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Journal articles on the topic 'Smart antenna and Wireless systems'
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1
Chougule, Rutuja. "Smart Antenna Systems." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (2022): 1182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43988.
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Abstract: Smart antennas have received increasing interest for improving the performance of wireless radio systems. These systems of antennas include a large number of techniques that attempt to enhance the received signal, suppress all interfering signals, and increase capacity, in general. The main purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the current state of research in the area of smart antennas, and to describe how they can be used in wireless systems. A smart antenna takes advantage of diversity effect at the source (transmitter), the destination (receiver), or both. Diversity effect involves the transmission and/or reception of multiple radio frequency (RF) waves to increase data speed and reduce the error rate. Thus, this article provides a basic model for determining the angle of arrival for incoming signals, the appropriate antenna beamforming, and the adaptive algorithms that are currently used for array processing. Moreover, it is shown how smart antennas, with spatial processing, can provide substantial additional improvement when used with TDMA and CDMA digitalcommunication systems.
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C. Anand. "Review of Smart Antenna Approaches in Wireless Systems." December 2022 4, no. 4 (2023): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.4.004.
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Wireless mobile communication is one of the rapidly growing fields of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The adoption of smart antennas will also minimize the cost. The success of smart antennas relies on two phases: In first phase, the features of smart antennas should be considered in design phase of next-generation wireless mobile communication systems. In second phase, the performance of smart antennas should be analyzed according to crucial parameters that satisfy the requirements of next-generation wireless mobile communication systems. The proposed research study summarizes the concept and types of smart antennas. Further, the most recent innovations in smart antenna domains such as varying network conditions, coverage & connectivity, Quality of Service (QoS), energy efficiency, routing are discussed.
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Bansal, Preeti, and Nidhi Chahal. "Smart Antennas for Various Applications." CGC International Journal of Contemporary Technology and Research 4, no. 2 (2022): 316–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46860/cgcijctr.2022.07.31.316.
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The paper presents about smart antennas for advancement in wireless and mobile communication. Smart antennas also called adaptive array antennas with better signal processing & can be used to calculate beam forming vectors which helps in tracking & locating antenna beam of target. Smart antennas are helpful in health monitoring in covid-19 pandemic and provides better service quality. Smart antenna is one of the rising innovations which can satisfy the prerequisites. Smart antennas are being used for controlling, monitoring and analyzing real time systems for various applications In smart antennas spatial division of the signal is used as compared to spectrum division, it can be beneficial for improving the performance of wireless communication. This paper describes how switched beam & adaptive array antennas differ from basic antennas.
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Kiran, W. S. "Challenges and Opportunities in Smart Antenna." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 4, no. 3 (2022): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.3.003.
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The ever-increasing demand for larger bandwidth with seamless and fast data access for commuters resulted in developing new challenges for wireless service providers. With the increasing network mobility, the communication channel based characteristics between base stations and mobile users are changing rapidly. To meet these challenges, smart antennas have become an essential component in the emerging wireless systems. The increasing requirement for increasing stable network performance and reducing electromagnetic pollution has strengthened smart antenna adoption. The primary objective of this research study is to highlight current research works in the area of smart antennas by evaluating the key technologies, service strategies, solutions and its importance in terms of 5G including network coverage enhancement, data speed, and Quality of Service (QoS).
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Surendra, Kumar Roy. "Performance of Smart Antenna in Wireless Systems." APPLIED SCIENCE PERIODICAL XXV, no. 1, February 2023 (2023): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8435600.
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<em>Demand for wireless communications has grown exponentially, during the last seven years, with such rapid growth. The most important problem for wireless communications is how to increase channel capacity. This paper considers a method of eigenvalue distribution, which is based on eigenvalue decomposition (EVD), for obtaining some insight into how different channel parameters affect the performance of antenna arrays. Eigenvalue decomposition is extremely important in analyzing most uplink and downlink processing algorithms for antenna arrays. The present approach greatly simplifies analysis, and can be equally applied to receiving diversity, transmitting diversity, and MIMO system.</em>
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Alnaiemy, Yahiea, Mohammed N. Majeed, Mohsin Ali Ahmed, Taha A. Elwi, and Sarah Mohemmed Fawzi Hussein. "Intelligent Antenna Array Systems for Modern Communication Networks." Academic Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.24237/asj.03.01.946e.
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In last two decades, Smart Antenna Systems (SAS) as well as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems have emerged as strong and efficient contenders for 5G wireless communication networks due to the advantages they may bring based on the improvements in transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals with respect to omnidirectional antennas. Although there is a fair amount of academic software previously available in this field, cross-use systems simulators do not utilize sufficient wireless system requirements to implement all requirements, and therefore, they do not provide the opportunity to emulate on the broadest lines where SAS or MIMO is more widely used. In this work, a new idea will be formed to improve MIMO 5th generation (5G) smart antenna using adaptive equalizer technology. This new proposal will appear distinctly and noticeably to improve the performance and efficiency of transmission and reception, in addition to its high sensitivity.
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T. G., Shivapanchakshari, and H. S. Aravinda. "PSO-CCO_MIMO-SA: A particle swarm optimization based channel capacity optimzation for MIMO system incorporated with smart antenna." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (2020): 6276. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6276-6282.
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With the radio channels physical limits, achieving higher data rate in the multi-channel systems is been a biggest concern. Hence, various spatial domain techniques have been introduced by incorporating array of antenna elements (i.e., smart antenna) in recent past for the channel limit expansion in mobile communication antennas. These smart antennas help to yield the improved array gain or bearm forming gain and hence by power efficiency enhanmaent in the channel and antenna range expansion. The use of smart antenna leads to spatial diversity and minimizes the fading effect and improves link reliability. However, in the process of antenna design, the proper channel modelling is is biggest concern which affect the wireless system performance. The recent works of MIMO design systems have discussed the issues in number of antenna selection which suggests that optimization of MIMO channel capacity is required. Hence, a Particle Swarm Optimization based channel capacity optimzation for MIMO system incorporated with smart antenna is introduced in this paper. From the outcomes it is been found that the proposed PSO based MIMO system achieves better convergenece speed which results in better channel capacity.
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Shivapanchakshari, T. G., and S. Aravinda H. "PSO-CCO_MIMO-SA: A particle swarm optimization based channel capacity optimzation for MIMO system incorporated with smart antenna." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 6 (2020): 6276–82. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i6.pp6276-6282.
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With the radio channels physical limits, achieving higher data rate in the multi-channel systems is been a biggest concern. Hence, various spatial domain techniques have been introduced by incorporating array of antenna elements (i.e., smart antenna) in recent past for the channel limit expansion in mobile communication antennas. These smart antennas help to yield the improved array gain or bearm forming gain and hence by power efficiency enhanmaent in the channel and antenna range expansion. The use of smart antenna leads to spatial diversity and minimizes the fading effect and improves link reliability. However, in the process of antenna design, the proper channel modelling is is biggest concern which affect the wireless system performance. The recent works of MIMO design systems have discussed the issues in number of antenna selection which suggests that optimization of MIMO channel capacity is required. Hence, a Particle Swarm Optimization based channel capacity optimzation for MIMO system incorporated with smart antenna is introduced in this paper. From the outcomes it is been found that the proposed PSO based MIMO system achieves better convergenece speed which results in better channel capacity.
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Sharma, Preeti, Rakesh N. Tiwari, Prabhakar Singh, Pradeep Kumar, and Binod K. Kanaujia. "MIMO Antennas: Design Approaches, Techniques and Applications." Sensors 22, no. 20 (2022): 7813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22207813.
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The excessive use of digital platforms with rapidly increasing users in the wireless domain enforces communication systems to provide information with high data rates, high reliability and strong transmission connection quality. Wireless systems with single antenna elements are not able to accomplish the desired needs. Therefore, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are getting more attention in modern high-speed communication systems and play an essential part in the current generation of wireless technology. However, along with their ability to significantly increase channel capacity, it is a challenge to achieve an optimal isolation in a compact size for fifth-generation (5G) terminals. Portable devices, automobiles, handheld gadgets, smart phones, wireless sensors, radio frequency identification and other applications use MIMO antenna systems. In this review paper, the fundamentals of MIMO antennas, the performance parameters of MIMO antennas, and different design approaches and methodologies are discussed to realize the three most commonly used MIMO antennas, i.e., ultra-wideband (UWB), dual-band and circularly polarized antennas. The recent MIMO antenna design approaches with UWB, dual band and circularly polarized characteristics are compared in terms of their isolation techniques, gain, efficiency, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and channel capacity loss (CCL). This paper is very helpful to design suitable MIMO antennas applicable in UWB systems, satellite communication systems, GSM, Bluetooth, WiMAX, WLAN and many more. The issues with MIMO antenna systems in the indoor environment along with possible solutions to improve their performance are discussed. The paper also focuses on the applications of MIMO characteristics for future sixth-generation (6G) technology.
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Yao, Shutong, and Wutong Lei. "Design and review of terahertz antennas." Applied and Computational Engineering 73, no. 1 (2024): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/73/20240412.
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With the rapid development of wireless cellular communication from 1G to 5G, it is about to enter the 6g era, not only are people more connected, but more and more smart devices have also realized the Internet, and this trend will continue until 2030 and beyond, when everything will be smart Internet anytime, anywhere. If smart devices can sense their surroundings and share environmental information with other smart devices, then this connection will become more intelligent. This paper introduces the core technology of future 6g wireless communication, the terahertz antenna in the equipment part of terahertz communication, and carries on the design of a new terahertz antenna, which is mainly used for transmitting and receiving terahertz signals, and can effectively convert electromagnetic wave energy into wireless signals to realize wireless communication with other devices. The design and performance of terahertz antennas directly affect the transmission efficiency and reliability of terahertz communication systems. In addition, the role of the new terahertz antenna model can expand the application field of terahertz technology and promote the wide application of terahertz technology in communication, security, medical and measurement fields.
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Christina, G. "A Review on Novel Microstrip Patch Antenna Designs and Feeding Techniques." IRO Journal on Sustainable Wireless Systems 4, no. 2 (2022): 110–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jsws.2022.2.005.
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Mobile technology is rapidly advancing nowadays due to its high impact in our day-to-day lives. As a result, there is an increasing need to study the advancement of antenna systems, which are regarded as fundamental equipment for wireless connectivity. Compared to the traditional large size antennas, microstrip patch antennas are now widely used in different applications such as smart phones, military, smart wearable devices etc. due to its unique characteristics such as lighter weight, reconfigurable structure, foldability, ease of fabrication, multi-frequency operations, and compactness. This research study presents a review on various microstrip patch antenna designs and the different antenna feed mechanisms available for 5G applications.
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Qasim, Aseel Abdul-Karim, Adheed Hassan Sallomi, and ِAli Khalid Jassim. "Rabid Euclidean direction search algorithm for various adaptive array geometries." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 10, no. 2 (2021): 856–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.1899.
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One of the exciting technologies used to meet the increasing demand for wireless communication services is a smart antenna. A smart antenna is basically confirmed by an array of antennas and a digital beamformer unit through which cellular base station can direct the beam toward the desired user and set nulls toward interfering users. In this paper, different array configurations (linear, circular, and planer) with the REDS algorithm are implemented in the digital beam-forming unit. The wireless system performance is investigated to check the smart antenna potentials assuming Rayleigh fading channel environment beside the AWGN channel. Results show how the REDS algorithm offers a significant improvement through antenna radiation pattern optimization, sidelobe level, and interference reduction, and also the RDES algorithm proves fast convergence with minimum MSE and better sidelobe level reduction comparing with other algorithms.
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Mishra, Manisha, Anindita Khan, and Jibendu Roy. "Design of multiple-beam microstrip smart antenna for massive MIMO applications." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 37, no. 4 (2024): 655–69. https://doi.org/10.2298/fuee2404655m.
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To improve the capacity of a radio communication system, MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) wireless technology is used, where multiple antennas are installed at both the transmission and reception ends. At the receiving end, by combining the received signals from all antennas, the fading effect can be reduced, which increases signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and minimizes the error rate. Wireless networks in multi-user environments need massive MIMO (MMIMO) systems as multiple antenna networks. The MMIMO installs large antenna arrays in the base stations, using a large number of transceivers with other RF modules to produce a very narrow and targeted radiation beam with reduced interference. This paper describes the method of producing multiple targeted radiation beams using an MMIMO smart antenna system with a microstrip array. The sub-6 GHz band of 5 GHz is used for the design of multiple beam smart antennas. The adaptive signal processing algorithm least mean square (LMS) is used for the beamforming of microstrip smart antennas. The number of antenna elements in the smart antenna is varied from 30 to 45. In case of three beam formation, the achieved maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -13 dB and minimum null depth is -27 dB. In case of four beam formation, the achieved maximum side lobe level (SLL) is -12 dB and minimum null depth is -25 dB. There was no deviation of the generated beam directions from the target user directions.
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Pal, Soma, and Azazul Haque. "A review: algorithm used for beam forming systems." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.2 (2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.2.8991.
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Wireless communication uses a smart antenna to provide better coverage and capacity for the communication system. Main functions performed by the smart antenna are Direction of Arrival estimation (DOA) and beamforming (DBF). The beam forming is signal processing techniques which combine antenna array technology with high-performance up/down-conversion, analog to digital conversion and digital signal processing to provide receivers with very high spatial selectivity. This paper evaluates non-blind algorithm such as LMS, to compute the weight calculation for phased array antenna using Matlab Simulink.
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Yue, Zhou. "Design of Wireless Intelligent Electronics Card Four-Element Rectangular Micro-Strip Antenna Array." Advanced Materials Research 503-504 (April 2012): 1203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.503-504.1203.
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Wake-up signal reception sensitivity and the antenna has a close relationship, from the parking lot of the practical needs of communication, as well as the works of Wireless Intelligent Electronics Card System structure requirements, using a quarter-wavelength design four rectangular micro-strip antenna array modules. Wireless intelligent electronic card to participate in the car parks are long-distance communication systems RFID identification system, four modules of rectangular micro-strip antenna array to send wake-up signal is highly directional, and four units of rectangular micro-strip antenna array to send the signal electron can wake up the wireless smart card job, and avoid the region other than the wireless smart card electronic interference.
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Hussein Mohammed Naser, Oras Ahmed Al-Ani, Mahmood Farhan Mosleh, and Faiz Arith. "Umbrella-Shaped Wideband MIMO Wireless Communication Antenna." Journal of Techniques 5, no. 4 (2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51173/jt.v5i4.1503.
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A Circular Polarization (CP) Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) system was used in this study with additional components for contemporary communication systems developed. There are 4 elements in the model. On the printed circuit board, each element has a dual-fed with two ports positioned at each of the four corners of smart devices (PCB). A Rogers RO3003 substrate with a dielectric structure size of (64.59 × 64.59) mm2. geometrical shape 50-Ohm microstrip lines are used to feed the antenna ports. To accomplish polarization and variety properties, microstrip feed lines are positioned orthogonally. According to the paradigm results, the operational frequency for each port was 4.25 GHz, and the system's operating frequency was 4.23 GHz while diversity gains (DG) of the MIMO antennas were about 10, the gain was suitable (around 7 dB), and Less than 0.0001 was the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). Additionally, the outcomes demonstrate that the MIMO system may operate in a sub-6 band that is ideal for smart device applications.
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Suárez Fajardo, Carlos Arturo, Martha Aurora Gonzalez Jaramillo, Cesar Aníbal Echeverry Moreno, and Gustavo Adolfo Puerto Leguizamón. "Wireless sensor nodes featuring single or double band directive antennas for agriculture applications." Inge CuC 16, no. 2 (2020): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17981/10.17981/ingecuc.16.2.2020.07.
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Introduction: This paper presents the design of two wireless sensor nodes, with communications systems that integrate in one case a broadband antenna for operation in the 900MHz and 2.4GHz bands, along with a circuit that allows to select the appropriate radio for operation in some of these bands with the same antenna and the other makes use of a high gain antenna for operation in the 2.4GHz band. The proposed design offers a solution to the problem of propagation of radio frequency (RF) signals in forests and plantations for applications in smart agriculture that make use of wireless sensor networks (WSN). Objective: Design of two wireless sensor nodes, with communications systems that integrate directive antennas in one case for dual band operation (900MHz-2.4GHz) and in the other with high gain antennas (2.4GHz) for applications in smart agriculture. Method: The design of the wireless nodes makes use of the PSoC (programmable chip system) model CY8CKIT-059 5LP, which integrates temperature, humidity, inclination, distance, light intensity and movement sensors that use ZigBee as a wireless communication protocol. The antennas are designed with appropriate electromagnetic simulators and the resulting prototypes from this process are characterized in impedance by means of a vector network analyzer (VNA) and radiation patterns in an anechoic chamber. The full operation of the nodes is validated in the laboratory and in open spaces. Results: The double-band node with logarithmic antenna allows packet transfer at distances of 4.1km (915MHz) and 938m (2.44GHz), along with a switching circuit that allows one of the bands to be selected depending on the propagation characteristics of the medium where the node will be installed. On the other hand, the node with SPA antenna allows transfer of packets up to 2.5km (2.44GHz). The antenna characterization results are as follows: The logarithmic antenna has a maximum gain of 2.74dBi (915MHz) and 3.06dBi (2.44GHz) respectively, with an impedance bandwidth of 3.196:1, for an S11 <-10dB. The SPA antenna resonates at a center frequency of 2.44 GHz with a gain of 7.2 dBi; an impedance bandwidth of 16.8%, for an S11 <-10dB. Conclusions: This proposal improves the performance in wireless sensor networks since the approaches allow modularity, versatility and application in different areas including agriculture, enabling longer reaches and a more extensive coverage compared to the nodes that make use of conventional XBee antennas.
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Dakulagi, Veerendra, and Mohammed Bakhar. "Advances in Smart Antenna Systems for Wireless Communication." Wireless Personal Communications 110, no. 2 (2019): 931–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06764-6.
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G, Shivapanchakshari T., and H. S. Aravinda. "Adaptive Resource Allocation using various Smart Antenna Techniques to maintain better System Performance." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 8, no. 5s (2019): 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.e1052.0585s19.
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Smart antennas are capable of offering major contribution in improving system performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The OFDM is an air-link technology required for future wireless communication applications to address the technological challenges in fulfilling users demand. The adaptive resource allocation techniques in OFDM systems using smart antennas is an optimistic approach showing light towards developing various methods to improve spectral efficiency with required quality of service (QoS). However, fully adaptive techniques increase the challenges in designing the physical layer with minimum complexity. Now, the challenge is to investigate the possibility of achieving satisfactory system performance without increasing complexity at MAC layer of next generation OFDM systems. In this paper, methodology of designing a hybrid smart antenna system is proposed to achieve required QoS with minimum system complexity.
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Ojaroudi Parchin, Naser, Haleh Jahanbakhsh Basherlou, Yasir Al-Yasir, Raed Abd-Alhameed, Ahmed Abdulkhaleq, and James Noras. "Recent Developments of Reconfigurable Antennas for Current and Future Wireless Communication Systems." Electronics 8, no. 2 (2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020128.
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Reconfigurable antennas play important roles in smart and adaptive systems and are the subject of many research studies. They offer several advantages such as multifunctional capabilities, minimized volume requirements, low front-end processing efforts with no need for a filtering element, good isolation, and sufficient out-of-band rejection; these make them well suited for use in wireless applications such as fourth generation (4G) and fifth generation (5G) mobile terminals. With the use of active materials such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), varactor or p-i-n (PIN) diodes, an antenna’s characteristics can be changed through altering the current flow on the antenna structure. If an antenna is to be reconfigurable into many different states, it needs to have an adequate number of active elements. However, a large number of high-quality active elements increases cost, and necessitates complex biasing networks and control circuitry. We review some recently proposed reconfigurable antenna designs suitable for use in wireless communications such as cognitive-ratio (CR), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), ultra-wideband (UWB), and 4G/5G mobile terminals. Several examples of antennas with different reconfigurability functions are analyzed and their performances are compared. Characteristics and fundamental properties of reconfigurable antennas with single and multiple reconfigurability modes are investigated.
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Suh, Minyoung, Katherine E. Carroll, Edward Grant, and William Oxenham. "Investigation into the feasibility of inductively coupled antenna for use in smart clothing." International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 26, no. 1 (2014): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcst-10-2012-0064.
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Purpose – This research investigated the feasibility of using an inductively coupled antenna as the basis of applying a systems approach to smart clothing. In order to simulate real-life situations, the impact of the distortions and relative displacement of different fabric layers (with affixed antennas) on the signal quality was assessed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – A spiral antenna was printed on different fabric substrates. Obstructive conditions of the inductively coupled fabric layers were investigated to find out how much influence these conditions had on transmission performance. Reflected signals and transmitted signals were observed, while fabric antennas were subjected to displacement (distance and dislocation) or deformation (stretching and bending). The threshold of physical obstacles was estimated based on statistical analyses. Findings – The limits of physical conditions that enable proper wireless transmission were estimated up to ∼2 cm for both distance and dislocation, and ∼0.24 K for bending deformation. The antenna performance remained within an acceptable level of 20 percent transmission up to 10 percent fabric stretch. Based on well-established performance metrics used in clothing environment on the body, which employs 2-5 cm of ease, the results imply that the inductively coupled antennas may be suitable for use in smart clothing. Originality/value – This research demonstrates that the use of inductively coupled antennas on multiple clothing layers could offer the basis of a new “wireless” system approach to smart clothing. This would not only result in performance benefits, but would also significantly improve the aesthetics of smart clothing which should result in new markets for such products.
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Rahmat, M. Basuki, Yuning Widiarti, Eko Setijadi, et al. "Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antennas to Support the Implementation of Smart Ports." SPIRIT OF SOCIETY JOURNAL 8, no. 1 (2024): 116–26. https://doi.org/10.29138/scj.v8i1.3180.
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Smart port is a port concept which is designed and managed efficiently and effectively, which includes various technologies such as the use of automation systems, robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), and data analysis. the main service to convert a port into a smart port or Port 4.0. categorized into three main areas: Smart infrastructure is focused on “fixed assets” in ports, such as buildings (e.g. warehouses or stacking areas), cranes, trains, and roads. Smart traffic is focused on “moving assets” such as ships, trucks, trains and containers. Smart trading is focused on the flow of cargo. Digitalization with information and communication technology and automation are fundamental factors in pushing a port towards a smart port. One of the important components in communication technology is the antenna. several devices exchange data for remote monitoring using wireless communication. Antennas are very important in wireless communications. This article explains antenna design and analysis to support Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) in smart ports. This paper designs, simulates, and analyzes a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for wireless applications. FR-4 (lossy) and Roggers RT/duroid with a dielectric permittivity of 4.3 and 2.2 has been used as a substrate material. The simulation was carried out using computer simulation technology (CST) suite studio 2019 software. Simulation with FR-4 material showed a return loss of -21.23 dB, gain of 2.718 dBi, directivity of 7.525 dBi, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.1864, bandwidth (BW) is 0.0635 GHz, and Simulation using Rogers RT5880/duroid material showed a return loss of -10.813 dB, gain of 8.084 dBi, directivity of 8.528 dBi, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of 1.8095, bandwidth (BW) is 0.0441 GHz.
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MIAOU, SHAOU-GANG, SHIANN-SHIUN JENG, CHEN-WAN TSUNG, CHIH-HONG HSIAO, and TAH-YEONG LIN. "TRANSMITTING CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE IMAGES WITH WIRELESS LAN AND SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 18, no. 05 (2006): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237206000385.
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Capsule endoscopy gradually replaces traditional endoscopy in some applications and becomes a state-of-the-art tool to detect the problems of intestines. When capsule endoscopy is used, a patient swallows a capsule-like micro-camera. An image sequence is then taken by the capsule endoscope and transmitted to a receiver carried by the patient. Eventually, these image data will be transmitted to a desktop computer and examined by a doctor. To start the diagnosis earlier and avoid limiting the patient's movement, an on-line wireless transmission for this last link is desirable. For this link, WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) standard is a good candidate due to its high enough data rate and commercial availability. However, wireless links often result in transmission errors that are unacceptable for medical related applications, including medical image transmission. In this paper, we propose a WLAN system with smart antenna to transmit the capsule endoscope images and evaluate its performance. The simulation results demonstrate that utilizing the smart antenna can enhance the error resilient capability of the WLAN over an error prone wireless channel and provides a much reliable data link for the transmission of capsule endoscope images than the original standard.
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Pirapaharan, Kandasamy, Nagananthakumaran Ajithkumar, Konesamoorthy Sarujan, Xavier Fernando, and Paul R. P. Hoole. "Smart, Fast, and Low Memory Beam-Steering Antenna Configurations for 5G and Future Wireless Systems." Electronics 11, no. 17 (2022): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11172658.
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Smart Antennas are important to provide mobility support for many enhanced 5G and future wireless applications and services, such as energy harvesting, virtual reality, Voice over 5G (Vo5G), connected vehicles, Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M), and Internet of Things (IoT). Smart antenna technology enables us to reduce interference and multipath problems and increase the quality in communication signals. This paper presents a number of nonlinear configurations of dipole arrays for forming a single beam in any desired direction. We propose three, four, six, and eight-element array structures to perform this single beam-steering functionality. The proposed array configurations with multiple axes of symmetry (in the azimuthal plane) decrease the computational repetitions in optimizing respective weight factors for beam-steering. The optimized weight factors are obtained through the Least Mean Square (LMS) method. MATLABTM is used to calculate optimized weight factors as well as to determine the resulting radiation patterns. Since antennas are bidirectional elements, beamforming in one direction means that the antenna will also have high receiving gain in that direction. Performances of differently configured models are compared in terms of their directivity, sidelobe reduction, and computational complexities for beam-steering.
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Anguera, Jaume, Aurora Andújar, José Luis Leiva, et al. "Reconfigurable Multiband Operation for Wireless Devices Embedding Antenna Boosters." Electronics 10, no. 7 (2021): 808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070808.
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Wireless devices such as smart meters, trackers, and sensors need connections at multiple frequency bands with low power consumption, thus requiring multiband and efficient antenna systems. At the same time, antennas should be small to easily fit in the scarce space existing in wireless devices. Small, multiband, and efficient operation is addressed here with non-resonant antenna elements, featuring volumes less than 90 mm3 for operating at 698–960 MHz as well as some bands in a higher frequency range of 1710–2690 MHz. These antenna elements are called antenna boosters, since they excite currents on the ground plane of the wireless device and do not rely on shaping complex geometric shapes to obtain multiband behavior, but rather the design of a multiband matching network. This design approach results in a simpler, easier, and faster method than creating a new antenna for every device. Since multiband operation is achieved through a matching network, frequency bands can be configured and optimized with a reconfigurable matching network. Two kinds of reconfigurable multiband architectures with antenna boosters are presented. The first one includes a digitally tunable capacitor, and the second one includes radiofrequency switches. The results show that antenna boosters with reconfigurable architectures feature multiband behavior with very small sizes, compared with other prior-art techniques.
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Chung, Ming-An, Cheng-Wei Hsiao, Chih-Wei Yang, and Bing-Ruei Chuang. "4 × 4 MIMO Antenna System for Smart Eyewear in Wi-Fi 5G and Wi-Fi 6e Wireless Communication Applications." Electronics 10, no. 23 (2021): 2936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10232936.
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This paper proposes a small-slot antenna system (50 mm × 9 mm × 2.7 mm) for 4 × 4 multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) on smart glasses devices. The antenna is set on the plastic temple, and the inverted F antenna radiates through the slot in the ground plane of the sputtered copper layer outside the temple. Two symmetrical antennas and slots on the same temple and series capacitive elements enhance the isolation between the two antenna ports. When both temples are equipped with the proposed antennas, 4 × 4 MIMO transmission can be achieved. The antenna substrate is made of polycarbonate (PC), and its thickness is 2.7 mm εr=2.85, tanδ=0.0092. According to the actual measurement results, this antenna has two working frequency bands when the reflection coefficient is lower than −10dB, its working frequency bandwidth at 4.58–5.72 GHz and 6.38–7.0 GHz. The proposed antenna has a peak gain of 4.3 dBi and antenna efficiency of 85.69% at 5.14 GHz. In addition, it also can obtain a peak gain of 3.3 dBi and antenna efficiency of 82.78% at 6.8 GHz. The measurement results show that this antenna has good performance, allowing future smart eyewear devices to be applied to Wi-Fi 5G (5.18–5.85 GHz) and Wi-Fi 6e (5.925–7.125 GHz).
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Abdhafith, Zamzam Melad, Rasim Amer Ali, and Nasser Abohamod. "Design and Simulation of a high-efficiency smart antenna for 5G Communication systems by CST." E3S Web of Conferences 469 (2023): 00090. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346900090.
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Antennas is considered one of the great challenges for communications engineers in delivering the transmitted signal to the receiver with the lowest possible capacity and the least loss, increasing the effectiveness of the various communication systems. In this paper, a smart antenna design for the fifth generation technology (5G) ), specifically the antenna arrays, which are microstriped antennas with different specifications, the design was for a high-efficiency microstrip antenna array and it was developed using a low-loss RT/duroid 5880 substrate based on Teflon material with a permittivity of 2.2 and a tangent loss of 0.0009, the designed were simulated using CST software Microwave Studio, which is based on the instantaneous numerical method, and the application was used for the wireless local network at a frequency of 28 GHz, and the performance of the designed antenna was evaluated in terms of general characteristics, including bandwidth, gain, return loss, standing wave ratio VSWR, and radiation pattern (3D). The results showed that the designs have a bandwidth greater than 10dB and achieved a total gain of more than 13 dB, by comparison, the results obtained with previous results show that a large part has been achieved, especially in the width of range and this meets a large part of the needs of 5G communication systems.
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Bhupenmewada, Kamal Niwaria Prof., and Manish Jain Dr. "Performance Analysis of MUSIC and MVDR DOA Estimation Algorithm." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 8, no. 2 (2018): 50–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3361959.
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The communication systems use concept of smart antennas, which is based on digital signal processing algorithms. In this way, the smart antennas system becomes capable to locate and track signals by the both: users, interferers and dynamically adapts the antenna pattern to enhance the reception in Signal-of-Interest direction and minimizing interference in Signal-of-Not-Interest (SONI) direction. Hence, Space Division Multiple Access system (SDMA), which uses smart antennas, is being used more often in wireless communications, because it shows improvement in channel capacity and co-channel interference. However, performance of smart antenna system greatly depends on efficiency of digital signal processing algorithms. The algorithm uses the Direction of Arrival (DOA) algorithms to estimate the number of incidents plane waves on the antenna array and their angle of incidence. In this paper the performance of Direction-of-Arrival (DOA) algorithms MUSIC and MVDR are investigated. The simulation results shows that, the advantages in performance of one algorithm over another vary with the conditions and is significantly influenced by both of the environment as well as the system. Thus, careful consideration is imperative to the conditions and system parameters specific to the planned deployment. The algorithms have been simulated in MATLAB 7.4 version
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Winters, J. H. "Smart antennas for wireless systems." IEEE Personal Communications 5, no. 1 (1998): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/98.656155.
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Marc Heylen, Patrick Bossuyt, Philippe Provoost, David Borremans, and Christine Rampelberg. "Making Antennas for 6G." Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal 3, no. 1 (2022): 235–47. https://doi.org/10.63995/llln1212.
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The impending advent of 6G technology heralds a new era in wireless communication, promising unprecedented data transmission speeds and wider network coverage. As the global demand for faster and more reliable internet connectivity grows, the development of advanced antennas suitable for 6G is becoming increasingly critical. This abstract delves into the innovative methodologies and materials involved in making antennas capable of meeting the requirements of 6G networks. Current research focuses on utilizing novel materials and designs to enhance the performance of 6G antennas. Metamaterials, possessing unique electromagnetic properties not found in naturally occurring materials, are pivotal in this development. They enable the construction of ultra-thin, highly efficient antennas that operate effectively at the higher frequency bands proposed for 6G, which are crucial for achieving the technology's potential. Moreover, the integration of smart antenna technologies, such as Massive MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) and beamforming, is essential. These technologies adaptively direct and focus energy to improve signal reception and reduce interference, which is vital in the densely populated network environments expected with 6G deployment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advancements in antenna technology, including the exploration of new materials, innovative design techniques, and the incorporation of smart systems, all aimed at supporting the robust infrastructure required for 6G wireless networks.
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Suriyan, Kannadhasan, R. Nagarajan, and George Ghinea. "Smart Antenna Optimization Techniques for Wireless Applications." Electronics 12, no. 13 (2023): 2983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12132983.
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Yang, Xiaolong, Jiacheng Wang, Wei Nie, and Yong Wang. "Passive Localization of Moving Target with Channel State Information." Journal of Sensors 2021 (August 31, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6140914.
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With the popularity of wireless networks and smart devices, wireless signal-based passive target sensing and localization have become a hot research topic and attracted numerous researchers’ interests. The existing passive localization solutions require multiple receivers, which is not practical for real-world applications. In response to this compelling problem, in this paper, we propose a practical single access point-based passive moving target localization system. Concretely, it first utilizes multiple antennas of the access point to form an antenna array and extended antenna, to capture channel state information (CSI) at different spatial locations. Then, leveraging the obtained CSI, the signal parameters, including the angle of arrival (AoA) and time of flight (ToF), are estimated. Based on the estimated signal parameters and the locations of the antenna array and extended antenna, finally, the passive localization of the moving target is realized. Comprehensive experiments are conducted under the real-world scenario with two different test platforms, and the experimental results show the proposed algorithm’s median localization can reach 1.087 m when the number of antennas is 4 and the signal bandwidth is 80 MHz, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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H. Jwair, Marwah, Taha A. Elwi, Salam K. Khamas, Aydin Farajidavar, and Alyani Binti Ismail. "Circularly Polarized Metamaterial Patch Antenna Circuitry for Modern MIMO Applications." Iraqi Journal of Information and Communication Technology 6, no. 3 (2023): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31987/ijict.6.3.251.
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This research is an attempt to highlight that the presented antenna design is proposed for modern wireless communication systems, including 5G networks. The proposed antenna design is structured to realize a reconfigurable antenna terminal to suit smart wireless systems. Therefore, the proposed antenna is structured from twelve-unit cells of metamaterial (MTM) inclusions. For this, effectively, the proposed antenna profile is reduced to 0.21λ0, where λo is the free space wavelength at 2.45GHz, which occupies 40 × 30 mm2 equivalently. This is accomplished by using T-resonator inductors to conduct 3rd iteration Hilbert-shaped MTM inclusions. The proposed antenna is printed on a substrate to cover the frequency bands from 2.6GHz to 4.4GHz. To optimize the antenna performances, a numerical-parametric analysis based on CST MWS commercial software package formulations is invoked for this study. The suggested antenna performance is numerically evaluated for validation using the HFSS software suite. The antenna has great performance while being sufficiently small to be used with integrated electronics.
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Park, Jihun, David B. Ahn, Joohee Kim, et al. "Printing of wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations." Science Advances 5, no. 12 (2019): eaay0764. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aay0764.
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Recent advances in smart contact lenses are essential to the realization of medical applications and vision imaging for augmented reality through wireless communication systems. However, previous research on smart contact lenses has been driven by a wired system or wireless power transfer with temporal and spatial restrictions, which can limit their continuous use and require energy storage devices. Also, the rigidity, heat, and large sizes of conventional batteries are not suitable for the soft, smart contact lens. Here, we describe a human pilot trial of a soft, smart contact lens with a wirelessly rechargeable, solid-state supercapacitor for continuous operation. After printing the supercapacitor, all device components (antenna, rectifier, and light-emitting diode) are fully integrated with stretchable structures for this soft lens without obstructing vision. The good reliability against thermal and electromagnetic radiations and the results of the in vivo tests provide the substantial promise of future smart contact lenses.
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Alexiou, A., and M. Haardt. "Smart antenna technologies for future wireless systems: trends and challenges." IEEE Communications Magazine 42, no. 9 (2004): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2004.1336725.
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Khan, A., and J. S. Roy. "Thinned Smart Antenna of a Semi-circular Dipole Array for Massive MIMO Systems." Advanced Electromagnetics 12, no. 4 (2023): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v12i4.2303.
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Massive MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) is a multi-user MIMO technology that can provide high-speed multimedia services in 5G wireless networks using sub-6 GHz and millimeter wave bands. The massive MIMO (MMIMO) installs array antennas in the base stations, using hundreds of transceivers with other RF modules. One of the drawbacks of the MMIMO system is its huge power consumption, and the beamforming network with RF modules for a large number of antennas is the main contributor to the power consumption. In this paper, a novel beamforming method is proposed for the low power consumption of an MMIMO system. The proposed thinned smart antenna (TSA) of a semi-circular array produces a secure beam toward the user’s terminal with reduced interference. By thinning the antenna array, some of the antenna elements are kept off, resulting in less power consumption, while the array pattern remains the same as a fully populated array with a reduced side lobe level (SLL). The sub-6 GHz band of 5 GHz is used for the design of thinned array antennas. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine the array sequence in thinning, and the adaptive signal processing algorithms least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS), and sample matrix inversion (SMI) are used for the beamforming of the TSA, and the corresponding algorithms are GA-LMS, GA-RLS, and GA-SMI. The power saving of 40% to 55% is achieved using TSA. The maximum SLL reductions of 13 dB, 12 dB, and 14 dB are achieved for TSA using GA-LMS, GA-RLS, and GA-SMI algorithms, respectively.
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Bharathi, Anantha. "SMART ANTENNAS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS." CVR Journal of Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (2011): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32377/cvrjst0108.
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Babich, Fulvio, Massimilliano Comisso, Aljosa Dorni, Flavio Barisi, Marco Driusso, and Allesandro Manià. "Discrete-time simulation of smart antenna systems in Network Simulator-2 Using MATLAB and Octave." SIMULATION 87, no. 11 (2010): 932–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549710387762.
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This paper presents two platforms that exploit the scalability properties of Network Simulator-2 for the discrete-event simulation of a telecommunication network, and the modeling capabilities of two development tools for the discrete-time implementation of adaptive antenna arrays at the physical layer. The two tools are the proprietary MATLAB and the open source Octave, both of which are used to implement the physical antenna system, the beamforming algorithm, the channel coding scheme, and the multipath and fading statistics. The adopted approach enables detailed modeling of the antenna radiation pattern generated by each network node, thus improving the accuracy of the signal-to-interference ratio estimated at the receiver. This study describes the methods that can be adopted to interface MATLAB and Octave with Network Simulator-2, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages that characterize the integration of the two tools with Network Simulator-2. The proposed numerical platforms, which can be interfaced with any wireless network supported by Network Simulator-2, are used to investigate the possibility of exploiting smart antenna systems in a wireless mesh network to enable the coexistence of multiple simultaneous communications.
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Khan, Anindita, and Jibendu Roy. "Design of thinned smart antenna of semi-circular dipole array for 5G massive MIMO system." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 37, no. 3 (2024): 409–22. https://doi.org/10.2298/fuee2403409k.
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In a multi-user environment, wireless networks should be massive MIMO (MMIMO) systems consisting of multiple antennas. MMIMO installs antenna arrays at base stations and uses hundreds of transceivers and other RF modules to form a very narrow and focused beam, thus reducing interference. The disadvantage of MMIMO systems is large power consumption, and the RF module beamforming network for multiple antennas is significant in terms of power consumption. This paper presents a new low power beamforming technique for MMIMO systems. The proposed semicircular array thinned smart antenna (TSA) can form a secure beam for user terminals while reducing interference. In a thinned array, selected antennas are kept off, which reduces power consumption but the array pattern remains the same as the built-in array, and the sidelobe level (SLL) is reduced. The thinned array antennas are designed at 5 GHz of the sub-6GHz band. The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal array sequence and least mean square (LMS), recursive least square (RLS), and sample matrix inversion (SMI) algorithms are used for beam generation of the TSA and the algorithms are DE-LMS, DE-RLS and DE-SMI. A maximum of 48% energy savings is achieved. Using the DE-LMS, DE-RLS and DE-SMI algorithms, TSA achieved maximum SLL reduction of 11 dB, 11 dB and 9 dB, respectively.
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Yuqi, Tang, Guo Keke, Zhao Chonglin, and Wang Wenlian. "Bolt loosening monitoring with passive wireless-based smart washers." Insight - Non-Destructive Testing and Condition Monitoring 66, no. 5 (2024): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1784/insi.2024.66.5.281.
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Ensuring sufficient preload of bolted connections is crucial for maintaining the safety of railway operations. Accidents resulting from loose bolts caused by inadequate preload are a recurring concern. Traditional bolt preload detection methods suffer from reliability issues and bulky equipment requirements. To address these challenges, this study proposes a novel solution utilising passive wireless measurement systems. However, the communication effectiveness of these systems can be significantly impacted by the surrounding metal environment. This research introduces an intelligent clover washer design to mitigate the adverse effects of eddy currents induced by the metal environment. The design incorporates a new clover antenna and washer structure, effectively reducing the influence of the metal environment and improving the communication quality. The proposed design has undergone comprehensive prototyping, simulation and experimental verification. The results demonstrate a significant improvement over the traditional circular antenna and washer combination under similar conditions. Specifically, the sensing distance of the new clover washer is enhanced by 60% and the stable communication distance is improved by 75%. The experimental results highlight the ability of the new clover smart washer to generate a stronger spatial magnetic field and exhibit reduced susceptibility to the metal washer, thereby enhancing communication effectiveness.
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Namdeo, Shravan Kumar, Mukesh Patidar, Patel Shreyaskumar Shreyaskumar, et al. "Genetic Algorithm (GA) Approach for Side Lobe Level-Reduction (SLL-R) and Enhanced Directivity in Wireless Communication." International Journal of Microsystems and IoT 2, no. 8 (2024): 1131–39. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13729305.
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The present investigation investigates the optimization of smart antenna systems, specifically the reduction of side lobe levels (SLL) using Genetic Algorithm (GA) techniques. The study assesses the radiation pattern performance of a ten-element antenna array with fixed 8 cm spacing and 2 amps of current. Variations in the number of elements (4, 6, and 8) are explored to determine how they affect SLL and directivity. Furthermore, the simulation analysis looks into directivity and SLL at larger currents (10, 15, and 20 amps). The analysis aim to increase understanding and performance of smart antenna technology, particularly in wireless communication applications. The result evaluated by MatlabR2024a tool.
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Kanboz, Beyza, and Merih Palandoken. "UWB Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Energy Harvesting Applications." International Journal of Advanced Natural Sciences and Engineering Researches 7, no. 4 (2023): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.59287/ijanser.565.
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RF energy harvesting systems, which are the receiver part of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), have gained significant development in recent years. For maximum energy acquisition over a wide frequency range, such as to provide power to small handheld devices like cell phones, tablets, smart watches, and other smart devices, wideband and compact antennas are desired. RF systems are expected to cover different frequency bands, such as 2.4 GHz, 5.1 GHz, 5.8 GHz (Bluetooth/Wi-Fi), 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz, 3.5 GHz, 5 GHz (WiMAX), for energy harvesting. For such an RF harvesting system, the antenna is desired to have a wide bandwidth, good gain, and an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Energy harvesting devices refer to designs that integrate production and storage. For instance, radio frequency energy sources contain a large amount of electromagnetic energy in the environment, and with RF energy harvesting systems, a portion of this electromagnetic energy can be collected and converted into usable DC voltage. Microstrip patch antennas are very good alternatives for energy harvesting applications because they are cost-effective, compact in size and weight, flat in structure, and highly repeatable. This paper presents a microstrip patch antenna with a bandwidth of 3.9 GHz in the 3.4 to 7.3 GHz range for UWB applications. The antenna design has a gain value of 3.28dBi at the numerically calculated resonance frequency of 4.9 GHz and generally covers frequencies used for electronic device communication such as Wi-Fi 5 GHz and WiMAX. The proposed antenna design has gain values that are allowed to be used for RF energy harvesting applications.
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Nadar Akila Mohan, P., and K. Indhumathi. "Sub-millimeter wave nanoantenna-a review." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, no. 1 (2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012053.
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Abstract Electromagnetic waves that have a wavelength of less than one millimeter are referred to as sub millimeter waves. In sub millimeter wave-based devices and systems, antennas are critical components that are vital to their operation. Antennas are used in situations when a transition between a directed wave and a free-space wave is needed. Since, electromagnetic characteristics for receiving and transmission of the nano antenna are mutually invertible, the properties of nano antenna are analyzed in sub millimeter wave frequencies and this overcomes the limitations of conventional antenna design. They are very small in size, provide more efficiency, and do not cause health threat. This paper reviews the applications of nano antenna, which operates at sub-millimeter wave frequency, in the field of energy harvesting, space technology, IoT applications, 5G network, smart clothing, bio sensing, communication, etc? Also, the nano antenna fabricated by 3D printing technology is also reviewed. The world’s ever-increasing energy need necessitates the development of alternate energy sources. There is a lot of research and development going on right now to enhance photovoltaic systems so that they can be more efficient, but the constraint is that they can only collect energy from the visible area of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a result, a novel device known as a Nano antenna has been developed to convert heat energy taken from the infrared spectrum into electricity. In the not-too-distant future, it will have an impact on a wide range of fields, such as mobile communication (5G), radar detection, and higher order frequency applications. Space communication, broadband wireless communications, wireless optical communication, and mobile communication will also benefit from its implementation.
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Kuang, Ye, Lan Yao, He Luan, Shenghai Yu, Ruiyun Zhang, and Yiping Qiu. "Effects of weaving structures and parameters on the radiation properties of three-dimensional fabric integrated microstrip antennas." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 19 (2017): 2182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716908.
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In smart textile systems, the wireless communication between the wearer and the wider environment plays an important role, especially in medical applications. This can be achieved by integrating an antenna in textile materials. The low-profile microstrip antenna is a desirable choice for textile antennas and integrating this type of antenna into the three-dimensional woven fabric achieves the most integrated textile antenna structure up to now. Different from traditional antenna structures, the three-dimensional woven fabric integrated microstrip antenna has the radiation patch and ground plane totally woven with the yarns, where the radiation properties would strongly depend on the weaving structures and parameters. In this paper, a 1.9 GHz single patch microstrip antenna was designed and six types of antennas with different combinations of woven patches and ground planes were compared. The measured results showed that the three-dimensional woven antenna had adequate performance. In addition, the three-dimensional woven antenna with warp yarns parallel to the feeding direction exhibited a better return loss and radiation pattern than the antenna with weft yarn parallel to the feeding direction, due to the longer current path for the latter antenna based on simulated current distribution analysis. Furthermore, the effects of conductive yarn parameters on the antenna properties were discussed and yarn structures were suggested to obtain relatively ideal antenna performances.
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El Aoud, Salah Eddine, Hind Abbaoui, Sanae Attioui, Nasima El Assri, Saida Ibnyaich, and Abdelouhab Zeroual. "An Overview and State of The Art in Reconfigurable Antennas with Their Applications." ITM Web of Conferences 69 (2024): 04014. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246904014.
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Reconfigurable antennas represent a critical innovation in modern wireless communication, offering dynamic control over antenna parameters such as frequency, radiation pattern, and polarization. This adaptability is essential in addressing the increasing demands of next-generation communication systems, including 5G/6G networks, cognitive radios, and the Internet of Things (IoT). By integrating technologies like PIN diodes, MEMS, and tunable materials, reconfigurable antennas can adjust to varying environmental and operational conditions, providing enhanced performance in terms of bandwidth, efficiency, and interference mitigation. Recent developments in the field focus on miniaturization, multi-band operation, and integration with advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) for intelligent reconfiguration. Smart materials, such as metamaterials and liquid crystals, offer new ways to achieve greater flexibility in antenna design. Applications of reconfigurable antennas are expanding across various sectors, from aerospace and defense to healthcare and wearable devices. Despite significant progress, challenges remain in optimizing cost, power consumption, and reliability.
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Sabban, Albert. "Novel Meta-Fractal Wearable Sensors and Antennas for Medical, Communication, 5G, and IoT Applications." Fractal and Fractional 8, no. 2 (2024): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract8020100.
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Future communication, 5G, medical, and IoT systems need compact, green, efficient wideband sensors, and antennas. Novel linear and dual-polarized antennas for 5G, 6G, medical devices, Internet of Things (IoT) systems, and healthcare monitoring sensors are presented in this paper. One of the major goals in the evaluation of medical, 5G, and smart wireless communication devices is the development of efficient, compact, low-cost antennas and sensors. Moreover, passive and active sensors may be self-powered by connecting an energy-harvesting unit to the antenna to collect electromagnetic radiation and charge the wearable sensor battery. Wearable sensors and antennas can be employed in smart grid applications that provide communication between neighbors, localized management, bidirectional power transfer, and effective demand response. A low-cost wearable antenna may be developed by etching the printed feed and matching the network on the same substrate in the printed antenna. Active modules may be placed on the same dielectric board. The antenna design parameters and a comparison between the computation and measured electrical performance of the antennas are presented in this paper. The electrical characteristics of the new compact antennas in the vicinity of the patient’s body were simulated by using electromagnetic simulation techniques. Fractal and metamaterial efficient antennas and sensors were evaluated to maximize the electrical characteristics of smart communication and medical devices. The dual- and circularly polarized antennas developed in this paper are crucial to the evaluation of wideband and multiband compact 5G, 6G, and IoT advanced systems. The new efficient sensors and antennas maximize the system’s dynamic range and electrical characteristics. The new efficient wearable antennas and sensors are compact, wideband, and low-cost. The operating resonant frequency of the metamaterial antennas with circular split-ring resonators (CSRRs) may be 5% to 9% lower than the resonant frequency of the sensor without CSRRs. The directivity and gain of the metamaterial fractal antennas with CSRRs may be up to 3 dB higher than the antennas without CSRRs. The directivity and gain of the metamaterial fractal passive sensors with CSRRs may be up to 8.5 dBi. This study presents new wideband active meta-fractal antennas and sensors. The bandwidth of the new sensors is around 9% to 20%. At 2.83 GHz, the receiving active sensor gain is 13.5 dB and drops to 8 dB at 3.2 GHz. The receiving module noise figure with TAV541 LNA is around 1dB.
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Rashid, Zhwan Mohammed, and Asaad M. Jassim Al-Hindawi. "Design of Adaptive Planar Microstrip Patch Array Operating at 28 GHz for 5G Smart Mobile System." Kurdistan Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 2 (2019): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24017/science.2019.2.16.
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Smart antenna system has been studied extensively for the fifth generation of wireless communication systems, because it has made a system better performance of higher capacity and coverage as well as of power-saving. The present paper introduces a design of planar microstrip patch antenna array for a smart mobile system operating at 28 GHz. The present smart antenna has an adaptive radiation pattern that adjusts its main beam automatically to the desired direction by following the signal environment. This is based on the processing of an algorithm called the Least Mean Square (LMS) resulting in a change in the magnitude and phase of the feeding current for each element in the antenna array. From the obtained results, the main beam can be steered 180 degrees in the phi (azimuth) plane at a constant theta (elevation) angle. The planar antenna array was designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio and MATLAB software that is used to find the required exciting current for each element. It is found that the antenna bandwidth is greater than 1 GHz while its gain is about 21 dB.
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Ahmed, Mujeeb. "Repetition Coding and Equal Power Allocation Scheme for JPEG Image Transmission over MIMO Systems." International Journal of Interdisciplinary Telecommunications and Networking 8, no. 3 (2016): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijitn.2016070102.
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Multiple transmit and receive antenna systems have improved the reliability as well as data rate in a wireless communication system. Such advanced wireless architectures have empowered smart devices to fulfill the demand of multimedia content. Image is a major user generated content in wide range of applications, hence reliable transmission of image is an important research problem. New transmission and coding schemes that explore advantages of multiple antenna systems matched with source statistics have been developed. Based on a similar idea, an equal power allocation scheme for transmission of compressed images over multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems employing partial repetition coding is proposed. The JPEG compression algorithm divides image into different quality layers. The proposed system repeats transmission of high quality data from more than one antenna as compared to the lower quality data which is transmitted using one antenna at most, in a particular time slot. A heuristic spatial multiplexing scheme is also proposed to optimally divide the bit stream chunks for transmission. Extensive simulations have shown that equal power allocation and repetition coding scheme is better as compared to reference schemes.
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Rozhnovskyi, M. V., and I. Yu Rozhnovska. "Application of artificial intelligence method in adaptive antenna system." Radiotekhnika, no. 215 (December 25, 2023): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/rt.2023.4.215.08.
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The requirements for adaptive antenna systems in modern and future wireless networks of the fifth (5G) and sixth (6G) generations are analyzed. The block diagram of the adaptive antenna system is presented and the basic principle of its operation is described. It is proposed to improve the block diagram of a modern adaptive antenna system by integrating an artificial intelligence module into it. The principle of interaction of the artificial intelligence module with the adaptive antenna system in the block diagram is shown and described. One of the methods of artificial intelligence (machine learning), the intelligent agent, is described and its mathematical model is presented. The possibility of applying the considered method in the cellular environment of a wireless communication network to improve the operation of an adaptive antenna system is shown. An example of the operation of an artificial intelligence module as part of an adaptive antenna system using an intelligent agent method is given. It is shown that, using the machine learning method, an intelligent agent within a single wireless communication cell can create a certain knowledge system capable of understanding and learning, taking into account the patterns of subscribers’ movement within the cell and predicting the direction of movement of a particular subscriber terminal. The resulting knowledge system is formed in an artificial intelligence module, which is included in the block diagram of a modern adaptive antenna system proposed in this paper, and can potentially be used to more accurately control the directional pattern of an adaptive antenna system. The idea proposed in this paper potentially allows us to develop the concept of a smart antenna, as well as to improve the characteristics of adaptive antenna systems, namely, to increase the energy efficiency of these systems by more accurately realizing the directivity characteristics and intelligent control of the radiation pattern petals using artificial intelligence.
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Dakdouki, A. S., and M. Tabulo. "On the eigenvalue distribution of smart-antenna arrays in wireless communication systems." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 46, no. 4 (2004): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.2004.1374044.
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