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Bon, RJN. "Principal agent theory and blockchain technology: Smart contract applications." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208427/1/Ramon_Bon_Thesis.pdf.
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When economic agents have private information, the agents will be incentivised to use this information advantage by acting in a manner that does not always coincide with production and social efficiency, or the interests of the principal. This thesis investigates details specific to designing a contract with blockchain technology and smart contracts that consistently elicit efficiency and good behaviour with the best possible outcome for participating agents. We use the lens of the principal agent theory to show that implementing blockchain technology and smart contracts in contractual agreements can alleviate problems associated with information asymmetry that arise when one party holds its information private. Information asymmetry has a significant economic impact in principal agent relationships.
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Foo, Xueyuan. "Design and Implementation of A Smart Grid System Based on Blockchain Smart Contract Technology." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-40851.
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Under de senaste åren har blockchain-tekniken fått mer och mer uppmärksamhet. Det har visat speciella fördelar i digital valuta, eftersom det distribueras och dess data inte kan ändras. Med fler länder som presenterar idén om kraftsysteminnovationen har ett stort antal distribuerade kraftkällor dykt upp. Nätanslutningen för dessa distribuerade kraftkällor leder till instabil nätdrift och ökar svårigheten att hantera kraftigt. Därför finns det ett akut behov av en lösning som kan realisera direkt transaktion av distribuerad kraftförsörjning. Denna artikel gör en fördjupad analys av blockchain-tekniken, inklusive hasalgoritm, konsensusmekanism, Merkle-träd, smart kontrakt etc. Och sedan studeras Ethereum och smarta nät. Den här artikeln realiserar automatisering och intelligens för mätning av eltransaktioner genom smart kontraktsteknik som tillhandahålls av Ethereum. En blockchain privat kedja skapas och sedan distribueras det smarta kontraktet i den privata kedjan. Med fördelarna med blockchaintekniken ovan kommer lagring av kraftdata och krafttransaktioner att vara mer trovärdig och mer transparent. Sammantaget designar och bygger detta papper ett smart grid-system baserat på blockchain-smarta teknik. Systemet kan inte bara användas för smarta nätsystem utan även för andra energisystem. Denna artikel ger en referens för tillämpning av blockchain-teknik.<br>In recent years, blockchain technology has received more and more attention. It has shown special advantages in digital currency, because it is distributed and its data cannot be altered. With more countries put forward the idea of the power system innovation, a large number of distributed power sources have emerged. The grid connection of these distributed power sources will lead to unstable grid operation and greatly increase the difficulty of management. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a solution that can realize direct transaction of distributed power supply. This article makes an in-depth analysis of the blockchain technology, including hash algorithm, consensus mechanism, Merkle tree, smart contract, etc. And then the Ethereum and smart grids are studied. This article realizes automation and intelligence of the electricity transaction measurement through the smart contract technology provided by Ethereum. A blockchain private chain is created and then the smart contract is deployed into the private chain. With the advantages of blockchain technology aforementioned, the storage of power data and the power transactions will be more credible and more transparent. All in all, this paper designs and builds a smart grid system based on the smart contract technology of blockchain. The system can be used not only for smart grid systems but also for other energy trading systems. This article provides a reference for the application of blockchain technology.
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GIACCAGLIA, MICHELE. "I protocolli smart contracts applicati alla tecnologia blockchain. Problematiche e prospettive." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/295532.
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L’indagine prende le mosse da uno studio sull’utilizzo di una tecnologia che oggi tutti conoscono con il nome di blockchain, risalente al 1991, che suggeriva una “timbratura digitale”, mediante delle «computationally practical procedures», di documenti di testo, audio, foto e video di modo che fosse impossibile per chiunque retrodatarli o postdatarli. Premessa un’imprescindibile ricognizione della letteratura tecnico-scientifica in tema di timbratura digitale e registri informatici centralizzati e decentralizzati, lo studio è svolto principalmente attraverso l’analisi teorica delle strutture tecnologiche basate su registri distribuiti, come la blockchain, e sostenuto da notazioni e riferimenti pratici.
La blockchain è paragonabile ad un complesso sistema di contabilità. Il meccanismo si fonda su un database digitale distribuito, strutturato in “blocchi” che formano una “catena”, ordinati cronologicamente. Ogni blocco contiene una serie di informazioni, inserite congiuntamente o disgiuntamente dagli utenti che hanno accesso alla chain, e validate dalla maggioranza degli apparecchi collegati allo stesso network. Tutti questi dati, una volta immagazzinati nel relativo blocco, vengono cristallizzati in modo definitivo, per cui la loro modifica è possibile soltanto attraverso una operazione inversa e sempre validata dalla maggioranza degli utenti. Ciò rende pressoché impossibile la manipolazione fraudolenta dei dati e la modifica da parte di terzi non autorizzati. Tramite l’utilizzo di un sistema blockchain, quindi, si ottiene: decentralizzazione, intesa come assenza di terze parti o intermediari, immutabilità, poiché la catena di blocchi non può essere modificata unilateralmente, e sicurezza, grazie all’utilizzo della crittografia.
Lo studio della blockchain e dei suoi tratti più caratteristici è rilevante poiché l’indagine si sofferma poi in particolare sulla possibilità di demandare, a tale sistema totalmente distribuito, quale è la blockchain, la gestione dei rapporti di scambio tra due o più utenti al fine di renderli istantanei e, soprattutto, completamente automatici.
Ciò è reso possibile grazie all’utilizzo di uno smart contract, concetto introdotto negli anni ’90 prendendo spunto dal sistema di vendita dei distributori automatici.
Si tratta di protocolli informatici, scritti in linguaggio di programmazione, che consentono al sistema informatico di reagire unicamente qualora e quando si siano verificate le condizioni inserite nello stesso. Il controllo sulla sussistenza o meno di tali condizioni, necessarie affinché venga eseguito il contratto, è affidata ai cc.dd. oracoli (oracles), programmi che non appartengono alla blockchain e che comunicano l’avvenuto soddisfacimento delle condizioni dedotte in contratto.
La descritta analisi teorica esamina, da un lato, il funzionamento dello smart contract, visto come strumento per la conclusione automatica di accordi, e, dall’altro, le possibilità applicative di tali strumenti, al fine di verificare la concreta utilizzabilità degli smart contracts nel prossimo futuro.
L’analisi si sofferma, ovviamente, con particolare attenzione, sulla natura giuridica degli smart contracts, verificando la possibilità di ricondurli automaticamente all’interno della categoria dei contratti, e accertando le analogie e le differenze che questi presentano con i cc.dd. contratti automatizzati. La verifica svolta assume fondamentale importanza al fine di comprendere se e quali norme del Codice Civile possono eventualmente trovare applicazione anche nei confronti di questi sistemi informatici.<br>The investigation starts from a study on the use of a technology that today everyone knows with the name of blockchain, dating back to 1991, which suggested a "digital stamping", through "computationally practical procedures", of text documents, audio, photos and videos so that it was impossible for anyone to backdate or postdate them. Premised an essential survey of the technical-scientific literature on the subject of digital stamping and centralized and decentralized computer registers, the study is mainly carried out through the theoretical analysis of technological structures based on distributed registers, such as the blockchain, and supported by notations and references practical.
The blockchain is comparable to a complex accounting system. The mechanism is based on a distributed digital database, structured in "blocks" that form a "chain", arranged chronologically. Each block contains a series of information, entered jointly or separately by the users who have access to the chain, and validated by the majority of the devices connected to the same network. All these data, once stored in the relative block, are crystallized in a definitive way, so their modification is possible only through an inverse operation and always validated by the majority of users. This makes fraudulent data manipulation and modification by unauthorized third parties almost impossible. Through the use of a blockchain system, therefore, we obtain: decentralization, understood as the absence of third parties or intermediaries, immutability, since the block chain cannot be changed unilaterally, and security, thanks to the use of cryptography.
The study of the blockchain and its most characteristic features is relevant since the investigation then focuses in particular on the possibility of delegating, to this totally distributed system, such as the blockchain, the management of the exchange relationships between two or more users in order to to make them instant and, above all, completely automatic.
This is made possible thanks to the use of a smart contract, a concept introduced in the 90s taking a cue from the sales system of vending machines.
These are computer protocols, written in programming language, which allow the computer system to react only when and when the conditions included in it occur. The control on the existence or otherwise of these conditions, necessary for the contract to be executed, is entrusted to the so-called oracles (oracles), programs that do not belong to the blockchain and that communicate the fulfillment of the conditions set out in the contract.
The described theoretical analysis examines, on the one hand, the functioning of the smart contract, seen as a tool for the automatic conclusion of agreements, and, on the other, the application possibilities of these tools, in order to verify the concrete usability of smart contracts in the near future.
The analysis obviously focuses with particular attention on the legal nature of smart contracts, verifying the possibility of automatically tracing them back to the category of contracts, and ascertaining the similarities and differences that these present with the so-called so-called automated contracts. The verification carried out assumes fundamental importance in order to understand if and which rules of the Civil Code may possibly also be applied to these IT systems.
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Ozcan, Fatma Rana. "Category-Based Analysis of Smart Contracts." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1563872670303612.
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SCIUME', Giuseppe. "Distributed Demand-Response Certification using Blockchain Technology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/479137.
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Bergquist, Jonatan. "Blockchain Technology and Smart Contracts: Privacy-preserving Tools." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för datalogi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323826.
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The purpose of this Master's thesis is to explore blockchain technology and smart contracts as a way of building privacy-sensitive applications. The main focus is on a medication plan containing prescriptions, built on a blockchain system of smart contracts. This is an example use case, but the results can be transferred to other ones where sensitive data is being shared and a proof of validity or authentication is needed. First the problem is presented, why medication plans are in need of digitalisation and why blockchain technology is a fitting technology for implementing such an application. Then blockchain technology is explained, since it is a very new and relatively unfamiliar IT construct. Thereafter, a design is proposed for solving the problem. A system of smart contracts was built to prove how such an application can be built, and suggested guidelines for how a blockchain system should be designed to fulfil the requirements that were defined. Finally, a discussion is held regarding the applicability of different blockchain designs to the problem of privacy-handling applications.<br>Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utforska blockkedje teknologi och s.k. smarta kontrakt för att bygga applikationer där känslig information hanteras. Huvudsakligen ligger fokus på att utveckla en struktur baserad på blockkedje teknologi och smarta kontrakt för en medikationsplan. Detta är ett typ-exempel för att visa hur en sådan applikation kan byggas, men resultaten kan överföras till andra områden där känslig data delas mellan parter, eller där ett bevis för korrekthet krävs. Först presenteras problemet, varför medikationsplaner behöver digitaliseras och varför blockkedje teknologi är väl anpassat för att implementera en sådan applikation. Sedan förklaras blockkedje teknologi något djupare i detalj, eftersom det är ett relativt nytt koncept. Därefter föreslås en design för att lösa problemet. Ett system av smarta kontrakt är byggt för att visa hur en medikationsplan kan byggas, och riktlinjer ges för hur ett blockkedje system bör se ut för att stödja systemet av smarta kontrakt. Till slut hålls en kortare diskussion om hur olika blockkedje-designer kan användas för att appliceras på problemet med känslig information.<br><p>Presentation held externally at Technical University Munich on the 29-5-2017 10.50.</p>
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SCIUME', Giuseppe. "Distributed Demand-Response Certification using Blockchain Technology." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/562864.
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Borysenko, Yuliia. "Problems and prospects of practical application of smart - contract technolog." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/53746.
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1. Insurance in the digital economy: problems and prospects. - [Electronic scientific
professional publication]. - J .: MSU, 2018. - № 1. - Access mode: https://cutt.ly/pc9QUZt
2. Practical cases of application of blockchain - technologies in insurance in 2020. -
[Electronic resource]. - Access mode: https://forinsurer.com/news/20/12/01/38816
3. Why is a blockchain in insurance a chance for an entrepreneur? - [Electronic
edition]. - Access mode: https://cutt.ly/7c9QSAx
4. Blockchain (new) insurance. - [Electronic resource]. - Access mode:
https://cutt.ly/Kc9QKpk
5. Internet insurance in Ukraine: problems and prospects. - [Electronic resource]. -
Access mode: https://cutt.ly/Jc9hxZ6
6. Features of insurance development in the context of the Internet. - [Electronic
resource]. - Access mode: https://cutt.ly/Tc9h9mO
7. Internet - marketing in the activities of insurance companies. - [Electronic resource].
- Access mode: https://cutt.ly/9c9j2ce<br>The necessity of using the technology of smart contracts in the conditions of digitalization of the world economy is investigated in the work. The aim of the study is to determine the essence of a smart contract, its relationship with the digital economy, blockchain technology and legal legislation. The definition of the basic economic concepts of digital economy is given, and also the basic advantages and lacks of use of smart - contracts in the conditions of modern economy and legal legislation are defined.
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Santos, João Pedro Nunes dos. "Identity management in healthcare using blockchain technology." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/24008.
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Bitcoin served as the catalyst for creating a solution to secure digital transactions without requiring a trusted
third party to be involved. To solve this problem, the mechanisms now associated with a Blockchain were conceptualized
and implemented to serve as the backbone for the Bitcoin network. More specifically, it was used
as a security tool making Bitcoin a more transparent and reliable form of cash, a digital cryptographic currency.
Even tough Bitcoin ended up not fulfilling its intended purpose as a currency, the Blockchain technology has
enabled further avenues for innovation and creativity.
Blockchain has since been used as the backbone for various cryptocurrencies networks. Some implementations
of this technology allow the execution of code, also known as ”smart contracts”. Smart contracts are
executed in an autonomous manner, with no human intervention. These can be used to solve a new set of
problems due to their transparent behavior, lack of human intervention and distributed nature.
Blockchain technology allows the creation of systems that introduce a number of benefits over traditional data
handling used in today’s Healthcare Information Systems. Costs and risks associated with these systems can
be reduced and information can become transparent and trustworthy to all participants.
The Hyperledger Fabric Network with true private transactions and advanced security mechanisms was used to
serve as the basis for the system proposed in this dissertation. Moreover, a client application was also created
that interacts with smart contracts to manipulate the ledger.
The work discussed in this dissertation shows that a Blockchain system based on Hyperledger Fabric is suitable
for managing patients identity, in Healthcare. Even tough the feature set of this Blockchain is very focused in
privacy and security, some additional measures regarding confidentiality of data had to be implemented. Regardless,
a system was built successfully that met the requirements. The implementation of this system would
provide transparency, immutability and additional security for patients and medical staff alike; Sumário:
Gestão de Identidade nos Serviços de Saúde Utilizando Tecnologia Blockchain
A criptomoeda Bitcoin foi essencial para criar uma solução para transacções digitais seguras, sem requerer
a participação de um terceiro interveniente fidedigno para ambas as partes. Para resolver este problema, os
mecanismos que hoje são associados com a tecnologia Blockchain foram concebidos e implementados para
servir como base para a rede da Bitcoin. Mais especificamente, esta foi utilizada como um mecanismo de segurança,
de forma a tornar a Bitcoin uma forma de dinheiro mais transparente e estável, uma moeda criptográfica.
Mesmo que a Bitcoin não tenha conseguido cumprir o seu propósito original, a tecnologia Blockchain despoletou
novas inovações e permitiu maior criatividade.
A Blockchain tem sido, desde então, a base tecnológica de várias criptomoedas. Algumas implementações
desta tecnologia permitem a execução de código de uma forma autónoma exactamente como foi programado,
sem intervenção humana. Habitualmente chamados smart contracts, estes podem ser usados para resolver um
novo conjunto de problemas devido ao seu comportamento transparente, ausência de intervenção humana e
devido à sua natureza distribuida.
A Blockchain é uma tecnologia que permite a criação de sistemas que introduzem um conjunto de beneficios
em relação aos sistemas tradicionais de armazenamento de dados utilizados nos serviços de saúde. Custos e
riscos associados a estes sistemas podem ser reduzidos e a informação pode ser mais transparente e fidedigna
para todos os participantes.
A rede Hyperledger Fabric com transacções privadas e mecanismos avançados de segurança foi usada como
base para a criação do sistema proposto nesta dissertação. Adicionalmente, uma aplicação foi criada que usa
smart contracts para manipular o ledger da Blockchain.
O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação mostra que um sistema baseado em Blockchain, neste caso em Hyperledger
Fabric, é adequado a gerir a identidade de utentes, em organizações prestadoras de cuidados de
saúde. Apesar das funcionalidades apresentadas por esta plataforma serem focadas em privacidade e segurança,
algumas medidas adicionais em torno da confidencialidade dos dados tiveram de ser implementadas.
Independentemente disso, o sistema foi construido com sucesso e conseguiu cumprir os requerimentos que
foram definidos. A implementação deste sistema em serviços de saúde traria tranparência, imutabilidade e
segurança adicional para utentes e profissionais de saúde.
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Vattikutti, Avinash. "Potential of Smart Contract in Business to Business." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246063.
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The implementation of smart contract technology with their plausible applications in a business to business are explored. The thesis work shows how Blockchain technology works on the concept of decentralized system which is beneficial to eliminate the need for central authority. The thesis focuses on elimination of challenges pertaining to the selected departments in an organization. The thesis resolves challenges pertaining to lack of transparency, traceability and significant time-delays while in the process of decision making. The influence of blockchain technology and smart contract technology to eliminate these challenges are discussed. Logic of the smart contract and working of the blockchain pertaining to a specific industrial case study are demonstrated. Methodology to set up a smart contract interface in a business to business setting is investigated in this thesis. An observation study has been done in order to show how transparency, traceability and time delay in decision making is achieved by using smart contract interface. This thesis also shows how the blockchain and smart contract technology tries to implement coordination theory.
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Kantur, Habil, and Charles Bamuleseyo. "How smart contracts can change the insurance industry : Benefits and challenges of using Blockchain technology." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Informatik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-39899.
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The world is becoming more and more digitized. Recently many industries have started to research the blockchain technology and particularly smart contracts. One industry that so far has not adopted new technology in the same pace as other industries, is the insurance industry so this interview study aims at finding opportunities and challenges for insurance companies that want to learn about smart contracts and its use cases.By doing a literature review and performing interviews with blockchain experts and insurance company employees, this study found that both IT companies working with smart contracts and the insurance companies have limited knowledge of the legal aspect of smart contracts. The lack of standards and regulations allows IT companies to freely create smart contracts without much quality control. The insurance companies must innovate themselves in order to not be disrupted. The blockchain technology will offer many new insurance types and if the insurance industry fails to adopt the blockchain technology they may face market disruption.There is much room for future research following this study. It would be beneficial to research how contract theory could be used in practice during the creation of legally binding smart contracts. Furthermore, research around fraud prevention in smart contracts would be interesting as would an in-depth exploration of the ecosystem of third party software and services around smart contracts.
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Tsumak, Dmitri. "Securing BGP using blockchain technology." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247877.
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The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an important routing protocol used to exchangerouting information among autonomous systems on the Internet. The BGP version 4 doesnot include specific protection mechanisms against attacks or deliberate errors that couldcause disruptions of routing behavior. There were several securing solutions developedto mitigate security issues of BGP. In this thesis, current secure solutions are reviewedand evaluated against a list of security and deployment requirements. Furthermore, a newBGP securing solution is proposed which uses blockchain technology and smart contractsto exchange information required for messages validation among peers. This allows todecouple security-related data from the protocol itself and fix the problems introduced inother BGP solutions.<br>Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) är ett viktigt routing protokoll som används för att utbytarouting-information mellan autonoma system på Internet. BGP version 4 inkluderaringa specifika skydd mot attacker eller avsiktliga fel som kan skapa störningar i routingbeteendet. Ett flertal säkerhetslösningar har utvecklas för att förebygga säkerhetsproblemför BGP. I denna avhandling granskas nuvarande befintliga säkerhetslösningar och utvärderasmot en lista av säkerhets- och deployment-krav. Vidare presenteras en ny säkerhetslösningför BGP som använder blockchain-teknologi och smarta kontrakt för att utbytainformation som krävs för verifiering av meddelanden mellan grannar. Detta möjliggöratt frånkoppla säkerhetsrelaterad data från själva protokollet och åtgärda problemen introduceradei andra BGP lösningar.
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Scherer, Mattias. "Performance and Scalability of Blockchain Networks and Smart Contracts." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136470.
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The blockchain technology started as the innovation that powered the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. But in recent years, leaders in finance, banking, and many more companies has given this new innovation more attention than ever before. They seek a new technology to replace their system which are often inefficient and costly to operate. However, one of the reasons why it not possible to use a blockchain right away is because of the poor performance. Public blockchains, where anyone can participate, can only process a couple of transaction per second and is therefore far from usable in the world of finance. Permissioned blockchains is another type of blockchain where only a restricted set of users have the rights to decide what will be recorded in the blockchain. This allows permissioned blockchains to have a number of advantages over public blockchains. Most notably is the ability to split the network into segments where only a subset of nodes needs to validate transactions to aparticular application, allowing the use of parallel computing and better scaling. Moreover, the validating nodes can be trusted, allowing the use of consensus algorithm which offer much more through put. In this paper, we compare public blockchain with permissioned blockchain and address the notable trade-offs: decentralization, scalability and security, in the different blockchain networks. Furthermore, we examine the potential of using a permissioned blockchain to replace the old systems used in financial institutes and banks by launching a Hyperledger Fabric network and run stress tests. It is apparent that with less decentralization, the performance and scalability of Hyperledger Fabric network is improved and it is feasible that permissioned blockchain can be used in finance.
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Wåhlin, Johannes. "Real Estate Tokenizing : Blockchain Technology in Real Estate." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298315.
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Real estate assets are often considered as illiquid due to capital and transaction barriers. As a response, real estate tokenizing is a rising phenomenon. Real estate tokenizing combines the benefits from the private and the public real estate market, by creating a product with direct real estate commitment to low capital requirements and efficient transaction processes. The product is called real estate token, a digital share of an asset. Real estate tokens enable hypothetical fractionalization of properties with means of blockchain technology and smart contracts. This study investigate the pros and cons of real estate tokenizing as well as the financial performance of publicly traded US residential real estate tokens. The study states that fractionalization of properties increases access and customizability of real estate investments. Furthermore, the blockchain technology and the smart contracts enable automatization of transaction processes and asset management. Altogether, the benefits may result in a higher liquidity. However, the study also states several drawbacks with real estate tokenizing, such as lack of management and deeds, scalability problems and liquidity paradoxes. Furthermore, this study shows that US residential real estate tokens underperform both S&P 500 and housing index in terms of risk-adjusted return. Moreover, the real estate token market seems to correlate more with the S&P 500 than with the housing market. The study concludes that the cons with real estate tokenizing exceed the pros, although the phenomenon has great potential in a more mature market. However, real estate tokenizing will face implementation obstacles when converting the real estate industry to blockchain technology. As such, the success of real estate tokenizing is dependent on the global view of blockchain technology.<br>Fastigheter betraktas ofta som illikvida på grund av kapital- och transaktionsbarriärer. Som svar på den bristande likviditeten är blockchainteknologi inom fastigheter, även känt som ”real estate tokenizing”, ett växande fenomen. Real estate tokenizing ämnar till att kombinera fördelarna från den privata och den publika fastighetsmarknaden genom att skapa en produkt med direkt fastighetsexponering till låga kapitalkrav och effektiva transaktionsprocesser. Produkten kallas ”real estate token”, en digital andel av en tillgång. Real estate tokens möjliggör hypotetisk fraktionering av fastigheter med hjälp av blockchainteknologi och smarta kontrakt. Denna studie undersöker för- och nackdelar med real estate tokenizing såväl som finansiell prestation av publikt handlade real estate tokens inom det amerikanska bostadssegmentet. Studien konstaterar att fraktionering av fastigheter ökar tillgängligheten och anpassningsbarheten i fastighetsinvesteringar. Vidare möjliggör blockchainteknologi och smarta kontrakt automatisering av transaktionsprocesser och förvaltning. Sammantaget kan fördelarna med real estate tokenizing leda till högre likviditet. Studien konstaterar emellertid också flera nackdelar med real estate tokenizing, såsom brist på management och panträtt, storskalbarhetsproblem och likviditetsparadoxer. Vidare visar studien på att publikt handlade real estate tokens inom det amerikanska bostadssegmentet underpresterar både S&P 500 och bostadsindex i termer av riskjusterad avkastning. Dessutom verkar marknaden för publikt handlade real estate tokens inom det amerikanska bostadssegmentet korrelera mer med S&P 500 än med bostadsmarknaden. Studien konkluderar att nackdelarna med real estate tokenizing överstiger fördelarna i dagsläget, även om fenomenet har stor potential på en mer mogen marknad. Real estate tokenizing riskerar dock att möta implementeringshinder när fastighetsbranschen ska konverteras till blockchainteknologi. Således är framgången för real estate tokenizing beroende av den globala synen på blockchainteknologi.
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Sikorska, Irina, and Ірина Сікорська. "Implementation pecularities of smart contracts in M&A on the basis of blockchain technology." Thesis, National Aviation University, 2021. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/51249.
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1. What Are Smart Contracts? Available at: https://www.cryptoninjas.net/what-are-smart-contracts (accessed: 26.02.2021).
2. Raskin, Max, The Law and Legality of Smart Contracts (September 22, 2016). 1 Georgetown Law Technology Review 304 (2017). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2959166 (accessed: 26.02.2021).
3. How Smart contracts can help in mergers and acquisitions? Available at: https://www.solulab.com/how-smart-contract-helps-in-merger-and-acquisition (accessed: 26.02.2021).
4. Equity funding and investment of blockchain startup companies worldwide from 2012 to 2019. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/621207/worldwide-blockchain-startup-financing-history (accessed: 26.02.2021).<br>Blockchain is a highly mainstreamed technology nowadays basically widely known by cryptocurrency development – such as Bitcoin, Ripple, Litecoin etc. Вut there are also a lot of other technological innovations which came to the world thanks to blockchain technology. One of them is smart contract technology.<br>На сьогоднішній день блокчейн - це широко поширена технологія, яка в основному широко відома розробкою криптовалют - наприклад, Біткойн, Ripple, Litecoin тощо. Але є також безліч інших технологічних нововведень, які з’явились у світі завдяки технології блокчейн. Один з них - технологія смарт-контрактів.
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Tamang, Sujata. "Decentralized Reputation Model and Trust Framework Blockchain and Smart contracts." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393203.
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Blockchain technology is being researched in diverse domains for its ability to provide distributed, decentralized and time-stamped transactions. It is attributed to by its fault-tolerant and zero- downtime characteristics with methods to ensure records of immutable data such that its modification is computationally infeasible. Trust frameworks and reputation models of an online interaction system are responsible for providing enough information (e.g., in the form of trust score) to infer the trustworthiness of interacting entities. The risk of failure or probability of success when interacting with an entity relies on the information provided by the reputation system. Thus, it is crucial to have an accurate, reliable and immutable trust score assigned by the reputation system. The centralized nature of current trust systems, however, leaves the valuable information as such prone to both external and internal attacks. This master's thesis project, therefore, studies the use of blockchain technology as an infrastructure for an online interaction system that can guarantee a reliable and immutable trust score. It proposes a system of smart contracts that specify the logic for interactions and models trust among pseudonymous identities of the system. The contract is deployed on a blockchain network where the trust score of entities are computed, stored and updated. The proposed method and the trust metrics used is evaluated by simulating an interaction graph using an existing dataset. The obtained results then illustrate that the proposed method is resilient against several threat models and distinguishes between honest or malicious participation of entities on the network.
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Dzurdzíková, Kristína. "Návrh využití technologie Blockchain ve firemním prostředí." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417644.
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This diploma thesis deals with the creation of a design for the utilization of blockchain technology in a corporate environment. The main goal of this work is to create a proposal for a business process and its implementation in a specific blockchain platform. The analysis of the current state of the process describes current process and company’s requirements for the functionality of new technology. In the design part of the work, I compared specific blockchain platforms. As a result of this part I chose the most suitable solution for the implementation of my proposal. This chapter further includes the design of a methodology for verifying whether the process is suitable for the implementation of a blockchain technology or not. Moreover, it describes how to proceed when choosing a suitable solution and highlights its key factors.
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Gabert, Henny, and Henrik Grönlund. "Blockchain and smart contracts in the Swedish construction industry." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231596.
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Blockchain technology with its distributed ledgers attracts massive attention today and creates interest in many different industries. One of the most promising areas for implementation of blockchain technology is its use to create fully automated and decentralized contract solutions, so-called smart contracts. The blockchain technology is also expected to develop the concept of BIM by facilitating the creation of a common model. The problem addressed in this study is the limited amount of research carried out in the blockchain field and the potential use of smart contracts in procurement of services in the construction industry. The construction industry differs from many other industries as it is project-based with changing circumstances and conditions. The study shows that the construction industry is an industry focused on discussions and disputes, the majority of which are linked to payments and contractual interpretations. Two of the key concepts of the study are therefore moral hazard and opportunistic behavior. Opportunistic behavior can affect norms, the willingness for cooperation and the degree to which parties trust each other. Designing contracts to reduce the risk of moral hazard and opportunistic behavior is therefore an important aspect. The study has chosen to study both relationships that are hierarchical to nature but also peer-to-peer. The purpose of the study has been to conceptually reflect on percived opportunities and challenges with blockchains in the construction industry regarding two identified applications, smart contracts and BIM. To investigate this, a qualitative interview study has been conducted. The study points to the need for a more standardized building process that is subject to a certain degree of repetition to achieve successful use of a blockchain network and smart contracts. The study also shows that there is a positive attitude from the respondents regarding a possible development for several of the potential applications of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology and smart contracts have the potential to improve the reliability and credibility of logbooks, self-checks and work performed within a building project. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of long-term relationships and confidence in reducing opportunistic behavior. Based on previous research and empirical analysis, the study contributes to an increased understanding of which levels in the construction industry smart contracts may be applicable. The study shows that smart contracts are not perceived suitable for complex contracts where the work to be performed can be changed many times during the contract period. The study, on the other hand, indicates that blockchain development with BIM is not demanded at the present time. Finally, the study points out that blockchain technology is perceived to have the potential to make the building process more transparent and open with reduced power conditions at the same time as it gets less centralized which opens up the need for research in that direction.<br>Blockkedjetekniken med sina distribuerade liggare lockar idag massiv uppmärksamhet och skapar intresse inom många olika branscher. Ett av de mest lovande områdena för implementering av blockkedjetekniken är dess användning för att skapa helt automatiserade och decentraliserade kontraktslösningar, så kallade smarta kontrakt. Blockkedjetekniken spås även kunna utveckla begreppet BIM genom att underlätta skapandet av en gemensam modell. Problemet som adresseras i denna studie är den begränsade mängd forskning som har utförts gällande blockkedjor och smarta kontrakts potentiella användning vid upphandling av tjänster i byggbranschen. Byggbranschen skiljer sig från många andra branscher då den är projektbaserad med föränderliga förhållanden och förutsättningar. Studien visar på att byggbranschen är en bransch kantad av diskussioner och tvister, vars majoritet är kopplad till betalningar och kontraktstolkningar. Två för studien centrala begrepp är därmed moral hazard och opportunistiskt beteende. Opportunistiskt beteende kan påverka normer, viljan till samarbete och i hur hög grad parter litar på varandra. Att utforma kontrakt så att risken för moral hazard och opportunistiskt beteende minskar är därmed en viktig aspekt. Studien har valt att studera både relationer som är hierarkiska till naturen men också peer-to-peer. Syftet med studien har varit att konceptuellt reflektera över uppfattade nya möjligheter och utmaningar som finns med blockkedjor i byggbranschen gällande två identifierade användningsområden, smarta kontrakt och BIM. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts. Studien pekar på att det krävs en mer standardiserad byggnadsprocess som omfattas av en viss grad av upprepning för att få en lyckad använding av ett blockkedje-nätverk och smarta kontrakt. Studien visar också på att det finns en positiv grundinställning från respondenternas sida kring en möjlig utveckling för flera av blockkedjeteknikens potentiella applikationer. Blockkedjetekniken och smarta kontrakt har potentialen att förbättra tillförlitligheten och trovärdigheten hos loggböcker, egenkontroller och utförda arbeten inom ett byggnadsprojekt. Vidare belyser studien vikten av långsiktiga relationer och tillit för att minska opportunistiskt beetende. Baserat på tidigare forskning, empiri och analys bidrar studien till en ökad förståelse kring vilka nivåer inom byggbranschen smarta kontrakt kan vara applicerbara. Studien förevisar att smarta kontrakt inte uppfattas lämpa sig för komplicerade kontrakt där arbetet som ska utföras kan ändras många gånger under kontraktsperioden. Studien indikerar däremot att blockkedje utvecklingen med BIM inte efterfrågas i dagsläget. Slutligen pekar studien på att blockkedjetekniken uppfattas ha potential att göra byggprocessen mer transparent och öppen med minskade maktförhållanden samt mindre centraliserade vilket öppnar upp behov av forskning i den riktningen.
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Sharmin, Sadia. "Music Copyright Management on Blockchain : Is it legally viable?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-353704.
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The thesis begins by describing the current problems in the fragmented world of music copyrights indicating musicians are not being paid accurately due to lack of transparency in the calculation of royalties and this lead to legal battle. Later we investigate how blockchain technology can alleviate much of the difficulties associated with this complexity. We further explore the legislative and institutional support for the technology necessary for a successful implementation, in form of legislations and governmental projects. We find out that numerous authorities have started voting favourable legislations and recognizing the technology as a valid public ledger. Eventually, we confirm our findings by analysing existing laws.
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Fröberg, Emil, Gustav Ingre, and Simon Knudsen. "Blockchain and prediction markets : An analysis of three organizations implementing prediction markets using blockchain technology, and the future of blockchain prediction market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-249988.
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Since the rise of Bitcoin in 2008, many have speculated about the scope of blockchain technology applications. Prediction markets, i.e. markets in which uncertain outcomes of future events are tradeable, is such an application; blockchain technology may offer several technological attributes that may facilitate prediction market implementations. This study describes and compares the platforms of three organizations that build blockchain prediction market platforms: Augur, Gnosis and Stox. By this, we provide a pertinent overview of current blockchain prediction market applications. Additionally, we conduct interviews with three Swedish blockchain experts clarifying blockchain technology strengths and weaknesses in relation to prediction markets. We identify five factors that are essential for prediction markets to aggregate and reflect information accurately: many actors participating, no actors being prevented from participating, a trustworthy setting function, freedom to create new contracts, and transparency. We conclude that blockchain technology has attributes that facilitate future prediction market implementations in accordance with these requirements. However, blockchain scalability issues pose a key challenge.<br>Sedan Bitcoins introduktion 2008 har många spekulerat kring omfattningen av blockkedjeteknologins tillämpningsområden. Prediktionsmarknader (eng. prediction markets), d.v.s. marknader i vilka det går att spekulera i osäkra resultat av framtida händelser, är ett sådant tillämpningsområde; blockkedjeteknologi kan tillhandahålla aspekter som främjar implementationer av prediktionsmarknader. Denna artikel beskriver och jämför plattformarna som tillhandahålls av tre organisationer som använder sig av blockkedjeteknologi for att bygga prediktionsmarknadsplattformar: Augur, Gnosis och Stox. Genom detta tillhandahåller vi en helhetssyn över nuvarande prediktionsmarknadsplattformar som bygger på blockkedjeteknologi. Dessutom genomför vi intervjuer med tre svenska blockkedjeteknologiexperter, detta för att klargöra blockkedjeteknologis styrkor och svagheter i förhållande till prediktionsmarknader. Vi identifierar fem faktorer som är essentiella för prediktionsmarknaders förmåga att framgångsrikt aggregera och reflektera information: att många aktorer deltar, att inga aktorer är förhindrade från att delta, en tillförlitlig funktion för avgörande av utfall, frihet att skapa nya kontrakt, samt transparens. Vi drar slutsatsen att blockkedjeteknologi, med avseende på dessa faktorer, har egenskaper som förenklar implementationen av prediktionsmarknader. Å andra sidan utgör blockkedjors skalbarhetsproblem en signifikant utmaning.
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Edrud, Pierre. "Improving BPM with Blockchain Technology : Benefits, costs, criteria & barriers." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för kvalitets- och maskinteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-43304.
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Syftet med denna studie var att förstå kriterier, barriärer, kostnader och fördelar som är förknippade med implementering av blockchain-teknik, och utifrån detta utforska hur blockchain-teknik kan förbättra BPM. Studien är av kvalitativ karaktär och gjordes sekventiellt genom att först genomföra en omfattande tvärvetenskaplig litteraturöversikt och därefter intervjua personer med erfarenhet från blockchain-teknik. Analysen gjordes med både en induktiv och deduktiv ansats där tematisk analys tillämpades. Resultaten från studien visar att blockchain-teknik kan minska transaktionskostnader, förbättra avstämning och verifiering, förbättra samarbetsprocesser och skapa förtroende och öppenhet samtidigt som de stöder organisationer med styrning av datasäkerhet, korrekthet av data, och minskade IT-kostnader till följd av förbättrad hantering med säkerhetskopiering av data, servrar och lagring. Stort fokus ligger för tillfället på smarta kontrakt där integrering av affärslogiken tillsammans med en förbättrad databasstruktur möjliggör förbättrat samarbete och automatisering av standardiserade affärsprocesser. Resultaten indikerar också brist på blockchain-ingenjörer, vilket påverkar utveckling och tillväxt. Studien belyser ett behov av ytterligare implementeringsstudier och att bättre skilja mellan de olika blockchain-typerna och de problem de kan lösa. Säkerhet, hållbarhet och interoperabilitet nämns ofta som utmaningar i den pågående diskussionen om blockchain. Detta är inte unikt för blockchain-teknik och mer nyanserade förklaringsmodeller krävs. Blockchain-teknik kan vara framtiden, och kan ersätta befintlig infrastruktur, i slutändan måste organisationer överväga vid vilken tidpunkt de bör börja tänka på att sätta blockchain på sin agenda, med de olika avvägningar som detta innebär.<br>The purpose of this study was to understand criteria, barriers, costs and benefits that are associated with implementing blockchain technology, and from this explore how blockchain technology can improve BPM. The study is of qualitative nature and was done sequentially by conducting an extensive cross-disciplinary literature review first, and then interviewed people with experience from blockchain technology. The analysis was done with both an inductive and deductive approach by doing a thematic analysis. The results from this study show that blockchain technology can reduce transactional costs, improve reconciliation, improve collaborative business processes and bring trust and transparency while supporting organizations with governance of data security, data consistency and reducing associated IT-costs with managing back-up of data, servers and storage. A lot of focus is currently centered around smart contracts, where incorporating the business logic together with an improved database structure allows for improved collaboration and automation of standardized business processes. The results also indicate a shortage of blockchain engineers, consequently impacting development and growth. The study highlights a need for further implementation studies and to better distinguish between the different blockchain types and the problems they can solve. Security, sustainability and interoperability are often mentioned as challenges in the current discourse on blockchain. This is not unique for blockchain and more nuanced explanation models are required. Blockchain technology may be the future and replace existing infrastructure, ultimately organizations have to consider at what point in time they should start thinking about putting it on their agenda and the associated trade-offs that comes with this.<br><p>2021-06-06</p>
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Kastensson, Fan Daniel. "A Blockchain-Based Solution to High-Volume Web Scraping With Smart Contracts on Ethereum." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-247890.
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Since it is dicult to protect servers from high-volume scraping, a new wayto reduce excessive requests is needed. Using rougher methods such as ratelimit or IP control mechanisms are not sucient. In this report we propose anew solution to counter high-volume web scraping with blockchain technology.We create a cryptographic algorithm and use it on a mobile device tocommunicate with an Ethereum network with the purpose to control serveraccess. Our studies seem to indicate that blockchain technology on mobiledevices has potential to limit the way information is accessed. Furthermore,blockchains have potential to act as an additional security layer rather thansimply a network solution. To determine the practical eectiveness of thissolution, more studies are needed.<br>Eftersom det är svårt att skydda servrar mot storskaliga HTTP-förfrågningarbehövs nya lösningar. Att använda metoder såsom att begränsa datahastigheten eller blockera IP-adresser räcker inte. I denna rapport föreslås en ny lösning för att bekämpa webbskrapning med hjälp av blockkedjeteknik. Vi skapar en kryptografisk algoritm och använder den på en mobil enhet för att kommunicera med ett ethereumnätverk med avsikt att styra serveråtkomsten. Våra studier indikerar att det finns potential att begränsa informationsåtkomst genom att nyttja blockkedjeteknik på mobila enheter. Dessutom har blockkedjor potentialen att fungera som ett ytterligare säkerhetsskikt istället för enbart en nätverkslösning. För att fastställa hur effektiv lösningen är behövsfler studier.
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Liu, Jin. "Business models based on IoT, AI and blockchain." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-360052.
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Every time the development of technology enters a new epoch, big changes inthe business and society will follow. Especially for the entrepreneurs, it signifies both opportunities and challenges at the same time. In the next decade, IoT, AI and blockchain will be the main driving forces in the upcoming technological revolution and demonstrate great synergic potential. There is an old saying, “In a strong wind even turkeys can fly”. The company who can seize this chance may become to the next GAFAs (Google, Amazon, Facebook and Apple); whereas those who completely ignores it may be rolled out of the marketeventually. Business model canvas is a very popular method for startups to align the resources and formulate the strategy, which is also the framework used in our research. The main target of this thesis is to demonstrate a thinking method to converge these new technologies in the business models and evaluate the most significant elements in the business planning stage. It could help the future startups to take advantages of the opportunities and overcome the challengesin the new business environment.
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Ewald, Lina, Arvid Hjortstam, and Jesper Wilén. "Blockchain Technology in Transportation Management : A case study with Rhenus Logistics AB." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105226.
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Purpose: In this study, areas of use of blockchain technology in transportation management will be discussed. The purpose is to contribute with theoretical research of advantages and disadvantages of blockchain technology in transportation management before an implementation at Rhenus Logistics. Methodology: Through interviews and literature, ways of using blockchain in transportation management is researched. A case study is set up, to further analyze the research topic from the view of an individual third-party logistic company. Findings: Results showed that for a third-party logistic provider to successfully use blockchain technology within transportation management, it is important to have the entire network onboard in the process. If so, functionalities such as track and trace, digital handling of paperwork and smart contracts could be used. The advantages of using blockchain technology for transportation management at Rhenus Logistics were found to be trust, transparency, traceability, efficiency, cost-saving opportunities and the use of smart contacts. Identified disadvantages for Rhenus Logistics was that blockchain is costly, stakeholders are hesitant to get involved, smart contracts are not considerate of blurry lines in real life practice and there is a challenge in finding an accurate blockchain design for their business model.
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Pader, Kruthardh. "Blockchain Applications in Healthcare Industry : A literature survey." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21800.
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Background: Blockchain technology may seem like a complex system, but it is simply a decentralized database designed to remove the need for third-party organisation in data management. Blockchain is being researched for uses in the various industry out of which healthcare is one. Healthcare industry suffers from various issues such as imperfect data, a broken medical history that is split across various healthcare institutions, and so on. Blockchain might be the approach it needs to optimize it to a greater level of functioning. Objectives: The objectives of this report are to understand whether the decentralization feature along with other features of blockchain technology can be advantageous to the healthcare industry and also to summarize the previous implementation for the use cases of the technology in the domain. Methods: The method used is a literature survey. We perform a study selection process in four steps. After each step, the number of publications is reduced as unwanted publications are omitted using search strings, inclusion and exclusion criteria. We even conducted a study quality assessment which helps us analyse the quality offindings from the final set of selected papers in answering the research questions. Results: We have summarized the findings from the 36 selected papers from the study selection process according to the research questions. Conclusions: Blockchain technology provides data security, once any data is registered on the blockchain it cannot be altered or manipulated. It eliminates the need for a third party to verify the transactions on the chain. As blockchain is a budding new technology with very little age under its belt, there needs to more research on the topic before this can be applied over a large scale of systems that are operating in critical areas such as healthcare. Even though implementing blockchain for the use cases such as Electronic Medical Records (EMRs), research trials and so on, it can not be done immediately as the exposure of this technology to the common public and healthcare individuals is very limited.
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Ghaffari, Zahra. "On the application areas of blockchain." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20139.
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The goal of this study is to identify the current application areas and some possible application areas for blockchain; blockchain is a distributed database that is currently most known for being the technology used for storing transaction information of digital currencies such as the Bitcoin. Through a literature review and interviews with domain experts, we identified some current application areas for blockchain, that is, money transactions, decentralized data and privacy protection, and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAO). Within the area of decentralized data and privacy protection, we further identified the two sub-areas of smart contracts and secure identities. In addition, we identified some possible application areas by conducting a second literature review. Some of these application areas are: storing mind files and human intelligence, on-line voting, supply chain management, stock trading, Internet of Things (IoT), and banking. The contribution of this study can be used for further studies through each of the above application areas in order to identify possible advantages and disadvantages.
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Rasool, Muhammad Ahsan, and Shafiq Hafiz Muhammad. "Blockchain Technology : a new domain for Cyber Forensics." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-38242.
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Traditional database with no prior security measures is becoming challenging in the era of data technology. Database storage on a central location with single point of failure and vulnerable to cyber attacks is getting exposed to big risk of being hacked with the evolution of powerful machines and modern hacking techniques. Since its commencement, the BlockChain technology has shown a promising performance for application buildup in diversed fields of life from cryptocurrency to smart contracts and decentralized applications. Although multiple studies on privacy, data confidentiality and security issues of BlockChain are performed but a systematic examination is still needs attention. In this thesis work we conduct a systematic study about the vulnerabilities of BlockChain system and review the security enhancement solutions that may point to a good future direction for further research into the area of BlockChain technology and its applications. Smart contracts are self-executable objects hosted on the 2nd generation blockchain like Ethereum, carry billions of SEK worth of cryptocoins and cannot be updated once deployed. Smart contracts are generally considered secure objects but the systematic analysis of technology and source code exposes a new class of vulnerabilities which are more likely an ethical aspect of programming than the software coding errors. Besides the literature review we empower our results with a static code analysis especially with the perspective of cyber forensics.
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Larsson, Kihlgren Tobias, and Björn Sterner. "New Kids On The Block chain : En kartläggning om svenska bankers syn på blockkedjeteknologin och dess potentiella användningsområden." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151038.
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Bakgrund: Intresset för världens första kryptovaluta Bitcoin har fått världen att öppna upp ögonen för dess underliggande teknologi: Blockkedjan (”Blockchain”). Blockkedjan kan beskrivas som en decentraliserad databas där ingen central aktör ensam kan bestämma över nätverket. Istället registreras och verifieras transaktioner av nätverkets deltagare. Detta möjliggör för digital information att distribueras men inte kopieras på ett tillförlitligt sätt. Teknologin har således möjlighet att skapa tillit mellan aktörer som vanligtvis inte litar på varandra och anses därför ha stor potential att effektivisera många branscher, däribland banksektorn. Det råder en stor optimism bland flertalet finansiella aktörer som undersöker vilka möjligheter teknologin har att förbättra dess produkter och tjänster. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka vilka användningsområden svenska banker ser potential för Blockkedjan och hur teknologin kan komma att appliceras inom banksektorn. Studien ämnar även analysera vilka effekter användningen av Blockkedjan kan få på transaktioner inom den svenska banksektorn. Genomförande: Studien karaktäriseras av en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Empirinsamlingen har skett genom ett selekterat urval med fokus på individer som är insatta inom ämnet och banksektorn. Slutsats: Studien identifierar KYC, Smarta Kontrakt och Transaktioner som potentiella användningsområden för den svenska banksektorn. Framförallt KYC lyfts fram som ett område där blockkedjeteknologi kan spela en framtida roll i att förbättra hanteringen av kundinformation. Studien framhäver även trade finance och interbank-transaktioner som attraktiva områden för teknologin att effektivisera. Vidare visar resultatet att Blockkedjan inte skall ses som ett hot mot bankernas roll som intermediär utan en teknologi som möjliggör effektivisering av deras befintliga tjänster. Teknologin är att betrakta som en Emerging technology med en hög osäkerhet i dagsläget där teknologins största potential att ge effekt ligger i framtiden. De största hoten mot en implementering av blockkedjeteknologin inom banksektorn är att teknologin fortfarande befinner sig i en experimentell fas samt en brist på gemensamma standarder och regler banker och länder emellan.<br>Background: The interest for the first cryptocurrency in the world made the world caught the attention of the technology behind Bitcoin: Blockchain. Blockchain can be described as a decentralized database with no central part controlling its network. Instead, all transactions are registered and verified by the members of the network. This enables digital information to be distributed but not copied in a trustworthy way. The technology therefore has the possibility to create trust between parties that normally does not trust each other and is for that reason considered to have the potential to make many industries, including the banking industry more effective. Amongst a number of financial players that investigate the possible opportunities the technology have for improving their products and services, the optimism is high. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research which potential fields of application Swedish banks sees for Blockchain and how the technology could be used by the banking industry. The study also intend to analyze the effects the usage of the technology would have on transactions within the Swedish banking industry. Completion: A qualitative research method characterize the study. The empirical data has been collected through a selected sample focused on individuals with knowledge and experience within the field. Conclusion: The study identifies KYC, Smart Contracts and Transactions as potential fields of application for the Swedish banking industry. In particular, KYC was highlighted as an area where the Blockchain technology could help improve managing the personal information of the customer. The study also points out trade finance and interbank-transactions as attractive areas of possible use for the technology. Furthermore, the result of the study shows that the technology should not be seen as a threat against banks role as an intermediary but a technology that enables the banks services to become more efficient. The technology is to be seen as an Emerging technology with high uncertainty today and where the potential impact lays in the future. The biggest threats against an implementation of the technology are that the technology still is in an experimental phase and the shortage of common standards and rules between banks and across countries.
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Enesgård, Forsell Rasmus, and Hedkvist Kim Berge. "Blockchain i försörjningskedjan för läkemedel : Ökad transparens och spårbarhet i kampen mot förfalskade och undermåliga läkemedel." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Industriell ekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30319.
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Falsified and substandard drugs are classified as a global problem and continue to increase as manufacturing becomes globalized and the complexity of distribution systems expands. The falsified and substandard drugs come with major health risks and socioeconomic consequences. The pharmaceutical supply chain is handled by several parties, making it harder to detect when falsified and substandard drugs end up in distribution. Since the rise of the cryptocurrency bitcoin, blockchain technology has been recognized for its transparency and security. Previous research describes blockchain as a decentralized database structure that preserves a chronological chain of blocks where each block contains a registered valid network activity verified by consensus of the participants in the network. The purpose of this study is to create a broader understanding of how blockchain can improve the transparency and traceability of the pharmaceutical supply chain in order to reduce the incidence of falsified and substandard drugs. The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of five semi-structured interviews with representatives from the pharmaceutical industry and two blockchain companies. In the study's discussion section, the literature study is set against the collected empirical material. Two tables also illustrate how the pharmaceutical industry is working with traceability and what effects blockchain can provide a supply chain. Finally, the study notes that regulations on the pharmaceutical industry primarily control which database structure is implemented on the supply chain. It is also stated that blockchain has characteristics that can improve transparency and traceability of a supply chain, but the technology is to some extent limited mainly by its large need for capacity
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Ciobanu, Alexandru. "Tecnologia Blockchain na industria de mercados financeiros : caso BNP Paribas securities services." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/15824.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Gestão e Estratégia Industrial<br>A Tecnologia Blockchain tem o potencial de revolucionar várias indústrias e tornar os processos mais democráticos, seguros, transparentes e eficientes. Empreendedores, start-ups, investidores, as organizações internacionais e governos identificaram a Blockchain como uma oportunidade disruptiva para mudar o paradigma atual.
A Blockchain é uma base de dados pública distribuída que mantém um registo permanente das transações digitais. Por outras palavras, é um arquivo de dados que armazena um registo imutável de todas as transações digitais. Esta base de dados distribuída não é controlada por uma instituição central, é por sua vez, uma rede de base de dados replicados (o que significa que cada nó na rede armazena a sua própria cópia da cadeia de blocos) que é compartilhado e visível para qualquer pessoa dentro da rede.
A Inovação Disruptiva é uma abordagem que reúne todos os recursos e capacidades criativas para uma organização trabalhar na produção de ideias inovadoras e no desenvolvimento de novos negócios.
O principal objetivo desta TFM será explorar os benefícios para o banco BNP Paribas ao adotar a tecnologia Blockchain nos seus processos atuais. E se estes são adequados para uma tecnologia Blockchain, com o foco na tecnologia de pagamentos para os serviços CASH e como a inovação disruptiva pode ajudar na implementação desta tecnologia no mercado onde o banco tem presença.<br>Blockchain Technology has the potential to disrupt multiple industries and make processes more democratic, secure, transparent, and efficient. Entrepreneurs, startup companies, investors, global organizations and governments have all identified Blockchain as a disruptive opportunity to change the current paradigm.
A blockchain is a distributed public database that keeps a permanent record of digital transactions. In other words, it's a logfile storing an immutable record of all the digital transactions. This distributed database is not controlled by a central administrator, but instead is a network of replicated databases (meaning each node in the network stores its own copy of the blockchain) that is shared and visible to anyone within network.
Disruptive Innovation is an approach that brings together all the creative assets, capabilities and disciplines to an organization to work together on producing breakthrough ideas and driving new business growth.
The main scope of this thesis will be to explore the benefits for BNP Paribas bank in the financial landscape and if these are suitable for a Blockchain based technology, focusing on payments technology for CASH services and how disruptive innovation could help on deploying this technology in the bank.<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Gustafsson, Rydell Robin, and Alexander Hult. "Blockchain: fundamentet i en ny fastighetsmarknad? : En studie om digitala identiteter och tokens som verktyg för en likvid och transparent fastighetsmarknad." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254809.
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Fastigheter identifieras av många som ett relativt illikvitt tillgångsslag vars information även ivissa avseenden kan anses vara opak för den öppna marknaden. Detta resulterar i långa ochkostsamma köp- och säljprocesser, där informationsasymmetrier mellan köpare och säljaremåste redas ut under en due diligence process. Fastighetsmarknaden präglas således av en delvisoönskad ineffektivitet orsakad av traditionella och konservativa processer. I en tid av storteknisk utveckling finner vi allt fler kreativa lösningar på problem vi tidigare inte mäktade medatt ta oss an. Blockchain har identifierats som en av de tekniker som potentiellt kan komma attförbättra såväl fastighetsmarknadens likviditet som transparens. Närmare bestämt diskuterarman en standardiserad informationshantering för fastigheter i form av digitala identiteter, menäven möjligheten att fragmentera ägandet och tillgängliggöra momentan handel viablockchainbaserade tokens. Dessa begrepp är ännu relativt outforskade och utgör såledesstudieämnet. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att redogöra för hur fastighetsmarknadenslikviditet- och transparensproblematik potentiellt kan avhjälpas genom ett fragmenterat ochtransparent fastighetsägande placerat på blockchain.Studiens akademiska förankring grundar sig i en omfattande litteraturstudie av begreppenlikviditet och transparens, men även bena ut betydelsen av due diligence och blockchain somhelhet. Resultatinsamlingen genomfördes via kvalitativa studier, där semistruktureradeintervjuer utgjorde mediet från vilken denna information insamlades. I studienidentifierades likviditet och transparens som två grundförutsättningar för en fungerande ocheffektiv marknadsplats. I fastighetsmarknaden finns det tydliga tecken på att problematiken gersig tillkänna i trögrörliga DD-processer och undanhållen informationen av hyresdata. Slutsatsenav studien kan sammanfattas som en brett överenskommen bild av potentialen hos såväl tokenssom digitala identiteter för att effektivisera marknaden och lösa dessa problem.Marknadsaktörerna menar dock att tekniken omges av för många orosmoln för att våga kastasig in med båda fötterna före. Med det sagt menar man inte att tekniken saknar framtid i branschen, snarare att fler tillämpade exempel samt ett tydligt ramverk för utförandet avtransaktioner i den nya marknadsmiljön måste bestämmas för att på så sätt etablera en trygghethos investerare.<br>Real estate is defined as a relatively illiquid asset, with a rather opaque and inaccessible flowof information. The result is long and costly acquisition and divestment processes, in whichinformational asymmetries is to be erased during the due diligence process. Real estate is thuscharacterized by a partially unwanted inefficiency caused by traditional and conservativeprocesses. However, in a time of rapid and extensive technological change, we seem to find anever-increasing amount of creative solutions to problems we previously could not manage.Among these alleged solutions we find blockchain, which by many has been identified as meanto improve both liquidity and transparency in real estate as an asset class. More specifically, thetopics of discussions have been digital identities and tokenization of real estate. Two termspossessing the potential to create standardized information management and fragmentedownership, which would enable instantaneous trade. These terms remain rather unchartedterritory and hence constitutes the subject of this study. The aim of this study is therefore todepict how the liquidity and transparency problems may be redressed by a fragmented andtransparent ownership structure placed on blockchain.The academic anchoring of the study is grounded in an extensive literature study aimed to definethe terms liquidity and transparency, but also define the meaning of due diligence andblockchain technology as a whole. The results were gathered through qualitative studies, inwhich semi-structured interviews constituted the instrument from which the information wascollected. The study identified liquidity and transparency as two cornerstones of a functioningand effective market. The evident problems related to liquidity and transparency in real estate,are to a great extent expressed via slow paced due diligence processes and non-disclosed rentalinformation. The study may be concluded as a broadly agreed upon view on the potential ofboth tokenization of real estate, as well as digital identities as effective means to enhanceliquidity and transparency. The respondents did however emphasize the current uncertaintyregarding blockchain as a severe hindrance for having enough confidence to whole-heartedly embrace the technology as a key element of the real estate market. With this being said, theydo not doubt its potential, rather inquiring an increased number of applied and successful usecases accompanied by a distinct regulatory framework for the conducting a transaction in thenew market environment. This would be an essential factor to instill the level of trust intransacting that investors require.
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Dotto, Marco <1990>. "Smart contract e tecnologie blockchain." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11501.
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Tecnologie di registri diffusi che, attraverso una rete peer to peer e la crittografia, rendono possibile transazioni finanziarie e non, senza necessità di un ente terzo garante.
Su questa tecnologia si fondano gli smart contract ovvero contratti autonomi ed autoeseguibili che verificano e fanno eseguire in modo automatico i contratti.
Una volta scritto il contract e inserito nella rete blockchain esso non ha bisogno di altri input esterni per essere eseguito. Garantisce di essere eseguito, fornendo garanzia a tutte le parti coinvolte in esso.
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Runestam, Ludvig, and Henrik Wiksell. "Kan blockkedjan förbättra transaktionsprocessen? : En studie om blockkedjans funktion för kommersiella fastighetstransaktioner." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231058.
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Kommersiella fastighetstillgångar karaktäriseras av tidskrävande och komplexa transaktions-processer som är skilt från många andra tillgångsslag. Informationsasymmetrier och avsaknad av standardisering har skapat en ineffektiv kommersiell fastighetsmarknad med höga transaktionskostnader för såväl förvärv som avyttring. I takt med den teknologiska utvecklingen och den fortsatta digitaliseringen av branscher har blockkedjeteknologin väckt stort intresse. Som fundamentet bakom kryptovalutor, har allt fler branscher börjat rekognosera och implementera blockkedjebaserade system för att underlätta transaktionsrelaterade aktiviteter. Tidigare studier har behandlat hur blockkedjan kan förändra fastighetsförvaltning samt hur teknologin kan påverka fastighetsmarknaden utifrån ett över-gripande perspektiv. Studiens problemformulering grundar sig således på avsaknaden av tidigare forskning kring hur kommersiella fastighetstransaktioner kan förbättras med tillämpning av blockkedjan. Denna studie ämnar följaktligen undersöka vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som finns vid en implementering av blockkedjan i transaktionsprocessen, med syftet att bidra med insikt om hur detta kan förändra den kommersiella fastighetsmarknaden. För att adressera och analysera frågeställningen använder sig studien av tidigare akademiska forskningsstudier om processen vid fastighetstransaktioner och blockkedjetekniken för att frambringa en teoretisk referensram. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsmetod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjustudien har bidragit till en omfångsrik analys och därmed djupare förståelse kring hur blockkedjetekniken kan användas inom fastighetstransaktioner. Utifrån analysen går det att identifiera ett flertal möjligheter och utmaningar med blockkedjetekniken i transaktionsprocessen. De slutsatser som framkommit ur studien är blockkedjans kapacitet att bidra med effektivare databehandling, motverka informationsasymmetrier, uppnå högre transparens samt mer tillförlitlig data. Vidare kan blockkedjan främja nätverkssäkerhet och bidra med en autonom och tydlig överlåtelseprocess, vilket kan leda till snabbare beslutsfattande och lägre transaktionskostnader. Utöver de positiva aspekterna med blockkedjan visar studien även på betydande utmaningar gällande komplex och kostnadskrävande implementering samt legala och regulatoriska hinder.<br>Commercial real estate assets are characterized by time-consuming and complex transaction processes that are distinguished from many other asset classes. Information asymmetries and absence of standardisation forms an inefficient commercial real estate market, with high transaction costs for both acquisitions and divestments. In line with the technological progress and digitalisation of industries, blockchain technology has awakened a lot of interest. As the foundation behind cryptocurrencies, more and more industries have begun to recognise and implement blockchain-based systems to facilitate transaction-related activities. Previous studies have discussed how blockchain can change property management and how the technology can affect the real estate market from an overall perspective. Hence, this study is based on the lack of earlier research on how commercial real estate transactions can be improved by using blockchain technology. Accordingly, this study aims at investigating the opportunities and challenges involved in implementing blockchain in the transaction process, with the purpose of providing insight into how this can change the commercial real estate market. To address and analyse the research question, the study uses previous academic research studies within the commercial real estate transaction process and blockchain technology in order to compose a theoretical framework. The study has conducted a qualitative research method through semi-structured interviews. The interviews have contributed to a comprehensive analysis and thus deeper understanding of how blockchain technology can be used in the real estate transaction process. Based on the analysis, it is possible to identify a number of opportunities and challenges with blockchain technology within the transaction process. The conclusions that have emerged from the study are blockchain's ability to contribute to more efficient information processing, by counteracting information asymmetries, achieving higher transparency and creating more reliable data. Furthermore, blockchain can improve network security and provide an autonomous and clear process the completion of the transaction, resulting in faster decision making and lower transaction costs. Beyond the positive aspects of blockchain, the study also shows significant challenges in terms of complex and costly implementation as well as legal and regulatory resistance.
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Bomprezzi, Chantal <1990>. "Implications of Blockchain-Based Smart Contracts on Contract Law." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9654/1/bomprezzi_chantal_tesi.pdf.
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Smart contracts are the most advanced blockchain applications. They can also be used in the contractual domain for the encoding and automatic execution of contract terms. Smart contracts already existed before the blockchain, but they take advantage of the characteristics of that technology. Namely, the decentralised and immutable characters of the blockchain determine that no single contracting party can control, modify, or interrupt the execution of smart contracts.
As every new phenomenon, blockchain-based smart contracts have attracted the attention of institutions. For example, in its Resolution of 3 October 2018 on distributed ledger technologies and blockchain, the European Parliament has
stressed the need to undertake an in-depth assessment of the legal implications,starting from the analysis of existing legal frameworks. Indeed, the present research thesis aims to verify how blockchain-based smart contracts fit into
contract law. To this end, the analysis starts from the most discussed and relevant aspects and develops further considerations. Before that, it provides a detailed description and clarifications about the characteristics, the functioning, and the development of the technology, which is an essential starting point for a high-level quality legal analysis. It takes into considerations already existing rules concerning the use of technology in the life cycle of contracts, from vending machines to computable contracts, and verifies its applicability to blockchain-based smart contracts.
The work does not limit to consider the mere technology, but some concrete scenarios of adoption of blockchain-based smart contracts in the contractual domain. Starting from the latter, it focuses on the implications of blockchain-based
smart contracts on contract formation, contract performance, and applicable law and jurisdiction.
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Andreoli, Riccardo. "Stima del Gas negli Smart Contract Ethereum: una Rassegna." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Una blockchain è una struttura dati formata da blocchi dove vengono memorizzate le transazioni, questi blocchi sono collegati tra di loro mediante un puntatore e il loro contenuto è reso sicuro sfruttando tecniche di crittografia; una delle blockchain più diffuse è quella di Ethereum. Ethereum non si occupa solo di inserire dentro i propri blocchi delle semplici transazioni, ovvero uno spostamento di Ether (la criptovaluta di Ethereum) da un account ad un altro, ma permette anche la creazione e pubblicazione di contratti intelligenti chiamati smart contract. Comunque, che si tratti di eseguire dalla più semplice delle transazioni al più complesso degli smart contract, Ethereum richiede una certa quantità di gas per poterlo fare.
Il gas rappresenta il costo per poter eseguire qualunque operazione che si intende effettuare nella rete. Un problema legato al gas è quello di non sapere quanto ne viene effettivamente consumato prima che l'esecuzione, delle operazioni che si intendono fare nella blockchain di Ethereum, avvenga. Il fatto di non sapere a priori quanto gas viene utilizzato può portare ad errori come nel caso in cui la quantità massima di gas che un utente assegna ad uno smart contract risulti inferiore a quella necessaria affinché possa essere completamente eseguito. Questa tesi ha l'obbiettivo di spiegare il motivo per cui sarebbe utile poter riuscire a dare una stima della quantità di gas che verrà consumata e gli strumenti che sono in grado di farlo.
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Zulkanthiwar, Amey. "VEHICLE INFORMATION SYSTEM USING BLOCKCHAIN." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/899.
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The main purpose of a vehicle information system using blockchain is to create a transparent and reliable information system which will help consumers buy a vehicle; it is a vehicle information system. The blockchain system will create a time sequence chain of events database for each vehicle from the original sale. It will include insurance, vehicle repair, and vehicle resale. This project is mainly divided into three parts. Part one is used by the administration who will create the blockchain and will give authentication to a different organization to create the blockchain. Part two will be used by the Organization to create a block in the blockchain. Part three will be used by customers who want to get information about the vehicle.
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Spinelli, Lorenzo. "Blockchain Ethereum e la dipendenza dall'ordine delle transazioni." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
Find full textAbstract:
La tesi tratta la descrizione della piattaforma Ethereum e lo studio di una vulnerabilità presente nella blockchain Ethereum chiamata dipendenza dall'ordine delle transazioni. Inizialmente vengono chiariti tutti gli elementi del sistema: la rete, la macchina virtuale, il mining, gli account, le transazioni, gli smart contract e il linguaggio Solidity. Successivamente si entra nel dettaglio definendo la vulnerabilità di dipendenza dall'ordine delle transizioni per poi mostrare vari tipi di smart contract insicuri con rispettivi esempi di attacchi e, infine, specificare delle soluzioni atte ad ovviare questa vulnerabilità attraverso la descrizione di strutture, smart contract e strumenti adeguati.
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Arrouas, David. "La blockchain au service de la question sociétale : étude de ses fonctions en droit de la responsabilité sociétale des entreprises." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAA007.
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La blockchain à travers ses fonctions registres et smart contracts constitue un moteur de la confiance. Le registre blockchain, distribué sécurisé et sans autorité centrale, révolutionne la confiance. Le smart contract, adossé à une blockchain, auto-exécutant et inaltérable assure, lui, l'exécution automatique d'actions prédéfinies. Initialement conçus pour le secteur financier, le potentiel de cette technologie s’étend à la RSE en tant que support de la norme. Les smart social contracts seraient en mesure d’automatiser les processus liés à la RSE, tandis que le registre blockchain renforcerait la transparence et la traçabilité. Un cadre juridique clair reste cependant essentiel pour concilier innovation et protection des droits. Définir le rôle de la blockchain dans une démarche de RSE pourrait transformer les interactions des entreprises avec leurs parties prenantes, renforcer la confiance, la transparence, la réactivité et, plus largement, l’effectivité de norme sociétale<br>Through its ledger and smart contract functions, blockchain serves as a driver of trust. The blockchain ledger, distributed, secure, and without a central authority, revolutionizes trust. The smart contract, based on a blockchain, self-executing and immutable, ensures the automatic execution of predefined actions. Initially designed for the financial sector, the potential of this technology extends to CSR as a support for standards. Smart social contracts could automate CSR-related processes, while the blockchain ledger would enhance transparency and traceability. However, a clear legal framework remains essential to reconcile innovation with the protection of rights. Defining the role of blockchain in a CSR approach could transform how companies interact with their stakeholders, strengthening trust, transparency, responsiveness, and, more broadly, the effectiveness of societal norms
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Perugini, Maria Letizia <1973>. "Distributed Ledger Technologies e sistemi di Blockchain: Digital Currency, Smart Contract e altre applicazioni." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8257/1/ml%20perugini%20-%20tesi%20di%20dottorato.pdf.
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Questo studio si propone di analizzare il complesso delle novità introdotte al sistema dei pagamenti e al trasferimento di diritti da Distributed Ledger e Blockchain, in una prospettiva che tenga conto delle applicazioni di mercato di queste innovazioni tecnologiche e della tutela giuridica degli interessi economici e delle posizioni soggettive che ne derivano. In particolar modo, l’opera vuole stimolare la discussione volta alla definizione di un quadro normativo socialmente adeguato che sostenga l’efficienza di questi strumenti in un’ottica di scambio economico globalizzato.<br>This essay aims at analyzing the ensemble of innovation introduced by Distributed Ledger and Blockchain to the payment system and the transfer of rights, in a perspective considering the market applications of these new technologies and the legal protection of deriving economics interests and individual rights. Purposely, our dissertation aspires to encourage the discussion for the definition of a socially adequate legal framework sustaining the efficiency of these instruments in a global exchange perspective.
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Guo, Tjelvar, and Herzegh Daniel Han. "Availability of Smart Contracts that Rely on External Data." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Programvara och system, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-169358.
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Smart contracts are digital agreements stored and executed on a blockchain. With smart contracts, multiple parties can enter into an agreement whose correct execution is guaranteed by the underlying blockchain. However, there is no inherent way for smart contracts to access data APIs external to the blockchain they reside on, which is needed in order to expand their usefulness. This thesis investigates two approaches of feeding data to a smart contract on the Ethereum blockchain, with regard to the performance metrics gas cost, block delay, and network latency. The investigation is set in the context of train travel where the time of arrival of a train at its destination is retrieved to the smart contract. Receiving and aggregating submissions from varying numbers of passengers is compared to retrieving this data from the dedicated open API provided by Trafikverket using the Chainlink framework. Through experiments, involving issuing transactions and monitoring them, it was found that in the case of passenger submissions with aggregation the gas costs had a linear relationship to the amount of passengers submitting data. Compared to lower amounts, the block delay for passenger submissions started seeing an increase at 100 to 300 submissions whereas it was more or less constant for aggregations. Furthermore, there was no noticeable trend for increase in network delay with increase of submissions. Conclusively, with regard to all performance metrics, it was found that in all cases involving more than five passengers it was cheaper to use Chainlink to fetch data from Trafikverket.
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Maughelli, Francesco. "Security-related experiences with Smart Contracts over the Ethereum Blockchain." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13991/.
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L'innovazione introdotta con le distributed ledgers e le criptovalute ha cambiato la concezione di sistemi distribuiti, creando di fatto dei network di pagamento che funzionano tramite internet e sono in grado di muovere fondi convertendoli in valute digitali e poi di nuovo in valute cartacee.
All'interno del panorama delle croptovalute, Ethereum è una piattaforma creata per espandere il semplice meccanismo transazionale, aggiungendo la capacità di programmare funzionalità sulla blockchain. Il lavoro analizza le potenzialità degli Smart Contract di Ethereum e si sofferma sugli aspetti di
sicurezza che risiedono dietro al codice di Solidity, cercando una valutazione oggettiva di vantaggi e svantaggi derivanti dall'uso della piattaforma.
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Morotti, Daniele. "una tecnica per l'anticontraffazione basata su sistema blockchain." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/23518/.
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In questo elaborato verranno illustrate inizialmente le caratteristiche principali della blockchain e il fenomeno della contraffazione, con i vari metodi utilizzati al giorno d'oggi. In seguito verranno illustrati e confrontati i vari sistemi anticontraffazione dello stato dell'arte e quello proposto in questo elaborato. In�fine verrà illustrata nel dettaglio l'implementazione del codice degli smart contract e verranno indicati alcuni test eseguiti sul sistema. La tecnologia blockchain potrebbe contrastare efficacemente il fenomeno della contraffazione in quanto permette di salvare informazioni nei suoi blocchi e, una
volta avvenute le transazioni, i dati non possono essere alterati per via di alcune proprietà di sicurezza della struttura. Nel sistema implementato si salvano alcune informazioni relative ai prodotti, dal momento in cui sono stati creati in una fabbrica autorizzata
�fino al momento della consegna al consumatore, per tracciare eventuali manomissioni o irregolarità.
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Ghelli, Melania. "Analisi Statica di Smart Contract in Ethereum: Stimare i Consumi di Gas." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19612/.
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Il gas è l'unità di misura dello sforzo computazionale richiesto per eseguire un programma in Ethereum. Questo carburante ha un costo, espresso in ether, l'unità di conto di Ethereum. È necessario acquistare il gas prima che il programma venga eseguito. Per questa ragione talvolta può accadere che durante l'esecuzione si esaurisca e che quindi il programma si blocchi. Siccome una situazione di questo genere può comportare una perdita di denaro, è preferibile agire sul codice prima della sua esecuzione, in modo da evitare spiacevoli inconvenienti. In questo contesto entra in gioco l'analisi statica: permettendo di verificare le proprierà dei programmi prima che vengano eseguiti, può essere applicata ai programmi di Ethereum per stimarne i consumi di gas. Questo compito non è poi così semplice. Vedremo quali sono le tecniche di analisi utili a stimare i consumi di gas, e quali sono i limiti di questa analisi.
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Flores, Luis, Yoseline Sanchez, Edgar Ramos, Fernando Sotelo, and Nabeel Hamoud. "Blockchain in Agribusiness Supply Chain Management: A Traceability Perspective." Springer, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656091.
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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.<br>The demand for agricultural products for export is increasing every year. Thus, there is a need for a traceable and more communicative agricultural supply chain among its stakeholders. In addition, the increase in controls, verifications and communications in each SC agent makes agility and chain difficult, generating distrust among those involved. To overcome this issue, we consider Blockchain. Blockchain is a disruptive technology to decentralize data with this state-of-the-art technology, we develop a model that solves the traceability problem of the agricultural product. The model also improves transparency and security within the SC, increasing trust between the suppliers, collaborators and consumers.
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Harz, Dominik. "Trust and verifiable computation for smart contracts in permissionless blockchains." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209430.
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Blockchains address trust through cryptography and consensus. Bitcoin is the first digital currency without trusted agents. Ethereum extends this technology by enabling agents on a blockchain, via smart contracts. However, a systemic trust model for smart contracts in blockchains is missing. This thesis describes the ecosystem of smart contracts as an open multi-agent system. A trust model introduces social control through deposits and review agents. Trust-related attributes are quantified in 2,561 smart contracts from GitHub. Smart contracts employ a mean of three variables and functions and one in ten has a security-related issue. Moreover, blockchains restrict computation tasks. Resolving these restrictions while maintaining trust requires verifiable computation. An algorithm for verifiable computation is developed and implemented in Solidity. It uses an arbiter enforcing the algorithm, computation services providing and verifying solutions, and a judge assessing solutions. Experiments are performed with 1000 iterations for one to six verifiers with a cheater prior probability of 30%, 50%, and 70%. The algorithm shows linear complexity for integer multiplication. The verification depends on cheater prior probability and amount of verifiers. In the experiments, six verifiers are sufficient to detect all cheaters for the three prior probabilities.<br>Blockchains adresserar tillit genom kryptografi och konsensus. Bitcoin är den första digitala valutan utan betrodda agenter. Ethereum utökar denna teknik genom att möjliggöra agenter i blockchain, via smart contracts. En systemisk förtroende modell för smart contracts i blockchains saknas emellertid. Denna avhandling beskriver ekosystemet för smarta kontrakt som ett öppet multi-agent system. En förtroendemodell introducerar social kontroll genom inlåning och granskningsagenter. Tillitrelaterade attribut kvantifieras i 2,561 smart contracts från GitHub. De använder ett medelvärde av tre variabler och funktioner med en av tio som har en säkerhetsre-laterad fråga. Dessutom blockchains begränsa beräkningsuppgifter. Att lösa dessa begränsningar samtidigt som du behåller förtroendet kräver kontrollerbar beräkning. En algoritm för verifierbar beräkning utvecklas och implementeras i Solidity. Den använder en arbiter som tillämpar algoritmen, computation services som tillhandahåller och verifierar lösningar och en judge som bedömer lösningar. Experiment utförs med 1000 iterationer för en till sex verifierare med en snyggare sannolikhet för 30%, 50% och 70%. Algoritmen visar linjär komplexitet för heltalsmultiplicering. Verifieringen beror på fuskans tidigare sannolikhet och antal verifierare. I experimenten är sex verifierare tillräckliga för att detektera alla cheaters för de tre tidigare sannolikheterna.
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Lin, Jason. "Analysis of Blockchain-based Smart Contracts for Peer-to-Peer Solar Electricity Transactive Markets." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/87563.
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The emergence of blockchain technology and increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) have created a new opportunity for peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading. However, challenges arise in such transactive markets to ensure individual rationality, incentive compatibility, budget balance, and economic efficiency during the trading process. This thesis creates an hour-ahead P2P energy trading network based on the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain and explores a comparative analysis of different auction mechanisms that form the basis of smart contracts. Considered auction mechanisms are discriminatory and uniform k-Double Auction with different k values. This thesis also investigates effects of four consumer and prosumer bidding strategies: random, preference factor, price-only game-theoretic approach, and supply-demand game-theoretic approach. A custom simulation framework that models the behavior of the transactive market is developed. Case studies of a 100-home microgrid at various photovoltaic (PV) penetration levels are presented using typical residential load and PV generation profiles in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area. Results indicate that regardless of PV penetration levels and employed bidding strategies, discriminatory k-DA can outperform uniform k-DA. Despite so, discriminatory k-DA is more sensitive to market conditions than uniform k-DA. Additionally, results show that the price-only game-theoretic bidding strategy leads to near-ideal economic efficiencies regardless of auction mechanisms and PV penetration levels.<br>MS
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Castiglioni, Marco. "Un confronto tra i linguaggi di programmazione per smart contract: Move e Solidity." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20439/.
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L'impresa statunitense Facebook Inc. ha deciso recentemente di espandersi nel campo delle criptovalute iniziando a sviluppare Libra, un sistema finanziario basato sulla tecnologia blockchain, con l'obiettivo di creare una moneta utilizzata a livello internazionale. Fin dall'annuncio, viste le problematiche relative alla privacy che hanno riguardato l'azienda americana, Libra è stata al centro di dibattiti e critiche portando con sè non pochi dubbi circa la possibilità di rivoluzionare il sistema dei pagamenti online. Certamente però, questo progetto può essere considerato una pietra miliare nell'evoluzione tecnologica della blockchain, dal momento che verrà integrato in piattaforme social utilizzate dalla maggior parte della popolazione mondiale, e, perciò, se il progetto dovesse avere successo, potrebbe effettivamente diventare la prima criptovaluta mainstream.
In questa tesi, tuttavia, non ci si concentrerà sugli aspetti sociali e finanziari ma su quelli tecnici, andando ad analizzare l'infrastruttura della blockchain di Libra e, soprattutto, il nuovo linguaggio per smart contract che verrà rilasciato con essa, Move. Il progetto di Libra è ancora in fase di sviluppo, perciò non è facile reperire lavori relativi a questo argomento. La maggior parte dei documenti esterni citati in questo elaborato sono gli articoli direttamente rilasciati dalla Libra Association. Si noti infine che il codice che verrà mostrato è stato scritto con la versione di Move di inizio 2020, una versione intermedia chiamata Move IR. Il rilascio ufficiale di Libra è stimato per fine 2020.
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Tillberg, Fredrik. "The taxonomy of Crowdfunding - An actualized overview of the development of internet crowdfunding models." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20931.
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Crowdfunding challenges century long boundaries between the public, the industry andinnovation. In that respect the phenomenon holds the potential to decentralize and democratizethe way ventures are financed and realized. Crowdfunding has seen a lot of exitingdevelopments during the last few years, partly because of new crowdfunding platformsemerging on the internet, and partly because of new ground-breaking technology being used forfunding purposes. Meanwhile research has not quite catched up with the recent developments ofdifferent models for crowdfunding. This study’s aim is therefor to give an comprehensiveoverview of the different models of crowdfunding that are being utilized by crowdfundingplatforms on the internet today. A deductive content analysis has been made of 67 currentcrowdfunding platforms. The platforms have been analysed in order to determine what model ofcrowdfunding they utilize. The result has, apart from partly confirming prior studies, alsoproduced new exiting findings on what mechanisms constitute some of the crowdfundingmodels we see today. A new taxonomy of crowdfunding models is discussed and proposed. Theconclusion is that the need for a updated taxonomy, like the one this study provides, was wellneeded in order to understand the field. One important finding is that blockchain technology hasproduced a new form of crowdfunding through cryptocurrency: Initial coin offering. Thatparticular area will likely develop and continue to decentralize and democratise the economicalhuman interaction when it comes to financing.
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Sun, Yuqi. "Utilizzo della tecnologia blockchain applicata alle licenze software." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21849/.
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Negli ultimi anni la blockchain ha attratto molto interesse da varie aziende e ricercatori, studiando i miglioramenti che una tecnologia come questa potrebbe avere in vari settori, da quello finanziario a quello medico o immobiliare. Abbiamo scelto una delle possibili aree di applicazione, la gestione delle licenze software, e ne abbiamo sviluppato un sistema basato sulla blockchain di Ethereum. La tesi inizierà con un’introduzione al concetto di blockchain, fornendo le conoscenze necessarie per comprendere questa tecnologia; in seguito, illustrerà il processo che ha portato alla costruzione di questo sistema e infine analizzerà i possibili vantaggi e svantaggi che la blockchain può offrire in un ambito come le licenze software.
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Costagliola, Andrea Roberta. "Progettazione di un’architettura di decision making basata su smart contract e oracoli applicata al turismo." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.
Find full textAbstract:
La tecnologia blockchain, grazie alle sue caratteristiche di decentralizzazione, immutabilità, tracciabilità e sicurezza offre una serie di vantaggi e proprietà al settore turistico e dell’ospitalità, favorendone la crescita e lo sviluppo. Alcune implementazioni della tecnologia blockchain permettono l'esecuzione di smart contract, ovvero programmi eseguiti dai nodi della rete le cui operazioni sono transazioni della blockchain a tutti gli effetti. Essendo la blockchain un sistema isolato, è impossibile per uno smart contract comunicare con servizi o sistemi esterni.
Si ricorre, dunque, all’utilizzano di oracoli, applicazioni che attingono informazioni da fonti affidabili e le iniettano nella blockchain.
Utilizzando smart contract e oracoli si vuole studiare un sistema di decision making applicato al turismo. Lo scenario prevede che sia possibile effettuare prenotazioni nel settore alberghiero, le quali verranno confermate o rimborsate in base al meteo della zona di interesse. La logica di conferma o annullamento delle prenotazioni è in questo caso incapsulata nello smart contract, ottenendo così una validazione autonoma e non influenzabile esternamente. Analogamente, le informazioni sul meteo, utili per stabilire se un utente ha diritto o meno al rimborso, verranno fornite tramite un Oracolo per far sì che siano attendibili e disponibili allo smart contract.
Verrà mostrato un esempio reale di applicazione sperimentale su piattaforma di smart tourism sul territorio nazionale.