmers and 107 vegetable traders from three districts and two major town markets. Data were analyzed using market structure and performance indicators. The result of the analysis showed that market structure in the study area could be characterized by weak oligopolistic market with little chance of market participants to influence market price. Storage loss and transport cost were found the two largest cost components of vegetable marketing in the study area. Net marketing margin and producers’ share of the consumers’ price could be improved by shortening the distance between the producer and urban consumer or reducing the intermediaries involved. Establishing farmers’ group marketing with communication access together with least cost storage and transport technologies should be encouraged to improve vegetable marketing performance.
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Gurmis Belayneh, Nigus. "Determinants of Smallholder teff Producer Farmers Market Participation in Merhabete District, Amhara Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Agricultural Economics 4, no. 4 (2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijae.20190404.11.
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Ubertino, Simone, Patrick Mundler, and Lota D. Tamini. "The Adoption of Sustainable Management Practices by Mexican Coffee Producers." Sustainable Agriculture Research 5, no. 4 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v5n4p1.
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<p>In order to maintain optimal growing conditions on coffee plots, producers in Mexico are encouraged to renovate their stock of coffee trees, use fertilizer, implement soil conservation measures and manage shade levels. The adoption of these sustainable management practices (SMPs) by smallholder coffee growers has become an important rural development objective, especially as a way to overcome low yields, poverty and land degradation. However, adoption rates for SMPs remain below expected levels, a situation that potentially threatens the long- term viability of the coffee sector in Mexico. To better understand the choices made by producers, a multivariate probit technique was used which modelled the adoption of possibly interrelated SMPs using data from a survey of 119 coffee producers. The analysis reveals that adoption of SMPs is related to the size of coffee holdings, the socio-economic characteristics of producers and the role of social capital, the latter being a key factor in the overall adoption process. Surprisingly, government subsidies to coffee growers were not tied to higher adoption rates, suggesting the need for policy reforms in order to better facilitate the uptake of new practices. The results indicate that efforts aimed at strengthening local institutions and organizing coffee growers into producer associations could increase the adoption of SMPs in smallholder coffee systems.</p>
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Mutersbaugh, Tad. "The Number is the Beast: A Political Economy of Organic-Coffee Certification and Producer Unionism." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 7 (2002): 1165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3435.
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The author argues that organic-coffee certification enacted under the rubric of transnational certification norms alters the logic and practice of economic management and governance in an Oaxacan (Mexican) peasant producers' union. As the title indicates, these changes are productive of social and economic tensions. An economic and ethnographic analysis of ‘certification labor’ demonstrates (a) that the work of certification is distributed within producer organizations such that village and regional leaders become burdened by significant new responsibilities, and (b) that practical changes—including a new producer logic (‘market-price interdependence’) and village certification-service providers (‘peasant inspectors’ and ‘community technical officers’)—have a significant qualitative impact upon household and village economic governance. In addition, certification (c) affects the operation of statewide producer unions, altering the ways in which these interact both with their member organizations and with certifiers: unions must intervene to aid (regional) member organizations in their efforts to certify, yet also find that certification norms, such as conflict-of-interest provisions, constrain the union's ability to promote producer interests. Thus a qualification to an organic and ethical-products literature that conflates quality certification with the protection of smallholder cultural and economic independence is provided. The author concludes that a rethinking of certification norms, together with efforts to assist producer certification, should be a priority for supporters of sustainable agriculture.
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Mariyono, Joko, Jaka Waskito, Apri Kuntariningsih, Gunistiyo Gunistiyo, and Sumarno Sumarno. "Distribution channels of vegetable industry in Indonesia: impact on business performance." International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 69, no. 5 (2019): 963–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijppm-11-2018-0382.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the distribution channels of vegetable sectors in Indonesia, its economic impact on the performance of vegetable sales and the factors affecting marketing channels selected by producers. Design/methodology/approach The study employed qualitative and quantitative methods. A market survey was qualitatively conducted at producer, intermediary, wholesaler, hotel and food processing company as well as retailer levels. Producer survey was quantitatively conducted at the farm level, by interviewing 556 randomly selected farm households. Structural equation modelling was employed to accomplish the objectives of the study. Findings Marketing channels for vegetables in Indonesia was complex and relatively long. Farmers decided to select particular channels because of business circumstance and their knowledge. Distance and gentleman’s agreement with traders limited farmers to choose the desirable marketing channel. Marketing channels affect business performance in terms of high sales and profit. Research limitations/implications This study only pays attention to the supply side of vegetables. The effect of marketing channels also encumbers the consumers, which are beyond this study. Other studies are expected to highlight the consumer side. Originality/value This study focused on smallholder agribusiness players. This study uses two surveys as data sources: market survey and producer survey. The market survey serves as vital information to design producer surveys.
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Fauzi, Iif Rahmat, and Lindawati Lindawati. "RESPON PETANI KARET THAILAND, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, VIETNAM, INDIA, DAN LAOS MENGHADAPI RENDAHNYA HARGA KARET." Jurnal Agro Estate 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47199/jae.v5i1.189.
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In several years ago, the natural rubber price shows a negative trend. This condition make a rubber smallholder face difficulties in life. This paper study the efforts made by rubber smallholder to face low rubber prices. Methods in this paper used descriptive analysis with literature studies of the efforts undertaken by rubber smallholder in several rubber producer countries, especially in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, India, and Laos to face low rubber price. This study show that the alternative effort undertaken by rubber smallholder to face low rubber price generally was 1) management of cost production by reduced fertilizer and others factor production which no disturbed rubber income; 2) develop other crops by intercropping technique on rubber interrow; 3) looking for side jobs such as construction laborers, public transportation drivers, opening stalls and catching fish; 4) take of loans to maintain the standard of household living; 5) implement a joint marketing system to obtain a better rubber price; 6 continue to tapping as usual and trying to access the government assistance programs that were oriented towards the sustainability of rubber agribusiness; 7) selling or renting out some of the old rubber land that is no longer productive; 8) carry out new plantings with or without government assistance. The alternative strategy that is considered the most relevant in dealing with low rubber prices and supporting the sustainability of natural rubber agribusiness at this time is the intercropping strategy
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Reed, Graeme, and Gordon M. Hickey. "Contrasting innovation networks in smallholder agricultural producer cooperatives: Insights from the Niayes Region of Senegal." Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management 4, no. 2 (2016): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2016.09.001.
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Getnet, Kindie, Wim Verbeke, and Jacques Viaene. "Feasibility of On-Farm Commercial Grain Storage in the Smallholder Agriculture of Ethiopia." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 1 (2005): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053295123.
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This study investigates the feasibility of on-farm temporal arbitrage for two major food crops in Ethiopia as a strategy to raise and stabilize the income of smallholder farmers under competitive liberalized agricultural market conditions. Descriptive techniques are used to identify the temporal behaviour of producer prices, with the objective of detecting any identifiable and regular seasonal patterns that could be used as a basis to plan on-farm temporal arbitrage. Next, the identified temporal behaviours are tested for stability. Once stable temporal price behaviours are confirmed, the feasibility of on-farm temporal arbitrage is investigated by comparing values of the monthly ‘gross real return to storage’ with threshold and tripled storage-cost scenarios at farm level. The results reveal that on-farm temporal arbitrage is economically feasible for the majority of months in a year in the case of the threshold cost scenario and for about six months in the case of the most pessimistic cost scenario. Based on this empirical evidence, on-farm temporal arbitrage should be promoted as a policy strategy to raise and stabilize the income of smallholder farmers. By doing so, the incentives of smallholder farmers could be improved to increase food-crop productivity and, eventually, their food-security status.
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Aziz, Nurul Fathiah, Norshamliza Chamhuri, and Peter J. Batt. "Barriers and Benefits Arising from the Adoption of Sustainable Certification for Smallholder Oil Palm Producers in Malaysia: A Systematic Review of Literature." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (2021): 10009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810009.
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Malaysia is the world’s second largest producer of palm oil, which, not unexpectedly, is one of the largest contributors to the country’s GDP. However, the Malaysian palm oil industry faces numerous issues, including a boycott for imports into the European Union (EU) on the basis that Malaysia does not allegedly practice good agriculture, fails to meet sustainability standards and exploits labor rights. To overcome the situation, the Government of Malaysia is strongly committed to implementing good agricultural practices that meet international sustainability standards through sustainable certification. To facilitate the adoption of sustainable certification by smallholder palm oil producers, through a comprehensive review of the literature, this study seeks to identify the social, environmental and economic benefits derived from sustainable certification.
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Lochner, Kayla A., and Intan S. Wahyoe. "Localised safety nets: reflections on how Fairtrade smallholder producer organisations in Asia responded to COVID-19." Australian Journal of Human Rights 26, no. 3 (2020): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1323238x.2021.1901331.
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de Boer, Diederik, Gigi Limpens, Amzul Rifin, and Nunung Kusnadi. "Inclusive productive value chains, an overview of Indonesia’s cocoa industry." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 5 (2019): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-09-2018-0131.
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Purpose The inclusiveness of smallholder cocoa farmers in the international cocoa value chain is addressed in the context of institutional voids through linkages with different business models in the region of Bali, West-Sumatra and West-Sulawesi. Being the third highest producer of cocoa, local farmers have a high dependency on cocoa cultivation; however, they lack policies that foster and reward sustainable high-quality cocoa according to international standards. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach An explanatory multiple-case study design assessed the relevance of partnerships in contributing to sustainable local development and inclusiveness for smallholder farmers. The selected business models, business supported, NGO supported and government supported, are evaluated through improved access to finance, training, technology, subsidized inputs and markets. Findings The paper found that a linkage with a business-supported model, here BT COCOA, achieves the best results in terms of improved yields, quality and farmer’s welfare, indicating improved inclusiveness via successful process upgrading. Yet, future cooperation between stakeholders should improve on access to information and finance. Research limitations/implications The research is a relative research, comparing three models of inclusiveness within one sector (cocoa) in predefined regions of Indonesia. Future research should test the proposed propositions in other agricultural sectors. Practical implications The paper showcases the effect of support model affiliation for smallholder farmer inclusiveness and the circumvention of institutional voids. It selects the business model as best suitable to achieve smallholder inclusiveness, as well a need to prioritize institutional voids. Originality/value The research is assessing three models addressing inclusiveness applying value chain assessment tools to measure inclusiveness.
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Lanka, Sanjay V., Iqbal Khadaroo, and Steffen Böhm. "Agroecology accounting: biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods from the margins." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 7 (2017): 1592–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-12-2015-2363.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a socio-ecological counter account of the role that agroecology plays in supporting the sustainable livelihoods of a co-operative of smallholder coffee farmers, where very little value is created at their end of the coffee commodity chain. Agroecology may be defined as the science that provides the ecological principles and concepts for the design and management of productive agricultural ecosystems that conserve natural resources. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a case study design of a coffee-producing co-operative in India using data collected from participant observation, focus groups and unstructured interviews with indigenous smallholder farmers. It combines the science of agroecology with the labour theory of value as a theoretical framework. Findings An agroecological approach supports agricultural biodiversity, while promoting sustainable livelihoods since members of the co-operative are able to reduce their use of external inputs. However, an agroecological transformation is curtailed by the continued dependence on corporate value chains. A framework using the labour theory of value is used to explain the extraction of surplus value from the labour of both the smallholder farmers as well as nature. This study provides evidence of the role of government policy and practice in perpetuating the status quo by not promoting either research on agroecology or direct consumer to producer value chains while providing subsidies for the inputs of industrial agriculture. Originality/value There have been very few studies that have provided an account of the limited value generated in agricultural commodity chains for smallholder farmers due to the need to purchase the inputs of industrial agriculture supported by government subsidies. This study extends the field of accounting for biodiversity into agriculture using the science of agroecology to explain the role played by biodiversity in increasing the amount of value generated by smallholder farmers. By utilising the labour theory of value, the authors have introduced the notion of the labour power of nature as represented by the environmental services that nature provides.
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Zossou, Segla Roch Cedrique, Patrice Ygue Adegbola, Brice Tiburce Oussou, Gustave Dagbenonbakin, and Roch Mongbo. "Modelling smallholder farmers’ preferences for soil fertility management technologies in Benin: A stated preference approach." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (2021): e0253412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253412.
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The decline of soil fertility is a major constraint which results in lower levels of crop productivity, agricultural development and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study is the first to perform a focalized investigation on the most interesting technological profiles to offer to each category of producers in Benin agricultural development hubs (ADHs) using the stated preference method, more precisely, the improved choice experiment method. The investigation focused on 1047 sampled plots from 962 randomly selected producers in villages of the Smallholder Agricultural Productivity Enhancement Program in Sub-Saharan Africa of the ADHs. An analysis of the experimental choice data with the endogenous attribute attendance and the latent class models was carried out to account for the attribute non-attendance phenomenon and the heterogeneity of the producers’ preferences. However, three classes of producer with different socio-economic, demographic, and soil physicochemical characteristics were identified. Thus, the heterogeneity of preferences was correlated with the attributes linked to the cost, sustainability, and frequency of plot maintenance. All producers, regardless of the ADHs, had a strong attachment to accessibility of technologies with short time restoration of soil fertility, and the ability to obtain additional benefits. These latest attributes, added to that relating to cost, tended to have a low probability of rejection in the decision-making process. These results have implications for local decision-makers facing the complex problem of resolving land degradation and local economic development challenges. The generalizability of these findings provides useful insight and direction for future studies in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Umar, Haruna Suleiman, Amin Mahir Abdullah, Mad Nasir Shamsudin, and Zainal Abidin Mohamed. "Welfare Implication of Paddy Price Support Withdrawal from Malaysian Rice Sector: Partial Equilibrium Method Approach." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 48, no. 3-4 (2015): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2015-0007.
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Abstract The study was designed to analyze societal welfare implication of paddy price support withdrawal, as an alternative policy, from rice sector in Malaysia. Time series data (1980-2012) were collected and analyzed through different stages of analyses. The first stage of analysis involved time series econometric model namely, Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), which was used in coefficients estimation. Estimated coefficients were subjected to, and passed the relevant diagnostic tests. The estimated elasticities were then used for the second stage of analysis- scenario simulation. Finally, the generated simulation results were further used in estimating the societal welfare changed through appropriate estimation technique. Results show producer welfare loss of about RM189 million, and RM198 million was saved as revenue. The net gain or societal welfare improvement was about RM9 million. Simulated results show up to 10% reduction in paddy producer price or farm income; this could serve as disincentive to rice producers. Since the country is concerned about achieving rice self-sufficiency and rice food security, necessary precautionary measures have to be instituted to prevent farmers exit from paddy farming, by putting a concerted effort towards channeling the trickle-down benefit of societal welfare improvement, resulting from policy option, to rice producers particularly the dominant smallholder group.
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Nesti, Lisa, Firwan Tan, Endrizal Ridwan, and Rika Ampuh Hadiguna. "Vertical Integration Market Analysis of Palm Oil Fresh Fruit Bunches in West Sumatera, Indonesia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.9 (2018): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.9.21090.
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This study aims to examine whether there is asymmetric information on the vertical integration market in palm oil Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) in West Sumatera using Error Correction Model (ECM) and analyze the factors causing price inefficiency of oil palm in West Sumatera. The result obtained the change in price of FFB of palm oil of sales realization at agent level, sales realization of export price of crude palm oil (CPO), and sales realization of export price of kernel have positive effect on sales realization at smallholder price of FFB level and Error Correction Term (ECT) value is negative and significant at 5% of real level, which states that in the short and long run, the free variables used significantly influence the sales realization at smallholder price of FFB of palm oil level. Exporter of CPO is one actor involved in it who has dominant power in influencing the selling price of FFB so that they can manage the selling price of FFB farmers as a producer of palm oil, this is the cause of inefficiencies in the vertical integration market
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Muchopa, Chiedza L. "Agricultural Value Chains and Smallholder Producer Relations in the Context of Supermarket Chain Proliferation in Southern Africa." International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains 4, no. 3 (2013): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijmvsc.2013.4304.
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M., John K. "Global GAP Standard Compliance and Smallholder Pineapple Farmers’ Access to Export Markets: Implications for Incomes." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 5, no. 2 (2013): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v5i2.381.
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This study seeks to determine the effect of compliance with GlobalGAP standards and it implications for access to export market and incomes for smallholder pineapple farmers in the Central region of Ghana. The study was conducted in two pineapple growing districts; Mfantsiman Municipality and Gomoa East district. Primary data were collected through interviews using structured questionnaires. Simple random sampling was used to select 63 pineapple farmers (i.e., 30 Global GAP certified and 33 non-certified farmers from pineapple producer groups in the two districts. Analysis of the marketing channels reveal that market women were the major buyers of pineapple commanding 69.7% of noncertified farmers produce and 30% of the produce of the certified (i.e., compliant) farmers. Although 20% of the certified farmers sold their produce to exporters against 12.1% for non-certified farmers, it cannot be concluded that farmers’ access to the export market has been enhanced by complying with the Global GAP standard. However, all buyers preferred produce from certified farmers to non-certified farmers. On the economic performance of GlobalGAP certified and non-certified pineapple farmers, the empirical results reveal that the Global GAP certified pineapple farmers obtained GHS 15,027.57 for growing one hectare of pineapple while non-certified pineapple farmers made a net average income of GHS 6,256.36. These results imply that the Global GAP certified pineapple farmers obtained 2.4 times more net average income than non-certified pineapple growers. The results of this study have implications for pineapple farmers and policy makers in developing countries.
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Kaumbata, Wilson, Helen Nakimbugwe, Wilson Nandolo, et al. "Experiences from the Implementation of Community-Based Goat Breeding Programs in Malawi and Uganda: A Potential Approach for Conservation and Improvement of Indigenous Small Ruminants in Smallholder Farms." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (2021): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031494.
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Maintaining diversity of small ruminant genetic resources is instrumental for sustainable agricultural production. Community-based livestock breeding programs (CBBPs) have emerged as a potential approach to implement breeding programs in smallholder farms. This study assesses the viability of CBBPs as a potential approach for conservation and improvement of indigenous small ruminants, using case studies of goat CBBPs in Malawi and Uganda. Data were collected using focus group discussions, personal interviews, and direct observations. The program promotes and empowers smallholders to have access to small ruminant feed resources through protection of existing communal pasturelands, capacity building in pasture production, and conservation of crop residues and crop by-products. Implementation of the CBBP enhances the contributions through improved animal growth performance, kids’ survival, and twinning rates leading to increased offtake rates and better prices. The existence of permanently established supporting organizations and other stakeholders provides sustainable institutional support instrumental for the establishment and growth of CBBPs. However, establishment of functional community-based institutions (producer cooperatives) and investments in institutional/policy reforms to safeguard fair trading, access to common resources by small ruminant keepers, and adoption of the CBBP model into national livestock development programs are some of the key milestones that can guarantee sustainability.
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Widjaya, Dani, Yuli Hariyati, and Djoko Soejono. "Technical and Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Arabica Coffee Farming in Panti Sub-district, Jember." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 33, no. 1 (2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v33i1.255.
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Many factors must be considered in coffee production processes. Use of factors of production must also be efficient in order to produce maximum production.This research was conducted in Panti Sub-district, Jember, as one of larger coffee producer in Jember. This location was also one area in Jember cultivated with Arabica coffee since 2012. Therefore, this study aimed to determine production factors in Arabica coffee smallholders; particularly technical and economic efficiency of Arabica coffee smallholders. Research method including interview and secondary data collection was carried out in three farmer groups in Panti Sub-district. Samples included 36 farmers from Surya Tani, Sejahtera Bersama and Taman Putri farmer groups. Analytical methods used were Cobb Douglass as a function of Stochastic Frontier to see the technical efficiency of farming and analysis of economic the selected efficiency with pricing approach. Technical efficiency in Arabica coffee farming in the selected locations were considered efficient in the level of 71.4% with aminimum of technical efficiency of 24.9% and a maximum efficiency of 93.4%. Economic efficiency showed that factors of labor and use of organic fertilizers were not efficient, thus there should be a reduction in use of labor and organic fertilizers. The factors indicated also that use of inorganic fertilizers was not efficient, with economic efficiency value (NPM/Px) of 1.579. The conditions indicate that there is a need to use of inorganic fertilizers to be an economically efficient manner.
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Leyva-Hernández, Sandra N., Arcelia Toledo-López, and Ana B. Hernández-Lara. "Purchase Intention for Organic Food Products in Mexico: The Mediation of Consumer Desire." Foods 10, no. 2 (2021): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020245.
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Socially responsible consumption benefits the environment, the consumer, and the producer. In Mexico, smallholder farmers are vulnerable, and the consumption of organic food products is low. Analysing the purchase intention of organic food products contributes towards generating the most appropriate marketing strategies. Previous models provide evidence that the attitude of the consumer is the biggest predictor of purchase intention. However, little is known about the results of the mediating effect of desire on said relationship. The objective of the study is to analyse the mediating effect of desire on the relationship between attitude and purchase intention. 204 consumers of organic food products were surveyed using a structured, self-administrated questionnaire or through face-to-face interviews, in established retail stores, alternative street markets, and via the web. It was found that when the benefits of organic food products to the consumer, environment, and smallholder farmers are evaluated favourably, then consumer desire is higher, and thus also purchase intention. Consumers have the highest purchase intention for organic food products when their desire to buy them to achieve a goal related with social, personal, and environmental benefits intervenes.
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Gramzow, Andreas, Peter J. Batt, Victor Afari-Sefa, Martin Petrick, and Ralph Roothaert. "Linking smallholder vegetable producers to markets - A comparison of a vegetable producer group and a contract-farming arrangement in the Lushoto District of Tanzania." Journal of Rural Studies 63 (October 2018): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.07.011.
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Asfaw, Dagmawe Menelek. "Analysis of technical efficiency of smallholder tomato producers in Asaita district, Afar National Regional State, Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (2021): e0257366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257366.
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The tomato had nutritional, economic and health benefits to the societies, however, its production and productivity were low in developing countries and particularly in Ethiopia. This might be due to technical inefficiency caused by institutional, governmental, and farmers related factors. Therefore this study tried to investigate the factors that affecting technical efficiency and estimating the mean level of technical efficiency of tomato producers in Asaita district, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia. Both primary and secondary data sources were used; the primary data was collected from 267 tomato producers from the study area cross-sectional by using a multistage sampling technique. The single-stage stochastic frontier model and Cobb Douglas production function were applied and statistical significance was declared at 0.05. The maximum likelihood estimates of the stochastic frontier model showed that land, labor, tomato seed, and oxen have a significant effect on tomato output; and education, extension contact, training, and access to credit have a positive and significant effect on technical efficiency, whereas household size, off-farm income, livestock ownership, distance to market, and pesticides have a worthy and significant effect on technical efficiency; and also estimated mean technical efficiency of tomato producer in a study area was 80.9%. In a line with this, the responsible body should prioritize rural infrastructure development in areas such as education, marketplace, and farmer training centers; demonstrate access to credit and extension services; use the recommended amount of pesticides per hectare, and give more intension to mixed farming rather than animal husbandry exclusively.
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Mutua, Florence, Johanna Lindahl, and Delia Randolph. "Possibilities of establishing a smallholder pig identification and traceability system in Kenya." Tropical Animal Health and Production 52, no. 2 (2019): 859–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-02077-9.
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Abstract Consumers have a right to safer foods, and traceability is one approach to meeting their expectations. Kenya does not have an operational animal traceability system, and while a few initiatives have been piloted, these have only focused on the beef value chain. In this paper, we begin a discussion on traceability in the pig value chain, with an initial focus on smallholder systems of Western Kenya. First, a background to local pig production is given, and a description of animal identification and traceability options applicable to these systems is explained. Based on this, a “butcher-to-farm” traceability system, with health, production and food safety as objectives, is discussed. Requirements for establishing such a system (including actor incentives) are additionally discussed. The proposed approach can be piloted in the field and findings used to inform the design of a larger pilot and possibly pave way for implementation of a national traceability system, in line with the guidelines provided by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Organized systems in the area (including commercial producer and trader groups) would offer a useful starting point.
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Abadega, Abduselam Faris. "Potato Market Participation and Its Extents Evidence from Southwest Ethiopia: A Double Hurdle Approach." AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research 7, no. 1 (2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v7i1.9912.
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Potato is an important commodity for livelihood in many parts of Ethiopia. Potato producers in Ethiopia face sophisticated marketing challenges, including inadequate access to market and low amount of marketed surpluses due to subsistence-oriented production of potato. The study aimed to identify factors that determine the market participation and its extents. About 136 potato producers were selected randomly from peasant association found in Dedo Districts of Ethiopia. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected from primary sources. Descriptive and econometric methods of data analysis were used to analyze data from the survey. A double hurdle model was applied to investigate factors affecting market participation and its extents. Results of descriptive statistics revealed that out of the total sample producer, 87.5 % of sample household has participated in the potato market. Age, sex, education, land size allocated for potato, and non-farm income were significantly influencing potato market participation. Age, sex, education (years of schooling), non-farm income, active labor and land allocated for potato influenced smallholder farmers level of market participation.
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Wright, Jim, Prabhat Vaze, and Stephen Gundry. "The Role of Policy in the Encroachment of Maize Cultivation in Semi-Arid Zimbabwe." Outlook on Agriculture 27, no. 2 (1998): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709802700206.
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For many areas of smallholder dryland agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, cultivation of drought-resistant small grains such as millets and sorghum offer reliable harvests and food security. Despite this, the area given over to maize in such semi-arid areas has been increasing, although there is a risk of crop failure associated with its longer growing season. The influence of agricultural policy on this change in cropping patterns is examined here in the context of Zimbabwe. It is argued that despite the official extension advice discouraging maize cultivation, other aspects of policy have indirectly contributed to this change in cropping patterns. These aspects include seed supply, changes in producer prices, and the operation of the drought relief programme.
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Ouma, Emily, Justus Ochieng, Michel Dione, and Danilo Pezo. "Governance structures in smallholder pig value chains in Uganda: constraints and opportunities for upgrading." International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 20, no. 3 (2017): 307–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22434/ifamr2014.0176.
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This paper analyses governance structures in Uganda’s smallholder pig value chains by applying the New Institutional Economics framework. It utilises cross sectional and qualitative survey data from randomly selected pig value chain actors in 4 districts. A multinomial logit model is applied to assess the determinants of vertical integration among pig traders. The findings indicate that most relationships at the pig production node of the value chain are based on spot market governance structures supported by personal relationships and trust. Live pig traders are mostly vertically integrated. High integration levels of the pig traders are positively influenced by access to market information, value of investments in the value chain, and dedicated asset specificity in terms of backyard slaughter premises. Upgrading opportunities in the value chain in the form of value addition strategies, policy implementation and promotion of business models that link producer organisations to quality inputs and service suppliers through contractual arrangements are identified.
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Schöll, Kerstin, André Markemann, Bekele Megersa, Regina Birner, and Anne Valle Zárate. "Impact of projects initiating group marketing of smallholder farmers—A case study of pig producer marketing groups in Vietnam." Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management 4, no. 1 (2016): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2016.03.002.
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Ngome Chisika, Sylvester, and Chunho Yeom. "The Key Factors Affecting Tree Producer Associations Involved in Private Commercial Forestry in Kenya." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (2020): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104013.
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Formal tree producer associations are critical for the sustainable management of private commercial farm forests in Kenya. However, there is limited information on their current status and the key factors driving their operations in the country. This paper sought to address this informational gap by reviewing the existing literature in the country from the theoretical background of sustainable development and later validating the obtained findings with the current state of knowledge at regional and global levels. Results from document content analysis indicate that there are over 10,000 tree growing farmers organized into planting groups across the country after many years of piloting by the government and private sector players. At the national level, there are two associations. These include Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA), mainly composed of large scale planters, and Farm Forestry Smallholder Producers Association of Kenya (FFSPAK), targeting small-holders. Besides these two, six major sub-national associations are seeking to improve members' welfare by enhancing the acquisition of livelihood assets. Further, various socio-cultural, economic, and political factors affect their operations in Kenya. These associations have deployed multiple strategies to benefit their members. However, the formation of savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs) seems to be their preferred mode of community empowerment. In conclusion, even though these associations are still at the infancy stage, their future remains promising in-view of the observed behavioral change in their governance, which appears to favor entrenched equality and equity towards sustainable development.
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Geda, Shimelis Araya, and Rainer Kühl. "Exploring Smallholder Farmers’ Preferences for Climate-Smart Seed Innovations: Empirical Evidence from Southern Ethiopia." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052786.
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Rapid plant breeding is essential to overcome low productivity problems in the face of climatic challenges. Despite considerable efforts to improve breeding practices in Ethiopia, increasing varietal release does not necessarily imply that farmers have access to innovative varietal choices. Prior research did not adequately address whether varietal attributes are compatible with farmers’ preferences in harsh environmental conditions. With an agricultural policy mainly aiming to achieve productivity maximization, existing breeding programs prioritize varietal development based on yield superiority. Against this background, we estimated a multinomial logit (MNL) model based on choice-experiment data from 167 bean growers in southern Ethiopia to explore whether farmers’ attribute preferences significantly diverge from those of breeders’ priorities. Four important bean attributes identified through participatory research methods were used. The results demonstrate that farmers have a higher propensity toward drought-tolerant capability than any of the attributes considered. The model estimates further show the existence of significant preference heterogeneity across farmers. These findings provide important insight to design breeding profiles compatible with specific producer segments. We suggest demand-driven breeding innovations and dissemination strategies in order to accelerate the adoption of climate-smart and higher-yielding bean innovations that contribute to achieve the national and global sustainability goals in Ethiopia.
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ASMARE, BIMREW, and FENTAHUN MEHERET. "Smallholder farmers livestock production on the face of climate change in Bahir Dar, Zuria District, Northwestern Ethiopia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 6 (2018): 2329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190642.
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Asmare B, Meheret F. 2018. Smallholder farmers livestock production on the face of climate change in Bahir Dar, Zuria District, Northwestern Ethiopia. Biodiversitas 19: 2329-2334. The objective of the study was to assess the livestock production and marketing system in smallholder systems of the area Bahir Dar Zuria district. Three kebeles were selected from Bahir Dar Zuria district based on livestock production experience and accessibility to the road. A total of 90 respondent farmers were used to conduct the assessment, and 4 key informants in each Kebele were used to get additional information. Primary data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and supplemented with key informants and secondary data sources. Descriptive statistics such as frequency (%) and mean were employed to present the qualitative variables obtained from the survey. The average land holding in the area was 0.73 ha of total land with 0.53 ha cropland and 0.2 ha private grazing land. With regard to labor allocation for livestock, family labor was involved in 91.18% of respondents while in the rest hired labor herded, fed, and watered livestock. With regard to water sources, the major source of water for livestock in the households was river (89%) while the remaining respondents use dug well for their livestock. The frequency of watering livestock was twice a day (51%) in the dry season and once a day (44.3%) in the wet season. Most of respondents (53.65%) sell their live animals during religious festivities followed by selling during the season of critical feed shortage (24.45%). Although smallholder farmers are vulnerable groups to climate change the majority (42%) had no information about climate change problem in the study area. The perception of household heads indicated that the livestock holding in the last five years of the family increased in most of the respondents (51%), followed by decreased condition (33%) and remained constant for the rest of the respondents (16%). Overall, it is important to assist livestock producer in enabling them benefit most from livestock and their products.
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Yaseen, Asif, Kim Bryceson, and Anne Njeri Mungai. "Commercialization behaviour in production agriculture." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, no. 3 (2018): 579–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-07-2017-0072.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of market orientation (MO) on the major determinants of commercialization behavior among Sub-Saharan smallholders. The study addresses the shortfalls in prior research on smallholder commercialization, which makes little difference between MO and market participation (MP). Design/methodology/approach The study reports on an empirical data set of 272 vegetable growers from Kiambu West District in Kenya and employs a partial least squares structural equation approach to test the hypotheses. Findings The results evidence that MO: fosters farmers’ ability to create value within commodity markets by capitalizing on market opportunities; changes the way in which farmers perceive the role of institution and infrastructure support and; and develops a drive for adopting business approach in farming operations. Research limitations/implications Fostering commercialization behavior among smallholders in Kenya requires implementing a two-pronged approach: improving MO to adopt business approach in farming operations; and facilitating MP at output level. The major limitation of this study is data collected only from high value vegetable producers in Kenya, signifying a need to include other agriculture produce across different Sub-Saharan countries. Originality/value Research on smallholder agriculture is replete with investigating institutional and technical constraints to make smallholders more productive, however, research on MO to adopt business approach in farming operations is scant. This study emphasizes that understanding MO, as a distinct and separate concept from MP, is vital for scaling up business approach among smallholder farmers.
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Chalachew, Shibabaw Belay. "The effects of crop market participation in improving food security among smallholder crop producer farmers: The case of Central Ethiopia, Adaa Woreda." Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics 10, no. 9 (2018): 298–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jdae2018.0953.
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O'Brien, David John, Lloyd Banwart, and Michael L. Cook. "Measuring the Benefits of Smallholder Farmer Membership in Producer-Controlled Vertical Value Chains: Survey Findings From a Development Project in East Africa." Poverty & Public Policy 5, no. 4 (2013): 399–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pop4.50.
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Tafesse, Alula, Degye Goshu, Fekadu Gelaw, and Alelign Ademe. "Technical Efficiency of Moringa Production: A case Study in Wolaita and Gamo Zones, Southern Ethiopia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, no. 2 (2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n2p30.
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Moringa has been becoming among vastly growing and trading commodities in different parts of Ethiopia for its multiple benefits. However, empirical researches analyzing its productivity at smallholder farmer level were missing. This study aimed to fill the existing gap with a cross-sectional survey study on sampled 117 Moringa producer farmers from southern Ethiopia. The Stochastic Frontier Model was used to estimate the level and factors determining the technical efficiency of Moringa production. The collected data fitted Cobb-Douglas production function with inputs, labor and the numbers of trees positively and significantly determined the output of Moringa. An estimated level of efficiency shows farmers have the possibility to increase Moringa output by 47.81% with existing inputs and technology. The land, off-farm activities, access to road, credit, and irrigation were significant factors affecting the technical efficiency of Moringa. It requires policies and development actions to perform on mechanisms to advance the production of Moringa. Hence, any development direction to enhance Moringa production should consider households with limited access to land and irrigation. Furthermore, the development of road infrastructure is required to increase agricultural productivity. In sum, modern credit institutions, as well as facilities, found essential to improve the livelihood of Moringa producers in the area.
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Kassie, Girma T., Rahel Solomon Wubie, Simla Tokgoz, Fahd Majeed, Mulugeta Yitayih, and Barbara Rischkowsky. "Policy-induced price distortions along the small ruminant value chains in Ethiopia." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 9, no. 3 (2019): 220–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-02-2018-0024.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify sources and quantifying distortions to agricultural incentives to produce along the small ruminant value chains in Ethiopia. Design/methodology/approach National and district level average nominal rate of protection (NRPs) were computed for a five-year period (2010–2015). The authors developed four scenarios based on combinations of the different data generation processes employed in relation to each of the key variables. Findings The NRPs at farm gate and retail market for both sheep and goats are negative indicating a strong deviation of producer and retailer prices from the comparable export prices over the five-year period. Policy induced distortions were separated from market inefficiencies through use of data on access costs throughout the value chain. These access costs are positive and significant in value. It is clear that market inefficiencies are also due to government policy to a certain extent. Research limitations/implications This study focuses only on sheep and goat value chains and covers only five-year period. This certainly limits the extrapolability of the results. Originality/value This study presents the extent to which smallholder livestock keepers are discouraged through disincentives in a unique context. This is the first study done on small ruminant value chains in the developing world.
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Verter, Nahanga, and Věra Bečvářová. "An Analysis of Yam Production in Nigeria." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 63, no. 2 (2015): 659–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563020659.
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Yams as a stable food crops do not only serve as integral vehicle for food security, but also as a source of income, and employer of labour in the producing areas in Nigeria. Lack of finance, inadequate farm inputs, storage facilities and high cost of labour are identified as the primary constraints to yam production in the country. This article deals with most of the determinants of yam production, constraints and the importance yam products in Nigeria. The findings of the study suggest that farm size, producer price, fertilizer use, yield (Hg/Ha), and economic growth have a positive influence on yam production in Nigeria. On the contrary, the result shows an inverse relationship between commercial loans and yam production in the country. There is an urgent need for the Nigerian government to provide a conducive environment and investment climate by subsidising farm inputs and providing affordable loans to the smallholder yam farmers for a sustainable production.
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Carte, Lindsey, Birgit Schmook, Claudia Radel, and Richard Johnson. "The Slow Displacement of Smallholder Farming Families: Land, Hunger, and Labor Migration in Nicaragua and Guatemala." Land 8, no. 6 (2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8060089.
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Smallholders worldwide continue to experience processes of displacement from their lands under neoliberal political-economic governance. This displacement is often experienced as “slow”, driven by decades of agricultural policies and land governance regimes that favor input-intensive agricultural and natural resource extraction and export projects at the expense of traditional agrarian practices, markets, and producers. Smallholders struggle to remain viable in the face of these forces, yet they often experience hunger. To persist on the land, often on small parcels, families supplement and finance farm production with family members engaging in labor migration, a form of displacement. Outcomes, however, are uneven and reflect differences in migration processes as well as national and local political economic processes around land. To demonstrate “slow displacement”, we assess the prolonged confluence of land access, hunger, and labor migration that undermine smallholder viability in two separate research sites in Nicaragua and Guatemala. We draw on evidence from in-depth interviews and focus groups carried out from 2013 to 2015, together with a survey of 317 households, to demonstrate how smallholders use international labor migration to address persistent hunger, with the two cases illuminating the centrality of underlying land distribution questions in labor migration from rural spaces of Central America. We argue that smallholder farming family migration has a dual nature: migration is at once evidence of displacement, as well as a strategy for families to prolong remaining on the land in order to produce food.
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Otekunrin, Olutosin A., Siaka Momoh, and Idris A. Ayinde. "Smallholder Farmers’ Market Participation: Concepts and Methodological Approach from Sub-Saharan Africa." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 2 (2019): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.2.02.
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This paper reviews the empirical evidence on smallholder farmers’ market participation focusing on cash/food crops and livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) with special attention on the methodological approaches employed in this region in an attempt to x-ray these methods, identifying their advantages and limitations and possible means smallholder farmers would be able to transit from subsistence to commercialised agriculture capable of lifting them out of poverty trap that seems to have engulfed many rural SSA. This paper recommends interventions geared towards improving smallholder farmers’ organisation, producers’ association and ensuring appreciable reduction in transaction costs and also improving farmers’ access to productive assets and improved technologies capable of stimulating profitable smallholders’ market participation.
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Hoang, Gia Hung. "Adoption of mobile phone for marketing of cereals by smallholder farmers in Quang Dien District of Vietnam." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 1 (2020): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i1.11.
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The study investigated factors that shape the Vietnamese smallholders’ adoption of mobile phones for marketing. A random sample of 161 smallholders was drawn from a total of 275 smallholders who produced and marketed cereals in Quang Dien district of Vietnam. Percentages, means, standard deviations, chi squares test, t-test and a binary logistic regression model were applied to analyse the data. This study concluded that the young male smallholders with a higher education level, who are members of community-based organisations (CBOs) and live far from an electricity base, have high income and participate in credit programs, have a greater tendency to adopt mobile phones for marketing. Lack of knowledge/skills on use of applications on mobile phones, together with language barriers and mobile phone network problems hindered smallholder adoption of mobile phones for marketing.Keywords: mobile phones, adoption, marketing, smallholders, Quang Dien district
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Fredriksson, Lena, Marian Rizov, Sophia Davidova, and Alastair Bailey. "Smallholder Farms in Bulgaria and Their Contributions to Food and Social Security." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147635.
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Bulgaria has a long tradition of smallholder farming, predominantly producing for self-consumption. As a result of land reform and farm restructuring, many rural households received agricultural land. Some developed commercial farms but most households stayed as subsistence farmers and used their small pieces of land to produce for self-consumption and market the excess output to top up their non-farm incomes or meagre pensions. They had little capital and insecure access to markets. The paper employs semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 10 smallholders for obtaining detailed information about individuals’ behaviour and exploring issues in greater detail. In particular, the study looks at the drivers of the diverse strategies pursued by smallholder farms, their importance for household food security and incomes, and the prospects of smallholder farms in the future, especially the possibilities for productivity increases. The Bulgarian study on contemporary smallholder farms shows that subsistence production constitutes a valuable safety net for households with low incomes, and therefore, it acts as an extension of the limited social security system of the country. Despite all the challenges faced by smallholders, half of the interviewed households succeeded to commercialise and increase marketable surplus. Policies for increased commercialisation of smallholder farms and a structural change in agriculture should address, besides market factors, the socioeconomic aspects which contribute to the persistence of subsistence farming. Furthermore, when prioritising different policies, the chosen livelihood strategies of the households should be taken into account.