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Kelly, Daniel. "Disaggregation of domestic smart meter energy data." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/49452.
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Many countries are rolling out smart electricity meters. A smart meter measures the aggregate energy consumption of an entire building. However, appliance-by-appliance energy consumption information may be more valuable than aggregate data for a variety of uses including reducing energy demand and improving load forecasting for the electricity grid. Electricity disaggregation algorithms – the focus of this thesis – estimate appliance-by-appliance electricity demand from aggregate electricity demand. This thesis has three main goals: 1) to critically evaluate the benefits of energy disaggregation; 2) to develop tools to enable rigorous disaggregation research; 3) to advance the state of the art in disaggregation algorithms. The first part of this thesis explores whether disaggregated energy feedback helps domestic users to reduce energy consumption; and discusses threats to the NILM. Evidence is collected, summarised and aggregated by means of a critical, systematic review of the literature. Multiple uses for disaggregated data are discussed. Our review finds no robust evidence to support the hypothesis that current forms of disaggregated energy feedback are more effective than aggregate energy feedback at reducing energy consumption in the general population. But the absence of evidence does not necessarily imply the absence of any beneficial effect of disaggregated feedback. The review ends with a discussion of ways in which the effectiveness of disaggregated feedback may be increased and a discussion of opportunities for new research into the effectiveness of disaggregated feedback. We conclude that more social science research into the effects of disaggregated energy feedback is required. This motivates the remainder of the thesis: to enable cost-effective research into the effects of disaggregated feedback, we work towards developing robust NILM algorithms and software. The second part of this thesis describes three tools and one dataset developed to enable disaggregation research. The first of these tools is a novel, low-cost data collection system, which records appliance-by-appliance electricity demand every six seconds and records the whole-home voltage and current at 16 kHz. This system enabled us to collect the UK’s first and only high-frequency (kHz) electricity dataset, the UK Disaggregated Appliance-Level Electricity dataset (UK-DALE). Next, to help the disaggregation community to conduct open, rigorous,repeatable research, we collaborated with other researchers to build the first open-source dissaggregation framework, NILMTK. NILMTK has gained significant traction in the community,both in terms of contributed code and in terms of users. The third tool described in this thesis is a metadata schema for disaggregated energy data. This schema was developed to make it easier for researchers to describe their own datasets and to reduce the effort required to import datasets. The third part of this thesis describes our effort to advance the state of the art in disaggregation algorithms. Three disaggregation approaches based on deep learning are discussed: 1) a form of recurrent neural network called ‘long short-term memory’ (LSTM); 2) denoising autoencoders; and 3) a neural network which regresses the start time, end time and average power demand of each appliance activation. The disaggregation performance was measured using seven metrics and compared to two ‘benchmark’ algorithms from NILMTK: combinatorial optimisation and factorial hidden Markov models. To explore how well the algorithms generalise to unseen houses,the performance of the algorithms was measured in two separate scenarios: one using test data from a house not seen during training and a second scenario using test data from houses which were seen during training. All three neural nets achieve better F1 scores (averaged over all five appliances) than either benchmark algorithm. The neural net algorithms also generalise well to unseen houses.
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Collard, Sophie. "Assessing and Predicting the Impact of Energy Conservation Measures Using Smart Meter Data." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-150352.
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Buildings account for around 40 percent of the primary energy consumption in Europe and in the United States. They also hold tremendous energy savings potential: 15 to 29 percent by 2020 for the European building stock according to a 2009 study from the European Commission. Verifying and predicting the impact of energy conservation measures in buildings is typically done through energy audits. These audits are costly, time-consuming, and may have high error margins if only limited amounts of data can be collected. The ongoing large-scale roll-out of smart meters and wireless sensor networks in buildings gives us access to unprecedented amounts of data to track energy consumption, environmental factors and building operation. This Thesis explores the possibility of using this data to verify and predict the impact of energy conservation measures, replacing energy audits with analytical software. We look at statistical analysis techniques and optimization algorithms suitable for building two regression models: one that maps environmental (e.g.: outdoor temperature) and operational factors (e.g.: opening hours) to energy consumption in a building, the other that maps building characteristics (e.g.: type of heating system) to regression coefficients obtained from the first model (which are used as energy-efficiency indicators) in a building portfolio. Following guidelines provided in the IPMVP, we then introduce methods for verifying and predicting the savings resulting from the implementation of a conservation measure in a building.
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Selmke, Pierre. "Auswirkungen einer Einführung von Smart Metering auf die Unternehmensführung mittelgroßer Energieversorgungsunternehmen." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262388.
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In the European Union (EU), increasing final energy efficiency, so as to save energy, has become mandatory. This obligation will fundamentally alter the EU energy sector. The relevant EU directive, 2006/32/EG, requires that adjustments be made to energy billing and, where technically feasible, that new metering technologies (i.e. smart metering) be introduced. Individual EU countries are implementing these requirements in different ways: Smart metering is either being nearly fully implemented (e.g. in Italy), is being planned (e.g. in Germany), or completely disregarded (e.g. in the Czech Republic). Since the introduction of smart metering affects virtually all value-added steps, organisational structures and areas of operation in medium-sized energy providers, these providers must take the relevant requirements into account at as early a stage as possible. The present thesis analyses the effects of the introduction of smart metering on the business management of such companies. A deductive method was chosen and the effects of intro- ducing smart metering were assessed through a cross-sectional study of two separate data collections. Experts were interviewed and their statements were qualitatively evaluated. A written survey followed via online questionnaires, the results of which were quantitatively evaluated. Institutional, functional and activity-based perspectives were considered as well as normative, strategic and operative aspects of business management. The evaluation of the survey enabled a better assessment and analysis of the introduction of smart metering. An analysis of the scope of the upcoming alterations within energy providers illustrates just how fundamental a change this will bring to medium-sized energy providers. However, the outcome of the written survey shows that most executives do not recognise this need for change and therefore are unable to initiate it. These management deficiencies threaten the very existence of these companies and must be resolved through the timely initiation of consistent change management.
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Christakopoulos, Argiris, and Georgios Makrygiannis. "Consumer Attitudes towards the Benefits provided by Smart Grid – a Case Study of Smart Grid in Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-15351.
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Lago, Renard Lopes Villas Boas do. "Perspectiva de um sistema elétrico inteligente em uma cidade brasileira: estudo de caso Búzios." Universidade Nove de Julho, 2019. http://bibliotecatede.uninove.br/handle/tede/1972.
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In seeking the construction of an intelligent city there is a need to identify the processes that may or may not contribute to its construction and which challenges to overcome, taking into account the aspects of urban life, such as mobility, security, communication systems, sanitation and also for the electrical system. This research is a case study with the purpose of transforming Búzios into an intelligent city, as it is published by the municipal administration. The study aimed to verify if all the projects presented were executed and if the concepts of sustainability, rationality and loss control are being applied. The approach defined for research was qualitative, verifying the facts and seeking to clarify the dynamics of social relations, through a descriptive and exploratory research. During the visit to the city information was collected through interviews and direct observations, among the interviews were qualified 20 residents and collected 202 photographs. Among the projects implemented and in operation are three generators of photovoltaic energy, as for the projects implemented and that presented discontinuity and failures in its operation are the intelligent LED lighting system, the free internet system project, the projects with the systems of generation of aerogenerator energy, power network automation projects and installation projects of smart meters. During the technical visit, it was not possible to identify characteristics or contributions that define the city of Búzios-RJ, as the first intelligent city in Latin America, as little as an intelligent city, once the projects executed show flaws, a small part of the city was contemplated, the population does not have knowledge about the project, lack of continuity and governance. Although the projects listed make sense as components of an intelligent city with an intelligent electric grid, it was not possible to characterize the city as "intelligent" since the projects did not show, in their majority, effectiveness and scope enough to do so. The city can, however, become intelligent by expanding the reach and effectiveness of the projects.
Ao almejar a construção de uma cidade inteligente existe a necessidade de identificar os processos que podem ou não contribuir para sua construção e quais os desafios a serem superados, levando-se em conta os aspectos da vida urbana, como mobilidade, segurança, sistemas de comunicação, saneamento e também para o sistema elétrico. A presente pesquisa é um estudo de caso tendo como objeto a transformação de Búzios em cidade inteligente, conforme é divulgado pela administração municipal. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar se todos os projetos apresentados foram executados e se os conceitos de sustentabilidade, racionalidade e controle de perdas estão sendo aplicados. A abordagem definida para pesquisa foi qualitativa, verificando os fatos e buscando esclarecer a dinâmica das relações sociais, por meio de uma pesquisa descritiva e exploratória. Durante a visita a cidade foram coletadas informações por meio de entrevistas e observações diretas, dentre as entrevistas foram qualificados 20 moradores e coletadas 202 fotografias. Dentre os projetos implementados e em funcionamento estão três geradores de energia fotovoltaica, quanto aos projetos implementados e que apresentaram descontinuidade e falhas no seu funcionamento estão o sistema de iluminação a LED inteligente, o projeto de sistema de internet gratuita, os projetos com os sistemas de geração de energia aerogerador, os projetos de automação da rede de energia e os projetos da instalação dos medidores inteligentes. Durante a visita técnica não foi possível identificar características ou contribuições que definam a cidade de Búzios-RJ, como a primeira cidade inteligente da América Latina, tão pouco como cidade inteligente, uma vez que os projetos executados apresentaram falhas, uma pequena parte da cidade foi contemplada, a população não possui conhecimento sobre o projeto, falta de continuidade e de governança. Embora os projetos elencados façam sentido como componentes de uma cidade inteligente, com rede elétrica inteligente, não foi possível caracterizar a cidade como "inteligente" dado que os projetos não apresentaram, em sua maioria, efetividade e alcance suficiente para isso. A cidade pode, no entanto, tornar-se inteligente ao ampliar o alcance e a efetividade dos projetos.
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Stripling, Gwendolyn D. "An Empirical Assessment of Energy Management Information System Success Using Structural Equation Modeling." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/1019.
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The Energy Industry utilizes Energy Management Information Systems (EMIS) smart meters to monitor utility consumers’ energy consumption, communicate energy consumption information to consumers, and to collect a plethora of energy consumption data about consumer usage. The EMIS energy consumption information is typically presented to utility consumers via a smart meter web portal. The hope is that EMIS web portal use will aid utility consumers in managing their energy consumption by helping them make effective decisions regarding their energy usage. However, little research exists that evaluates the effectiveness or success of an EMIS smart meter web portal from a utility consumer perspective. The research goal was to measure EMIS smart meter web portal success based on the DeLone and McLean Information Success Model. The objective of the study was to investigate the success constructs system quality, information quality, service quality, use, and user satisfaction, and determine their contribution to EMIS success, which was measured as net benefits. The research model used in this study employed Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS) to determine the validity and reliability of the measurement model and to evaluate the hypothetical relationships in the structural model. The significant validity and reliability measures obtained in this study indicate that the DeLone and McLean Information Success Model (2003) has the potential for use in future EMIS studies. The determinants responsible for explaining the variance in net benefits were EMIS use and user satisfaction. Based on the research findings, several implications and future research are stated and proposed.
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Haman, Martin. "Inteligentní elektroměr." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412990.
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The diploma thesis describe design and realization of smart energy meter. The smart energy meter allows remote reading of the measured values and with connected externals modules also switching of connected load. The theoretical part covered measured values definition, required function analysis, components selection and design of smart energy meter. The practical part deal with firmware development, programming, remote control and reading of the measured values. The final chapter deal with realization and calibration of the smart energy meter.
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Yang, Cheng. "Development of Intelligent Energy Management System Using Natural Computing." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1341375203.
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Ahmed, Nisar, and Shahid Yousaf. "For Improved Energy Economy – How Can Extended Smart Metering Be Displayed?" Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2173.
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Context: A District Heating System (DHS) uses a central heating plant to produce and distribute hot water in a community. Such a plant is connected with consumers’ premises to provide them with hot water and space heating facilities. Variations in the consumption of heat energy depend upon different factors like difference in energy prices, living standards, environmental effects and economical conditions etc. These factors can manage intelligently by advanced tools of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) such as smart metering. That is a new and emerging technology; used normally for metering of District Heating (DH), district cooling, electricity and gas. Traditional meters measures overall consumption of energy, in contrast smart meters have the ability to frequently record and transmit energy consumption statistics to both energy providers and consumers by using their communication networks and network management systems. Objectives: First objective of conducted study was providing energy consumption/saving suggestions on smart metering display for accepted consumer behavior, proposed by the energy providers. Our second objective was analysis of financial benefits for the energy provides, which could be expected through better consumer behavior. Third objective was analysis of energy consumption behavior of the residential consumes that how we can support it. Moreover, forth objective of the study was to use extracted suggestions of consumer behaviors to propose Extended Smart Metering Display for improving energy economy. Methods: In this study a background study was conducted to develop basic understanding about District Heat Energy (DHE), smart meters and their existing display, consumer behaviors and its effects on energy consumption. Moreover, interviews were conducted with representatives of smart heat meters’ manufacturer, energy providers and residential consumers. Interviews’ findings enabled us to propose an Extended Smart Metering Display, that satisfies recommendations received from all the interviewees and background study. Further in this study, a workshop was conducted for the evaluation of the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display which involved representatives of smart heat meters’ manufacture and residential energy consumers. DHE providers also contributed in this workshop through their comments in online conversation, for which an evaluation request was sent to member companies of Swedish District Heating Association. Results: Informants in this research have different levels of experiences. Through a systematic procedure we have obtained and analyzed findings from all the informants. To fulfill the energy demands during peak hours, the informants emphasized on providing efficient energy consumption behavior to be displayed on smart heat meters. According to the informants, efficient energy consumption behavior can be presented through energy consumption/saving suggestions on display of smart meters. These suggestions are related to daily life activities like taking bath and shower, cleaning, washing and heating usage. We analyzed that efficient energy consumption behavior recommended by the energy providers can provide financial improvements both for the energy providers and the residential consumers. On the basis of these findings, we proposed Extended Smart Metering Display to present information in simple and interactive way. Furthermore, the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display can also be helpful in measuring consumers’ energy consumption behavior effectively. Conclusions: After obtaining answers of the research questions, we concluded that extension of existing smart heat meters’ display can effectively help the energy providers and the residential consumers to utilize the resources efficiently. That is, it will not only reduce energy bills for the residential consumers, but it will also help the energy provider to save scarce energy and enable them to serve the consumers better in peak hours. After deployment of the proposed Extended Smart Metering Display the energy providers will able to support the consumers’ behavior in a reliable way and the consumers will find/follow the energy consumption/saving guidelines easily.mcs294@yahoo.com, shahid_yousaf27@yahoo.com
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SABA, FABIO. "Development of a standard for thermal energy and smart heat metering applications." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2683495.
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The research activity described in this thesis is concerned with the development and characterization of a standard for thermal energy and with the study of innovative applications and measuring solutions for smart heat metering.
After an initial overview on the current state of the art and regulations for direct thermal energy measurement devices and heat accounting systems, the activities related to the development and the metrological characterization of the Italian standard of thermal energy, carried out at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM), are presented and discussed. INRIM, according to its responsibilities as National Metrological Institute (NMI), realizes the primary standards for the basic and derived units of the International System of Units (SI) and ensures the operation and maintenance of such standards, providing the national metrological traceability to the SI. Along this line, the development and the characterization of the national standard for thermal energy is fundamental in order to ensure the metrological traceability of thermal energy measurements, which is achieved through an unbroken sequence of calibration steps, each characterized by its corresponding uncertainty. Such a metrological activity is essential for the provision of accurate measurements of the thermal energy exchanged by heat conveying fluids in a number of applications, contributing significantly to the improvement of the efficiency of energy systems and processes. The INRIM national standard for thermal energy has gone through deep changes since 2011, when extensive renovation works have been planned and carried out to improve its features and performances. Thus, a metrological analysis of the system was required to assess the quality of measurements, through the investigation of all the uncertainty contributions affecting the main measurement outputs of the system: water mass and volume flow rate and thermal energy. In particular, the activities related to the development and characterization of the national standard for thermal energy were focused on the set up of a new measurement system for testing and calibrating direct heat meters in experimental conditions close to the actual operating ones, the automatization of the whole measuring process and the evaluation of the uncertainty associated to the INRIM thermal energy standard. According to the Supplement 1 of the Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM), the evaluation of the uncertainty has been carried out by means of the Monte Carlo method, which allows evaluating the probability distribution of the measurands from the probability density functions associated to the input quantities of the measurement model.
In order to evaluate and confirm the metrological capabilities of the INRIM measurement system and method with respect to other NMIs’ laboratories worldwide, a pilot study on the comparison between national standards for thermal energy has been organized with the PTB Heat and Vacuum department in Berlin (Working Group 7.52, New Methods for Thermal Energy Measurement). Such an activity has been detailed from the design of the test plan for the comparison, to the discussion of the results of the first round of tests carried out at INRIM. The experimental plan has allowed observing and analyzing the effect of fluid temperature on the volume flow measurement provided by the electromagnetic flow meter used as transfer standard for the comparison. Since flow meters are typically calibrated at ambient flow conditions, understanding and quantifying the temperature effect on volume flow measurement is important, in particular, for heat metering applications.
Furthermore, the analyses of two innovative measuring solutions for the non-invasive flow rate and temperature measurement in pipe flows, which can be effectively applied to thermal energy measurement, are presented and discussed. The first is related to the combined measurement of flow rate and temperature in liquid pipe flows by the clamp-on transit-time ultrasonic technique. In particular, the feasibility and the accuracy of such a non-intrusive measuring solution for the simultaneous measurement of flow rate and temperature has been analyzed by modelling the ultrasound propagation in a typical clamp-on sensor for a wide set of simulated measuring conditions. From the results of the numerical simulation, it has been possible to observe how the temperature dependent acoustic refraction of ultrasound beams can affect the accuracy of these sensors, in particular, in terms of non-intrusive temperature measurement. The second measuring solution is related to the proposal of a direct heat metering technique, based on the non-invasive measurement of the fluid flow rate circulating through a generic heat exchanger, exploiting the correlation between fluid velocity and internal heat transfer coefficient in forced pipe flows. A preliminary thermal fluid dynamic analysis has been carried out for different simulated operating conditions, in order to get a first evaluation of the feasibility and the accuracy of this non-invasive measuring technique.
One of the most important application fields for heat metering devices is the measurement of thermal energy consumptions in buildings. In such a context, the fair heat cost allocation among the residents of multi-apartments and multi-purpose buildings with central heating systems, based on the accurate measurement of the actual individual thermal energy consumptions, represents an effective tool to promote energy saving and improve energy efficiency, as declared by the European Directive 2012/27/EU, recently implemented in Italy by the Decree 102/2014. Anyway, in many cases, i.e. in outdated central heating systems with vertical hot water distribution networks (rising main central heating plant configuration), the accurate measurement of individual thermal energy consumptions by means of the measures of flow rate and temperature difference of the heat conveying fluid (direct heat metering) may be neither feasible nor affordable because of installation and economic constraints. In these situations, indirect methods for the estimation of individual heat consumptions or innovative heat accounting solutions should be applied, providing their compliancy to at least one of the current technical standards for heat metering or heat cost allocation. Along this line, a novel heat cost allocation method for apartment buildings has been proposed and validated. Such a heat accounting method is particularly suitable for central heating systems characterized by room heating radiators connected to vertical hot water distribution networks and provides the indirect estimation of individual thermal energy consumptions without the need of temperature measurements at radiator heating surfaces. The proposed heat cost allocation method is based on the hydraulic modelling of hot water distribution networks, which allows estimating the water flow rates circulating through each radiator from the measurement of the overall water flow rate in the circuit and the corresponding head loss. The novel indirect heat accounting method has been validated at the INRIM central heating system test facility, a unique laboratory, consisting of 40 fully-instrumented water radiators equipped with a SI-traceable direct heat meter each and connected to an automatically reconfigurable hydraulic circuit, which allows testing indirect heat cost allocation methods in experimental conditions very close to those in the field.
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Lewandowski, Samantha Whitney. "Consumer Engagement With Efficient And Renewable Energy Technology: Case Studies On Smart Meter Utilization And Support For A Community Anaerobic Biodigester System In Vermont." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/859.
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Residential electricity consumption in the United States has many adverse impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, dependence on fossil fuels, and costs. Efficient and renewable energy technologies have the potential to help mitigate some of these impacts, but appear to be under-utilized in the United States. One major barrier to expanding the deployment of these kinds of technologies and maximizing the benefits they can provide is a lack of consumer engagement. The overall purpose of this thesis is to better understand the extent to which efficient and renewable energy technologies are being engaged with and what factors may influence such engagement (or lack thereof) through case studies on smart meters and a community anaerobic digester system (CADS) in Vermont. In this thesis, engagement involves awareness, support, and utilization. Additionally, a subset of awareness (a precursor to awareness for many) was examined in each of these studies, which is interest in receiving additional information on the technology. While each case study focuses on different aspects of engagement that are unique to each smart meters and CADS, there is some overlap on the topics explored, especially when it comes to awareness of the technology, potential concerns about the technology, and interest in receiving additional information on it.
The focus of the first study is on how efficiently smart meters have been utilized by residential electricity customers in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a statewide telephone survey in Vermont and involved a sample that was statistically representative of the state. These data were analyzed via quantitative analysis. The focus of the second study is on local support of a CADS in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a mailout survey to houses located in or near the area where the community anaerobic digester was located, and the data were analyzed via quantitative and qualitative analysis.
In both studies, limitations to engagement with the technologies were found. In the smart meter study, less than 50% of the surveyed customers reported having a smart meter and, for those who did report having a smart meter, less than 20% of them thought that the smart meter had reduced their electricity use. In the CADS study, 52.1% of respondents reported being familiar with the CADS project, and 69.8% reported support for the project. However, other forms of support for the project, such as WTP for the Cow Power program or willingness to drop of food scraps to the CADS, were more limited. Additionally, a variety of demographic and other factors were found to have a statistically significant impact on or relationship to consumer engagement with these technologies. Overall, the results show that there is some engagement with these technologies, but more can be done to bolster engagement with them. One potential strategy to increase engagement with these technologies may be to tailor outreach according to factors that correspond to different levels of engagement. It is hoped that the results from these studies can be used to help improve consumer engagement with these and other efficient and renewable energy technologies, thus hopefully expanding their utilization and benefits they can provide in the process.
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Gonzalez, Robles Antonio. "M2M and Mobile Communications : an Implementation in the Solar Energy Industry." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-172752.
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Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications are used for several purposes, forinstance to transmit information derived from measurements collected frommonitoring instruments. M2M communications also allow intelligent devices toexchange real-time data without human intervention. Through a literaturesurvey regarding M2M, Mobile Communications, and Communication Protocolsfor M2M, such as the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), we found thatthe CoAP-UDP model is more suitable for M2M systems, than the HTTP-TCPapproach. Additionally, CoAP supports a DTLS implementation to provide endto-end security to protect communications. Consequently, CoAP was the selectedtechnology that allowed us to achieve the goal of designing a low-cost, scalable,secure, and standard-based communication solution for the company supportingthe project: Solelia Greentech. This company is the largest provider inScandinavia of solar chargers for electrical vehicles. The development andexperimental implementation of this solution was also successfully accomplished.We created a prototype that is able to gather information from a pulse generator(e.g. smart meter), process the data, run a CoAP server, and transmit dataresources to CoAP clients through a secure DTLS channel. Furthermore, aperformance analysis of the system and other existing Web server alternativeswas performed. As a result of this process, we concluded that the CoAP serverwe developed reaches between four and seven times higher throughputs than thecompared systems. Therefore, this project represents a viable alternative forexisting solutions on the market.Machine-to-machine (M2M) kommunikation används för flera syften, till exempel överföra information från mätningar som samlats in från övervakningsprogram instrument. M2M kommunikation gör det också möjligt att intelligenta enheter utbyter data i realtid utan mänsklig inblandning. Genom en litteraturstudie om M2M, mobil kommunikation, och kommunikationsprotokoll för M2M, såsom Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), fann vi att CoAP-UDP-modellen är mer lämpade för M2M-system, än HTTP-TCP strategi. Dessutom, CoAP stöder ett DTLS genomförande som bidrar med end-to-end säkerhet för att skydda kommunikation. Följaktligen CoAP var den valda tekniken som tillät oss att uppnå målet att utforma en billig, skalbar, säker och standardbaserad kommunikationslösning för företag som stödde projektet: Solelia Greentech. Detta företag är den största leverantören i Skandinavien av solar laddare för eldrivna fordon. Utveckling och experimentella genomförande av denna lösning var också lyckat fulländad. Vi skapade en prototyp som kan samla information från en pulsgenerator (t.ex. smarta mätare), process data, köra en CoAP server, och överföra dataresurser till CoAP-klient genom en säker DTLS kanal. En prestandaanalys av systemet och andra befintliga webbservern alternativ utfördes. Som en följd av denna process, vi drog slutsatsen att CoAP servern vi utvecklat når mellan fyra och sju gånger högre genomloppstid än de jämförda systemen. Därför Detta projekt är ett lönsamt alternativ för befintliga lösningar på marknaden.
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Ford, Rebecca. "Reducing domestic energy consumption through behaviour modification." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ac11b371-82e3-4091-930c-ff0b28b9704e.
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This thesis presents the development of techniques which enable appliance recognition in an Advanced Electricity Meter (AEM) to aid individuals reduce their domestic electricity consumption. The key aspect is to provide immediate and disaggregated information, down to appliance level, from a single point of measurement. Three sets of features including the short term time domain, time dependent finite state machine behaviour and time of day are identified by monitoring step changes in the power consumption of the home. Associated with each feature set is a membership which depicts the amount to which that feature set is representative of a particular appliance. These memberships are combined in a novel framework to effectively identify individual appliance state changes and hence appliance energy consumption. An innovative mechanism is developed for generating short term time domain memberships. Hierarchical and nearest neighbour clustering is used to train the AEM by generating appliance prototypes which contain an indication of typical parameters. From these prototypes probabilistic fuzzy memberships and possibilistic fuzzy typicalities are calculated for new data points which correspond to appliance state changes. These values are combined in a weighted geometric mean to produce novel memberships which are determined to be appropriate for the domestic model. A voltage independent feature space in the short term time domain is developed based on a model of the appliance’s electrical interface. The components within that interface are calculated and these, along with an indication of the appropriate model, form a novel feature set which is used to represent appliances. The techniques developed are verified with real data and are 99.8% accurate in a laboratory based classification in the short term time domain. The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the ability of the AEM to accurately track the energy consumption of individual appliances.
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DILAN, REJWANE, and Christos Selman. "New markets for Smart Utilities in Western Europe : A framework developed and applied for identification ofmarket opportunities for facilitating strategic decisions." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214926.
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Digitalization is hitting the energy industry by empowering energy producers and retailers, butmore importantly it’s empowering the end customers and the energy producers and retailers areno longer in possession of all power. Due to digitalization, energy networks are beingmodernized and new emerging technologies called smart grids and smart meters have beenintroduced. Smart grids can automatically monitor energy flows and adjust to changes in energysupply and demand. Smart meters on the other hand empowers the consumers to adapt theirenergy usage in both time and volume to different energy prices throughout the day by costcuttingtheir energy.With empowered and conscious end-customers, electricity retailers will have to compete in newways or risk losing their business. There is a risk that the majority of the over 100 electricityretailers in Sweden will be wiped out with time if data and information is not leveraged to theend-customers. This is potentially also threatening the business of TSU as well as othercompanies providing IT solutions to the energy market.For long Tieto Smart Utility (TSU) has offered IT services for both electricity retailers anddistributors across the Nordics. In relation to recently developed solutions as well as theopportunities and challenges created by digitalization and disruptive technologies such as smartmeters, the Nordic countries are in the forefront. Hence, TSU sees a potential in increasing itspresence in Western Europe to provide services to the retailers and distributors. However, inorder to expand to Western European countries TSU seeks to have a greater marketunderstanding of the different markets, in terms of for example market size, market structure,regulations. The problem is to have a structured and comprehensive way to increase marketunderstanding when assessing new West European energy markets due to the major differencesin each country.This thesis therefore aims to develop a framework which enables IT solution providers toconduct a market opportunity analysis in order to increase market awareness and assess theopportunities and potential in Western European markets, influenced by the smart-meter roll outand thus facilitate strategic decisions.A framework has been developed on the foundation on existing frameworks and applied onTSU by conducting a case study on a market opportunity assessment tool for energy IT solutionproviders. The framework consists of three levels of analysis; European-, Country- andCustomer Level which intends to identify market opportunities and potential.This thesis provides a framework for companies who wants to assess market opportunities andfacilitates strategic decisions regarding the potential of entering the markets. The findings of thisthesis has shown that the market opportunities for TSU are the greatest in Germany especiallydue to the market magnitude as well as the status for the smart meter roll-out. Furthermore,since IT solution providers usually offers many different services and solutions, the findings canbe used in a larger extent in order to asses the potential depending on type service and solution.
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Sabbatini, Valentina. "L'evoluzione delle utilities e le nuove opportunità offerte dalle tecnologie digitali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Il settore delle Utilities si trova oggi in una fase di importante trasformazione, dovuta a molteplici fattori: la tecnologia, i cambiamenti normativi e la crisi economica sono i principali fattori che stanno spingendo al cambiamento.
Per i retailer che si trovano ad operare con dei margini di profitto molto limitati, i nuovi modelli di business oggi attuabili grazie alle nuove tecnologie, rappresentano una nuova leva che potrebbe migliorare le loro condizioni.
Le società di vendita avranno tre principali strade verso cui muoversi: diventare fornitore specializzato, consulente energetico o fornitore di servizi integrati.
Ad oggi i player principali stanno proponendo soluzioni come fornitori di servizi integrati, in particolare soluzioni connesse alla Connected Home.
Il primo passo verso la connected home è sicuramente l’introduzione degli smart meter di seconda generazione.
Con il 2G le utilities avranno a disposizione i dati molto più frequentemente e il cliente potrà iniziare ad avere un ruolo attivo e acquisire consapevolezza dei suoi consumi.
Partendo da quest’idea, facendo sì che gli analitycs diventino un asset strategico, sarà possibile sviluppare nuovi modelli di business che sfruttino l’innovazione tecnologica. L’idea presentata in questo lavoro è lo sviluppo di offerte energetiche come servizi prepagati a cui potranno essere abbinati sistemi di intelligenza artificiale.
La possibilità di sviluppare un’offerta prepagata porterà numerosi vantaggi sia per il cliente che per il fornitore, sarà necessario però un cambiamento della percezione del servizio energetico. Questo dovrà definitivamente passare da servizio fornito dallo stato a bene che viene acquistato.
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Moura, Paula Kvitko de. "Diretrizes para o design de dispositivos visuais para apresentação do consumo de energia em residências." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/179560.
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O consumo de energia total residencial mundial aumentou 23% na última década e deverá aumentar mais 48% até 2040. Uma estratégia para a economia de energia é a mudança do comportamento dos usuários por meio da apresentação do feedback do consumo. O feedback pode ser apresentado em dispositivos visuais que são aparelhos eletrônicos que medem o consumo de eletricidade das casas e repassam esta informação aos usuários com a intenção de reduzi-lo. Pesquisas anteriores mostram que prover feedback com uso destes dispositivos pode gerar uma redução de 5 a 20% do consumo. No entanto, existem poucas pesquisas sobre o design de tais dispositivos que abordem a preferência e o entendimento do conteúdo (dados que podem ser apresentados no dispositivo) e do modo de apresentação (formato de apresentação do conteúdo). Estudos sugerem que as decisões de design variam conforme o tipo de usuário (crianças, adultos e idosos) e o contexto cultural no qual o dispositivo está inserido. Este trabalho explora os tipos de informações (ex.: consumo instantâneo, consumo por aparelho, etc.) e o formato da informação (numérico, analógico e ambiental) de um dispositivo visual mais adequado ao contexto brasileiro, considerando o tipo de usuário. Com base nos resultados de 7 grupos focados realizados com 50 participantes (20 crianças, 20 adultos e 10 idosos), foram desenvolvidos diretrizes e modelos conceituais para cada tipo de usuário Todos os participantes consideraram o consumo instantâneo importante. Entretanto, para idosos não é necessário apresentar esta informação visto que eles não gostariam de interagir com o dispositivo mais de uma vez ao dia, ao contrário dos adultos e crianças. Para aumentar o conhecimento do uso de energia dos usuários e encorajar a mudança de comportamento, também deve ser apresentada as informações de consumo cumulativo, consumo por aparelhos e dicas. Adultos e idosos preferem comparação histórica ao contrário das crianças que preferem informações que gerem a competição, como a comparação normativa. As informações sobre a preferência e o entendimento são importantes para o desenvolvimento de interfaces de dispositivos visuais que atendam aos requisitos dos usuários. Além disso, como os dispositivos visuais ainda não estão amplamente inseridos no Brasil, este trabalho pode contribuir para que o seu design proporcione o aumento da redução do consumo de energia.The residential energy consumption in the world has increased by 23% in the past decade and is expected to rise 48% until 2040. One strategy to save energy is to change user behavior by presenting feedback on energy consumption. The feedback can be presented in electronic in-home displays which measure the household energy consumption and pass this information to users with the intention of reducing consumption. Previous research has shown that providing feedback can lead to reductions of 5 to 20%. However, there is still limited research on the design of such devices. The design of visual devices involves decisions regarding the preference and understanding of information types (data that can be displayed in a device) and information formats (ways to present different information types). Studies suggest that design decisions vary according to the type of user (children, adults and elderly) and the cultural context in which the device is inserted. This work explores the information formats (e.g. real-time consumption, consumption of each appliance, etc.) and the information formats (numerical, analogue and ambient) of an in-home display suited to the Brazilian context, considering the type of user Based on the results of 7 focus groups totaling 50 participants (20 children, 20 adults and 10 elderly), guidelines and prototypes were developed for each type of user. All participants considered real-time consumption important. However, it is not necessary to present this information for the elderly since they would not want to interact with the display more than once a day, unlike adults and children. Cumulative consumption, disaggregation by appliance and tips should also be presented for all type of users to increase awareness of energy usage and encourage behavior change. Adults and the elderly prefer historical comparison on contrary to children who prefer information that generates competition, such as normative comparison. Information about user preference and understanding is important for the development of in-home displays interfaces that meet user requirements. In addition, since in-home displays are not yet extensively adopted in Brazil, this work can contribute to the design of such displays that to further reduce the energy consumption.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Smart Meters Big Data : Behavioral Analytics via Incremental Data Mining and Visualization." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35244.
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The big data framework applied to smart meters offers an exception platform for data-driven forecasting and decision making to achieve sustainable energy efficiency. Buying-in consumer confidence through respecting occupants' energy consumption behavior and preferences towards improved participation in various energy programs is imperative but difficult to obtain. The key elements for understanding and predicting household energy consumption are activities occupants perform, appliances and the times that appliances are used, and inter-appliance dependencies. This information can be extracted from the context rich big data from smart meters, although this is challenging because: (1) it is not trivial to mine complex interdependencies between appliances from multiple concurrent data streams; (2) it is difficult to derive accurate relationships between interval based events, where multiple appliance usage persist; (3) continuous generation of the energy consumption data can trigger changes in appliance associations with time and appliances. To overcome these challenges, we propose an unsupervised progressive incremental data mining technique using frequent pattern mining (appliance-appliance associations) and cluster analysis (appliance-time associations) coupled with a Bayesian network based prediction model. The proposed technique addresses the need to analyze temporal energy consumption patterns at the appliance level, which directly reflect consumers' behaviors and provide a basis for generalizing household energy models. Extensive experiments were performed on the model with real-world datasets and strong associations were discovered. The accuracy of the proposed model for predicting multiple appliances usage outperformed support vector machine during every stage while attaining accuracy of 81.65\%, 85.90\%, 89.58\% for 25\%, 50\% and 75\% of the training dataset size respectively. Moreover, accuracy results of 81.89\%, 75.88\%, 79.23\%, 74.74\%, and 72.81\% were obtained for short-term (hours), and long-term (day, week, month, and season) energy consumption forecasts, respectively.
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Hubert, Tanguy Fitzgerald. "Design and implementation of a software tool for day-ahead and real-time electricity grid optimal management at the residential level from a customer's perspective." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41188.
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This thesis focuses on the design and implementation of a software tool able to achieve electricity grid optimal management in a dynamic pricing environment, at the residential level, and from a customer's perspective.
The main drivers encouraging a development of energy management at the home level are analyzed, and a system architecture modeling power, thermodynamic and economic subsystems is proposed. The user behavior is also considered.
A mathematical formulation of the related energy management optimization problem is proposed based on the linear programming theory.
Several cases involving controllable and non-controllable domestic loads as well as renewable energy sources are presented and simulation scenarios illustrate the proposed optimization strategy in each case.
The performance of the controller and the changes in energy use are analyzed, and ideas for possible future work are discussed.
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Higginson, Sarah L. "The rhythm of life is a powerful beat : demand response opportunities for time-shifting domestic electricity practices." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16018.
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The 2008 Climate Change Act set legally-binding carbon reduction targets. Demand side management (DSM) includes energy use reduction and peak shaving and offers significant potential to reduce the amount of carbon used by the electricity grid. The demand side management (DSM) schemes that have tried to meet this challenge have been dominated by engineering-based approaches and so favour tools like automation (which aims to make shifting invisible) and pricing (which requires customer response) to shift demand. These approaches tend to focus on the tools for change and take little account of people and energy-use practices. This thesis argues that these approaches are limited and therefore unlikely to produce the level of response that will be needed in future. The thesis therefore investigates the potential for time-shifting domestic energy demand but takes a different angle by trying to understand how people use energy in their daily lives, whether this use can be shifted and some of the implications of shifting it. The centrepiece of the work is an empirical study of eleven households energy-use practices. The interdisciplinary methodology involved in-house observations, interviews, photographs, metered energy data and disruptive interventions. The data was collected in two phases. Initially, a twenty-four hour observation was carried out in each household to find out how energy was implicated in everyday practices. Next, a series of three challenges were carried out, aimed at assessing the implications of disrupting practices by time-shifting food preparation, laundry and work/ leisure. A practice theory approach is used to shift the focus of attention from appliances, tools for change, behaviour or even people, to practices. The central finding of this work is that practices were flexible. This finding is nuanced, in the light of the empirical research, by an extended discussion on the nature of practices; in particular, the relationship between practices and agency and the temporal-spatial locatedness of practices. The findings demonstrate that, in this study at least, expanding the range of demand response options was possible. The research suggests numerous possibilities for extending the potential of practices to shift in time and space, shift the energy used in practices or substitute practices for other non-energy-using practices, though there are no simple technological or behavioural fixes . More profoundly, however, the thesis concludes that infrastructures of provision , such as the electricity grid and the companies that run it, underpin and facilitate energy-use practices irrespective of the time of day and year. In this context technology-led demand response schemes may ultimately contribute to the problem they purport to solve. A more fundamental interrogation of demand and the infrastructures that serve it is therefore necessary and is almost entirely absent from the demand response debate.
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Lemos, Ivan Pedrotti. "Medidor de Energia para Avalia??o da Ades?o ? Tarifa Branca em Smart Grids." Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2017. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/923.
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Inteligente. Tarifa Time-of-use tariffs are one way of encouraging consumers to carry out the transfer of load to off-peak intervals, thus making unnecessary new and high investments in generation and transmission and distribution infrastructure. This is therefore a tool for the expansion of energy efficiency, in a new concept of electricity grids, the Smart Grids. However, for this type of charging to be applied, new and modern meters are required, those with the capacity to differentiate consumption hours and that can inform the consumer properly. In this sense, this work is aimed at the development of a meter with an open source platform, in the case Arduino, associated to Analog Devices ADE7753 integrated circuit, transmitting information through IEEE802.11 (Wi-Fi) network, and through an IoT (Internet of Things) platform, to make an assessment whether adoption of the White Tariff is financially beneficial to the consumer in a simple and interactive way.
As tarifas hor?rias s?o uma das formas de incentivar os consumidores a realizarem a transfer?ncia de carga para intervalos fora de ponta, fazendo assim desnecess?rios novos e altos investimentos em gera??o e infraestrutura de transmiss?o e distribui??o. Sendo esta portanto uma ferramenta para a amplia??o da efici?ncia energ?tica, em um novo conceito de redes de energia el?trica, as Smart Grids. Entretanto, para que este tipo de tarifa??o seja aplicado, novos e modernos medidores s?o requeridos, aqueles com capacidade de diferencia??o de hor?rio de consumo e que possam informar devidamente ao consumidor. Neste sentido este trabalho visa o desenvolvimento de um medidor com plataforma open source, no caso o Arduino, associado ao circuito integrado para medi??o de energia el?trica ADE7753 da Analog Devices, transmitindo as informa??es atrav?s de rede IEEE802.11(Wi-Fi), e por meio de uma plataforma para IoT (Internet of Things), realizar uma avalia??o se a ado??o ? Tarifa Branca ? ben?fica financeiramente ao consumidor de forma simples e interativa.
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Spielmann, Ondřej. "Analyzátor spotřeby elektrické energie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-220358.
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The subject of master’s thesis is introduction with the principles of measuring voltage, current and electrical power in DC and AC systems. Is designed measurement system for normal household. Measurement system includes pricing and client billing. User interface Ethernet-based is implemented.
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Mattlet, Benoit. "Potential benefits of load flexibility: A focus on the future Belgian distribution system." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2018. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/271127/5/contratBM.pdf.
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Since the last United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015 in Paris (the COP 21), world leaders acknowledged climate change. There is no need any more to justify the switch from fossil fuel-based to renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this transition is far from being straightforward. Besides technologies that are not yet mature -- or at least not always financially viable in today's economy -- the power grid is currently not ready for a rapid and massive integration of renewable energy sources. A main challenge for the power grid is the inadequacy between electric production and consumption that will rise along with the integration of such sources. Indeed, due to their dependence on weather, renewable energy sources are intermittent and difficult to forecast with today's tools. As a commodity, electricity is a quite distinct good for which there must be perfect adequacy of production and consumption at all time and characterized by a very inelastic demand. High shares of renewable energy sources lead to high price volatility and a higher risk to jeopardize the security of supply. Additionally, the switch to renewable energy sources will lead to an electrification of loads and transportation, and thus the emergence of new higher-consumption loads such as electric vehicles and heat pumps. These new and higher-consumption loads, combined with the population growth, will cause over-rated power load increases with less predictable load patterns in the future.This work focuses on issues specific to the distribution power grid in the context of the current energy transition. Traditional low-voltage grids are perhaps the most passive circuits in power grids. Indeed, they are designed primarily using a fit and forget approach where power flows go from the distribution transformer to the consumers and no element has to be operated or regularly managed. In fact, low-voltage networks completely lack observability due to very low monitoring. The distribution grid will especially undergo drastic changes from this energy transition. Distributed sources and new high-consumption -- and uncoordinated -- loads result in new power flow patterns, as well as exacerbated evening peaks for which it is not designed. The consequences are power overloads and voltage imbalances that deteriorate grid components, such as a main asset like the medium-to-low voltage transformer. Additionally, the distribution grid is characterized by end-users that pay a price for electricity that does not reflect the grid situation -- that is, mostly constant over a year -- and allow little to no actions on their consumption.These issues have motivated authorities to propose a global approach to ensure security of electricity supply at short and medium-term. The latter requires, among others, the development of demand response programs that encourage users to take advantage of load flexibility. First, we propose adequate electricity pricing structures that will allow users to unlock the potential of such demand response programs; namely, dynamic pricings combined with a prosumer structure. Second, we propose a fast and robust two-level optimization, formulated as a mixed-integer linear program, that coordinates flexible loads. We focus on two types of loads; electric vehicles and heat pumps, in an environment with solar PV panels. The lower level aims at minimizing individual electricity bills while, at the second level, we optimize the power load curve, either to maximize self-consumption, or to smoothen the total power load of the transformer. We propose a parametric study on the trade-off between only minimizing the individual bills versus only optimizing power load curves, which have proven to be antagonist objectives. Additionally, we assess the impact of the rising share of flexible loads and renewable energy sources for scenarios from today until 2050. A macro-analysis of the results allows us to assess the benefits of load flexibility for every actor of the distribution grid, and depending on the choice of a pricing structure. Our optimization has proved to prevent evening peaks, which increases the lifetime of the distribution transformer by up to 200%, while individual earnings up to 25% can be made using adequate pricings. Consequently, the optimization significantly increases the power demand elasticity and increases the overall welfare by 10%, allowing the high shares of renewable energy sources that are foreseen.Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Buckley, Penelope. "Comportement des ménages en matière de consommation d'électricité : une meta-analyse et des approches expérimentales." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAE001/document.
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Cette thèse examine comment répondent des consommateurs aux mécanismes visant à réduire leur consommation d'énergie. Ce besoin de réduction découle de la nécessité d'atteindre les objectifs de réduction d'émissions de gaz à effet de serre, d'augmenter la production d'énergie à partir d'énergie renouvelables et de réaliser des économies d'énergie. Ces objectifs exigent que la demande résidentielle soit plus flexible face à l'évolution de l'offre et que des économies d'énergie soient réalisées par les ménages. Le premier chapitre explore les barrières à l'acceptation et à l'adoption des compteurs intelligents et des incitations qu'ils peuvent fournir. D'importantes barrières existent et les réductions de consommation sont loin d'être réalisées. Le manque de motivation, l'incompréhension de l'information sur la consommation et la rigidité de la vie quotidienne sont les principales barrières qui limitent la réponse des ménages aux incitations fournies par les compteurs intelligents. Le deuxième chapitre analyse les résultats d'expériences de terrain et d'études pilotes portant sur les impacts des différentes incitations sur la consommation résidentielle. Les résultats montrent qu'il existe de grandes variations et qu'en moyenne, une incitation entraînera une réduction de 2% de la consommation d'énergie. Les incitations de feedback en temps réel ainsi que l'information monétaire ont le plus grand effet. Enfin, les études plus robustes font état d'effets de réduction plus faibles. Dans le troisième chapitre, un jeu expérimental de ressources communes est utilisé pour explorer les réponses individuelles aux incitations basées sur le prix et les nudges. Les individus sont encouragés à réduire leur consommation, soit par une augmentation de prix, soit par des smiley évocant leur surconsommation. Le prix est le plus efficace pour encourager le niveau cible de consommation, mais il faut plus de temps pour qu'il fasse effet. Le nudge est compris rapidement mais tend à renforcer les comportements de surconsommation. Le quatrième chapitre examine l'effet du framing sur la disposition à l'effort. Les individus doivent accomplir une tâche simple et répétitive pour laquelle ils reçoivent un paiement à la pièce sous forme d'un gain ou d'une perte. Le framing sous forme de gains et de pertes est combiné à trois structures de paiement différentes : gain fixe, gain faible ou élevé avec une probabilité égale révélée avant ou après la réalisation de l'effort. Les résultats montrent que le framing n'a aucun effet sur la réalisation de l'effort, excepté pour un contexte de gain élevé annoncé avant de fournir l'effortThis thesis examines how consumers respond to incentives used to encourage a reduction in their energy consumption. This necessary reduction stems from the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increase energy production from renewable energy sources and achieve energy savings. These objectives require that residential demand be more flexible in response to changes in supply and that energy savings be achieved by households. The first chapter explores the barriers to consumer acceptance and adoption of smart meters and the incentives that they provide. Significant barriers exist and consumption reductions are far from being achieved. Limited motivation, lack of understanding of information on consumption and the rigidity of daily life are the main barriers preventing households from acting upon the incentives delivered via smart meters. The second chapter analyses the results of field experiments and pilot studies on the impacts of different incentives on residential consumption. The results show that there are large variations and that, on average, an incentive will result in a 2% reduction in energy consumption. Real-time feedback and monetary information have the greatest effect. Finally, more robust studies report lower reduction effects. In the third chapter, a common pool resource game is used to explore individual responses to price and nudge-based incentives. Individuals are encouraged to reduce their consumption either by price increases or by smilies that reflect their overconsumption. The price is most effective at encouraging the target level of consumption but takes longer to have an effect. The nudge is quickly understood but tends to reinforce overconsumption behaviours. The fourth chapter examines the effect of framing on effort provision. Individuals are asked to complete a simple and repetitive task for which they receive a piece-rate payoff in the form of a gain or loss. Framing in the form of gains and losses is combined with three different payment structures: fixed gain, low gain or high gain with an equal probability revealed before or after the effort is made. The results show that framing has no effect on effort provision, except for a high gain context announced before making the effort
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Chalmers, C. "Adaptive health monitoring using aggregated energy readings from smart meters." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7543/.
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Worldwide, the number of people living with self-limiting conditions, such as Dementia, Parkinson’s disease and depression, is increasing. The resulting strain on healthcare resources means that providing 24-hour monitoring for patients is a challenge. As this problem escalates, caring for an ageing population will become more demanding over the next decade, and the need for new, innovative and cost effective home monitoring technologies are now urgently required. The research presented in this thesis directly proposes an alternative and cost effective method for supporting independent living that offers enhancements for Early Intervention Practices (EIP). In the UK, a national roll out of smart meters is underway. Energy suppliers will install and configure over 50 million smart meters by 2020. The UK is not alone in this effort. In other countries such as Italy and the USA, large scale deployment of smart meters is in progress. These devices enable detailed around-the-clock monitoring of energy usage. Specifically, each smart meter records accurately the electrical load for a given property at 10 second intervals, 24 hours a day. This granular data captures detailed habits and routines through user interactions with electrical devices. The research presented in this thesis exploits this infrastructure by using a novel approach that addresses the limitations associated with current Ambient Assistive Living technologies. By applying a novel load disaggregation technique and leveraging both machine learning and cloud computing infrastructure, a comprehensive, nonintrusive and personalised solution is achieved. This is accomplished by correlating the detection of individual electrical appliances and correlating them with an individual’s Activities of Daily Living. By utilising a random decision forest, the system is able to detect the use of 5 appliance types from an aggregated load environment with an accuracy of 96%. By presenting the results as vectors to a second classifier both normal and abnormal patient behaviour is detected with an accuracy of 92.64% and a mean squared error rate of 0.0736 using a random decision forest. The approach presented in this thesis is validated through a comprehensive patient trial, which demonstrates that the detection of both normal and abnormal patient behaviour is possible.
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Lewis, Richard Peter. "Smart electricity metering : hardware development and socioeconomic aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678602.
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Huang, Zhixing. "Cost-Effectiveness of Electricity Energy Efficiency Programs: Demand-Side Management's (DSM) Future Role in Energy Markets and Feasibility of Smart Meters in New York City." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1999.
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Thesis advisor: Scott FulfordCan smart metering program and time-of-use (TOU) prices help reduce energy consumption in New York City? Being able to track electricity consumption levels and to modify consumer usage patterns are important for policy makers to efficiently manage the energy markets. Unfortunately, no reliable and up-to-date data have been brought to bear on this question. I study the effects of time-of-use (TOU) prices and smart metering for the residents of Shanghai and I investigate further what can policy makers do in order to adapt and transfer this successful DSM experience from Shanghai to the residential sector in New York City. The primary objective of my study is to characterize the realistic short-term and long-term potential for the smart metering program in New York City given my empirical findings that the smart metering program has had brought great benefits to the residents of Shanghai. People respond to incentives; if electricity is charged at different prices throughout a day, consumers are likely to shift their usage to when it is cheaper. My findings suggest that policy makers should think harder about designing a pricing scheme that can optimize the social plus
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Fugita, Sergio Date. "Smart meter integrado a analisador de qualidade de energia para propósitos de identificação de cargas residenciais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-23022015-133145/.
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Este trabalho consiste em apresentar o desenvolvimento de um Smart meter, integrado a um analisador de qualidade de energia, para análise de distorções harmônicas, utilizando método de redes neurais artificiais embarcado em hardware. Tal Smart meter está incluído dentro dos conceitos de Smart Grid, que serão apresentados também neste trabalho. O intuito do desenvolvimento do Smart meter para análise de distorções harmônicas é auxiliar concessionárias de energia elétrica a identificar que tipo de carga o consumidor utiliza em sua residência, a fim de contribuir para a tomada de decisões apropriadas, tais como a diminuição da emissão de correntes harmônicas, demanda de energia, detecção de falhas no fornecimento de energia elétrica e faturas diferenciadas de acordo com a quantidade de harmônicas injetadas na rede elétrica. Adicionalmente, observou-se que o Smart meter desenvolvido pode ser ainda utilizado para detectar fenômenos de VTCD, como elevação, afundamento e interrupção de energia. Todo o processo de desenvolvimento do Smart meter é apresentado no decorrer desta tese de doutorado.This thesis consists to present the development of a Smart Meter integrated to power quality analyzer for the analysis of harmonic distortion, using methods based on artificial neural networks in embedded hardware. This Smart Meter is included within the concepts of Smart Grid, which will be also presented in this work. The intention of the development of the Smart Meter for analysis of harmonic distortion is to assist utilities companies to identify what loads type the consumer uses at your residence in order to contribute for supporting decisions, such as reducing the emission of the harmonic currents, power demand and faults detection in electric energy supply and distinct bills according to the amount of harmonics injected into the power grid. In addition, it was observed that this developed Smart Meter can be even used to detect the VTCD phenomena, such as swell, sag and interruption of the energy supply. All development steps of this Smart Meter is presented in this doctoral thesis.
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Amaral, Haroldo Luiz Moretti do [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de um smart meter: um estudo sobre eficiência energética através das redes inteligentes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122123.
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As smart grids e os smart meters, ou redes inteligentes, respectivamente, tornam-se uma realidade cada vez mais próxima dos consumidores residenciais mundo afora. Diversos paises vêm desenvolvendo estudos com foco nos impactos relacionados à introdução destas novas tecnologias, e a eficiência energética é um dos grandes objetivos a serem alcançados. Os ganhos relacionados à eficiência energética poderão ser percebidos diretamente pelo consumidor através da economia nas contas de energia elétrica. Também serão observados pelas concessionárias através da minimização das perdas de transmissão e distribuição, pelo aumento na estabilidade do sistema, na minimização do carregamento durante os horários de pico, entre outros. Para demonstrar o potencial de eficiência energética serão apresentadas duas referências, uma focando em medidores inteligentes e suas interfaces com os usuários, e a outra relacionando as smart grids a novos conceitos como o demand response. Os smart meters são a base para implantação das smart grids, além de serem indispensáveis na realização de testes como os apresentados. Existem no mercado diversos modelos de medidores eletrônicos disponíveis bem como kits didáticos para desenvolvimento, entretanto, dependendo da aplicação podem se tornar limitados ou inflexíveis quanto à modificações. Assim é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um smart meter de baixo custo com estrutura flexível, tendo com objetivo obter precisão e exatidão nas medidas além da capacidade de armazenar os dados coletados, possibilitando análises posteriores. O smart meter desenvolvido alcançou seus objetivos, mostrando-se uma ferramenta bastante interessante para o monitoramento da rede e também do comportamento dos consumidores
The smart grids and smart meters become a reality closer to residential consumers worldwide. Several countries are developing studies with focus on impacts related to the introduction of these new technologies and energy efficiency is one of the major objectives to be achieved. Gains related to energy efficiency will be felt directly by the consumer through the economy in electricity bills. Will also be noted by the concessionaires by minimizing transmission and distribution losses, by the increased system stability, minimizing the load during peak hours, among others. To demonstrate the potential of energy efficiency will be presented two references, one focusing on the introduction of smart meters and their interfaces with users and other relating the smart grids and new concepts such as demand response. The smart meters are the basis for the implementation of the smart grids, and are indispensable to conducting tests as presented. There are many electronic meters as well as educational kits for development available in the market, however, depending on the application may become limited or inflexibe regarding to modifications. Finally it is presented the development of a low cost smart meter, with a flexibe structure, aiming to achieve accuracy and precision in the measurements plus the ability to store the collected data, allowing further analysis. The smart developed achieved it objectives and proved to be a very interesting tool to monitor the network and also the behavior of consumers
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Amaral, Haroldo Luiz Moretti do. "Desenvolvimento de um smart meter : um estudo sobre eficiência energética através das redes inteligentes /." Bauru, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122123.
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Orientador: André Nunes de SouzaBanca: Oscar Armando Moldonado Astorga
Banca: Paulo Sergio da Silva
Resumo: As smart grids e os smart meters, ou redes inteligentes, respectivamente, tornam-se uma realidade cada vez mais próxima dos consumidores residenciais mundo afora. Diversos paises vêm desenvolvendo estudos com foco nos impactos relacionados à introdução destas novas tecnologias, e a eficiência energética é um dos grandes objetivos a serem alcançados. Os ganhos relacionados à eficiência energética poderão ser percebidos diretamente pelo consumidor através da economia nas contas de energia elétrica. Também serão observados pelas concessionárias através da minimização das perdas de transmissão e distribuição, pelo aumento na estabilidade do sistema, na minimização do carregamento durante os horários de pico, entre outros. Para demonstrar o potencial de eficiência energética serão apresentadas duas referências, uma focando em medidores inteligentes e suas interfaces com os usuários, e a outra relacionando as smart grids a novos conceitos como o demand response. Os smart meters são a base para implantação das smart grids, além de serem indispensáveis na realização de testes como os apresentados. Existem no mercado diversos modelos de medidores eletrônicos disponíveis bem como kits didáticos para desenvolvimento, entretanto, dependendo da aplicação podem se tornar limitados ou inflexíveis quanto à modificações. Assim é apresentado o desenvolvimento de um smart meter de baixo custo com estrutura flexível, tendo com objetivo obter precisão e exatidão nas medidas além da capacidade de armazenar os dados coletados, possibilitando análises posteriores. O smart meter desenvolvido alcançou seus objetivos, mostrando-se uma ferramenta bastante interessante para o monitoramento da rede e também do comportamento dos consumidores
Abstract: The smart grids and smart meters become a reality closer to residential consumers worldwide. Several countries are developing studies with focus on impacts related to the introduction of these new technologies and energy efficiency is one of the major objectives to be achieved. Gains related to energy efficiency will be felt directly by the consumer through the economy in electricity bills. Will also be noted by the concessionaires by minimizing transmission and distribution losses, by the increased system stability, minimizing the load during peak hours, among others. To demonstrate the potential of energy efficiency will be presented two references, one focusing on the introduction of smart meters and their interfaces with users and other relating the smart grids and new concepts such as demand response. The smart meters are the basis for the implementation of the smart grids, and are indispensable to conducting tests as presented. There are many electronic meters as well as educational kits for development available in the market, however, depending on the application may become limited or inflexibe regarding to modifications. Finally it is presented the development of a low cost smart meter, with a flexibe structure, aiming to achieve accuracy and precision in the measurements plus the ability to store the collected data, allowing further analysis. The smart developed achieved it objectives and proved to be a very interesting tool to monitor the network and also the behavior of consumers
Mestre
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Castberg, Miro. "Adaptor Development : An insight to interfacing with electrical energy meters." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-14067.
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Since energy meters became more advanced and able to send data remotely, energy suppliers have had a need to keep their data managed. This gave birth to energy management systems which gather data from energy meters. However, for every type of meter there needs to be a specialization in the management system. Smart Metering Language (SML) is a protocol which was created to transfer meter data in as simple way as possible. Implementing the protocol would result in simpler and less vendor-specific solutions for energy management systems. This report follows the process of developing an adaptor between a device using the SML protocol and a system that manages energy meters. The thesis uses different parts of the development process in able to show specializations which were needed by the test device and its vendor. The result sums up the experience of developing an adaptor and the specializations which are needed in the SML protocol.
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Bauer, Michael, Andrea Höltl, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Greener households? The effectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy consumption levels in the DACH region." WIT Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5886/1/SDP130209f.pdf.
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With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy
efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for
providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give
individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates
through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on
the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded
that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this
region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered
to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.
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Gouveia, Joana Catarina Luz. "Business model: what should be the strategy used by Smart Galp to implement and potentiate its value proposition in the Portuguese market?" Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11663.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsFor a long period, energy has been seen as an invisible good. In the users' mind, choices and costs related to energy are not connected. However, for consumers to change their behavior these two may be connected and consumers should become aware of the consequences of their actions and motivated to adjust them. Through the development of Smart meters, the next generation of gas and electricity meters which offer a range of intelligent functions and provide consumers with more accurate information, Galp Energia created Smart Galp - a revolutionary service that allows the consumer to control, monitor and influence the energy consumption of his household and automobile. This work project studies the best strategy to implement and potentiate Smart Galp value proposition in the Portuguese Market. The objective is to launch the service in the market. Thus, after all the internal and external analysis, it was defined the business model and the competitive strategy. A risk assessment and recommendations were conducted in order to achieve a successful implementation.
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Carvalho, Nuno Luís Taveira Ponces de. "Avaliação do potencial de poupança de energia elétrica em residências através de monitorização inteligente." Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11100.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Gestão e Sistemas AmbientaisO atual paradigma energético traduzido por um aumento constante da procura de energia elétrica e também por um constante aumento da fatura energética levaram a que se torne premente a necessidade de adotar medidas eficazes de redução destes custos. A introdução de mecanismos inteligentes de medição (smart meters), como o Cloogy© no interior das habitações, surge como uma possibilidade de gestão dos consumos energéticos, potenciadora de reduções de custos. O setor doméstico, ainda que não seja o principal consumidor de energia elétrica, é aquele em que cada pessoa, não apenas por conveniência pessoal mas também por dever de cidadania, pode contribuir para o aumento da poupança e eficiência energética. Esta dissertação focou-se na análise do consumo de energia elétrica no setor doméstico e na avaliação do seu potencial de poupança. Recorrendo a um equipamento de monitorização inteligente, Cloogy©, foram realizadas 30 auditorias energéticas em habitações dos concelhos de Sintra, Amadora, Oeiras e Cascais. As auditorias consistiram na realização de um questionário e na instalação dos equipamentos de medição. Os consumos energéticos foram analisados em duas perspetivas: consumo global e consumo dos grandes eletrodomésticos e equipamentos de entretenimento. Ao nível do consumo global, foram analisadas as relações entre as características das famílias, como a dimensão do agregado familiar, e também das habitações, como o número de assoalhadas, com os respetivos consumos. Quanto à análise mais detalhada, esta focou-se nos consumos dos equipamentos de frio, máquinas de lavar loiça e roupa, televisões e alguns equipamentos de entretenimento como as powerbox, consolas de jogos, ou leitores de DVD. Por fim foram estimados os potenciais de poupança energética e económica das famílias em questão, associados à substituição dos seus equipamentos, por outros energeticamente mais eficientes, e da eliminação do consumo no modo standby da televisão e dos equipamentos de entretenimento. Os principais resultados obtidos mostraram que os equipamentos de frio são os que têm maior peso no consumo global de uma habitação. A média de consumo pelos frigoríficos foi de 22,0% e das arcas de 26,2%. Quanto aos equipamentos de lavagem, a máquina de lavar roupa representou em média 3,9% do consumo global e a de lavar loiça 5,5%. Por fim a televisão e os equipamentos de entretenimento monitorizados representaram, respetivamente, 12,5% e 10,5%. De um modo geral, foi verificado que tanto as características das famílias como da habitação influenciam a quantidade de energia elétrica consumida. De todas, a dimensão do agregado, nível de rendimento, número de assoalhadas e tipologia da habitação, foram as que apresentaram uma relação mais direta. Relativamente ao potencial de poupança estimado, os equipamentos de frio foram os que apresentaram poupanças mais significativas, entre os 6,9% e os 81% semanais para os frigoríficos e entre os 29% e os 85% para as arcas, pela sua substituição por um equipamento de classe energética superior. As máquinas de lavar apresentaram poupanças inferiores a rondar entre os 6% e os 69% para as máquinas de lavar roupa e entre os 17% e os 51% para as máquinas de lavar loiça. A substituição das televisões verificou-se inviável face ao elevado período de retorno. No potencial de poupança, associado à mudança de comportamentos, foi estimado através da anulação do consumo em modo standby da televisão e dos equipamentos de entretenimento, com o valor máximo verificado de 32% e 7,2% respetivamente. A utilização do smart meter Cloogy© revelou-se bastante útil na obtenção dos dados de consumo dos equipamentos, que permitiram posteriormente a sua análise para fins de caracterização e estimativa dos seus potenciais de poupança.
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Kelly, Ryan [Verfasser]. "Das intelligente Energiesystem der Zukunft : Regulierungsgefüge, Europarechtskonformität und Grundrechtsmäßigkeit des Smart Meter Rollouts / Ryan Kelly." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1212397320/34.
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Hultgren, Elin. "Making renewable electricity a reality : Policies and challenges when transforming Germany´s electricity system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98198.
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Germany is to undertake a speedy phase-out of nuclear energy and at the same time move into the age of renewable energy. The policy basis for the transformation of the electricity system is the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The aim of this report is to investigate the transformation of the German electricity system: popularly called the Energiewende. The report will introduce and analyze the Renewable Energy Sources Act as a policy instrument, and how the electricity grid needs to be developed in order to handle the increasing shares of electricity from renewable sources. The history, main regulations, and the success of the EEG will be investigated. Furthermore, the ways in which the EEG needs to be revised will be given attention. The imperfections of today’s electricity grid when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity, and ways in which Information and Communication Technology can be used in solving those imperfections will be analyzed. The basis for this thesis is a literature study. Since this is a current topic changing frequently, up-to-date research is used as the main reference. The EEG is based on a feed-in tariff system. The main concern when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity is the fluctuation over time. It is difficult to know how much power will be produced and when. The future challenge of the electricity grid is to keep meeting demand and supply in a secure way. To succeed with the transformation, the EEG not only needs to be revised but a solution to the system stability is also necessary. The EEG is considered a successful policy instrument but what it is missing today is incentives for balancing demand and supply, energy efficiency, and technology innovation. In order to deal with fluctuating sources, the main focus when upgrading the grid should be to improve the forecasting issues. The success of making RES a significant part in electricity generation could become strong proof for the global community that an electricity system based on renewable energy sources is possible.
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Rydman, Allan. "Sammanställning och fördjupning av begreppet Smarta elnät: En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90352.
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I dagsläget har världen en stadigt växande befolkning och där igenom en stadigt växande energiförbrukning. Med en växande energiförbrukning har det under de senaste åren uppenbarats diskussioner rörande samhällets hållbarhet och miljöpåverkan. Samtidigt sker det en kontinuerlig teknikutveckling och människan är mer beroende av konstant elförsörjning än någonsin tidigare. Teknologiska framsteg, tillsammans med önskan att sträva mot ett mer hållbart samhälle med hög elleveranssäkerhet, har mynnat ett begrepp kallat smarta elnät. Till följd av att elnätet involverar en stor bransch råder det delad mening över vad som utgör ett smart elnät. Detta har lett till uppkomsten av olika definitioner och modeller av konceptet. I syfte att skapa en övergripande uppfattning har en litteraturstudie utförts för att sammanställa de huvudsakliga områden som utgör det smarta elnätet. För att skapa denna överblick har ett förslag på en övergripande definition framtagits enligt följande: Ett smart elnät är nästa steg i elnätets fortgående utveckling som sker till följd av samhällets ökande förlitlighet på konstant elförsörjning och önskan att begränsa människans miljöpåverkan. Målet är att med hjälp av kostnadseffektiva tekniska lösningar, effektiv teknik och ekonomiska drivkrafter främja införandet av ytterligare förnyelsebar elproduktion, en ökad elanvändning och ett effektivare utnyttjande av elnätet – ett elnät med låga förluster, hög elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet med elkunder som är mer medvetna och delaktiga i sin elförbrukning än förr. Utifrån denna definition kan man summera smarta elnät till att omfatta två huvudsakliga intressen för samhället – hållbarhet och en ökad leveranssäkerhet. I framtiden förväntas därför elnätet hantera vidare utbredning av förnyelsebar elproduktion och en ökad elanvändning. För att möta denna förväntan har det dels konstaterats att nätkapaciteten behöver öka. Det har visats att en ökad nätkapacitet kan nås genom både tekniska lösningar som energilagring och effektivare komponenter men också icke-tekniska lösningar som politiska drivkrafter och incitament för elkunder att sänka sin maxförbrukning och elförbrukning i överlag i form av efterfrågeflexibilitet. I dagsläget finns inga uppenbara incitament för detta och det anses att reformer på vissa delar av elmarknaden kommer att krävas för att främja utvecklingen mot ett hållbart smart elnät. Samtidigt förväntas elnätet förse kunder med högre elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet. Dagens elnät utgörs av många långlivade och, i många fall, gamla komponenter och investeringar kommer att behöva göras i moderna skyddssystem och kommunikationsnätverk i sinom tid ifall man vill uppnå nya förväntningar. Därtill förväntas det smarta elnätet omfatta olika typer av kommunikationsnätverk inom skyddssystem, övervakning och mätning. Därför har också information rörande relevanta kommunikationsprotokoll, -medier och -nätverk summerats där olika egenskaper lämpar sig för olika tillämpningar.Currently the world has a steadily growing population and therefore steadily growing need of energy. With a growing need of energy, discussions regarding society’s sustainability and environmental impact have risen. At the same time modern technology has resulted in society being more dependent on a constant power supply than ever before. Technological advances, together with the desire to become a more sustainable society with high availability of power, have yielded a concept known as the smart grid. Due to the power grid being a huge industry there’s a divided perception regarding what a smart grid constitutes. This has resulted in the appearance of different definitions and models of the concept. Therefore a literary study was done with the purpose of creating an overall perception of the main aspects of the smart grid. To create this overview a proposed definition has been developed that describes the smart grid as mainly sustainable and available. The smart grid is the next step of the power grid’s ongoing development in response to society’s increasing reliability of a constant power supply and the wish for decreasing man’s environmental impact. With cost efficient technical solutions, efficient technology and economic forces the goal is to promote introduction of additional renewable electricity production, increased electricity utilization and a more efficient use of the power grid – a power grid with low losses, high power quality and availability with end-users that are more aware and involved in their power consumption than before. Based on this definition the smart grid can be summarized as two main interests for society – sustainability and a higher reliability. In the future the power grid is expected to cope with an increased introduction of renewable electricity production and an increased use of electrical applications. It has been concluded that the grid capacity has to increase in order to meet these expectations. It’s been shown that an increase in grid capacity can be achieved through technical solutions as energy storage and more efficient electrical components but also through non-technical solutions as political forces and incentives for end-users to lower their peak consumption and overall electricity consumption through demand response. At present there are no clear incentives for this and it’s considered that there is a need for reform of certain parts of the electricity market to promote the development towards a sustainable smart grid. The power grid is also expected to supply end-users with a higher power quality and reliability. The power grid of today consists of long lived and, in many cases, old components and investments in modern protection systems and communication networks are required in due time to meet new expectations. In addition, the smart grid is expected to include different types of communication network within protection systems, monitoring and metering. Information was therefore summarized regarding relevant communication protocols, media and networks where different properties are suitable for different applications.
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Spitilli, Ludovico. "Optimization models for optimal battery operation in Swiss energy communities: the Lugaggia case." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25692/.
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The next 30 years are going to be crucial for the future of climate in Europe and in the world: the globally increase of the population and the rise of the energy demand to guarantee higher life-standards, while keeping carbon-emissions low, are pushing the road of the Paris-agreement goals towards challenging paths.
A massive and never-seen before green revolution is nedeed as well as the commitment of all the policy-makers involved to be on track with these goals.
Europe can be considered the pioneer of this green revolution since at the heart of its Climate-Energy strategy, i.e. the Green Deal, there is a large economic investment (1/3 of the 1.8 trillion euros investments from the NextGenerationEU Recovery Plan and the EU’s seven-year budget) and a more ambitious program in the short term like an improvement of 32.5% in energy efficiency and a 32% share for Renewable Energy by 2030 .
The legislative acts to reach these targets are contained in the Clean Energy Package. It can be considered the EU's "energy rulebook" and it's based on 3 key pillars: energy efficiency, renewable energy generation and the new role of consumers in a greener society.
In this contest, there is a legislative support for collective energy actions and citizens’ active participation in energy markets through the definition of Energy Communities.
This thesis aims to describe the role of Energy Communities in Europe with a particular focus to Switzerland.
In chapter 1 the regulatory framework will be introduced, followed in chapter 2 by the different business models that can be implemented. In the 3rd chapter, the Lugaggia energy community, object of study of this thesis, is presented. After a discussion on convex optimization theory in chapter 4, the algorithms used to reach an optimal economical operation of the energy community are introduced in chapter 5. In the end, chapter 6, the results are analyzed and discussed.
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Zhang, Tao. "Agent based simulation of energy trends : a study of smart metering technology diffusion in the electricity market via a complexity science approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609344.
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Meyers, Shaelyn. "Technology and Social Participation: A Qualitative Study into how Ferroamp's Smart Solution can Increase Engagement in the Swedish Energy Transition." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448395.
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Efforts to combat climate change through limiting our greenhouse gas emissions (GHG),is the main driver of the energy transition and entail strategies to decarbonize the energy sector. However, these strategies come with various social and technical challenges whichare important to address, especially regarding emerging consumer participation in the system as producers and consumers i.e., prosumers. The aim of this study is to investigate how smart technical solutions can be better diffused to improve participation of consumers in the energy transition through building knowledge and direct engagement as prosumers. Similarly, this study aims to investigate if there is potential for such smart technical solutions to help improve social acceptance of renewables and smart meter devices which also support “prosumerism”, through exploring Ferroamp, and its unique smart solution modular system as an example in the Swedish context. This study conducted three qualitative interviews, one with a solar seller who acts as a representative and interacts with a large consumer base as well as 2 customers of the Ferroamp system. These interviews led to conclusions regarding the opportunity of smart solutions to facilitate greater knowledge and participation in the Swedish Energy Transition; however, key challenges regarding technological awareness and economic knowledge of the consumer base remain, which has implications for actors trying to increase smart technology penetration in Sweden. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of increasing consumers’ technological awareness and better communicating economic benefits if we are to increase consumer acceptance, participation, and engagement in the energy transition moving forward.
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BARBOSA, Pedro Yóssis Silva. "Preservando a privacidade de Smart Grids através de adição de ruído." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1367.
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Companhias de energia começaram a substituir os medidores de energia tradicionais pelos Smart Meters, que podem transmitir valores de consumo para as companhias em curtos intervalos de tempo. Com uma insfraestrutura de Smart Meters, existem muitas motivações para as concessionárias de energia coletarem dados de consumo em alta resolução. Entretanto, isto implica em informações bastante detalhadas sobre os consumidores sendo monitoradas. Consequentemente, um problema sério precisa ser resolvido: como preservar a privacidade dos consumidores sem afetar a prestação de certos serviços pelas concessionárias? Claramente, este é um tradeoff entre privacidade e utilidade. Existem diversas abordagens para preservar a privacidade, porém muitas delas afetam a utilidade dos dados ou possuem um alto custo computacional. Neste trabalho, nós propomos e avaliamos uma abordagem computacionalmente barata que preserva a privacidade e utilidade dos dados através de adição de ruído. Para validar a privacidade, nós avaliamos possíveis ataques (tal como Monitoramento Não-Intrusivo de Carga de Eletrodomésticos - NIALM, do inglês Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring) utilizando dados reais de consumidores. Para validar a utilidade, nós avaliamos a influência da abordagem em vários benefícios que podem ser providos com o uso de Smart Meters.
Power providers have started replacing traditional electricity meters for Smart Meters, which can transmit power consumption levels to the provider within short intervals. With a Smart Metering infrastructure, there are many motivations for power providers to collect highresolution data of electricity usage from consumers. However, this implies in very detailed information about the consumers being monitored. Consequently, a serious issue needs to be addressed: how to preserve the privacy of consumers but making the provision of certain services still possible? Clearly, this is a tradeoff between privacy and utility. There are several approaches for privacy preserving, but many of them affect the data usefulness or are computationally expensive. In this work, we propose and evaluate a lightweight approach for privacy and utility based on the addition of noise. To validate the privacy, we evaluate possible attacks (such as a NIALM - Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring) using real consumers' data. To validate the utility, we analyze the influence of the approach in various benefits that can be provided through the use of Smart Meters.
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Escobar, Sebastian. "Essays on inheritance, small businesses and energy consumption." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320724.
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Essay 1: People’s planning to evade the inheritance tax curtails its merits. However, the extent of planning remains a matter of argument. According to popular belief, it is widespread, but few estimates have been presented. This study estimates the extent of estate size under-reporting, a form of inheritance tax planning, using the repeal of the Swedish tax on spousal bequests, in 2004, and a regression discontinuity design. The results show that, on average, estate sizes were 17 percent lower, and the share of estates that completely escaped tax payments was 26 percent larger due to under-reporting. As a consequence, government revenues from the tax were only half of what they would have been without under-reporting. Moreover, preferences and means for under-reporting were not only prevalent among the wealthy, but also among those receiving relatively small inheritances. The study contributes to a growing literature on tax avoidance and evasion by estimating the extent of estate size under-reporting, its effect on government revenues and by showing that it was widespread in the population.Essay 2: There is an ongoing debate about whether or not inheritance and estate taxes are effective in raising revenues and in contributing to a more equal society. The different views on transfer taxes are largely dependent on beliefs about whether people plan their wealth to avoid these taxes. In this paper, we follow Kopczuk (2007) and study people's planning response to the onset of terminal illness. An extension of Kopczuk’s work is that we can effectively control for responses in wealth caused by terminal illness but unrelated to tax planning. We do this by exploiting a tax reform in Sweden that removed the incentives for people to plan their estates to avoid inheritance taxation. We find some evidence of long-term terminal illness inducing responses consistent with tax planning, but that these are not widespread or efficient enough to reduce the overall tax burden in the study population. Our results, similarly to those of Kopczuk, show that people appear to postpone some decisions about their estates until shortly before death.
Essay 3: Small businesses form an essential part of all economies, making it necessary to understand the conditions under which they operate. This paper contributes to that understanding by studying how survival, income and profits of small businesses change when their owners receive inheritances. Using a difference-in-differences strategy and Swedish registry data on small businesses and estate reports, it is shown that survival rates increase with almost three percentage points when the owners receive inheritances of, on average, SEK 275,000. However, the profits of the surviving small businesses and the income of their owners do not increase, indicating that the inheritance did not increase survival by making investments possible, investments to increase profits and income, but by enabling small business owners of lower ability to subsist. The study contributes to the literature on the conditions for small businesses by providing causal evidence on the effect of increased access to capital among existing businesses. It thereby complements the rich literature on the role of capital for small business start-ups.
Essay 4: This article shows that a simple monetary incentive can dramatically reduce electric energy consumption (EEC) in the residential sector and simultaneously achieve a more desirable allocation of EEC costs. The analyses are based on data from a policy experiment conducted in 2011 and 2012 by a private housing company in about 1,800 apartments. Roughly 800 of the tenants (treatment group) were subject to a change from having unlimited EEC included in their rent to having to pay the market price for their own EEC. This change was achieved by installing EEC meters in each apartment. Tenants in the other 1,000 apartments (control group) experienced no policy change and were subject to apartment-level billing and metering during the entire study period. Using a quasiexperimental research design and daily data on EEC from 2007 to 2015, we estimate that apartment-level billing and metering permanently reduce EEC by about 25%. Moreover, we show that households reduce EEC immediately after being informed that they will be billed for EEC, the reduction is larger when the production cost is higher, and the reduction in EEC comes almost exclusively from households with very high EEC before the policy change. Finally, we show that apartment-level billing and metering are cost-effective, with a cost per reduced kilowatt hour of US$0.01, and for each invested dollar, the social value of reductions in air pollution, including CO2 emissions, is $2.
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Flor, Ambrosi Mario Alberto. "Método para descubrir patrones espacio-temporales de comportamiento de usuarios eléctricos utilizando herramientas de aprendizaje automático." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673421.
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This research presents a novel approach to define geographic areas with
typical electricity consumption profiles from smart meter records, using
machine learning and spatial analysis methods.
Distribution system operators must guarantee the quality and reliability of the electric
service. To achieve this objective, electricity distribution utilities need to know in detail
and with an adequate periodicity the consumption profiles of their customers. Modern
telemetering devices, such as smart meters, open the door to an immense amount of
data and new analysis, due to a higher frequency and precision of consumer electrical
consumption. However, conventional methods cannot deal with the voluminous and
fast gathered data by smart meters. The objective of this research is to apply machine
learning techniques combined with spatial analysis to generate more efficient and
accurate load profiles in the areas of study.
The study analyzes a voluminous database of measurements gathered during 4 years
by 1000 georeferenced smart meters located in the city of Guayaquil in Ecuador.
In the study an unsupervised learning methodology to group and classify the time
series of energy measurements, using the dynamic time warping technique to discover
typical load profiles according to their characteristic weekly consumption, is applied.
Next, we perform a restricted space-time analysis to define geographic areas with
constant and predictable behaviorquesta investigació presenta un enfocament nou per definir zones geogràfiques amb perfils típics de consum elèctric a partir dels registres de mesuradors intel·ligents, utilitzant mètodes d'aprenentatge automàtic i anàlisi espacial. Les empreses d'electricitat han de garantir la qualitat i fiabilitat del servei elèctric. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, les empreses de distribució d'electricitat requereixen conèixer en detall i amb una periodicitat adequada els perfils de consum dels seus clients. Els moderns dispositius de telemesura, com els mesuradors intel·ligents, obren la porta a una immensa quantitat de dades i nous anàlisis, a causa de la major freqüència i precisió de la informació del consumidor, però els mètodes convencionals no poden abordar els voluminosos i ràpids conjunts de dades que generen aquests dispositius. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és utilitzar tècniques d'aprenentatge automàtic combinades amb l'anàlisi espacial per generar perfils de càrrega més eficients i precisos a les zones d'estudi. L'estudi analitza una voluminosa base de dades amb mesuraments de 4 anys recollits per 1000 mesuradors intel·ligents georeferenciats a la ciutat de Guayaquil a l’Equador. A l'estudi s'implementa una metodologia d'aprenentatge no supervisat per agrupar i classificar les sèries temporals de mesures d'energia, utilitzant la tècnica de deformació dinàmica de temps per descobrir perfils de càrrega típics d'acord amb el seu consum característic setmanal. A continuació, es va realitzar una anàlisi espai temporal restringit per definir zones geogràfiques amb comportament constant i predictible
Programa de Doctorat en Tecnologia
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Vycpálek, Martin. "Strategie implementace inteligentních systémů měření do české elektroenergetiky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-17103.
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This thesis deals with issues around the implementation of an AMM (Automated Meter Management) system within the Czech electricity distribution system. The theoretical section of the thesis provides a historical context and looks at the development of the electricity sector. The thesis then goes on to discuss issues regarding the competitiveness of distribution companies in terms of IT/ICT use. This section defines the elements of the Smart Grid concept, in particular the AMM system. The chapters dealing with the conditions for implementing the system in the Czech Republic and pilot projects abroad make up the major sources for the practical section. The goal of the practical section is to come up with a project aim for the AMM system implementation trial project in Prague. The proposed project aim is divided into a number of separate tasks whose results are obtained using a detailed analysis of available sources and the conclusions of the theoretical part of the thesis. The thesis's main benefit is in forming a basis for the AMM implementation trial project in PREdistribuce, Inc. distribution networks and providing a comprehensive overview of the development and current state of the electricity sector.
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Bennani, Mohamed. "Smarter technologies towards Greener Homes : A Human-Centred Approach." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-73758.
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Advances in technology continuously reshape habits, behaviours and interactions at individual, organisational and societal levels. Information and Communication technology (ICT) is pervasive, and is the bearer of crucial information, analysis and responses to the recipient. It assists in processes such as understanding phenomena and taking appropriate action. It also provides communication means, platforms and tools to interact with one another. In the United Kingdom’s (UK) Energy industry, smart meters are currently being deployed by energy suppliers to their customers. These are presented as a revolutionary device that supports a more efficient energy use at home and/or in the workplace, and helps customers save on their energy bill and reduce carbon footprint. Using interpretivist phenomenological Human-centred qualitative research, The thesis work explores the impact of using smart meter devices, as perceived by UK customers, in helping to monitor, use and manage energy consumption at home. Also, the study looks into alternative technology and customers’ expectations in the context of energy efficiency. And finally, the principles of a design is presented to respond to customers demands and desires. Passive participant observation, Future workshop and inspiration cards session are the methods and techniques applied in this research to collect data. The findings constitute good grounds for individual consumers to be aware of the opportunities made available by alternative technology. At organisational level it is a basis for energy suppliers to change their behaviour towards a changing demand and adapt by switching their core business to supplying Information and analysis as well as energy efficiency management solutions. At societal level government bodies and regulating agencies can tackle sustainability and green energy issues by controlling the profit driven character of privatised energy companies and responding to real market demand as perceived by consumers. Emerging technologies present opportunities that have the capabilities of breaking the status quo of energy supply industry in the UK as well as the rest of world. The value of this research is to show customers’ perceived reality and expectations, as well as opportunities to change the way energy is supplied and consumed.
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Zeller, Michael Verfasser], Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Winje, Hermann [Akademischer Betreuer] [Krallmann, and Rüdiger [Akademischer Betreuer] Zernekow. "Analyse und Simulation von Geschäftsmodellen für Elektrizitätsvertriebsunternehmen : Untersuchungen für die Implementierung von Smart Metern / Michael Zeller. Gutachter: Dietmar Winje ; Hermann Krallmann ; Rüdiger Zernekow. Betreuer: Dietmar Winje." Berlin : Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1067386963/34.
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Borges, Fábbio Anderson Silva. "Método híbrido baseado no algoritmo k-means e regras de decisão para localização das fontes de variações de tensões de curta duração no contexto de Smart Grid." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-04102017-105849/.
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No contexto de Smart Grids, determinar a correta localização das fontes causadoras de Variação de Tensão de Curta Duração (VTCD) não é uma tarefa simples, devido à curta duração destes eventos e também, por sua rápida propagação nas redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Neste sentido, esse trabalho apresentou um método híbrido recursivo baseado em ferramentas da área de aprendizado de máquinas (algoritmo de agrupamento e base de regras), o qual é capaz de localizar as fontes de VTCD, a partir da análise dos das características dos distúrbios disponibilizadas pelos smart meters instalados no sistema. Assim, o trabalho destinouse ao desenvolvimento de uma plataforma em hardware para aquisição, detecção e classificação dos distúrbios, através de um Sistema Operacional de Tempo Real. Em seguida o algoritmo de agrupamento (k-means) agrupou os dados dos medidores de forma a definir dois clusters, onde um deles correspondeu aos medidores que estão longe da região que ocorreu o distúrbio e o outro, correspondeu aos medidores que estavam localizados próximos da região de ocorrência do distúrbio. Na segunda etapa, um sistema baseado em regras determinou qual dos clusters abrangeu o nó de origem. No entanto, quando o algoritmo determinou uma região muito grande, essa região é introduzida recursivamente, como entrada da metodologia desenvolvida, para refinar a região de localização. O sistema resultante foi capaz de estimar a região de localização com uma taxa de acerto acima de 90%. Assim, o método teve sua concepção adequada ao empregado nos centros de controle e operações de concessionárias de energia elétrica, visando apoiar a decisão do corpo técnico para que ações corretivas fossem estabelecidas de forma assertiva.In the Smart Grids context, the correct location of short-duration voltage variations sources is not a trivial task, because of the short duration of these events and for rapid propagation in the distribution feeder. In this sense, aiming to develop a recursive hybrid method based on machine learning area tools (clustering algorithm and rule base) that is able to locate the sources of short-duration voltage variations, it was used data from smart meters installed along the distribution feeder. The recursive hybrid method, as input, received the disturbance characteristics provided by the meters installed in the system. Thus, this thesis aimed to development of a measurement hardware for signal acquisition, detection, classification through a realtime operating system. Then, k-means clustering algorithm grouped the meters data in order to define two clusters, where one of them corresponded to the meters that were distant from the region that occurred the disturbance and the other one corresponded to the meters, which were located near to the disturbance occurrence region. In a second step, a rule-based system determined which of the clusters corresponded to the source node. When the algorithm determined a very large region, that region was recursively introduced as input of the developed methodology to decrease its size. The resulting system was able to estimate the location region with a accuracy above 90%. Therefore, this method showed a suitable design for employment by operation control centers of power sector concessionaires, aiming to support technical staff decision to stablish assertive corrective actions.
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Exner, Nadine Verfasser], Nicola [Akademischer Betreuer] [Döring, and Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Köhler. "Entwicklung und Überprüfung eines Modells zur langfristigen Nutzung von Smart Metern - Eine Panelstudie mit drei Wellen / Nadine Exner. Technische Universität Ilmenau. Gutachter: Thomas Köhler. Betreuer: Nicola Döring." Ilmenau : Universitätsbibliothek Ilmenau, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1065269625/34.
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Hammarstron, Júlia Rambo. "Instalação de medidores inteligentes: uma análise de confiabilidade na rede de distribuição de energia." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8598.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorPower outages can cause great harm to consumers, especially for commerce and industry. Therefore, it is important that the utilities attend the emergency occurences as fast as possible. In this context, it is done an avaliation of the reduction of the time of the emergency occurences after the exchange of conventional meters for smart meters. These meters provide instant information of the conditions of the distribution network, including the outages. The utility is immediately informed about the outage of energy, getting through this the exact location of the defect. Therefore, the exchange of the meters provides a reduction of the fault location time, with consequent reduction of the time of attendance of occurrences, whose values are monitored by the brazilian Electric Agency. As a consequence of this reduction, there is a reduction of individual continuity índex Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), equivalent índex "System Average Interruption Duration Index" (SAIDI) and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS). This paper analyze the reduction of SAIDI and EENS in a distributor of Brazil, using scenarios of exchange of meters defined by Monte Carlo Method (MCM). The results demonstrate a reduction in SAIDI and EENS, but possibly the location where the search was conducted contributed to this reduction was not as significant as expected.
Interrupções de energia podem ocasionar grandes prejuízos aos consumidores, especialmente para o comércio e indústria. Por isso, torna-se importante que as concessionárias realizem o atendimento as ocorrências emergenciais de forma mais rápida possível. Nesse contexto, é realizada a avaliação da redução do tempo de atendimento as ocorrências emergenciais através da troca de medidores convencionais por medidores inteligentes. Esses medidores proporcionam a informação instantânea das condições da rede de distribuição, inclusive no que se refere a interrupções de energia. Através dos novos medidores, a concessionária é informada imediatamente sobre a falta de energia, obtendo através disso a localização exata do defeito ocorrido na rede de baixa tensão (BT). Portanto, a troca de medidores proporciona a redução do tempo de localização do defeito, com consequente redução do tempo de atendimento às ocorrências, cujos valores são fiscalizados pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Como consequência dessa redução, tem-se a redução do indicador de continuidade individual - Duração Individual por Unidade Consumidora (DIC) - e coletivo - Duração Equivalente por Unidade Consumidora (DEC) ambos limitados pela ANEEL. Além disso, ocorre redução da Energia Não Distribuída (END). Este trabalho realiza a análise de redução de DEC e END em uma Concessionária de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica do interior do Rio Grade do Sul, através de cenários de trocas de medidores definidos pelo Método de Monte Carlo (MMC). Os resultados demonstram que há redução de DEC e END, mas que possivelmente o local onde foi realizada a pesquisa colaborou para que essa redução não fosse tão significativa.
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Joachain, Hélène. "Complementary Currencies and Environmental Sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/256976.
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The overarching question of this dissertation is in what ways complementary currencies (CC) systems can contribute to environmental sustainability from an institutional and ecological economics perspective. More particularly, the research focuses on household energy consumption, as it is an important target for policy makers in the EU. The first three chapters focus on the emerging trend of using CC systems as top-down instruments for environmental sustainability. Our findings relate to developing a taxonomy of these systems, designing new top-down CC systems adapted to the context of energy savings in the household sector, exploring the influence of these new systems on the quality of motivation in the light of Self-Determination Theory and investigating the acceptability and effectiveness of these systems. In the fourth and last chapter of this dissertation, we approach our research question from a bottom-up angle and, using an inductive methodology, we explore how community currencies could act as an organising instrument capable of helping cohousing communities achieve their energy-efficiency potential. Finally, we conclude by highlighting our contributions regarding the structure and important features of these systems, how they can be used in an ecological economics paradigm, and how they can set rules for collective action in an institutional perspective.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Martins, Eduardo Augusto. "Um sistema computacional para apoio a projetos de redes de comunicação em sistemas centralizados de medição de consumo e tarifação de energia elétrica : desenvolvimento e implementação através de uma abordagem metaheurística." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2013. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/3949.
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Sistemas centralizados de medição de energia são atualmente uma escolha para automatizar redes e garantir o funcionamento do complexo sistema de distribuidoras de energia elétrica. Atualmente, estes sistemas compõem as chamadas smart grids, redes inteligentes de geração, transmissão e distribuição de energia, dotadas de dispositivos de comunicação de dados, possibilitando a aplicação de sistemas distribuídos, com base na troca de informações entre equipamentos, formando uma nova rede, também de alta complexidade, para interligação e controle de dados. No Brasil, um trabalho inédito vem sendo desenvolvido na criação deste tipo de rede: a utilização de uma infraestrutura avançada de medição, baseada em sistemas de medição centralizada, alocadas em áreas de grandes concentrações urbanas, com objetivos de diminuição, ou até mesmo eliminação de perdas comerciais de distribuição de energia, emerge como novidade na aplicação de redes inteligentes de distribuição de energia elétrica no país. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a descrição do desenvolvimento de uma solução computacional, baseada em um método de busca metaheurística conhecido como Simulated Annealing para apoio à formulação de projetos de redes otimizadas de infraestrutura avançada de medição que utilizam equipamentos de sistemas de medição centralizados em uma rede de distribuição de energia elétrica, garantindo máxima cobertura da rede, atendimento a todos os clientes geograficamente localizados na região de projeto, minimizando custos de instalação dos sistemas. Na busca deste objetivo, este trabalho apresenta a redução do problema de otimização para o Problema do Recobrimento, a construção do modelo matemático, a implementação computacional e as aplicações na forma de simulações e resultados. A metodologia proposta, aplicada ao sistema computacional como forma de simulação, permite uma análise muito rápida e dinâmica de topologias de rede a serem projetadas para utilização em projetos de redes de comunicações, onde se utilizam sistemas de medição centralizados. O sistema computacional permite a alteração das características de simulação e das características das redes, dependendo das restrições impostas pela área geográfica em estudo. A estratégia apresenta bons resultados na formação de topologias de redes de comunicação para sistemas de medição centralizada, bem como otimização na utilização de equipamentos, reduzindo custos de instalação na rede.
Centralized systems of energy measurement are actually a choice for automating networks and ensure the operation of the complex system of electricity distribution. Currently, these systems comprise the so-called smart grid generation, transmission and distribution of energy, equipped with data communication devices, enabling the implementation of distributed systems, based on the exchange of information between devices, forming a new network, of high complexity, and for interconnection data control. In Brazil, a new work is being developed for creating this type of network: the use of an advanced infrastructure for measurement, centralized measurement systems allocation in areas of large urban concentrations, with goals of reducing, or even eliminating, commercial losses of power distribution, that emerges as a novelty in applying smart grid distribution of electricity in the country. This work aims at describing the development of a computational solution, based on a metaheuristic search method known as Simulated Annealing to support the design of optimized network for advanced metering infrastructure using equipment measurement systems on a centralized network of power distribution, ensuring maximum coverage, service to all customers geographically located in the area and minimizing installation costs of the systems. In pursuit of this goal, the work presents the reduction of the optimization problem to the covering problem, the mathematical model construction, computational implementation and application in the form of simulations and results. The methodology applied to the computing system like a simulation, allows an very fast and dynamic analysis of the network topologies to be designed for use in projects where communication networks are used in centralized measurement systems. The computing system allows modification of simulation features and characteristics of networks, depending on the constraints imposed by the geographical area under consideration. The strategy presents good results in the formation of network topologies communication systems for centralized measurement and optimizing the use of equipment, reducing installation costs in the network.