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Dandugula, Chaitanya. "Networking for Smart Meters." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationssystem, CoS, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-98210.
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"Smart grid" generally refers to a class of technology bringing electricity delivery systems into the 21st century, using computer-based remote control and automation. With the growing energy demand, efficient usage of the available energy resources is increasingly becoming a major issue around the world. Smart grid is a step in that direction. Research in the European Union and the United States are currently underway to modernize the existing and aging transmission grid and to streamline the usage of electricity. A typical electricity grid consists of two major entities - the utility company and the distribution control system (DCS). Electricity is generated at the utility company and the DCS is responsible for the distribution of electricity to individual homes/consumers. A smart meter (SM) is an electronic device that measures the electricity consumed at the consumer's premises and provides added information to the utility company. The data concentration unit (DCU) is a device acting as a communication hub collecting and encoding data from multiple smart meters in a neighborhood and forwarding the data to the utility company. The aim of this project is to design a network for securing the communication between the SM and the DCU in a smart metering network environment. The meter data communicated from the SM to the DCU is very sensitive and in the hands of an attacker, can reveal significant personal information about an individual. Hence it is of at most importance to protect the meter data transmitted from the SM. On the other hand the control signals transmitted from the DCU to the SM, need protection in order to thwart off unauthorized signals (i.e., an intruder can impersonate the DC and send out control signals to the SMs). Hence the SM and the DCU should be authenticated by each other and authorized and the data and/or control signals exchanged between them should be encrypted."Smart grid" avser i allmänhet en klass av teknik föra system elleverans till 21: a århundradet, med hjälp av datorbaserade fjärrkontroll och automation. Med den ökande efterfrågan på energi, är effektiv användning av de tillgängliga energiresurser blir alltmer en viktig fråga över hela världen. Smart grid är ett steg i den riktningen. Forskning i Europeiska unionen och USA för närvarande pågår för att modernisera befintliga och åldrande transmissionsnätet och effektivisera användningen av el. En typisk elnätet består av två större enheter - de allmännyttiga företaget och \distribution control system"(DCS). El genereras vid verktyget företaget och DCS ansvarar för distributionen av el till enskilda hem / konsumenter. En smart meter (SM) är en elektronisk apparat som mäter elförbrukning på konsumentens lokaler och ger ökad information till elbolaget. \Data concentration unit"(DCU) är en enhet fungerar som ett kommunikationsnav insamling och kodning av data från flera smarta mätare i ett område och vidarebefordra data till elbolaget. Syftet med detta projekt är att utforma ett nätverk för att säkra kommunikationen mellan SM och DCU i ett smart mätning nätverksmiljö. Mätaren uppgifter som lämnas från SM till DCU är mycket känslig och i händerna på en angripare, kan avslöja viktig personlig information om en individ. Följaktligen är det av som mest betydelse för att skydda de mätdata som sänds från SM: en. å andra sidan styrsignaler överförs från DCU till SM och behöver skydd för att hindra av obehöriga signaler (dvs en inkräktare kan personifiera DC och skicka ut styrsignaler till SM). Därför SM och DCU ska bestyrkas av varandra och godkänts och data och / eller styrsignaler utväxlas mellan dem ska vara krypterad.
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Giaconi, Giulio. "Information-theoretic privacy in smart meters." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/62630.
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Smart grids promise to enhance drastically the efficiency of today's power networks. One of the key components of smart grids is the smart meter, which allows to monitor a user's electricity consumption with much higher resolution compared to conventional energy meters. However, the high resolution of smart meter measurements also entails serious privacy implications for the users, as it makes easier to distinguish the power signature of single appliances from the aggregate household consumption. This would lead an attacker, which may be a thief, a surveillance agency, or the utility provider itself, to gain insights into users' activities and behaviors. In this dissertation we analyze several privacy-preserving techniques that protect users' privacy without diminishing the utility of smart grids. We adopt physical resources that are increasingly available at the users' premises, such as renewable energy sources and rechargeable batteries, and use them to minimize the information leaked about a user's electricity consumption, as well as the cost of energy. We deploy information-theoretic tools to characterize the fundamental limits of smart meter privacy, measuring privacy via mutual information, and characterizing single-letter expressions for the information leaked when considering infinite and zero-capacity rechargeable batteries. These scenarios represent lower and upper bounds on the privacy performance of more realistic settings with finite-capacity rechargeable batteries. When considering a finite-capacity battery, we express the information leakage as an additive quantity, and cast the problem as a stochastic control problem, which can be solved by dynamic programming. We also propose more empirical privacy-preserving strategies, testing their performance against real smart meter measurements and time of use pricing tariffs. In particular, we measure privacy as the squared difference between the smart meter measurements and a target profile, which we consider as a completely private power profile, and characterize the optimal trade-off between privacy and cost of energy.
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Musalam, Dina, and Paulina Nicodemus. "Security and Privacy methods in Smart Home: Case Study in Smart Meters." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20273.
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Homes with integrated state of the art technology are considered Smart Homes. A smart home has special systems which enable remote control via remote computer or smart phones. These modern integrated services are supported by electrical power infrastructures called Smart Grids, which provides a stable electrical power environment to support all functionalities, with intelligent power systems that provide increased power quality. Inside a Smart home, a legacy metering system called Smart Meters are installed offering new functionalities such as remote readings of power consumption, and different time usage of tariffs.Preliminary research has already indicated vulnerability attacks on smart meters which affect the security and privacy in smart meters. Security issues in this system include vulnerabilities and privacy issues includes information leakage in real-time consumption data that is recorded by the smart meters.Enhancing both security and privacy in the smart meters are the main purpose of this thesis. The principle goal of this research is to provide more understanding about the smart meters from a security and privacy perspective. This thesis investigates issues and problems in smart meters and proposes a secure communication protocol in the application layer, in addition to a proof-of-concept of the final solution. In this research we introduce the solution by means of two scenarios, we highlight the effects of an attack on the smart meters on levels of simulation and theory. The first scenario is to "take control over the smart meter to access the data consumptions in the smart meters". The proposed solution of using the Smart Phone as a third part to protect the smart meters has been evaluated using a network simulation tool. The result shows that the data captured by attacking node is encrypted and can't be used for any useful operation. In the second scenario, "monitoring the data consumptions to harm the user's privacy", in other words, stealing the user's devices. The proposed solution is using the home electrical power routing to moderate the home's load signature in order to hide appliance usage information. Data clusters are implemented as a proof of concept to evaluate the data. The results show that there is only 99.5 % correct clustered data with good quality.
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Martinez, Parrondo Yago. "Smart Meters : Basic Elements in the Development of Smart Grids." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for elkraftteknikk, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-13630.
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The necessity of a revolution in the electrical system is obvious, and smart meters will be the solution. The development of smart grids will be built over the new electronic measuring devices, which imply a challenge for the next few years in the engineering field.In order to understand the basics of smart grids, we have carried a description and comparison of both the current and the next-gen electrical systems. Emphasizing the advantages and opportunities obtained by changing into the smart grids, it demonstrates the importance of moving towards a more modern measurement system.A very important issue is to decide which should be the minimum features in Smart Meters, therefore this thesis analyzes the different exiting models and also proposes several suggestions for the future. Finally, it was conducted a report of the current deployment situation of this new technology in various representative countries. Describing the settings and options chosen by each country, we can achieve a conclusion that unifies a standard solution by the choice of the best proposals.
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Vadda, Praveen, and Sreerama Murthy Seelam. "Smart Metering for Smart Electricity Consumption." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2476.
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In recent years, the demand for electricity has increased in households with the use of different appliances. This raises a concern to many developed and developing nations with the demand in immediate increase of electricity. There is a need for consumers or people to track their daily power usage in houses. In Sweden, scarcity of energy resources is faced during the day. So, the responsibility of human to save and control these resources is also important. This research work focuses on a Smart Metering data for distributing the electricity smartly and efficiently to the consumers. The main drawback of previously used traditional meters is that they do not provide information to the consumers, which is accomplished with the help of Smart Meter. A Smart Meter helps consumer to know the information of consumption of electricity for appliances in their respective houses. The aim of this research work is to measure and analyze power consumption using Smart Meter data by conducting case study on various households. In addition of saving electricity, Smart Meter data illustrates the behaviour of consumers in using devices. As power consumption is increasing day by day there should be more focus on understanding consumption patterns i.e. measurement and analysis of consumption over time is required. In case of developing nations, the technology of employing smart electricity meters is still unaware to many common people and electricity utilities. So, there is a large necessity for saving energy by installing these meters. Lowering the energy expenditure by understanding the behavior of consumers and its correlation with electricity spot prices motivated to perform this research. The methodology followed to analyze the outcome of this study is exhibited with the help of a case analysis, ARIMA model using XLSTAT tool and a flattening technique. Based on price evaluation results provided in the research, hypothesis is attained to change the behavior of consumers when they have better control on their habits. This research contributes in measuring the Smart Meter power consumption data in various households and interpretation of the data for hourly measurement could cause consumers to switch consumption to off-peak periods. With the results provided in this research, users can change their behavior when they have better control on their habits. As a result, power consumption patterns of Smart electricity distribution are studied and analyzed, thereby leading to an innovative idea for saving the limited resource of electrical energy.+91 9908265578
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Samarakoon, Kamalanath Bandara. "Use of smart meters for frequency and voltage control." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/35740/.
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A load control scheme that used frequency measurements of a smart meter for controlling domestic appliances to provide primary response was investigated. An experimental rig was developed to test and demonstrate the scheme. The amount of loads to be controlled to limit the frequency drop of the Great Britain (GB) power system to a set of minimum allowable frequencies was found. Operating speeds and the limitations of the components of the load controller in providing primary response are discussed. It is shown that if smart meters are to play any role in primary response then the speed at which the system frequency is measured must be increased very considerably. Load profile of fridges/freezers, washers/dryers and hobs/ovens in the GB power system were constructed. Then the percentages of appliances required to be in the load control scheme to shed the estimated amount of controllable loads, were calculated. It is found that the total controllable load requirement can be provided using fridges and freezers alone. Since many washers/dryers and hobs/ovens do not operate at night, they can not then provide a significant amount of controllable loads. However, using these appliances in the day time, the amount of fridges and freezers in the load control scheme can be reduced significantly. The ability of the proposed smart metering system in the UK to report available demand response from the appliances to the network operator was investigated. It was found that the communication network would not support reporting demand response in near real-time. Using load profiles of appliances for 40,000 houses, it was shown that by installing aggregation devices at distribution transformers and substations, the demand response can be reported to the network operator every minute. By aggregating and sending changes only, the impact of reporting demand response in near real-time on communication network reduces significantly. The ability of a state estimator to estimate distribution network voltages using smart meter measurements obtained on the previous day was evaluated. The improvement 10 of the accuracy of the estimated voltages with the number of nodes providing near real-time measurements obtained from distributed generators was also investigated. It was found that when the voltages are estimated using the previous day’s measurements without using any near real-time measurement, the voltage error at all nodes were high. By using near-real time measurements obtained from distributed generators, the error can be reduced significantly.
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CORREIA, WEULES FERNANDES. "INCLUSION OF STATISTICAL METHODS AS BILLING SUPPORT OF SMART METERS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35304@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA sociedade está vivendo em uma época de forte convergência tecnológica, onde novas tecnologias são descobertas e extintas em um prazo cada vez menor. Esta revolução tecnológica também já chegou para o setor de infraestrutura de distribuição de energia que são as Redes Elétricas Inteligentes, sendo o medidor inteligente o principal equipamento desta revolução. Apesar da evolução do parque de medidores brasileiros, a regulação comercial não acompanhou esta modernização e continua tendo como referência o sistema de medição convencional com a atuação de leituristas e não considerando as oportunidades de usar dados de consumo, mesmo que não sejam da data do faturamento nos casos de falhas de transmissão da informação e aplicação de ferramentas estatísticas para estimação no faturamento. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar as regras regulatórias de faturamento considerando as ausências de leituras, propor uma nova metodologia para definir como realizar o faturamento na ausência de leituras considerando consumos anteriores e usar ferramentas estatísticas para a definição do valor a ser faturado. A metodologia pode ser dividida em duas fases: (i) imputação de dados faltantes na base de dados decorrentes de possíveis erros de transmissão dos medidores; (ii) previsão do consumo de energia elétrica por cliente. O presente trabalho cumpriu os objetivos aos quais se propôs e apresentou uma alternativa promissora para o faturamento com medidores inteligentes e que utilize tecnologias de comunicação de baixo custo e que possam apresentar uma efetividade de medição abaixo da ideal, no caso, 100 por cento.
Society is living in a time of strong technological convergence, where new technologies are discovered and extinguished in an ever shorter time frame. This technological revolution has also arrived for the energy distribution infrastructure with the Smart Grid, in which the smart meter being the main equipment of this revolution. Despite the evolution of the Brazilian meter park, the commercial regulation did not go along with this modernization and continues with reference to the conventional metering system and not considering the opportunities to use consumption data comes from out of the billing date, in cases of data transmission failures, being thus possible use statistical tools for billing estimation. In this context, this dissertation aims to evaluate the regulatory rules of billing considering the absences of readings, proposing a new methodology to define how to estimate the billing in the absence of readings, considering previous consumption and using statistical tools to define the value to be billed. The methodology can be divided into two phases: (i) imputation of missing data in the database, resulting from possible transmission errors of the meters; (ii) forecast of electricity consumption per customer. The present work fulfilled the objectives proposed and presented a promising alternative for billing with smart meters using low cost communication technologies that could have low measurement effectiveness, in this case, 100 percent.
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Chalmers, C. "Adaptive health monitoring using aggregated energy readings from smart meters." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2017. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7543/.
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Worldwide, the number of people living with self-limiting conditions, such as Dementia, Parkinson’s disease and depression, is increasing. The resulting strain on healthcare resources means that providing 24-hour monitoring for patients is a challenge. As this problem escalates, caring for an ageing population will become more demanding over the next decade, and the need for new, innovative and cost effective home monitoring technologies are now urgently required. The research presented in this thesis directly proposes an alternative and cost effective method for supporting independent living that offers enhancements for Early Intervention Practices (EIP). In the UK, a national roll out of smart meters is underway. Energy suppliers will install and configure over 50 million smart meters by 2020. The UK is not alone in this effort. In other countries such as Italy and the USA, large scale deployment of smart meters is in progress. These devices enable detailed around-the-clock monitoring of energy usage. Specifically, each smart meter records accurately the electrical load for a given property at 10 second intervals, 24 hours a day. This granular data captures detailed habits and routines through user interactions with electrical devices. The research presented in this thesis exploits this infrastructure by using a novel approach that addresses the limitations associated with current Ambient Assistive Living technologies. By applying a novel load disaggregation technique and leveraging both machine learning and cloud computing infrastructure, a comprehensive, nonintrusive and personalised solution is achieved. This is accomplished by correlating the detection of individual electrical appliances and correlating them with an individual’s Activities of Daily Living. By utilising a random decision forest, the system is able to detect the use of 5 appliance types from an aggregated load environment with an accuracy of 96%. By presenting the results as vectors to a second classifier both normal and abnormal patient behaviour is detected with an accuracy of 92.64% and a mean squared error rate of 0.0736 using a random decision forest. The approach presented in this thesis is validated through a comprehensive patient trial, which demonstrates that the detection of both normal and abnormal patient behaviour is possible.
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Akbar, Yousef M. A. H. "Intrusion Detection of Flooding DoS Attacks on Emulated Smart Meters." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98554.
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The power grid has changed a great deal from what has been generally viewed as a traditional power grid. The modernization of the power grid has seen an increase in the integration and incorporation of computing and communication elements, creating an interdependence of both physical and cyber assets of the power grid. The fast-increasing connectivity has transformed the grid from what used to be primarily a physical system into a Cyber- Physical System (CPS). The physical elements within a power grid are well understood by power engineers; however, the newly deployed cyber aspects are new to most researchers and operators in this field. The new computing and communications structure brings new vulnerabilities along with all the benefits it provides. Cyber security of the power grid is critical due to the potential impact it can make on the community or society that relies on the critical infrastructure. These vulnerabilities have already been exploited in the attack on the Ukrainian power grid, a highly sophisticated, multi-layered attack which caused large power outages for numerous customers. There is an urgent need to understand the cyber aspects of the modernized power grid and take the necessary precautions such that the security of the CPS can be better achieved. The power grid is dependent on two main cyber infrastructures, i.e., Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). This thesis investigates the AMI in power grids by developing a testbed environment that can be created and used to better understand and develop security strategies to remove the vulnerabilities that exist within it. The testbed is to be used to conduct and implement security strategies, i.e., an Intrusion Detections Systems (IDS), creating an emulated environment to best resemble the environment of the AMI system. A DoS flooding attack and an IDS are implemented on the emulated testbed to show the effectiveness and validate the performance of the emulated testbed.M.S.
The power grid is becoming more digitized and is utilizing information and communication technologies more, hence the smart grid. New systems are developed and utilized in the modernized power grid that directly relies on new communication networks. The power grid is becoming more efficient and more effective due to these developments, however, there are some considerations to be made as for the security of the power grid. An important expectation of the power grid is the reliability of power delivery to its customers. New information and communication technology integration brings rise to new cyber vulnerabilities that can inhibit the functionality of the power grid. A coordinated cyber-attack was conducted against the Ukrainian power grid in 2015 that targeted the cyber vulnerabilities of the system. The attackers made sure that the grid operators were unable to observe their system being attacked via Denial of Service attacks. Smart meters are the digitized equivalent of a traditional energy meter, it wirelessly communicates with the grid operators. An increase in deployment of these smart meters makes it such that we are more dependent on them and hence creating a new vulnerability for an attack. The smart meter integration into the power grid needs to be studied and carefully considered for the prevention of attacks. A testbed is created using devices that emulate the smart meters and a network is established between the devices. The network was attacked with a Denial of Service attack to validate the testbed performance, and an Intrusion detection method was developed and applied onto the testbed to prove that the testbed created can be used to study and develop methods to cover the vulnerabilities present.
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EKSTRÖM, EMELIE, and SONIA SIVADASAN. "Smart Water Meters in Swedish Households : The Enablers and Barriers for a Large-Scale Implementation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300173.
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As the global population increases, so does the demand for water, and the increasing water scarcity is a challenge to the global water sector. It is imperative to take large-scale action in order to make water consumption more sustainable, and information and communication technologies such as smart meters have shown great potential. Sweden is a country that generally does not face water shortage and where research on smart water metering is still rather new. Previous studies have focused on countries where water scarcity is very common, and more research is needed to examine the generalizability of previous findings. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the possibilities for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households, and the guiding research question is: “What are the main enablers and barriers for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households?”. This thesis is of qualitative and exploratory character, and the study consists of a pre-study, a literature review and interviews. Furthermore, the analysis in this thesis is made using a theoretical framework based on Technological Innovation Systems. The findings indicate that the possibilities for a large-scale implementation of smart water meters in Swedish households are very good. The most significant enablers are that the Swedish water sector is an open and enabling environment, that smart water meters provide more technological opportunities compared to mechanical meters, and that smart water meters are generally accepted among the actors and considered to be the optimal solution in the future. On the other hand, there are barriers which need to be addressed for a successful large-scale implementation. The most significant barriers are that smart water meters are more expensive and that there are still some uncertainties regarding the choice of technology such as compatibility issues, risk of lock-in effect, and that the technology quickly becomes outdated. However, these factors may not constitute barriers in the future since they either can disappear with time or some of them could be avoided already today. Therefore, the possibilities for a large-scale implementation are still assessed to be very good.I samband med den globala befolkningsökningen ökar också efterfrågan på vatten, och den ökande vattenbristen är en utmaning för den globala vattensektorn. Det är nödvändigt att vidta storskaliga åtgärder för att göra vattenförbrukningen mer hållbar, och informations- och kommunikationsteknik såsom smarta mätare har visat stor potential. Sverige är ett land som vanligtvis inte har vattenbrist och där forskningen om smart vattenmätning fortfarande är i sin linda. Tidigare studier har genomförts i länder där vattenbrist är mycket vanligare, och mer forskning behövs för att undersöka generaliserbarheten av tidigare resultat. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll, och arbetets forskningsfråga är: ”Vilka är de viktigaste möjliggörarna och hindren för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll?”. Detta examensarbete är av kvalitativ och utforskande karaktär, och studien består av en förstudie, en litteraturstudie samt intervjuer. Vidare görs analysen i detta examensarbete med hjälp av ett teoretiskt ramverk baserat på Teknologiska innovationssystem. Resultaten i denna studie tyder på att möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll är mycket goda. De viktigaste möjliggörarna är att den svenska vattensektorn är en öppen och möjliggörande miljö, att smarta vattenmätare ger fler tekniska möjligheter jämfört med mekaniska mätare, och att smarta vattenmätare är allmänt accepterade bland aktörerna och anses vara den optimala lösningen i framtiden. Det finns dock vissa hinder som måste åtgärdas för att uppnå en framgångsrik storskalig implementering. De viktigaste hindren är att smarta vattenmätare är dyrare och att det fortfarande finns vissa osäkerhetsfaktorer när det gäller val av teknik, t.ex. kompatibilitetsproblem, risk för inlåsning, och att tekniken snabbt föråldras. Det är dock möjligt att dessa faktorer inte utgör hinder i framtiden eftersom de antingen kan försvinna med tiden eller undvikas och hanteras redan idag. Därför bedöms möjligheterna för en storskalig implementering av smarta vattenmätare i svenska hushåll ändå vara mycket goda.
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Johansson, Christian. "Optimal Allocation of Smart Meters to Real or Virtual Data Concentrators." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169281.
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The Smart Grid is the new, modernized, electrical distribution grid. It allows for many applications such as automation, reliability and efficiency of electrical distribution. A key feature of the smart grid is the AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) which is the system that measures, collects and analyzes energy use.When designing an LV/MV AMI smart grid, one can use several different media types, two of those are PLC (Power Line Communication) and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Choosing one over another may have differences in both communication performance and overall economic cost.This thesis describes a method to optimally assign the smart meter communication devices in an AMI network to either the secondary substation via the power lines (PLC) or towards the head-end via GPRS. When assigned to the secondary substation, the data collected from the smart meters will be managed by a Data Concentrator or forwarded by a Gateway towards the head-end where a Virtual Data Concentrator would be located. As an alternative to PLC communication, GPRS can be used to wirelessly communicate between smart meters and the virtual data concentrator.The method proposed uses MatLab to read the users input data, such as smart meter and power line link locations. The read data then gets compiled into a network topology consisting of smart meter nodes and power line links between them. For easier comparisons, the network is then clustered into groups. The clustering is done using two methods, one fore PLC and another for GPRS.The cluster data will then be compared with the packet loss ratio data acquired from either simulations or other sources, stored in a repository. The comparisons, along with various constraints set by the user, will then determine if the communication is fit for use.If deemed fit for use, each type of communication have their CAPEX and OPEX costs calculated, based on the users input. This thesis will use data acquired from DSOs (Distribution System Operators) to analyze the costs of four network locations and determine the cheapest assignments for each one for various settings.Smart Grids, eller smarta elnät, är framtidens moderna elektriska distributionsnät. Smarta elnät tillåter många tillämpningar som automatisering, tillförlitlighet och effektiv elektrisk distribution. En nyckelegenskap hos de smarta näten är funktionen AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure), ett system som samlar ihop, mäter och analyserar energiförbrukning.När man designar ett låg- eller mellanspännings AMI elnät kan man utnyttja ett flertal mediatyper, två av dem är PLC (Power Line Communication) eller GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Att välja den ena framför den andra kan leda till olikheter både när det gäller kommunikationsprestanda och den ekonomiska kostnaden.Detta examensarbete beskriver en metod för att på ett optimalt sätt tilldela smarta elmätare i ett AMI elnätverk till antingen det sekundära ställverket via de elektriska ledningarna (PLC) eller till huvudcentralen (head-end) trådlöst via GPRS. När mätarna tilldelas det sekundära ställverket samlas data från dem ihop av antingen en Data Concentrator (DC) eller en Gateway (GW) . En Gateway skickar därefter datan vidare till huvudcentralen där en Virtual Data Concentrator (VDC) finns. Alternativt utnyttjas GPRS för att trådlöst kommunicera mellan de smarta elmätarna och VDC.Metoden som föreslås utnyttjar MATLAB för att avläsa användarens indata, som till exempel positioner till de smarta elmtarna och de elektriska elledningarna som länkar dem med det sekundära ställverket. Den avlästa indatan används till att bilda en elnätverkstopologi bestående av smarta elmätare och elledningarna. För att enklare jämföra de skapade topologierna med simulerade generella topologier, grupperas nätverket i kluster. Klustermetoden skiljer sig mellan PLC och GPRS.Klusterdatan används sedan för att jämföra packet loss ratio erhållen från antingen simuleringar eller från andra källor. Jämförelserna avgör sedan huruvida kommunikationen med sagd mediatyp upprätthåller användarens kommunikationskrav.Om kommunikationsmöjligheterna för topologin anses vara tillräcklig, kommer varje kommunikationstyp att få sin kostnad uträknad utifrån CAPEX och OPEX. I detta examensarbete utnyttjas kostnader och topologidata erhållen från DSO’s (Distribution System Operators) för att analysera kostnaderna för fyra elnätverk och avgöra de billigaste tilldelningarna för vardera utifrån olika insättningar.
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Shamloo, Parviz. "Analisi dei consumi idropotabili di alberghi ottenuti dal monitoraggio con smart meters." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Find full textAbstract:
Questa tesi si concentra in particolare sul consumo degli alberghi collocati nelle destinazioni turistiche con una forte enfasi sulle tradizionali vacanze di sole e sabbia e marcato modello stagionale. Viene considerato un insieme di variabili per determinare il consumo di acqua legato alle caratteristiche fisiche quali dimensioni dell’albergo, esistenza di piscine, esistenza di campi da golf, sono inoltre significativi i fattori di occupazione (cioè il numero di ospiti e pernottamenti) di alberghi. Nell’analisi va posta attenzione alla presenza di altri fattori, quali il management di albergo e iniziative volte al risparmio idrico.
La tesi ha analizzato i consumi idropotabili di alcuni alberghi di Rapallo, in provincia di Genova, nei quali sono stati installati da IREN S.p.A. dei contatori in telelettura (smart meters).nel 2019 numero di turisti arrivati e presenti a Rapallo 282.781 e questa cifra ci fa vedere l’importanza il settore di turismo in questa città anche suo effetto sul consumo di acqua. Il caso di studio consiste 11 alberghi scelti per analizzare le loro caratteristiche e poi i dati saranno elaborati nel’ ambito R. I grafici ottenuti ci fanno vedere l’andamento del consumo di acqua nelle strutture ricettive. L’analisi effettuata se pur ha riguardato un periodo non ottimale per caratterizzare effettivamente il consumo delle utenze turistiche, metodologicamente può essere replicata a serie di registrazioni più lunghe che comprendano tutta la stagione turistica (alta e bassa). Infatti l’automatizzazione dell’analisi in R la rende replicabile in futuro ad altre registrazioni. Inoltre, riuscendo ad ottenere eventualmente il numero di presenze nelle strutture si potrebbe arrivare a confrontare effettivamente i consumi tra le varie strutture normalizzandoli per numero di ospiti o per numero di camere occupate.
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Singh, Shailendra. "Smart Meters Big Data : Behavioral Analytics via Incremental Data Mining and Visualization." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35244.
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The big data framework applied to smart meters offers an exception platform for data-driven forecasting and decision making to achieve sustainable energy efficiency. Buying-in consumer confidence through respecting occupants' energy consumption behavior and preferences towards improved participation in various energy programs is imperative but difficult to obtain. The key elements for understanding and predicting household energy consumption are activities occupants perform, appliances and the times that appliances are used, and inter-appliance dependencies. This information can be extracted from the context rich big data from smart meters, although this is challenging because: (1) it is not trivial to mine complex interdependencies between appliances from multiple concurrent data streams; (2) it is difficult to derive accurate relationships between interval based events, where multiple appliance usage persist; (3) continuous generation of the energy consumption data can trigger changes in appliance associations with time and appliances. To overcome these challenges, we propose an unsupervised progressive incremental data mining technique using frequent pattern mining (appliance-appliance associations) and cluster analysis (appliance-time associations) coupled with a Bayesian network based prediction model. The proposed technique addresses the need to analyze temporal energy consumption patterns at the appliance level, which directly reflect consumers' behaviors and provide a basis for generalizing household energy models. Extensive experiments were performed on the model with real-world datasets and strong associations were discovered. The accuracy of the proposed model for predicting multiple appliances usage outperformed support vector machine during every stage while attaining accuracy of 81.65\%, 85.90\%, 89.58\% for 25\%, 50\% and 75\% of the training dataset size respectively. Moreover, accuracy results of 81.89\%, 75.88\%, 79.23\%, 74.74\%, and 72.81\% were obtained for short-term (hours), and long-term (day, week, month, and season) energy consumption forecasts, respectively.
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Mhanna, Maggie. "Privacy-Preserving Quantization Learning for Distributed Detection with Applications to Smart Meters." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS047/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur quelques problèmes de codage de source dans lesquels on souhaite préserver la confidentialité vis à vis d’une écoute du canal. Dans la première partie, nous fournissons des nouveaux résultats fondamentaux sur le codage de source pour la détection (utilisateur légitime) et la confidentialité (vis à vis d’une écoute du canal) en présence d'informations secondaires aux terminaux de réception. Nous proposons plusieurs nouveaux résultats d'optimisation de la région de débit-erreur-équivocation réalisable, et proposons des algorithmes pratiques pour obtenir des solutions aussi proches que possible de l'optimal, ce qui nécessite la conception de quantificateurs en présence d'un eavesdropper. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions le problème de l'estimation sécurisée dans un cadre d'utilité-confidentialité où l'utilisateur recherche soit à extraire les aspects pertinents de données complexes ou bien à les cacher vis à vis d'un eavesdropper potentiel. L'objectif est principalement axé sur l'élaboration d'un cadre général qui combine la théorie de l'information et la théorie de la communication, visant à fournir un nouvel outil pour la confidentialité dans les Smart Grids. D'un point de vue théorique, cette recherche a permis de quantifier les limites fondamentales et donc le compromis entre sécurité et performance (estimation / détection)This thesis investigates source coding problems in which some secrecy should be ensured with respect to eavesdroppers. In the first part, we provide some new fundamental results on both detection and secrecy oriented source coding in the presence of side information at the receiving terminals. We provide several new results of optimality and single-letter characterization of the achievable rate-error-equivocation region, and propose practical algorithms to obtain solutions that are as close as possible to the optimal, which requires the design of optimal quantization in the presence of an eavesdropper In the second part, we study the problem of secure estimation in a utility-privacy framework where the user is either looking to extract relevant aspects of complex data or hide them from a potential eavesdropper. The objective is mainly centered on the development of a general framework that combines information theory with communication theory, aiming to provide a novel and powerful tool for security in Smart Grids. From a theoretical perspective, this research was able to quantify fundamental limits and thus the tradeoff between security and performance (estimation/detection)
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Rosberg, Erik. "How do users understand and act upon disaggregated feedback in Smappee?" Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189556.
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Giving feedback to households about their energy consumption has been seen by many as a necessity in order for households to reduce their energy consumption and lower their carbon footprint. Many studies have been made on how smart meters, that give feedback on the total consumption, are used and their effect on the consumption. However, fewer studies have been done on how disaggregated feedback is understood and acted upon. Smappee is an energy feedback system that monitors the household’s consumption and is able to detect appliances’ consumption with only 3 physical clamps at the incoming current, using non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). NILM differentiate appliances based on their electrical signature which is generated by turning an appliance on and off. The users get the feedback through a smartphone application. This study attempts to answer the question “How do users understand and act upon disaggregated feedback in Smappee?” by doing a qualitative study based on contextual interviews made on 15 users of Smappee. The results of the interviews are then compared with previous studies within the field of smart meters and a conceptual model is being described of how users understand Smappee. The results show that disaggregated feedback in Smappee is perceived as too difficult to acquire. Users thought it was too hard to find which appliances represented in Smappee correspond to which physical appliances in the household. However, the users used the real-time total consumption in order to make an estimation of how much certain appliances consumed. This indicates that users are interested in disaggregated feedback if it is easily accessible. Users have, in general, a good understanding of how Smappee detects appliances. They understand that Smappee is measuring the incoming current and makes assumptions based on the increases and decreases. They did not use the disaggregated feedback, even though they understood how it worked.Att ge feedback till hushåll om deras energikonsumtion har setts, av många, som en nödvändighet för att hushåll ska kunna reducera sin energikonsumtion och minska sina koldioxidutsläpp. Flera studier har gjorts om hur smarta mätare, som ger feedback om totalkonsumtionen, används och deras effekt på förbrukningen. Men färre studier har gjorts om hur uppdelad feedback förstås och hur användare agerar på detta. Smappee är ett energifeedbacksystem som mäter hushålls konsumtion och är kapabel att detektera apparaters konsumtion med endast 3 klamrar på den inkommande strömmen, genom att använda “non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). NILM skiljer på apparater baserat på deras elektriska signatur som genereras av att sätta på och slå av apparater. Användarna får feedbacken i en Smartphone-applikation. Denna studie försöker besvara frågan: “Hur förstår och agerar användare på uppdelad feedback i Smappee?” genom att genomföra en kvalitativ studie baserad på kontextuella intervjuer genomförda med 15 användare av Smappee. Resultatet från intervjuerna är sedan jämförda med tidigare studier inom området smarta mätare och en konceptuell model beskrivs om hur användare förstår sig på Smappee. Resultatet visar att uppdelad feedback i Smappee uppfattas för svår att använda. Användarna upplevde att det var för svårt att finna vilken apparat i Smappee som korresponderar till en viss fysisk apparat i hushållet. Dock använde användarna realtidskonsumtionen för att skapa en uppskattning om hur mycket vissa apparater konsumerade. Detta indikerar att användarna hade ett intresse i uppdelad feedback om det var tillgängligt på ett lättare sätt. Användare har, i allmänhet, en god förståelse om hur Smappee detekterar apparater. De förstår att Smappee mäter inkommande ström och gör antaganden baserat på ökningar och minskningar. De använde inte uppdelad feedback även om de förstod hur det fungerade.
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Guzzini, Alessandro <1990>. "Gas distribution: from networks' integrity management to new smart meters' performances technical evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9001/1/Guzzini_Alessandro_tesi.pdf.
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Safety represents the main goal for Natural Gas (NG) Distribution System Operators (DSOs) that have to operate very complex networks to supply gas to customers. However, the identification of the optimum strategy to manage NG distribution is a very challenging task for decision makers because of the size of the networks. Therefore, priorities have to be identified and many data about the operative conditions of the networks are required. While for the first topic a standardized and internationally accepted procedure has to be identified, for the second one the new NG metering philosophy, i.e. the Smart Metering gas, seems to be appropriate for the scope even if some technical issues have still to be solved.
Consequently, the thesis is divided in two main parts. In the first one, attention is given to the distribution networks and to the proposal of a risk management approach to improve maintenance procedures. Thus, after a brief overview of the sector, existing safety performances of NG distribution sector are analysed. Furthermore, failure causes and consequences are investigated in order to propose a risk assessment approach in NG distribution. A case study is finally examined identifying several positive outcomes respect to the state of the art.
In the second part of the thesis the NG smart metering is analysed with particular attention to the power supply that is one of the technical issues to be overcome for the success of the technology: in fact, because of the use of electrical batteries in smart meters, a limited capacity is now available. Consequently, the estimation of battery supply’s operative life is considered an important information for the success of the technology. For this reason, an experimental approach has been proposed and performed to estimate battery’s operative life.
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Lewis, Richard Peter. "Smart electricity metering : hardware development and socioeconomic aspects." Thesis, Swansea University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678602.
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Molazem, Tabrizi Farid. "Security analysis and intrusion detection for embedded systems : a case study of smart meters." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63325.
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Embedded systems are widely used in critical situations and hence, are targets
for malicious users. Researchers have demonstrated successful attacks
against embedded systems used in power grids, modern cars, and medical
devices. Hence, it is imperative to develop techniques to improve security
of these devices. However, embedded devices have constraints (such as limited
memory capacity) that make building security mechanisms for them
challenging.
In this thesis, we formulate building Intrusion Detection System (IDS)
for embedded systems as an optimization problem. We develop algorithms
that, given the set of the security properties of the system and the invariants
that verify those properties, build an IDS that maximizes the coverage for
the security properties, with respect to the available memory. This allows
our IDS to be applicable to a wide range of embedded devices with di erent
memory capacities. Furthermore, we develop techniques to analyze security
of both design and implementation of embedded systems. Given a set of
capabilities of attackers, we automatically analyze the system and identify
ways an adversary may tamper with the system. This will help developers
discover new attacks, and improve the design and implementation of the
system.Applied Science, Faculty of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Berger, Kenneth John. "Saving water in schools: evidence on the use of smart water meters and behavioural insights." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31407.
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The city of Cape Town suffered a severe water crisis in 2018. At the peak of the drought in South Africa’s Western Cape, a randomised control trial at 105 schools investigated the impact of two behavioural interventions to encourage responsible water usage: detailed water usage data feedback from smart meters, and an interschool competition. Interventions reduced water usage in these schools by 15 to 26%. The information feedback was found to be more effective in reducing night time water use, indicating better water usage by the staff, while the competition was found to be more effective during the day time, indicating better water usage by the pupils. The contrast highlights the way feedback was understood differently by the two groups, with different effects on their assumption of responsibility. This example from Cape Town demonstrates the effectiveness of combining smart technologies with nudges. It provides a model of water conservation interventions for sustainable cities.
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Drummond, Jose. "An analysis of new functionalities enabled by the second generation of smart meters in Sweden." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för fysik och elektroteknik (IFE), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105604.
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It is commonly agreed among energy experts that smart meters (SMs) are the key component that will facilitate the transition towards the smart grid. Fast-peace innovations in the smart metering infrastructure (AMI) are exposing countless benefits that network operators can obtain when they integrate SMs applications into their daily operations. Following the amendment in 2017, where the Swedish government dictated that all SMs should now include new features such as remote control, higher time resolution for the energy readings and a friendly interface for customers to access their own data; network operators in Sweden are currently replacing their SMs for a new model, also called the second generation of SMs. While the replacement of meters is in progress, many utilities like Hemab are trying to reveal which technical and financial benefits the new generation of SMs will bring to their operations. As a first step, this thesis presents the results of a series of interviews carried out with different network operators in Sweden. It is studied which functionalities have the potential to succeed in the near future, as well as those functionalities that are already being tested or fully implemeneted by some utilities in Sweden. Furthermore, this thesis analyses those obstacles and barriers that utilities encounter when trying to implement new applications using the new SMs. In a second stage, an alarm system for power interruptions and voltage-quality events (e.g., overvoltage and undervoltage) using VisionAir software and OMNIPOWER 3-phase meters is evaluated. The results from the evaluation are divided into three sections: a description of the settings and functionalities of the alarm, the outcomes from the test, and a final discussion of potential applications. This study has revealed that alarm functions, data analytics (including several methods such as load forecasting, customer segmentation and non-technical losses analysis), power quality monitoring, dynamic pricing, and load shedding have the biggest potential to succeed in Sweden in the coming years. Furthermore, it can be stated that the lack of time, prioritization of other projects in the grid and the integration of those new applications into the current system seem to be the main barrier for Swedish utilities nowadays. Regarding the alarm system, it was found that the real benefits for network operators arrive when the information coming from an alarm system is combined with a topology interface of the network and a customer notifications server. Both applications could improve customer satisfaction by significantly reducing outage time and providing customers with real-time and precise information about the problems in the grid.
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Castberg, Miro. "Adaptor Development : An insight to interfacing with electrical energy meters." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-14067.
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Since energy meters became more advanced and able to send data remotely, energy suppliers have had a need to keep their data managed. This gave birth to energy management systems which gather data from energy meters. However, for every type of meter there needs to be a specialization in the management system. Smart Metering Language (SML) is a protocol which was created to transfer meter data in as simple way as possible. Implementing the protocol would result in simpler and less vendor-specific solutions for energy management systems. This report follows the process of developing an adaptor between a device using the SML protocol and a system that manages energy meters. The thesis uses different parts of the development process in able to show specializations which were needed by the test device and its vendor. The result sums up the experience of developing an adaptor and the specializations which are needed in the SML protocol.
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Bauer, Michael, Andrea Höltl, and Roman Brandtweiner. "Greener households? The effectiveness of smart meters in reducing energy consumption levels in the DACH region." WIT Press, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5886/1/SDP130209f.pdf.
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With public opinion shifting to a believe in climate change in the early 2000s the interest in energy
efficiency has been increasing. EU Directives set the goal of deploying smart meters if cost efficient for
providing more detailed energy consumption. The main goal is to better inform consumers and to give
individual households the power to change possibly energy wasting behaviours. This paper evaluates
through a literature review the effectiveness of intelligent electricity metering systems with a focus on
the DACH region, the provision of different types of feedback and its persistence. It can be concluded
that energy feedback enabled by smart meters can lead to savings in the range of 0% to 4.5% in this
region. If feedback is provided continuously savings persist. However, several aspects have to be considered
to ensure effectiveness of smart meter deployment.
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Menos-Aikateriniadis, Christoforos. "Methods to identify broken neutral fault in LV distribution grids by using existing smart meters infrastructure." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264280.
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The vast majority of Swedish utility network customers for nearly a decade has been supported by Advanced Metering Management (AMM) systems, including smart meters. Vattenfall´s modern smart meters enable a new level of monitoring for LV networks and improved MV network supervision. Therefore, improving power quality, fault detection and outage management functionalities are just some of the areas that smart metering systems can contribute to. One of the typical faults in LV networks is when the neutral conductor is broken or loose at either the network or the load side of the meter. The situation of lost continuity of the neutral conductor may damage the connected load or create hazardous touch voltages at equipment body. Since there is a big potential to supervise LV networks with assistance of the end-customer smart meters, Vattenfall wants to take further advantage of such data. The value is to bring in event information from the smart meters in order to contribute to a better and more efficient monitoring of the LV and MV network. The goal of this project is to analyze the behavior of the LV grid under broken neutral fault conditions and propose effective methods (algorithms) to identify loose neutral situation based on end-customer meter readings (disturbance events). Based on previous literature review and studies conducted for broken neutral fault detection, phase to neutral voltages has been proved that can be a useful indicator to detect the fault, since there is a clear pattern during the fault. However, the voltages-based method is not always effective, such as during periods when the load is almost balanced among the three phases or when the load magnitude is not high enough. This is the reason why other electrical parameters could be useful as well to detect the fault, except from the phase to neutral voltages. This study adds a great value into the study of broken neutral fault in low voltage grids since no previous work has been found where dynamic load profiles are modelled and simulated. The broken neutral fault study has started with the creation of dynamic load profiles that has been used in MATLAB/SIMULINK to model inductive linear load with or without the integration of single-phase PV assets. Furthermore, non-linear load has been investigated during BN fault in a single-customer model, where three case studies with different percentages of nonlinear load integration into the system have been included. Later, a 7-customer low voltage rural grid has been modelled where not only broken neutral but also phase loss and short circuit faults have been modeled and simulated. 9 different locations for Broken Neutral and Phase Loss faults and 7 locations for Short Circuit fault, 4 seasons with different load profiles and 4 different PV integration combinations with single and three-phase assets were considered. It has been proved that the combination of different electrical parameters and not only phase to neutral voltages can improve significantly the detection of broken neutral fault, not only on the DSO side but also at the customer side, with the use of smart meter data. Last but not least, part of this study has been to use the data that have been produced from the simulations to train a machine learning model that can accurately detect broken neutral fault. For that reason, a Proof of Concept using different machine learning classification methods as well as neural networks have been trained and tested, based on large amount of data, has been proposed. Bagged decision trees have been found as the most accurate method. It is important to highlight that due to data confidentiality issues, specific values and thresholds that have been set in the algorithms that are currently used or proposed cannot be published.
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Gregor, Filip. "Demonstrační úloha zaměřující se na problematiku Smart Metering." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442366.
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The thesis deals with PLC technology and issues with Smart Metering. In the theoretical part, a principle of technology's functionality and its advantages and disadvantages were described. In the experimental part methodology of data concentrator and electric meters was designed. In addition, extensive testing set according to capturing of DLMS communication, link quality influencing, reading registers of meters were realized. In the second experimental part limits of communications between broadband BPL modems were detected by the power line communication hardware channel emulator. Measurement of throughput, latency, frame loss passed off according to RCF 2544, RFC 6349 recommendation and according to the methodology of TCP Throughput In the last part, two laboratory exercises were created, first one deals with Smart Metering system and communication between the data concentrator and electric meters and the second one deals with communication among broadband BPL modems not only for Smart Metering purposes.
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Huang, Zhixing. "Cost-Effectiveness of Electricity Energy Efficiency Programs: Demand-Side Management's (DSM) Future Role in Energy Markets and Feasibility of Smart Meters in New York City." Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1999.
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Thesis advisor: Scott FulfordCan smart metering program and time-of-use (TOU) prices help reduce energy consumption in New York City? Being able to track electricity consumption levels and to modify consumer usage patterns are important for policy makers to efficiently manage the energy markets. Unfortunately, no reliable and up-to-date data have been brought to bear on this question. I study the effects of time-of-use (TOU) prices and smart metering for the residents of Shanghai and I investigate further what can policy makers do in order to adapt and transfer this successful DSM experience from Shanghai to the residential sector in New York City. The primary objective of my study is to characterize the realistic short-term and long-term potential for the smart metering program in New York City given my empirical findings that the smart metering program has had brought great benefits to the residents of Shanghai. People respond to incentives; if electricity is charged at different prices throughout a day, consumers are likely to shift their usage to when it is cheaper. My findings suggest that policy makers should think harder about designing a pricing scheme that can optimize the social plus
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: College Honors Program
Discipline: Economics Honors Program
Discipline: Economics
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Gouveia, Joana Catarina Luz. "Business model: what should be the strategy used by Smart Galp to implement and potentiate its value proposition in the Portuguese market?" Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11663.
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A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Management from the NOVA – School of Business and EconomicsFor a long period, energy has been seen as an invisible good. In the users' mind, choices and costs related to energy are not connected. However, for consumers to change their behavior these two may be connected and consumers should become aware of the consequences of their actions and motivated to adjust them. Through the development of Smart meters, the next generation of gas and electricity meters which offer a range of intelligent functions and provide consumers with more accurate information, Galp Energia created Smart Galp - a revolutionary service that allows the consumer to control, monitor and influence the energy consumption of his household and automobile. This work project studies the best strategy to implement and potentiate Smart Galp value proposition in the Portuguese Market. The objective is to launch the service in the market. Thus, after all the internal and external analysis, it was defined the business model and the competitive strategy. A risk assessment and recommendations were conducted in order to achieve a successful implementation.
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DILAN, REJWANE, and Christos Selman. "New markets for Smart Utilities in Western Europe : A framework developed and applied for identification ofmarket opportunities for facilitating strategic decisions." Thesis, KTH, Industriell Management, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214926.
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Digitalization is hitting the energy industry by empowering energy producers and retailers, butmore importantly it’s empowering the end customers and the energy producers and retailers areno longer in possession of all power. Due to digitalization, energy networks are beingmodernized and new emerging technologies called smart grids and smart meters have beenintroduced. Smart grids can automatically monitor energy flows and adjust to changes in energysupply and demand. Smart meters on the other hand empowers the consumers to adapt theirenergy usage in both time and volume to different energy prices throughout the day by costcuttingtheir energy.With empowered and conscious end-customers, electricity retailers will have to compete in newways or risk losing their business. There is a risk that the majority of the over 100 electricityretailers in Sweden will be wiped out with time if data and information is not leveraged to theend-customers. This is potentially also threatening the business of TSU as well as othercompanies providing IT solutions to the energy market.For long Tieto Smart Utility (TSU) has offered IT services for both electricity retailers anddistributors across the Nordics. In relation to recently developed solutions as well as theopportunities and challenges created by digitalization and disruptive technologies such as smartmeters, the Nordic countries are in the forefront. Hence, TSU sees a potential in increasing itspresence in Western Europe to provide services to the retailers and distributors. However, inorder to expand to Western European countries TSU seeks to have a greater marketunderstanding of the different markets, in terms of for example market size, market structure,regulations. The problem is to have a structured and comprehensive way to increase marketunderstanding when assessing new West European energy markets due to the major differencesin each country.This thesis therefore aims to develop a framework which enables IT solution providers toconduct a market opportunity analysis in order to increase market awareness and assess theopportunities and potential in Western European markets, influenced by the smart-meter roll outand thus facilitate strategic decisions.A framework has been developed on the foundation on existing frameworks and applied onTSU by conducting a case study on a market opportunity assessment tool for energy IT solutionproviders. The framework consists of three levels of analysis; European-, Country- andCustomer Level which intends to identify market opportunities and potential.This thesis provides a framework for companies who wants to assess market opportunities andfacilitates strategic decisions regarding the potential of entering the markets. The findings of thisthesis has shown that the market opportunities for TSU are the greatest in Germany especiallydue to the market magnitude as well as the status for the smart meter roll-out. Furthermore,since IT solution providers usually offers many different services and solutions, the findings canbe used in a larger extent in order to asses the potential depending on type service and solution.
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Poursharif, Goudarz. "Investigating the ability of smart electricity meters to provide accurate low voltage network information to the UK distribution network operators." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20614/.
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This research presents a picture of the current status and the future developments of the LV electricity grid and the capabilities of the smart metering programme in the UK as well as investigating the major research trends and priorities in the field of Smart Grid. This work also extensively examines the literature on the crucial LV network performance indicators such as losses, voltage levels, and cable capacity percentages and the ways in which DNOs have been acquiring this knowledge as well the ways in which various LV network applications are carried out and rely on various sources of data. This work combines 2 new smart meter data sets with 5 established methods to predict a proportion of consumer’s data is not available using historical smart meter data from neighbouring smart meters. Our work shows that half-hourly smart meter data can successfully predict the missing general load shapes, but the prediction of peak demands proves to be a more challenging task. This work then investigates the impact of smart meter time resolution intervals and data aggregation levels in balanced and unbalanced three phase LV network models on the accuracy of critical LV network performance indicators and the way in which these inaccuracies affect major smart LV network application of the DNOs in the UK. This is a novel work that has not been carried out before and shows that using low time resolution and aggregated smart meter data in load flow analysis models can negatively affect the accuracy of critical low voltage network estimates.
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Chen, Samantha. "Identifying Power Quality Issues in LV Distribution Grid by Using Data from Smart Meters : Exploring possibilities of machine learning algorithms." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287181.
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Since there is a significant potential to supervise the low voltage network with the assistance of the end-customer smart meters, Vattenfall Eldistribution AB wants to take advantage of such data. Therefore, this project’s overall goal is to investigate how some specific grid disturbances could be detected in certain meter data types. There is a plethora of event data from several different grid areas with their own unique set of customers and power flow. Furthermore, the project aims to propose a detection method within the smart meter’s capability and explore the possibility of using smart meter data to identify the grid’s state. The literature study suggested that the machine learning approaches k-means and SVM were suggested to be used within this study’s scope. Several supervised and unsupervised machine learning algorithms have been identified and applied to power quality issues in various ways. Furthermore, each approach had four cases applied as well to broaden the analysis. After conducting the study, the project results show that smart meter data indeed has the potential to be used in machine learning methods to identify weak grids. However, the study shows that the information gained from smart meter data in its current state alone is not enough to distinguish weak grids from strong grids. For instance, the current data could complement grid data, such as loop impedance and topology data. Future work could include using the same machine learning methods on higher dimensions input data to separate the data points. One way to diversify the data could be to include data describing grid topology and data from PQ-meters. Furthermore, it will be possible to continuously monitor the low voltage grid conditions with future smart meters. In turn, this may give a better insight into how the voltage levels behave for weak and strong grids, respectively.Vattenfall Eldistribution AB har en stor andel smarta mätare som registrerar elkvalitetsproblem på lågspänningsnätet. Detta medför att det finns stor potential att övervaka lågspänningsnätet med hjälp av data från dessa mätare. Därför är det övergripande målet med detta projekt att undersöka hur vissa specifika nätstörningar uppstår i vissa typer av mätdata. Det finns dessutom en uppsjö av data från många olika nätområden där alla har sin egna unika uppsättning av kunder och energi- flöden. Vidare syftar projektet till att utveckla en detekteringsmetod inom smartmätarens kapacitet och utforska möjligheten att använda smarta mätdata för att identifiera nätets tillstånd. Från litteraturstudien drogs slutsatsen att k-means och SVM var de mest lämpade metoderna att användas för denna studie. Flera maskininlärningsmetoder har identifierats och tillämpats på elkvalitetsproblem. Vidare analyserades data för fyra olika fall per metod. Efter att ha genomfört studien visade resultatet att data från smarta mätare sannerligen har potential att analyseras med maskininlärningsmetoder för att identifiera svaga nät. Däremot indikerar studien att den information som kan utvinnas från smarta mätare i det nuvarande läget inte är tillräckligt för att urskilja svaga nät från starka nät. Exempelvis kan data från smarta mätare kompletteras med nätdata, såsom impedans, och information om nätets topologi. Framtida projekt skulle därför kunna applicera samma maskininlärningsmetoder på indata med högre dimensioner för att möjliggöra en separation av data på flera plan. Ett sätt att diversifiera data vore att inkludera exempelvis information som beskriver nättopologi och data från PQ-mätare. Vidare kommer framtida mätare ha möjlighet att övervaka nätets spänning och ström kontinuerligt.
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Campillo, Javier. "From Passive to Active Electric Distribution Networks." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Framtidens energi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-31592.
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Large penetration of distributed generation from variable renewable energy sources, increased consumption flexibility on the demand side and the electrification of transportation pose great challenges to existing and future electric distribution networks. This thesis studies the roles of several actors involved in electric distribution systems through electricity consumption data analysis and simulation models. Results show that real-time electricity pricing adoption in the residential sector offers economic benefits for end consumers. This occurs even without the adoption of demand-side management strategies, while real-time pricing also brings new opportunities for increasing consumption flexibility. This flexibility will play a critical role in the electrification of transportation, where scheduled charging will be required to allow large penetration of EVs without compromising the network's reliability and to minimize upgrades on the existing grid. All these issues add significant complexity to the existing infrastructure and conventional passive components are no longer sufficient to guarantee safe and reliable network operation. Active distribution networks are therefore required, and consequently robust and flexible modelling and simulation computational tools are needed for their optimal design and control. The modelling approach presented in this thesis offers a viable solution by using an equation-based object-oriented language that allows developing open source network component models that can be shared and used unambiguously across different simulation environments.
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Zhang, Tao. "Agent based simulation of energy trends : a study of smart metering technology diffusion in the electricity market via a complexity science approach." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609344.
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Hultgren, Elin. "Making renewable electricity a reality : Policies and challenges when transforming Germany´s electricity system." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Energisystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-98198.
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Germany is to undertake a speedy phase-out of nuclear energy and at the same time move into the age of renewable energy. The policy basis for the transformation of the electricity system is the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG). The aim of this report is to investigate the transformation of the German electricity system: popularly called the Energiewende. The report will introduce and analyze the Renewable Energy Sources Act as a policy instrument, and how the electricity grid needs to be developed in order to handle the increasing shares of electricity from renewable sources. The history, main regulations, and the success of the EEG will be investigated. Furthermore, the ways in which the EEG needs to be revised will be given attention. The imperfections of today’s electricity grid when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity, and ways in which Information and Communication Technology can be used in solving those imperfections will be analyzed. The basis for this thesis is a literature study. Since this is a current topic changing frequently, up-to-date research is used as the main reference. The EEG is based on a feed-in tariff system. The main concern when implementing a dominating share of renewable electricity is the fluctuation over time. It is difficult to know how much power will be produced and when. The future challenge of the electricity grid is to keep meeting demand and supply in a secure way. To succeed with the transformation, the EEG not only needs to be revised but a solution to the system stability is also necessary. The EEG is considered a successful policy instrument but what it is missing today is incentives for balancing demand and supply, energy efficiency, and technology innovation. In order to deal with fluctuating sources, the main focus when upgrading the grid should be to improve the forecasting issues. The success of making RES a significant part in electricity generation could become strong proof for the global community that an electricity system based on renewable energy sources is possible.
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Lundström, Fredrik. "A Study on How the Electricity Market as a Whole and Consumers in Particular Could Benefit if More Consumers were to buy Electricity on Hourly Metering." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-145628.
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When consumers are able to buy electricity on an hourly instead of monthly basis, the demand side flexibility is likely to increase. One way to lower the cost of electricity is to move consumption from peak price hours to low price hours, a sort of inter-temporal substitution were the net energy use is unaffected. By simulating one example of inter-temporal substitution in the Swedish spot market during 2008-2010, we show that the general welfare effects are small in terms of a more efficient energy production, but that the transfer of resources from producers to consumers is large. Whether the welfare effect is positive or negative is highly dependent on future electricity prices, the introduction of renewable energy resources, and the price of the new technology needed for the demand side regulation. If 2010 is used as a reference case, the results from our specific case concludes that a natural investment equilibrium is reached when approximately 150 000 households invest in the proposed demand side regulation technology. Using the same reference year, we see that if 70 000 households participates the Net Present Welfare benefit is around 10% of the necessary investment cost; to be compared with the transfer of benefits from producers to consumers which estimates roughly 2100% of the necessary investment cost. We argue that this imbalance in potential welfare benefits between producers and consumers might slow down the process of increasing the general welfare.
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Meyers, Shaelyn. "Technology and Social Participation: A Qualitative Study into how Ferroamp's Smart Solution can Increase Engagement in the Swedish Energy Transition." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-448395.
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Efforts to combat climate change through limiting our greenhouse gas emissions (GHG),is the main driver of the energy transition and entail strategies to decarbonize the energy sector. However, these strategies come with various social and technical challenges whichare important to address, especially regarding emerging consumer participation in the system as producers and consumers i.e., prosumers. The aim of this study is to investigate how smart technical solutions can be better diffused to improve participation of consumers in the energy transition through building knowledge and direct engagement as prosumers. Similarly, this study aims to investigate if there is potential for such smart technical solutions to help improve social acceptance of renewables and smart meter devices which also support “prosumerism”, through exploring Ferroamp, and its unique smart solution modular system as an example in the Swedish context. This study conducted three qualitative interviews, one with a solar seller who acts as a representative and interacts with a large consumer base as well as 2 customers of the Ferroamp system. These interviews led to conclusions regarding the opportunity of smart solutions to facilitate greater knowledge and participation in the Swedish Energy Transition; however, key challenges regarding technological awareness and economic knowledge of the consumer base remain, which has implications for actors trying to increase smart technology penetration in Sweden. Therefore, this study highlights the importance of increasing consumers’ technological awareness and better communicating economic benefits if we are to increase consumer acceptance, participation, and engagement in the energy transition moving forward.
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Spitilli, Ludovico. "Optimization models for optimal battery operation in Swiss energy communities: the Lugaggia case." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25692/.
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The next 30 years are going to be crucial for the future of climate in Europe and in the world: the globally increase of the population and the rise of the energy demand to guarantee higher life-standards, while keeping carbon-emissions low, are pushing the road of the Paris-agreement goals towards challenging paths.
A massive and never-seen before green revolution is nedeed as well as the commitment of all the policy-makers involved to be on track with these goals.
Europe can be considered the pioneer of this green revolution since at the heart of its Climate-Energy strategy, i.e. the Green Deal, there is a large economic investment (1/3 of the 1.8 trillion euros investments from the NextGenerationEU Recovery Plan and the EU’s seven-year budget) and a more ambitious program in the short term like an improvement of 32.5% in energy efficiency and a 32% share for Renewable Energy by 2030 .
The legislative acts to reach these targets are contained in the Clean Energy Package. It can be considered the EU's "energy rulebook" and it's based on 3 key pillars: energy efficiency, renewable energy generation and the new role of consumers in a greener society.
In this contest, there is a legislative support for collective energy actions and citizens’ active participation in energy markets through the definition of Energy Communities.
This thesis aims to describe the role of Energy Communities in Europe with a particular focus to Switzerland.
In chapter 1 the regulatory framework will be introduced, followed in chapter 2 by the different business models that can be implemented. In the 3rd chapter, the Lugaggia energy community, object of study of this thesis, is presented. After a discussion on convex optimization theory in chapter 4, the algorithms used to reach an optimal economical operation of the energy community are introduced in chapter 5. In the end, chapter 6, the results are analyzed and discussed.
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Araújo, Marcel Ayres de. "Metodologia baseada em medidas dispersas de tensão e árvores de decisão para localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição modernos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18153/tde-20112017-103816/.
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Nos sistemas de distribuição, a grande ramificação, radialidade, heterogeneidade, dinâmica das cargas e demais particularidades, impõem dificuldades à localização de faltas, representando um desafio permanente na busca por melhores indicadores de continuidade e confiabilidade no fornecimento de energia elétrica. A regulação incisiva dos órgãos do setor, a penetração de geração distribuída e a tendência de modernização trazida pelas redes inteligentes, demandam detalhados estudos para readequação dos sistemas elétricos a conjuntura atual. Neste contexto, esta tese propõe o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para localização de faltas em sistemas de distribuição empregando a capacidade dos medidores inteligentes de monitoramento e de aquisição de tensão em diferentes pontos da rede elétrica. A abordagem proposta baseia-se na estimação, por ferramentas de aprendizado de máquina, das impedâncias de sequência zero e positiva entre os pontos de alocação dos medidores inteligentes e de ocorrência de falta, e do estado de sensibilização destes medidores frente a correntes de falta. Assim, calculando-se as respectivas distâncias elétricas em função das impedâncias estimadas e definidas as direções das mesmas em relação a topologia da rede, busca-se identificar o ponto ou área com maior sobreposição de distâncias elétricas como o local ou a região de maior probabilidade da falta em relação aos medidores inteligentes. Para tanto, faz-se uso combinado de ferramentas convencionais e inteligentes pela aplicação dos conceitos de análise de sistemas elétricos, diagnóstico dos desvios de tensão, e classificação de padrões por meio da técnica de aprendizado de máquina denominada Árvore de Decisão. Os resultados obtidos pela aplicação desta metodologia demonstram que o uso de informações redundantes fornecidas pelos medidores inteligentes minimiza os erros de estimação. Além disso, para a maior parte dos casos testados o erro absoluto máximo de localização da falta se concentra entre 200 m e 1000 m, o que reduz a busca pelo local de ocorrência da falta pelas equipes de manutenção da rede elétrica.In distribution systems, the dense branching, radial pattern, heterogeneity, dynamic of the loads, and other characteristics create several difficulties in defining the fault location, representing a great challenge in the search for better continuity and reliability indicators of the electrical energy supply. The intense government regulations, the increasing use of distributed generation, and the trend towards modernization via smart grids require a detailed study in order to upgrade the current systems. In this context, this thesis proposes a methodology development for fault location in distribution systems with the use of smart meters monitors and the acquisition of voltage at different points in the electrical network. The proposed method is based on the estimation, using machine learning, of the state of awareness of smart meters across the fault currents and of the zero and positive sequence impedance between the location of these meters and of the fault occurrence. Therefore, by calculating the electrical distances as a function of the estimated impedances and defining its the direction in relation to the network topology, the point/region with the biggest superposition of the electrical distances can be assigned as the point/region with the highest probability of fault occurrence in relation to the smart probes. For this purpose, a machine learning technique named decision tree is used to apply concept analyses to the electrical systems, diagnosis of voltage deviations, and pattern recognition of the electrical systems. The results obtained by the application of this methodology demonstrate that the use of redundant information provided by the smart meters minimizes estimation errors. In addition, for most of the cases tested, the maximum absolute error of the fault location is concentrated between 200 m and 1000 m, which reduces the search for the fault location by the maintenance teams of the electrical network.
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BARBOSA, Pedro Yóssis Silva. "Preservando a privacidade de Smart Grids através de adição de ruído." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2014. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1367.
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Capes
Companhias de energia começaram a substituir os medidores de energia tradicionais pelos Smart Meters, que podem transmitir valores de consumo para as companhias em curtos intervalos de tempo. Com uma insfraestrutura de Smart Meters, existem muitas motivações para as concessionárias de energia coletarem dados de consumo em alta resolução. Entretanto, isto implica em informações bastante detalhadas sobre os consumidores sendo monitoradas. Consequentemente, um problema sério precisa ser resolvido: como preservar a privacidade dos consumidores sem afetar a prestação de certos serviços pelas concessionárias? Claramente, este é um tradeoff entre privacidade e utilidade. Existem diversas abordagens para preservar a privacidade, porém muitas delas afetam a utilidade dos dados ou possuem um alto custo computacional. Neste trabalho, nós propomos e avaliamos uma abordagem computacionalmente barata que preserva a privacidade e utilidade dos dados através de adição de ruído. Para validar a privacidade, nós avaliamos possíveis ataques (tal como Monitoramento Não-Intrusivo de Carga de Eletrodomésticos - NIALM, do inglês Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring) utilizando dados reais de consumidores. Para validar a utilidade, nós avaliamos a influência da abordagem em vários benefícios que podem ser providos com o uso de Smart Meters.
Power providers have started replacing traditional electricity meters for Smart Meters, which can transmit power consumption levels to the provider within short intervals. With a Smart Metering infrastructure, there are many motivations for power providers to collect highresolution data of electricity usage from consumers. However, this implies in very detailed information about the consumers being monitored. Consequently, a serious issue needs to be addressed: how to preserve the privacy of consumers but making the provision of certain services still possible? Clearly, this is a tradeoff between privacy and utility. There are several approaches for privacy preserving, but many of them affect the data usefulness or are computationally expensive. In this work, we propose and evaluate a lightweight approach for privacy and utility based on the addition of noise. To validate the privacy, we evaluate possible attacks (such as a NIALM - Non-Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring) using real consumers' data. To validate the utility, we analyze the influence of the approach in various benefits that can be provided through the use of Smart Meters.
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Lewandowski, Samantha Whitney. "Consumer Engagement With Efficient And Renewable Energy Technology: Case Studies On Smart Meter Utilization And Support For A Community Anaerobic Biodigester System In Vermont." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2018. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/859.
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Residential electricity consumption in the United States has many adverse impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions, dependence on fossil fuels, and costs. Efficient and renewable energy technologies have the potential to help mitigate some of these impacts, but appear to be under-utilized in the United States. One major barrier to expanding the deployment of these kinds of technologies and maximizing the benefits they can provide is a lack of consumer engagement. The overall purpose of this thesis is to better understand the extent to which efficient and renewable energy technologies are being engaged with and what factors may influence such engagement (or lack thereof) through case studies on smart meters and a community anaerobic digester system (CADS) in Vermont. In this thesis, engagement involves awareness, support, and utilization. Additionally, a subset of awareness (a precursor to awareness for many) was examined in each of these studies, which is interest in receiving additional information on the technology. While each case study focuses on different aspects of engagement that are unique to each smart meters and CADS, there is some overlap on the topics explored, especially when it comes to awareness of the technology, potential concerns about the technology, and interest in receiving additional information on it.
The focus of the first study is on how efficiently smart meters have been utilized by residential electricity customers in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a statewide telephone survey in Vermont and involved a sample that was statistically representative of the state. These data were analyzed via quantitative analysis. The focus of the second study is on local support of a CADS in Vermont and what factors may influence this. This study was conducted via a mailout survey to houses located in or near the area where the community anaerobic digester was located, and the data were analyzed via quantitative and qualitative analysis.
In both studies, limitations to engagement with the technologies were found. In the smart meter study, less than 50% of the surveyed customers reported having a smart meter and, for those who did report having a smart meter, less than 20% of them thought that the smart meter had reduced their electricity use. In the CADS study, 52.1% of respondents reported being familiar with the CADS project, and 69.8% reported support for the project. However, other forms of support for the project, such as WTP for the Cow Power program or willingness to drop of food scraps to the CADS, were more limited. Additionally, a variety of demographic and other factors were found to have a statistically significant impact on or relationship to consumer engagement with these technologies. Overall, the results show that there is some engagement with these technologies, but more can be done to bolster engagement with them. One potential strategy to increase engagement with these technologies may be to tailor outreach according to factors that correspond to different levels of engagement. It is hoped that the results from these studies can be used to help improve consumer engagement with these and other efficient and renewable energy technologies, thus hopefully expanding their utilization and benefits they can provide in the process.
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Rydman, Allan. "Sammanställning och fördjupning av begreppet Smarta elnät: En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-90352.
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I dagsläget har världen en stadigt växande befolkning och där igenom en stadigt växande energiförbrukning. Med en växande energiförbrukning har det under de senaste åren uppenbarats diskussioner rörande samhällets hållbarhet och miljöpåverkan. Samtidigt sker det en kontinuerlig teknikutveckling och människan är mer beroende av konstant elförsörjning än någonsin tidigare. Teknologiska framsteg, tillsammans med önskan att sträva mot ett mer hållbart samhälle med hög elleveranssäkerhet, har mynnat ett begrepp kallat smarta elnät. Till följd av att elnätet involverar en stor bransch råder det delad mening över vad som utgör ett smart elnät. Detta har lett till uppkomsten av olika definitioner och modeller av konceptet. I syfte att skapa en övergripande uppfattning har en litteraturstudie utförts för att sammanställa de huvudsakliga områden som utgör det smarta elnätet. För att skapa denna överblick har ett förslag på en övergripande definition framtagits enligt följande: Ett smart elnät är nästa steg i elnätets fortgående utveckling som sker till följd av samhällets ökande förlitlighet på konstant elförsörjning och önskan att begränsa människans miljöpåverkan. Målet är att med hjälp av kostnadseffektiva tekniska lösningar, effektiv teknik och ekonomiska drivkrafter främja införandet av ytterligare förnyelsebar elproduktion, en ökad elanvändning och ett effektivare utnyttjande av elnätet – ett elnät med låga förluster, hög elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet med elkunder som är mer medvetna och delaktiga i sin elförbrukning än förr. Utifrån denna definition kan man summera smarta elnät till att omfatta två huvudsakliga intressen för samhället – hållbarhet och en ökad leveranssäkerhet. I framtiden förväntas därför elnätet hantera vidare utbredning av förnyelsebar elproduktion och en ökad elanvändning. För att möta denna förväntan har det dels konstaterats att nätkapaciteten behöver öka. Det har visats att en ökad nätkapacitet kan nås genom både tekniska lösningar som energilagring och effektivare komponenter men också icke-tekniska lösningar som politiska drivkrafter och incitament för elkunder att sänka sin maxförbrukning och elförbrukning i överlag i form av efterfrågeflexibilitet. I dagsläget finns inga uppenbara incitament för detta och det anses att reformer på vissa delar av elmarknaden kommer att krävas för att främja utvecklingen mot ett hållbart smart elnät. Samtidigt förväntas elnätet förse kunder med högre elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet. Dagens elnät utgörs av många långlivade och, i många fall, gamla komponenter och investeringar kommer att behöva göras i moderna skyddssystem och kommunikationsnätverk i sinom tid ifall man vill uppnå nya förväntningar. Därtill förväntas det smarta elnätet omfatta olika typer av kommunikationsnätverk inom skyddssystem, övervakning och mätning. Därför har också information rörande relevanta kommunikationsprotokoll, -medier och -nätverk summerats där olika egenskaper lämpar sig för olika tillämpningar.Currently the world has a steadily growing population and therefore steadily growing need of energy. With a growing need of energy, discussions regarding society’s sustainability and environmental impact have risen. At the same time modern technology has resulted in society being more dependent on a constant power supply than ever before. Technological advances, together with the desire to become a more sustainable society with high availability of power, have yielded a concept known as the smart grid. Due to the power grid being a huge industry there’s a divided perception regarding what a smart grid constitutes. This has resulted in the appearance of different definitions and models of the concept. Therefore a literary study was done with the purpose of creating an overall perception of the main aspects of the smart grid. To create this overview a proposed definition has been developed that describes the smart grid as mainly sustainable and available. The smart grid is the next step of the power grid’s ongoing development in response to society’s increasing reliability of a constant power supply and the wish for decreasing man’s environmental impact. With cost efficient technical solutions, efficient technology and economic forces the goal is to promote introduction of additional renewable electricity production, increased electricity utilization and a more efficient use of the power grid – a power grid with low losses, high power quality and availability with end-users that are more aware and involved in their power consumption than before. Based on this definition the smart grid can be summarized as two main interests for society – sustainability and a higher reliability. In the future the power grid is expected to cope with an increased introduction of renewable electricity production and an increased use of electrical applications. It has been concluded that the grid capacity has to increase in order to meet these expectations. It’s been shown that an increase in grid capacity can be achieved through technical solutions as energy storage and more efficient electrical components but also through non-technical solutions as political forces and incentives for end-users to lower their peak consumption and overall electricity consumption through demand response. At present there are no clear incentives for this and it’s considered that there is a need for reform of certain parts of the electricity market to promote the development towards a sustainable smart grid. The power grid is also expected to supply end-users with a higher power quality and reliability. The power grid of today consists of long lived and, in many cases, old components and investments in modern protection systems and communication networks are required in due time to meet new expectations. In addition, the smart grid is expected to include different types of communication network within protection systems, monitoring and metering. Information was therefore summarized regarding relevant communication protocols, media and networks where different properties are suitable for different applications.
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Fogl, Jiří. "Analýza spotřeby vody v areálu FAST VUT Brno." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371840.
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The subject of the diploma thesis is the analysis of water consumption in the area of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology. The main part of the thesis deals with the analysis of the measured data, which are recorded using a data logger located on the VF2 billing water meter. The processing of consumption curves is focused on individual working days, for days with or without instruction. From the results of the individual analyzes, maximum hourly limits are set for signaling of undesirable sampling states. In the end, the Smart Water Meters principle is introduced in the Czech Republic and abroad and a technical solution for the replacement of all billing water meters in the FAST area with new smart meters has been made.
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Bennani, Mohamed. "Smarter technologies towards Greener Homes : A Human-Centred Approach." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-73758.
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Advances in technology continuously reshape habits, behaviours and interactions at individual, organisational and societal levels. Information and Communication technology (ICT) is pervasive, and is the bearer of crucial information, analysis and responses to the recipient. It assists in processes such as understanding phenomena and taking appropriate action. It also provides communication means, platforms and tools to interact with one another. In the United Kingdom’s (UK) Energy industry, smart meters are currently being deployed by energy suppliers to their customers. These are presented as a revolutionary device that supports a more efficient energy use at home and/or in the workplace, and helps customers save on their energy bill and reduce carbon footprint. Using interpretivist phenomenological Human-centred qualitative research, The thesis work explores the impact of using smart meter devices, as perceived by UK customers, in helping to monitor, use and manage energy consumption at home. Also, the study looks into alternative technology and customers’ expectations in the context of energy efficiency. And finally, the principles of a design is presented to respond to customers demands and desires. Passive participant observation, Future workshop and inspiration cards session are the methods and techniques applied in this research to collect data. The findings constitute good grounds for individual consumers to be aware of the opportunities made available by alternative technology. At organisational level it is a basis for energy suppliers to change their behaviour towards a changing demand and adapt by switching their core business to supplying Information and analysis as well as energy efficiency management solutions. At societal level government bodies and regulating agencies can tackle sustainability and green energy issues by controlling the profit driven character of privatised energy companies and responding to real market demand as perceived by consumers. Emerging technologies present opportunities that have the capabilities of breaking the status quo of energy supply industry in the UK as well as the rest of world. The value of this research is to show customers’ perceived reality and expectations, as well as opportunities to change the way energy is supplied and consumed.
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Aketi, Venkata Sesha Praneeth. "Prices in Wholesale Electricity Markets and Demand Response." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1388765872.
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Runa, Erik. "Användning av smarta mätare som driftövervakare i lågspänningsnät." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för elektronikkonstruktion, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-34292.
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I detta examensarbete utreds möjligheten att med hjälp av nya smarta elmätare få en ökad inblick i elkvalitén i elnäten samt att ge nätägare möjligheten att automatiskt eller via fjärrsignal koppla bort solcellsanläggningar i de fall de orsakar dålig elkvalité. Motiveringen till studien har varit att en ökad utbyggnad av solcellsanläggningar med tilhörande växelriktare och en trolig framtida ökning av snabbladdare och andra olinjära laster i näten ökar utmaningen för elnätsföretag att klara gällande krav på elkvalité. Samtidigt har utvecklingen av elmätare gjort att de idag har många funktioner som elnätsföretag kan dra nytta av på sätt som tidigare inte varit möjligt. Studien inleddes med en litteratur-studie där information om vad elmätare idag är kapabla till togs fram. Ett praktiskt test genomfördes på en solcellsanläggning där en elmätare installerades och konfigurerades att koppla bort solcellerna vid över-spänning. Studien har visat att smarta elmätare bör kunna användas som ett långsammare, sekundärt skydd som kopplar bort solceller i de fall som växelriktarna brister i sina säkerhetsfunktioner. Elmätarna kommer också kunna ge nätägare en mängd intressant information om elkvalitén.In this thesis the possibility for smart meters to give utility companies an increased knowledge about the power quality in the grid has been investigated. During the investigation the possibility to use smart meters to automatically or by remote control disconnect solar power units in case of poor power quality caused by the production units has also been researched. The motivation to perform the study was that a future increase in distributed generation, rapid chargers for electric vehicles and other non-linear loads will make it harder for utility companies to meet the demands concerning power quality. At the same time electricity meters has developed over time and are today capable of providing grid operators with functions that has not been possible in the past. The first part of the study focused on obtaining information about what smart meters are capable of today through a literary study. A practical test was conducted on a solar power unit where a smart meter was installed and configured to automatically disconnect the solar power unit in case of over voltage. The study has shown that smart meters could be used as a slower, secondary protection that disconnects the solar power units in cases where the solar inverters safety functions fails. The smart meters will also be able to give grid operators a large amount of information about the power quality in the grid.
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Gerossier, Alexis. "Short-term forecasting of electricity demand of smart homes and distribution grids." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM056.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la prévision à court terme de la demande électrique d’une maison intelligente et des réseaux de distribution. Les données mesurées par les compteurs intelligents permettent de caractériser la demande électrique à l’échelle d’une maison et de la comparer à la demande régionale, pour étudier notamment l’effet de foisonnement. Cette analyse permet de développer des modèles de prévision de cette demande. Ces modèles sont de nature statistique et font usage de méthodes d’apprentissage automatique. Un soin particulier est porté à la sélection de variables d’entrée pertinentes. Afin d’être déployés dans un environnement opérationnel, les modèles doivent faire preuve de réplicabilité : fonctionnement autonome, aptitude à s’adapter à de multiple situations, et robustesse face aux données erronées. Plusieurs produits de prévision sont développés et évalués avec plusieurs jeux de données : des prévisions probabilistes à différentes résolutions, et des scénarios journaliers de la demande. Enfin, les habitudes relatives à un usage électrique particulier, à savoir le chargement d’une batterie de véhicule électrique, sont modélisées pour produire des scénarios prédictifs de la demande de cet usage spécifiqueThis thesis is devoted to the short-term forecasting of electricity demand of smart homes and distribution grids. The household demand data provided by smart meters is analyzed to characterize the electricity demand at the local scale and compared to this at the regional scale, so as to examine the aggregation effect. This thorough analysis enables the designing of models that forecast the future demand. The models make use of advanced statistical tools and machine-learning techniques. The inputs are selected with special care for their relevancy to the household demand. To be deployed in an operational environment, the models must be replicable: low to no maintenance, adaptability to various situations, and robustness to the lack of data. Several demand forecasting products are developed and compared to actual datasets: probabilistic forecasts at different temporal and spatial resolutions, and daily demand scenarios. Finally, the habits related to a domestic appliance, namely the charging of an electric vehicle battery, are modeled in order to generate forecasting scenarios of the appliance demand
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Hammarstron, Júlia Rambo. "Instalação de medidores inteligentes: uma análise de confiabilidade na rede de distribuição de energia." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8598.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorPower outages can cause great harm to consumers, especially for commerce and industry. Therefore, it is important that the utilities attend the emergency occurences as fast as possible. In this context, it is done an avaliation of the reduction of the time of the emergency occurences after the exchange of conventional meters for smart meters. These meters provide instant information of the conditions of the distribution network, including the outages. The utility is immediately informed about the outage of energy, getting through this the exact location of the defect. Therefore, the exchange of the meters provides a reduction of the fault location time, with consequent reduction of the time of attendance of occurrences, whose values are monitored by the brazilian Electric Agency. As a consequence of this reduction, there is a reduction of individual continuity índex Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI), equivalent índex "System Average Interruption Duration Index" (SAIDI) and Expected Energy Not Supplied (EENS). This paper analyze the reduction of SAIDI and EENS in a distributor of Brazil, using scenarios of exchange of meters defined by Monte Carlo Method (MCM). The results demonstrate a reduction in SAIDI and EENS, but possibly the location where the search was conducted contributed to this reduction was not as significant as expected.
Interrupções de energia podem ocasionar grandes prejuízos aos consumidores, especialmente para o comércio e indústria. Por isso, torna-se importante que as concessionárias realizem o atendimento as ocorrências emergenciais de forma mais rápida possível. Nesse contexto, é realizada a avaliação da redução do tempo de atendimento as ocorrências emergenciais através da troca de medidores convencionais por medidores inteligentes. Esses medidores proporcionam a informação instantânea das condições da rede de distribuição, inclusive no que se refere a interrupções de energia. Através dos novos medidores, a concessionária é informada imediatamente sobre a falta de energia, obtendo através disso a localização exata do defeito ocorrido na rede de baixa tensão (BT). Portanto, a troca de medidores proporciona a redução do tempo de localização do defeito, com consequente redução do tempo de atendimento às ocorrências, cujos valores são fiscalizados pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL). Como consequência dessa redução, tem-se a redução do indicador de continuidade individual - Duração Individual por Unidade Consumidora (DIC) - e coletivo - Duração Equivalente por Unidade Consumidora (DEC) ambos limitados pela ANEEL. Além disso, ocorre redução da Energia Não Distribuída (END). Este trabalho realiza a análise de redução de DEC e END em uma Concessionária de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica do interior do Rio Grade do Sul, através de cenários de trocas de medidores definidos pelo Método de Monte Carlo (MMC). Os resultados demonstram que há redução de DEC e END, mas que possivelmente o local onde foi realizada a pesquisa colaborou para que essa redução não fosse tão significativa.
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Escobar, Sebastian. "Essays on inheritance, small businesses and energy consumption." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Nationalekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-320724.
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Essay 1: People’s planning to evade the inheritance tax curtails its merits. However, the extent of planning remains a matter of argument. According to popular belief, it is widespread, but few estimates have been presented. This study estimates the extent of estate size under-reporting, a form of inheritance tax planning, using the repeal of the Swedish tax on spousal bequests, in 2004, and a regression discontinuity design. The results show that, on average, estate sizes were 17 percent lower, and the share of estates that completely escaped tax payments was 26 percent larger due to under-reporting. As a consequence, government revenues from the tax were only half of what they would have been without under-reporting. Moreover, preferences and means for under-reporting were not only prevalent among the wealthy, but also among those receiving relatively small inheritances. The study contributes to a growing literature on tax avoidance and evasion by estimating the extent of estate size under-reporting, its effect on government revenues and by showing that it was widespread in the population.Essay 2: There is an ongoing debate about whether or not inheritance and estate taxes are effective in raising revenues and in contributing to a more equal society. The different views on transfer taxes are largely dependent on beliefs about whether people plan their wealth to avoid these taxes. In this paper, we follow Kopczuk (2007) and study people's planning response to the onset of terminal illness. An extension of Kopczuk’s work is that we can effectively control for responses in wealth caused by terminal illness but unrelated to tax planning. We do this by exploiting a tax reform in Sweden that removed the incentives for people to plan their estates to avoid inheritance taxation. We find some evidence of long-term terminal illness inducing responses consistent with tax planning, but that these are not widespread or efficient enough to reduce the overall tax burden in the study population. Our results, similarly to those of Kopczuk, show that people appear to postpone some decisions about their estates until shortly before death.
Essay 3: Small businesses form an essential part of all economies, making it necessary to understand the conditions under which they operate. This paper contributes to that understanding by studying how survival, income and profits of small businesses change when their owners receive inheritances. Using a difference-in-differences strategy and Swedish registry data on small businesses and estate reports, it is shown that survival rates increase with almost three percentage points when the owners receive inheritances of, on average, SEK 275,000. However, the profits of the surviving small businesses and the income of their owners do not increase, indicating that the inheritance did not increase survival by making investments possible, investments to increase profits and income, but by enabling small business owners of lower ability to subsist. The study contributes to the literature on the conditions for small businesses by providing causal evidence on the effect of increased access to capital among existing businesses. It thereby complements the rich literature on the role of capital for small business start-ups.
Essay 4: This article shows that a simple monetary incentive can dramatically reduce electric energy consumption (EEC) in the residential sector and simultaneously achieve a more desirable allocation of EEC costs. The analyses are based on data from a policy experiment conducted in 2011 and 2012 by a private housing company in about 1,800 apartments. Roughly 800 of the tenants (treatment group) were subject to a change from having unlimited EEC included in their rent to having to pay the market price for their own EEC. This change was achieved by installing EEC meters in each apartment. Tenants in the other 1,000 apartments (control group) experienced no policy change and were subject to apartment-level billing and metering during the entire study period. Using a quasiexperimental research design and daily data on EEC from 2007 to 2015, we estimate that apartment-level billing and metering permanently reduce EEC by about 25%. Moreover, we show that households reduce EEC immediately after being informed that they will be billed for EEC, the reduction is larger when the production cost is higher, and the reduction in EEC comes almost exclusively from households with very high EEC before the policy change. Finally, we show that apartment-level billing and metering are cost-effective, with a cost per reduced kilowatt hour of US$0.01, and for each invested dollar, the social value of reductions in air pollution, including CO2 emissions, is $2.
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Chang, Shuai, Andy Gee, Benjamin Ramos, Kyle Province, Dan Harcourt, and Matthew Hendrick. "Smart Grid Impedance Meter." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/297527.
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Texas Instruments has been developing Power Line Communication (PLC) technology to provide a form of communication for worldwide applications. By utilizing power grids within an infrastructure, it is possible to transmit a signal through the existing power lines such as a network would. Transmission of data within the electrical grid proves to be inherently noisy, thus compromising any information that is sent over the network. In order to provide a reliable platform of communication, frequency and impedance variation needs to be analyzed in order to provide proper development into PLC solutions. Within the scope of this project an analytical tool was developed to provide engineers with a method to determine impedance and frequency variations. Analysis and testing has been conducted to ensure the device satisfies the design requirements.
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Joachain, Hélène. "Complementary Currencies and Environmental Sustainability." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/256976.
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The overarching question of this dissertation is in what ways complementary currencies (CC) systems can contribute to environmental sustainability from an institutional and ecological economics perspective. More particularly, the research focuses on household energy consumption, as it is an important target for policy makers in the EU. The first three chapters focus on the emerging trend of using CC systems as top-down instruments for environmental sustainability. Our findings relate to developing a taxonomy of these systems, designing new top-down CC systems adapted to the context of energy savings in the household sector, exploring the influence of these new systems on the quality of motivation in the light of Self-Determination Theory and investigating the acceptability and effectiveness of these systems. In the fourth and last chapter of this dissertation, we approach our research question from a bottom-up angle and, using an inductive methodology, we explore how community currencies could act as an organising instrument capable of helping cohousing communities achieve their energy-efficiency potential. Finally, we conclude by highlighting our contributions regarding the structure and important features of these systems, how they can be used in an ecological economics paradigm, and how they can set rules for collective action in an institutional perspective.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kelly, Daniel. "Disaggregation of domestic smart meter energy data." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/49452.
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Many countries are rolling out smart electricity meters. A smart meter measures the aggregate energy consumption of an entire building. However, appliance-by-appliance energy consumption information may be more valuable than aggregate data for a variety of uses including reducing energy demand and improving load forecasting for the electricity grid. Electricity disaggregation algorithms – the focus of this thesis – estimate appliance-by-appliance electricity demand from aggregate electricity demand. This thesis has three main goals: 1) to critically evaluate the benefits of energy disaggregation; 2) to develop tools to enable rigorous disaggregation research; 3) to advance the state of the art in disaggregation algorithms. The first part of this thesis explores whether disaggregated energy feedback helps domestic users to reduce energy consumption; and discusses threats to the NILM. Evidence is collected, summarised and aggregated by means of a critical, systematic review of the literature. Multiple uses for disaggregated data are discussed. Our review finds no robust evidence to support the hypothesis that current forms of disaggregated energy feedback are more effective than aggregate energy feedback at reducing energy consumption in the general population. But the absence of evidence does not necessarily imply the absence of any beneficial effect of disaggregated feedback. The review ends with a discussion of ways in which the effectiveness of disaggregated feedback may be increased and a discussion of opportunities for new research into the effectiveness of disaggregated feedback. We conclude that more social science research into the effects of disaggregated energy feedback is required. This motivates the remainder of the thesis: to enable cost-effective research into the effects of disaggregated feedback, we work towards developing robust NILM algorithms and software. The second part of this thesis describes three tools and one dataset developed to enable disaggregation research. The first of these tools is a novel, low-cost data collection system, which records appliance-by-appliance electricity demand every six seconds and records the whole-home voltage and current at 16 kHz. This system enabled us to collect the UK’s first and only high-frequency (kHz) electricity dataset, the UK Disaggregated Appliance-Level Electricity dataset (UK-DALE). Next, to help the disaggregation community to conduct open, rigorous,repeatable research, we collaborated with other researchers to build the first open-source dissaggregation framework, NILMTK. NILMTK has gained significant traction in the community,both in terms of contributed code and in terms of users. The third tool described in this thesis is a metadata schema for disaggregated energy data. This schema was developed to make it easier for researchers to describe their own datasets and to reduce the effort required to import datasets. The third part of this thesis describes our effort to advance the state of the art in disaggregation algorithms. Three disaggregation approaches based on deep learning are discussed: 1) a form of recurrent neural network called ‘long short-term memory’ (LSTM); 2) denoising autoencoders; and 3) a neural network which regresses the start time, end time and average power demand of each appliance activation. The disaggregation performance was measured using seven metrics and compared to two ‘benchmark’ algorithms from NILMTK: combinatorial optimisation and factorial hidden Markov models. To explore how well the algorithms generalise to unseen houses,the performance of the algorithms was measured in two separate scenarios: one using test data from a house not seen during training and a second scenario using test data from houses which were seen during training. All three neural nets achieve better F1 scores (averaged over all five appliances) than either benchmark algorithm. The neural net algorithms also generalise well to unseen houses.
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Narasimhan, Sneha. "Smart meter prototype for a low voltage network." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektro- och systemteknik (EES), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-199330.
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