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Journal articles on the topic 'Smarandache system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 22 June 2025

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1

Hassan, Rebin M., and Suham H. Awla. "SMARANDACHE ANTI ZERO DIVISORS." Science Journal of University of Zakho 13, no. 1 (2025): 52–57. https://doi.org/10.25271/sjuoz.2025.13.1.1342.

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In this paper, we study and discuss the concept of Smarandache anti zero divisor (SAZD) element of the ring and the group ring , where is a cyclic group of order generated by . Moreover, we introduce and discuss the concept of SAZD ideal of the ring . Some results related to the given concepts are proved in detail. Accordingly, a Computer Algebra System (GAP) is used to verify the results of this study

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2

Ghalem, Kamel Ghanem, and Fatiha Hendel. "Dual iris authentication system using dezert smarandache theory." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (2019): 4703. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4703-4712.

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In this paper, a dual iris authentication using Dezert Smarandache theory is presented. The proposed method consists of three main steps: In the first one, the iris images are segmented in order to extract only half iris disc that contains relevant information and is less affected by noise. For that, a Hough transform is used. The segmented images are normalized by Daugman rubber sheet model. In the second step, the normalized images are analyzed by a bench of two 1D Log-Gabor filters to extract the texture characteristics. The encoding is realized with a phase of quantization developed by J. Daugman to generate the binary iris template. For the authentication and the similarity measurement between both binary irises templates, the hamming distances are used with a previously calculated threshold. The score fusion is applied using DSmC combination rule. The proposed method has been tested on a subset of iris database CASIA-IrisV3-Interval. The obtained results give a satisfactory performance with accuracy of 99.96%, FAR of 0%, FRR of 3.89%, EER of 2% and processing time for one iris image of 12.36 s.<em> </em>

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3

Kamel, Ghanem Ghalem, and Hendel Fatiha. "Dual iris authentication system using dezert smarandache theory." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 9, no. 6 (2019): 4703–12. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v9i6.pp4703-4712.

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In this paper, a dual iris authentication using Dezert Smarandache theory is presented. The proposed method consists of three main steps: In the first one, the iris images are segmented in order to extract only half iris disc that contains relevant information and is less affected by noise. For that, a Hough transform is used. The segmented images are normalized by Daugman rubber sheet model. In the second step, the normalized images are analyzed by a bench of two 1D Log-Gabor filters to extract the texture characteristics. The encoding is realized with a phase of quantization developed by J. Daugman to generate the binary iris template. For the authentication and the similarity measurement between both binary irises templates, the hamming distances are used with a previously calculated threshold. The score fusion is applied using DSmC combination rule. The proposed method has been tested on a subset of iris database CASIA-IrisV3-Interval. The obtained results give a satisfactory performance with accuracy of 99.96%, FAR of 0%, FRR of 3.89%, EER of 2% and processing time for one iris image of 12.36 s.

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Alamin, Abdul, Aditi Biswas, Kamal Hossain Gazi, and Sankar Prasad Mondal Sankar. "Modelling with Neutrosophic Fuzzy Sets for Financial Applications in Discrete System." Spectrum of Engineering and Management Sciences 2, no. 1 (2024): 263–80. https://doi.org/10.31181/sems21202433a.

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A unique branch of philosophy known as "Neutrosophy" describes the nature, genesis and scope of neutralities. F. Smarandache originated the neutrosophic set. As an extension of the intuitionistic set, he showed the degree of indeterminacy as an independent component. The application of the neutrosophic numbers, that is, the financial applications in discrete systems is analysed here. In this research paper, we consider the two cases of the financial applications of the neutrosophic environment with its numerical illustration on the basis of fuzzy difference equations.

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MAO, Linfan. "Topological Multi-groups and Multi-fields." International J.Math. Combin. Vol.1 (2009) (October 1, 2009): 08–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9102.

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Topological groups, particularly, Lie groups are very important in differential geometry, analytic mechanics and theoretical physics. Applying Smarandache multi-spaces, topological spaces, particularly, manifolds and groups were generalized to combinatorial manifolds and multi-groups underlying a combinatorial structure in references. Then whether can one generalizes their combination, i.e., topological group or Lie group to a multiple one? The answer is YES. In this paper, the author shows how to generalize topological groups and the homomorphism theorem for topological groups to multiple ones.

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6

ABBAS, NASSIM, and YOUCEF CHIBANI. "SVM-DSmT COMBINATION FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS VERIFICATION OF OFF-LINE AND ON-LINE HANDWRITTEN SIGNATURES." International Journal of Computational Intelligence and Applications 11, no. 03 (2012): 1250018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1469026812500186.

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A combination handwritten signature verification system is proposed for managing conflicts provided from each individual off-line and on-line support vector machine (SVM), respectively. Basically, the system is divided into three parts: (i) Off-line verification system, (ii) on-line verification system and (iii) combination module using belief function theory. The proposed framework allows combining the normalized SVM outputs and uses an estimation technique based on the dissonant model of Appriou to compute the belief assignments. Combination is performed using belief models such as Dempster-Shafer (DS) rule and proportional conflict redistribution (PCR) rule followed by the likelihood ratio-based decision making. Experiments are conducted on the well-known NISDCC signature collection using false rejection and false acceptance criteria. The obtained results show that the proposed combination framework using Dezert-Smarandache (DSm) theory yields the best verification accuracy even when individual off-line and on-line classifications provide conflicting results.

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Nicolescu, Adrian, and Mirela Teodorescu. "A Unifying Field in Logics - Book Review." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 43 (November 2014): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.43.48.

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Paradoxism is an avant-garde movement in literature, art, philosophy, science, based on excessive use of antitheses, antinomies, contradictions, parables, odds, paradoxes in creations. It was set up and led by the writer Florentin Smarandache since 1980's, who said: "The goal is to enlargement of the artistic sphere through non-artistic elements. But especially the counter-time, counter-sense creation. Also, to experiment." Paradoxism = paradox + ism, means the theory and school of using paradoxes in literary, artistic, philosophical, scientific creations. "Paradoxism started as an anti-totalitarian protest against a closed society, Romania of 1980's, where the whole culture was manipulated by a small group. Only their ideas and their publications counted. We couldn't publish almost anything. Later, I based it on contradictions. Why? Because we lived in that society a double life: an official one - propagated by the political system, and another one real. In mass-media it was promulgated that 'our life is wonderful', but in reality 'our life was miserable'. The paradox flourishing!” (Florentin Smarandache). The new theory generalizes the fuzzy logic and introduces also two new concepts: “neutrosophy”, the study of neutralities as an extension of dialectics and its derivative “neutrosophic”, such as “neutrosophic logic”, neutrosophic set”, “neutrosophic probability”, and “neutrosophic statistics” opening in this manner ways of research in four fields: philosophy, logics, set theory and probability/statistics. According to this new theory is also available Albers Einstein’s statement: “Not everything that can be controled counts and not everything that counts can be counted “

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8

Fujita, Takaaki, and Florentin Smarandache. "Local-Neutrosophic Logic and Local-Neutrosophic Sets: Incorporating Locality with Applications." Multicriteria Algorithms with Applications 6 (January 8, 2025): 66–86. https://doi.org/10.61356/j.mawa.2025.6457.

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The study of uncertainty has been a significant area of research, with concepts such as fuzzy sets [87], fuzzy graphs [51], and neutrosophic sets [58] receiving extensive attention. In Neutrosophic Logic, indeterminacy often arises from real-world complexities. This paper explores the concept of locality as a key factor in determining indeterminacy, building upon the framework introduced by F. Smarandache in [73]. Locality refers to processes constrained within a specific region, where an object or system is directly influenced by its immediate surroundings. In contrast, nonlocality involves effects that transcend spatial or temporal boundaries, where changes in one location have direct implications for another. This paper introduces the concepts of Local-Neutrosophic Logic and Local-Neutrosophic Set by integrating the notion of locality into Neutrosophic Logic. It provides their mathematical definitions and examines potential applications.

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9

Smarandache, Florentin, and Victor Christianto. "Beyond Negation and Excluded Middle: An exploration to Embrace the Otherness Beyond Classical Logic System and into Neutrosophic Logic." Prospects for Applied Mathematics and Data Analysis 2, no. 2 (2023): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/pamda.020204.

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As part of our small contribution in dialogue toward better peace development and reconciliation studies, and following Toffler Toffler’s War and Antiwar (1993), the present article delves into a realm of logic beyond the traditional confines of negation and the excluded middle principle, exploring the nuances of Otherness that transcend classical and Nagatomo logics. Departing from the foundational premises of classical Aristotelian logic systems, this exploration ventures into alternative realms of reasoning, specifically examining Neutrosophic Logic and Klein bottle logic (cf. Smarandache, 2005). The study challenges conventional boundaries and explores the implications of embracing paradoxes and self-reference in logic systems, aiming to redefine approaches to understanding truth and reasoning. The paper investigates how these alternative logics open avenues for philosophical inquiry, redefining entropy, and potentially influencing innovative perspectives in free energy systems. Through this exploration, it seeks to expand the discourse on logic, welcoming a broader spectrum of thought beyond established frameworks; and we also discuss shortly a number of possible implementations including in risk management and also Klein bottle entropy redefinition (Tang et al, 2018).

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HUANG, XINHAN, XINDE LI, MIN WANG, and JEAN DEZERT. "A FUSION MACHINE BASED ON DSMT AND PCR5 FOR ROBOT'S MAP RECONSTRUCTION." International Journal of Information Acquisition 03, no. 03 (2006): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219878906000964.

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Characteristics of uncertainty, imprecision, and even imperfection are presented from knowledge acquisition in map reconstruction using sonar sensors fixed on autonomous mobile robot. In order to improve the precision of the fusion and performances of map reconstruction, we propose in this paper a new fusion machine based on Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) coupled with the fifth Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule (PCR5) for dealing with uncertain and conflicting evidences provided by homogeneous or heterogeneous sources of information. We propose a belief model for sonar grid map and show how to construct efficiently generalized basic belief assignment functions for sensors onboard. A Pioneer II mobile robot with 16 sonar range finders serves as the experiment platform. In our experiment, the robot evolves in a real environment with some obstacles and the environment map is rebuilt online with our self-developing software platform. In this study, we also compare our new approach with other ones based on probability theory, fuzzy theory, Dempster-Shafer Theory (DST) and gray system theory. Our results show an improvement of the performances in precision of map reconstruction of mobile robot with respect to those obtained from aforementioned classical approaches.

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A. Soliman, Entesar. "Basic concepts of neutrosophic crisp sets." Libyan Journal of Science &Technology 12, no. 1 (2024): 187–93. https://doi.org/10.37376/ljst.v12i1.7057.

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The world around us is characterized by specificity, ambiguity, and contradiction, which led to a lack of our full knowledge of its facts and events. Therefore, we became in need of a new vision and a logical system that fits our incomplete information. In 1965, the American scientist F. Smarandache presented neutrosophic logic as a generalization of fuzzy logic and intuitive fuzzy logic. He added a new component to the degrees of a membership function and a non-membership function, which is the degree of indeterminacy. The crispneutrosophic sets presented by Ahmed Salama is considered a generalization of the classical set theory, as he developed and introduced new concepts in the fields of mathematics, statistics, computer science, and classical information systems. The purpose of this paper is to introduce basic concepts of neutrosophic crisp sets and give some types and operations on neutrosophic crisp sets. Also, we discussed the relationship between neutrosophic crisp sets and others. Finally, we investigate some properties of neutrosophic crisp sets supported by many theorems and illustrative examples. We can use the new of neutrosophic notions in the following applications: database, networks robots, compiler, and codes.

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Alzahrani, Samirah, and Safty El. "Rough fuzzy-topological approximation space with tooth decay in decision making." Thermal Science 26, Spec. issue 1 (2022): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci22s1171a.

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Tooth decay is a common problem among people due to many factors, including neglect to clean teeth. Dental caries is becoming more common in a number of countries worldwide. This study aims to determine the prevalence of dental caries and how to treat this problem. We also implement fuzzy soft multifunction between fuzzy soft topological spaces which is Smarandache?s generation of the notion. In this paper, we generated additional topologies for an information system based on a similarity relation. This paper discussed two methods for determining accuracy: our method and Pawlak?s qualitative data method. Both ideas show that because of the uncertainty and ambiguity of qualitative data, we get a lot of topologies based on one or two attributes. The new method was used to determine the accuracies. This method revealed the difference between one or two attributes. In fact, the most important factors affecting tooth decay have been identified. Furthermore, we are developing a new algorithm to treat dental caries problems. Tooth decay which includes the conclusions of some well-known results in the corresponding literature is highlighted and discussed. In addition, a comparative application that dwells on the generality of our obtained results is constructed. Our proposed approach is reasonable and effective.

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13

Calefariu, Emilia, Mircea Boșcoianu, Florentin Smarandache, and Traian Alexandru Buda. "Neutrosophic Modeling of Investment Architectures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 657 (October 2014): 1011–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.657.1011.

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Despite numerous attempts to refocus traditional bivalent logic, usually, logic is tributary by keeping fixed limits for truth or false. An alternative answer to this need is the system of Neutrosophy, and its connected logic, Neutrosophic Logic, presented in the work of the authors W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and Florentin Smarandache. Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra. We are surrounded by indeterminacy, which can be pointed in any situation that, from one point of view can be considered true, and from another point of view can be considered false. In Neutrosophic logic, every statement includes a percentage of truth (T), includes a percentage of indeterminacy (I) and a percentage of falsity (F). The major novelty of the work is that investment process is analyzed through the method of Neutrosophic logic, taking into account investment parameters such as: economic return on investment, recovery duration on investment, the resources involved (financial, human and time), the production capacity, the period of execution, the work volume, the market demand, the training of the personnel, etc. Thus, this paper consists of the analysis of interdependence and indeterminacy of these parameters. The model will be calibrated by conducting case studies, with real parameters of input to be analyzed and known output data, which will be used for the research of a present investment process.

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ERDEM, ESRA, and MÜNEVVER YILDIRIM YILMAZ. "SPECIAL CURVES ACCORDING TO TYPE-2 QUATERNIONIC FRAME IN R4." Journal of Science and Arts 25, no. 1 (2025): 133–44. https://doi.org/10.46939/j.sci.arts-25.1-a12.

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Quaternions, which were defined by William Rowan Hamilton in 1843, are a number system in four-dimensional space and are analogous to complex numbers. However, quaternion multiplication is not commutative, distinguishing them from complex numbers. Quaternions are special mathematical tools used in computer science, robotics, and many other mathematical sciences. From this point of view, they also get attention in differential geometry. In particular, their characterizations given by the Serret-Frenet apparatus are challenging. For this reason, Bharathi and Nagaraj obtained Serret-Frenet formulas for spatial quaternionic and quaternionic curves in R3and R4, respectively. Inspired by this work, the geometers obtained quaternionic frames in 4-dimensional Semi-Euclidean space R_2^4, dual quaternionic space, and lately type -2 quaternionic frame in R4. Their features are also examined. On the other hand, studying the characterizations of the curves is a significant research area for differential geometers because of having used various branches of applied sciences. Particularly, the features of the specially defined curves, such as Bertrand, Smarandache, rectifying, and osculating curves, are curiously studied. In four-dimensional spaces, rectifying curves are defined as a curve whose position vector fully lies in {T,N2,N3}. Similarly, the osculating curve defined as first and second kind became of having two different binormals {T,N1,N2} and {T,N1,N3}, respectively. In this study, inspired by the definitions above, we define rectifying, osculating first kind, and osculating second kind curves according to the type-2 quaternionic frame in R4. Their characterizations are also examined.

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admin, admin, and Florentin Smarandache. "The Box and Muller Technique for Generating Neutrosophic Random Variables Follow a Normal Distribution." International Journal of Neutrosophic Science 23, no. 4 (2024): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/ijns.230406.

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The focus of operations research is the existence of a problem that requires making an appropriate decision that helps reduce risk and achieves a good level of performance. Operations research methods depend on formulating realistic issues through mathematical models consisting of a goal function and constraints, and the optimal solution is the ideal decision, despite the multiplicity of these methods. However, we encounter many complex issues that cannot be represented mathematically, or many issues that cannot be studied directly. Here comes the importance of the simulation process in all branches of science, as it depends on applying the study to systems similar to real systems and then projecting this. The results if they fit on the real system. So simulation is the process of building, testing, and running models that simulate complex phenomena or systems using specific mathematical models. The simulation process depends on generating a series of random numbers subject to a regular probability distribution in the field [0, 1], and then converting these random numbers into random variables subject to the distribution law. Probability, according to which the system to be simulated operates, using appropriate techniques for both the probability density function and the cumulative distribution function. Classical studies have provided many techniques that are used during the simulation process, and to keep pace with the great scientific development witnessed by our contemporary world, we found that a new vision must be presented for this. Techniques A vision based on the concepts of neutrosophics, the science founded by the American mathematical philosopher Florentin Smarandache. The year 1995, in which new concepts of probabilities and probability distributions are used, as we presented in previous research some techniques from a neutrosophic perspective, and as an extension of what we presented previously, we present in this research a neutrosophic vision of the Box and Muller technique used to generate random variables that follow a normal distribution.

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Abdelhafeez, Ahmed, Ahmed E. Fakhry, and Nariman A. Khalil. "Neutrosophic Sets and Metaheuristic Optimization: A Survey." Neutrosophic and Information Fusion 1, no. 1 (2023): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/nif.010105.

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Smarandache presents neutrosophic sets and provides a domain area that is made up of three separate subsets to reflect the various kinds of uncertainty. Neutrosophic sets are defined as the sets where every other element of the universe possesses a degree of truthiness, indeterminacy, and falsity, which range from 0 to 1, and where these degrees are subsets of the neutrosophic sets that are independent of each other. Neutrosophic sets are also known as neutrosophical subsets. In the neutrosophic sets, impreciseness is represented as truth and falsity functions, but the indeterminacy function represents degrees of belongingness and non-belongingness and differentiates between absoluteness and relativeness. Neutrosophic sets can deal with the unpredictability of the system and cut down on the paralysis brought on by conflicting information thanks to this notation. As a result, one might argue that this capacity is the single most significant benefit offered by neutrosophic sets in comparison to the many other forms of fuzzy extensions. By making use of these three functions, neutrosophic sets are able to create a domain area. This area makes it possible for various kinds of mathematical operations to be carried out separately despite the presence of uncertainty. Due to the fact that the behavior of these methodologies is inspired by Nature and its capacity for adapting to issues, in addition to the potential for combining more than one method to reach the best alternatives, metaheuristic algorithms are employed to initiate the finest or the best possible alternatives to a lot of optimization techniques. This is possible because metaheuristic algorithms have the ability to adapt to problems. The fact that numerous academics have utilized these techniques with neutrosophic science to offer several systems in recent years was the impetus for writing this overview study in the first place, which was based on the above rationale.

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Karama, Muneer Jebreel. "Smarandache Partitions." March 4, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9700.

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Muktibodh, Arun S. "Sequences of pentagonal numbers." October 31, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9621.

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Shyam Sunder Gupta [3] has de ned Smarandache consecutive and reversed Smarandache sequences of triangular numbers. Del m F.M.Torres and Viorica Teca [1] have further investigated these sequences and de ned mirror and symmetric Smarandache sequences of triangular numbers making use of Maple system. Working on the same lines we have dened and investigated consecutive, reversed, mirror and symmetric Smarandache sequences of pentagonal numbers of dimension 2 using the Maple system .

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Delfim, F. M. Torres, and Teca Viorica. "Consecutive, Reversed, Mirror, and Symmetric Smarandache Sequences of Triangular Numbers." July 7, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32306.

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We use the Maple system to check the investigations of S. S. Gupta regarding the Smarandache consecutive and the reversed Smarandache sequences of triangular numbers [Smarandache Notions Journal, Vol. 14, 2004, pp. 366–368]. Furthermore, we extend previous investigations to the mirror and symmetric Smarandache sequences of triangular numbers.

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Karama, Muneer Jebreel. "Smarandache inversion sequence." February 2, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9650.

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We study the Smarandache inversion sequence which is a new concept, related sequences, conjectures, properties, and problems. This study was conducted by using (Maple 8){a computer Algebra System.

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Gouveia, Paulo D. F., and Delfim F.M. Torres. "Smarandache Sequences: Explorations and Discoveries with a Computer Algebra System." November 4, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9476.

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Paulo, D. F. Gouveia, and F. M. Torres Delfim. "Smarandache Sequences: Explorations and Discoveries with a Computer Algebra System." November 29, 2003. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32343.

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23

YASINSKIY, S.A., Y.V. CHEBRAKOV, and V.V. SHMAGIN. "THE SYSTEM - GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME NUMERICAL SMARANDACHE SEQUENCES." June 1, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9203.

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Gouveia, Paulo, and Delfim Torres. "Smarandache Sequences: Explorations and Discoveries with a Computer Algebra System." June 1, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9215.

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Salama, A. A., Eisa Mohamed, S.A. ELhafee, and M. M. Lotfy. "Review of Recommender Systems Algorithms Utilized in Social Networks based e-Learning Systems & Neutrosophic System." July 1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22628.

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In this paper, we present a review of different recommender system algorithms that are utilized in social networks based e-Learning systems. Future research will include our proposed our e-Learning system that utilizes Recommender System and Social Network. Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. The fundamental concepts of neutrosophic set, introduced by Smarandache and Salama.The purpose of this paper is to utilize a neutrosophic set to analyze social networks data conducted through learning activities.

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Salama, A. A., Mohamed Eisa, S. A. ELhafeez, and M. M. Lotfy. "Review of Recommender Systems Algorithms Utilized in Social Networks based e-Learning Systems & Neutrosophic System." Neutrosophic Sets and Systems 8, 2015 (May 5, 2015). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.571583.

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In this paper, we present a review of different recommender system algorithms that are utilized in social networks based e-Learning systems. Future research will include our proposed our e-Learning system that utilizes Recommender System and Social Network. Since the world is full of indeterminacy, the neutrosophics found their place into contemporary research. The fundamental concepts of neutrosophic set, introduced by Smarandache in [21, 22, 23] and Salama et al. in [24-66].The purpose of this paper is to utilize a neutrosophic set to analyze social networks data conducted through learning activities.

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Mao, Linfan. "Non-Solvable Spaces of Linear Equation Systems." May 3, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9372.

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Different from the homogenous systems, a Smarandache system is a contradictory system in which an axiom behaves in at least two different ways within the same system, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways.

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Mao, Linfan. "Global Stability of Non-Solvable Ordinary Differential Equations With Applications." March 8, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9132.

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Different from the system in classical mathematics, a Smarandache system is a contradictory system in which an axiom behaves in at least two different ways within the same system, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways.

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Mao, Linfan. "Non-Solvable Equation Systems with Graphs Embedded in Rn." September 15, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9370.

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Different from the homogenous systems, a Smarandache system is a contra- dictory system in which an axiom behaves in at least two different ways within the same system, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways.

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Nassim, Abbas, and Chibani Youcef. "SVM-DSmT Combination for Off-Line Signature Verification." October 6, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34904.

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We propose in this work a signature verification system based on decision combination of off-line signatures for managing conflict provided by the SVM classifiers. The system is basically divided into three modules: i) Radon Transform-SVM, ii) Ridgelet Transform-SVM and iii) PCR5 combination rule based on the generalized belief functions of Dezert-Smarandache theory.

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Turgut, Melih, and Suha Yilmaz. "Characterizations of Some Special Space-like Curves in Minkowski Space-time." May 1, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9389.

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In this work, a system of differential equation on Minkowski space-time, a special case of Smarandache geometries, whose solution gives the components of a space-like curve on Frenet axis is constructed by means of Frenet equations. In view of some special solutions of this system, characterizations of some special space-like curves are presented.

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Nassim, Abbas, Chibani Youcef, and Nemmour Hassiba. "Handwritten Digit Recognition Based On a DSmT-SVM Parallel Combination." December 5, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34826.

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We propose in this work a new handwritten digit recognition system based on parallel combination of SVM classifiers for managing conflict provided between their outputs. Firstly, we evaluate different methods of generating features to train the SVM classifiers that operate independently of each other. To improve the performance of the system, the outputs of SVM classifiers are combined through the Dezert-Smarandache theory.

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Temıtope, Gbolahan Jaıyeola. "A Double Cryptography Using The Smarandache Keedwell Cross Inverse Quasigroup." March 10, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32292.

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The present study further strengthens the use of the Keedwell CIPQ against attack on a system by the use of the Smarandache Keedwell CIPQ for cryptography in a similar spirit in which the cross inverse property has been used by Keedwell. This is done as follows.

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Behzad, Moshiri, Moussavi Khalkhali Arezou, and Reza Momeni Hamid. "Designing a Home Security System Using Sensor Data Fusion with DST and DSmT Methods." November 5, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34799.

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Today due to the importance and necessity of implementing security systems in homes and buildings with the capability of higher certainty and lower cost, sensor fusion methods as applicable and high performance methods are attracting the researchers' attention. In this paper, the application of Dempster- Shafer evidential theory and the more general and newer one Dezert-Smarandache theory for implementing a home security system using sensor data fusion have been considered.

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35

CALEFARIU, Emilia, Mircea BOȘCOIANU, FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE, and Traian Alexandru BUDA. "Neutrosophic Modeling of Investment Architectures." October 8, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.48911.

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 Despite numerous attempts to refocus traditional bivalent logic, usually, logic is tributary by keeping fixed limits for truth or false. An alternative answer to this need is the system of Neutrosophy, and its connected logic, Neutrosophic Logic, presented in the work of the authors W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and Florentin Smarandache. 

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Nivetha, Martin, and Smarandache Florentin. "Introduction to Combined Plithogenic Hypersoft Sets." July 19, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3951708.

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Plithogenic Hypersoft sets was introduced by Florentin Smarandache, who has extended crisp sets, fuzzy sets, intuitionistic sets, neutrosophic sets to plithogenic sets. The plithogenic sets considers the degree of appurtenance of the elements with respect to the attribute system. Smarandache has presented the classification of the plithogenic hypersoft sets and the applications of plithogenic fuzzy whole hypersoft sets in multi attribute decision making. Inspired by these research works, the concept of combined plithogenic hypersoft sets is introduced in this article. The representations of the degree of appurtenance of the elements determines the type of plithogenic hypersoft set, if it takes a combination of values then the new archetype of plithogenic hypersoft sets gets emerged into decision making scenario. This research work is put forth to project the realistic perception of the experts in the construction process of optimal conclusions.

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Yuan, Ren, Lv Tiejun, Long Feichi, Zhang Jie, and Lu Yueming. "DSmT Based Scheduling Algorithm in OFDMA Systems." December 5, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34803.

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This paper proposes a novel scheduling scheme based on Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) downlink scenario. The proposed scheme is utilized in a decoupled time/frequency domain packet scheduling framework and allows jointly optimizing both system throughput and fairness. Compared with the proportional fair (PF) scheduling algorithm, the proposed method is able to achieve higher system throughput and lower average packet delay with approximately the same fairness among users. Simulation results verify that the proposed scheme can make a better tradeoff between system throughput and fairness among users than its counterparts.

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G., Quellec, Lamard M., Bekri L., Cazuguel G., Roux C., and Cochener B. "MULTIMODAL MEDICAL CASE RETRIEVAL USING BAYESIAN NETWORKS AND THE DEZERT-SMARANDACHE THEORY." December 6, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34856.

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In this paper, we present a Case Based Reasoning (CBR) system for the retrieval of medical cases made up of a series of images with semantic information (such as the patient age, sex and medical history).

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Wilbert, van Norden, Bolderheij Fok, and Jonker Catholijn. "Combining system and user belief on classification using the DSmT combination rule." December 5, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34789.

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Having a correct and timely classification solution for objects has become increasingly important as well as increasingly difficult to obtain in new maritime military missions; a decision support system is therefore needed. In decision support systems a challenge lies in how operator and system belief can be reconciled.

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Jianwen, Yang, Chen Xiangguang, and Jin Huaiping. "Online prediction for contamination of chlortetracycline fermentation based on Dezert–Smarandache theory." March 13, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.32225.

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Fermentative production of chlortetracycline is a complex fed-batch bioprocess. It generally takes over 90 h for cultivation and is often contaminated by undesired microorganisms. Once the fermentation system is contaminated to certain extent, the product quality and yieldwill be seriously affected, leading to a substantial economic loss.

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Peng, Li, Huang Xinhan, Wang Min, and Zeng Xiangjin. "Multiple Mobile Robots Map Building Based on DSmT." December 6, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34861.

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In this paper, a new multi-robot system framework is introduced to solve the problem of multi-robot map building. Compared with the classical architectures introduced in the literature, this kind of framework enhances overall system performance, especially in reducing calculations and communications, improving real-time performance. Meanwhile a general basic belief assignment function (gbbaf) is constructed to deal with the uncertain and imprecise information obtained by sonar sensors with the application of new information fusion method DSmT (Dezert and Smarandache Theory) in the system and consideration of characteristics of sonar sensors. At last, Pioneer II mobile robots are used to carry out experiments of map building for both single-robot system and multi-robot system.

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42

CALEFARIU, Emilia, Mircea BOȘCOIANU, FLORENTIN SMARANDACHE, and Traian Alexandru BUDA. "Neutrosophic Modeling of Investment Architectures." April 6, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.49133.

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Despite numerous attempts to refocus traditional bivalent logic, usually, logic is tributary by keeping fixed limits for truth or false. An alternative answer to this need is the system of Neutrosophy, and its connected logic, Neutrosophic Logic, presented in the work of the authors W. B. Vasantha Kandasamy and Florentin Smarandache. Neutrosophy is a new branch of philosophy that studies the origin, nature and scope of neutralities, as well as their interactions with different ideational spectra.

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43

Huaiping, Jin, and Chen Xiangguang. "Online prediction for contamination of chlortetracycline fermentation based on Dezert-Smarandache theory." March 13, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22917.

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Fermentative production of chlortetracycline is a complex fed-batch bioprocess. It generally takes over 90h for cultivation and is often contaminated by undesired microorganisms. Once the fermentation system is contaminated to certain extent, the product quality and yield will be seriously affected, leading to a substantial economic loss. Using information fusion based on the Dezer-Smarandache theory, self-recursive wavelet neural network and unscented Kalman filter, a novel method for online prediction of contamination is developed. All state variables of culture process involving easy-to-measure and difficult-to-measure variables commonly obtained with soft-sensors present their contamination symptoms. By extracting and fusing latent information from the changing trend of each variable, integral and accurate prediction results for contamination can be achieved. This makes preventive and corrective measures be taken promptly. The field experimental results show that the method can be used to detect the contamination in time, reducing production loss and enhancing economic efficiency.

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Desmond, Adair, Emara-Shabaik Hosam, and Jaeger Martin. "Developing a monitoring system for long-distance pipeline leakage incorporating fusion of conflicting evidences." January 25, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22955.

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Quite often, during long-distance pipe leakage, critical decisions have to be made quickly and with as much certainty as possible using conflicting and uncertain sources of information. Key to providing quality decision options is an appropriate method of combining, or fusing, these heterogeneous evidence sources. Since the development of belief function theory introduced by Shafer in the 1970s many combination rules have been proposed in the literature because in highly conflicting situations the emblematic Dempster’s rule generates counterintuitive and unacceptable results in practical applications. In this work the Dezert-Smarandache theory (DSmT) will be explored, in particular the PCR5 and PCR6 rules of proportional conflict redistribution, and a simple long-distance pipe leakage monitoring method is developed to help in the development of a method for more complicated situations.

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Albena, Tchamova, Dezert Jean, Bocheva Nadejda, and Konstantinova Pavlina. "Human Integration of Motion and Texture Information in Visual Slant Estimation." September 5, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34827.

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The present research is aimed to: (i) characterize the ability of human visual system to define the objects’ slant on the base of combination of visual stimulus characteristics, that in general are uncertain and even conflicting. (ii) evaluate the influence of human age on visual cues assessment and processing; (iii) estimate the process of human visual cue integration based on the well known Normalized Conjunctive Consensus and Averaging fusion rules, as well on the base of more efficient probabilistic Proportional Conflict Redistribution rule no.5 defined within Dezert-Smarandache Theory for plausible and paradoxical reasoning.

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A., Rohini, Venkatachalam M., Broumi Said, and Smarandache Florentin. "Single Valued Neutrosophic Coloring." August 31, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3382503.

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Neutrosophic set was introduced by Smarandache in 1998. Due to some real time situation, decision makers deal with uncertainty and inconsistency to identify the best result. Neutrosophic concept helps to investigate the vague or indeterminacy values. Graph structures used to reduce the complications in solving the system of equations for finding the decision of some real-life problems. In this research study, we introduced the single-valued neutrosophic coloring concept. We introduce various notions, single valued neutrosophic vertex coloring, single valued neutrosophic edge coloring, and single valued neutrosophic total coloring and support those definitions with some examples.

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R.Priya, Martin Nivetha, and Smarandache Florentin. "Induced Plithogenic Cognitive Maps with Combined Connection Matrix to investigate the glitches of online learning system." June 8, 2021. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4914829.

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Plithogenic Cognitive Maps (PCM) introduced by Nivetha and Smarandache are extensively applied in decision making. This research work extends PCM to Induced PCM by introducing the concept of combined connection matrix (CCM). The proposed induced PCM decision making model with CCM is applied to examine the glitches of online learning system. It was observed that expert’s opinion on the associational impact between the factors considered for study in the form combined connection matrix is more advantageous on comparison with conventional connection matrix representation, as CCM is a mixture of crisp/fuzzy/intuitionistic/neutrosophic representations. The proposed model will certainly facilitate the decision makers in designing optimal solutions to the real time problems and it shall be extended based on the needs of the decision makers and employed in various other decision making environment. The shortcomings of the model are also discussed in brief.

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48

Mao, Linfan. "A Multi-Space Model for Chinese Bids Evaluation with Analyzing." May 4, 2006. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.9549.

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A tendering is a negotiating process for a contract through by a tenderer issuing an invitation, bidders submitting bidding documents and the tenderer accepting a bidding by sending out a notification of award. As a useful way of purchasing, there are many norms and rulers for it in the purchasing guides of the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, · · ·, also in contract conditions of various consultant associations. In China, there is a law and regulation system for tendering and bidding. However, few works on the mathematical model of a tendering and its evaluation can be found in publication. The main purpose of this paper is to construct a Smarandache multi-space model for a tendering, establish an evaluation system for bidding based on those ideas and analyze its solution by applying the decision approach for multiple objectives and value engineering. Open problems for pseudo-multi-spaces are also presented in the final section.

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49

Anjan, Mukherjee, and Sarkar Sadhan. "A new method of measuring similarity between two neutrosophic soft sets and its application in pattern recognition problems." July 1, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21454.

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Smarandache in 1995 introduced the concept of neutrosophic set and in 2013 Maji introduced the notion of neutrosophic soft set, which is a hybridization of neutrosophic set and soft set. After its introduction neutrosophic soft sets become most efficient tools to deals with problems that contain uncertainty such as problem in social, economic system, medical diagnosis, pattern recognition, game theory, coding theory and so on. In this work a new method of measuring similarity measure and weighted similarity measure between two neutrosophic soft sets (NSSs) are proposed. A comparative study with existing similarity measures for neutrosophic soft sets also studied. A decision making method is established for neutrosophic soft set setting using similarity measures. Lastly a numerical example is given to demonstrate the possible application of similarity measures in pattern recognition problems.

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50

Mukherjee, Anjan, and Sadhan Sarkar. "A new method of measuring similarity between two neutrosophic soft sets and its application in pattern recognition problems." Neutrosophic Sets and Systems 8, 2015 (April 15, 2015). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.571210.

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Smarandache in 1995 introduced the concept of neutrosophic set and in 2013 Maji introduced the notion of neutrosophic soft set, which is a hybridization of neutrosophic set and soft set. After its introduction neutrosophic soft sets become most efficient tools to deals with problems that contain uncertainty such as problem in social, economic system, medical diagnosis, pattern recognition, game theory, coding theory and so on. In this work a new method of measuring similarity measure and weighted similarity measure between two neutrosophic soft sets (NSSs) are proposed. A comparative study with existing similarity measures for neutrosophic soft sets also studied. A decision making method is established for neutrosophic soft set setting using similarity measures. Lastly a numerical example is given to demonstrate the possible application of similarity measures in pattern recognition problems.

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