Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smart Parking System'

Master of Science
Department of Computing and Information Sciences
Daniel A. Andresen
Locating a parking spot during peak hours in most populated areas like shopping malls, universities, exhibitions or convention centers is difficult for the drivers. The difficulty rises from not knowing where the available spots may be at that required time. Smart parking is a solution to metropolitan cities to reduce congestion, cut vehicle emission totals and save persons' time by helping them in finding a spot to park. Smart Parking is a parking system, usually a new one that is equipped with special structured devices (things) to detect the available parking slots at any parking area. This is an application based on Internet of Things (IoT) that in Real-Time environment have sensors and devices embedded into parking spaces, transmitting data on the occupancy status; and the vehicle drivers can search for parking availability using their mobile phones or any infotainment system that is attached to the vehicle. Hence the driver would know where there is an available spot to park his vehicle in less time, reducing the energy consumption and air pollution. The Client or the sensor posts the parking slot occupancy status to a web service URL. The Java based web service is built using Spring and Hibernate to connect to the backend system. The web service (.war) file is deployed on Apache Tomcat Server and the backend used is MySQL database.

Au cours de la dernière décennie, la technologie Internet des objets (IoT) a révolutionné presque tous les domaines de la vie quotidienne et a dynamisé les villes intelligentes. Les villes intelligentes utilisent la technologie IoT pour collecter divers types de données de capteurs, puis les utilisent pour offrir diverses applications. Comme les applications des villes intelligentes sont utilisées par les citoyens, donc leur fournir des services de recommandation personnalisés en fonction de leurs préférences, de leurs localisations et de leurs profils ainsi que l'exploitation des données IoT (par exemple, la congestion du trafic et l'occupation du parking) est d'une grande importance qui pourrait être fournie par un recommandateur IoT. Cependant, comme le recommandateur IoT utilise les données privées des citoyens (profils, préférences et habitudes, par exemple), il viole la vie privée des utilisateurs car il pourrait suivre les routines et les habitudes des utilisateurs en analysant la base de données historique ou en analysant les services de recommandation réguliers qu'il offre. Par conséquent, il est important de préserver la confidentialité des utilisateurs du programme de recommandation IoT. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons un nouveau système de recommandation IoT préservant la confidentialité pour les villes intelligentes, qui fournit des recommandations en exploitant les données IoT des capteurs et en tenant compte de diverses métriques. Notre approche est organisée en trois parties. Tout d'abord, nous développons un système de recommandation IoT conforme au règlement européen sur la protection des données (GDPR) pour les systèmes de stationnement intelligent. Ces systèmes fournissent des recommandations sur les emplacements et les itinéraires de stationnement en exploitant les données des capteurs de stationnement et de circulation. Par conséquence, nous proposons d’abord une approche pour la cartographie des capteurs de trafic avec les coordonnées d’itinéraires afin d’analyser les conditions de trafic (par exemple le niveau de congestion) sur les routes. Ensuite, nous avons mis en place un dispositif de recommandation IoT. Le recommandateur IoT a été intégré au scénario d'utilisation du stationnement intelligent d'un projet H2020 EU-KR WISE-IoT et a été évalué par les citoyens de Santander, en Espagne, à l'aide d'un prototype. De plus, nous développons un recommendateur IoT pour le ski intelligent qui fournit des itinéraires de ski comprenant des types de pistes spécifiques, ainsi que la piste la plus proche. Pour les itinéraires de ski, il n’existe aucun moteur de calcul stable. Par conséquent, un nouveau moteur de routage pour les itinéraires de ski a été développé. Ce travail a également été intégré dans le cas d'utilisation du ski intelligent du projet WISE-IoT. Deuxièmement, bien que le recommandateur IoT développé pour le stationnement intelligent soit conforme au GDPR, il ne protège toutefois pas totalement la vie privée des utilisateurs. En effet, le partage sans discernement des données des utilisateurs avec un système tiers de recommandation de stationnement IoT non approuvé ou semi-fiable provoque une violation de la vie privée. En effet, le comportement et les schémas de mobilité des utilisateurs pouvant être déduits en analysant l'historique de leurs déplacements. Par conséquent, nous préservons la confidentialité des utilisateurs contre le système de recommandation de stationnement tout en analysant leur historique de stationnement en utilisant des techniques de k-anonymat et de confidentialité différentielle. Enfin, étant donné que les applications de villes intelligentes sont développées de manière verticale et ne se parlent pas. Par conséquent, nous avons proposé deux cadres pour les services de recommandation parmi les applications de villes intelligentes utilisant l'IdO social
During the past decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has revolutionized almost all the fields of daily life and has boosted smart cities. Smart cities use IoT technology to collect various types of sensors’ data and then use such data to offer a variety of applications. Since the smart cities’ applications are used by the citizens, therefore providing the customized recommendation services to the citizens based on their preferences, locations and profiles, as well as by exploiting the IoT data (e.g., traffic congestion and parking occupancy) is of great importance which could be provided by an IoT recommender. However, since the IoT recommender utilizes the private data of citizens (e.g., profiles, preferences and habits), it breaches the privacy of the users because the IoT recommender could track the routines and habits of the users by analyzing the historical database or by analyzing the regular recommendation services it offers. Therefore, it is important to preserve the privacy of the users from the IoT recommender. In this thesis, we propose a novel privacy preserving IoT recommender system for smart cities that provides recommendations by exploiting the IoT data of sensors and by considering various metrics. Our approach is organized in three parts. Firstly, we develop an EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-compliant IoT recommender system for smart parking system that provides recommendations of parking spots and routes by exploiting the data of parking and traffic sensors. For this, we first propose an approach for the mapping of traffic sensors with route coordinates in order to analyze the traffic conditions (e.g., the level of congestion) on the roadways and then developed an IoT recommender. The IoT recommender has been integrated into the smart parking use case of an H2020 EU-KR WISE-IoT project and has been evaluated by the citizens of Santander, Spain through a prototype. Additionally, we develop an IoT recommender for smart skiing that provides skiing routes comprised of specific types of slopes, as well as the nearest slope. For skiing routes, there does not exist any stable routing engine. Therefore, a novel routing engine for skiing routes was developed. This work has also been integrated into the smart skiing use case of WISE-IoT project. Secondly, although the developed IoT recommender for smart parking is GDPR-compliant, however, it does not fully protect the privacy of users. Because, an indiscriminately sharing of users’ data with untrusted third-party IoT parking recommender system causes a breach of privacy, as user’s behavior and mobility patterns can be inferred by analyzing the past travelling history of users. Therefore, we preserve privacy of users against parking recommender system while analyzing their past parking history using k-anonymity and differential privacy techniques. Lastly, since the smart cities applications are developed in a vertical manner and do not talk/communicate with each other, i.e., each application is developed for a certain scenario which generally does not share data with other smart cities applications. Therefore, we proposed two frameworks for the recommendation services across smart cities applications using social IoT. Firstly, on how social IoT can be used for the recommendation services across smart cities applications, and secondly, we propose another type of communication of social IoT at a global level, i.e., social cross-domain application-to-application communications, that enables smart cities applications to communicate with each other and establish social relationships between them

Internet of Things, this term became popular over the last few years, but its existence was discovered in the early 2000s. IOT consists of mainly two words,Internet which refers to the collection of vast global network of connected servers, computers, and mobilesusingtheinternationallyusedprotocols.WithInternetonecan send, receive,or communicate the information. Things can have different meaning example a physical object, an action or idea, situation or an activity. In IoT basically there is inter-network of the devices and physical objects.The objects can gather the data at remote locations and communicate to different units. With IoT different things such as wearable, watch, home devices can work smartly and collaborate with sensing, computing.IoT has made advancements in a number of fields such as Transport, Health Care, Smart Parking, Agriculture,Irrigation,Weathermonitoringetc. With continuous growth in the population, there has been an increase in personal and public vehicles.Easy transportation is a basic need in today’s world where time is most precious.So it is really necessary that transportation must be carried out smoothly with fast moving lives of people.Traffic congestion is a major problem leading to delay in transportation and increasing pollution. Car Parking plays a major role in traffic congestion and the parking facilities in urban cities are still unable to improve their facility.Car Parking is a regular and frustrating activity for many people in cities around the world. So due to the traffic congestion and cars waiting to park burns about one million barrels of world’s oil every day[4]. As the worldwide population continues to 5 urbanize without a well-planned,convenient parking management of the vehicle, these issues will get worse.Smart Parking could save 2, 20,000 gallons of fuel by 2030 and approx, according to a study. 3,00,000 gallons of fuel if effectively introduced by 2050[4].Other than wastage of time in searching for parking space,the environment is also affected by the emission of damaging and terrible car gases. This emission by combustion of petrol adulterates the atmosphere with CO2 and other gases.So,it has become a necessity to implement Smart parking System atleast in low air quality and densely polluted areas.Therefore in this report a Smart Parking Management system is introduced. People can search for empty parking spaces beforehand using an android application,resultinginthereductionofwaitingtime,trafficcongestion,pollutionetc.

碩士
樹德科技大學
電腦與通訊系碩士班
106
In order to solve the problem of car search and parking. This paper proposes the IOT smart parking system. First, we use the mobile APP to search the parking information nearby for user. After arriving at the parking lot, we park the vehicle to the parking platform and start the camera to take the license of the car. Then we transfer it to the cloud database. The parking platform drives to an empty parking space that is close to the user by PID tracking technology. We use ZigBee wireless transmission to upload the detected parking status to the cloud database. When the owner comes to take the car, he only needs to enter the license plate number, the system will automatic find the parking position of the vehicle, and the parking vehicle will automatic carry the car to the exit for the owner to use. This paper provides an automatic, efficient and convenient parking system by using the smart parking system of the IOT to improve the search and parking problems of the old parking system.

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Smart parking systems are promising solutions for a set of traffic-related problems in major cities across the world. The goal of those systems is to guide users through paths in which they spend less time, resources, and release fewer greenhouse gases to find a parking spot. To this end, deployers develop Cyber-physical Systems that generally comprise embedded electronics materials, Internet of Things technologies, and Artificial Intelligence concepts. This work combines ESP8266 microcontrollers and Raspberry Pi microprocessors through MQTT communication protocol to implement its architecture, a few possible different options for the actuator are also presented, and a project for the power supply by lowcurrent photovoltaic panels is documented. Therefore, the goal is to work over some options and ideas for the physical implementation of the low-level electronics physical stage of a smart parking Cyber-physical System. The results include validated actuator options, a small photovoltaic generation sizing, and the deployment of a microcontroller routine capable of properly operate as a physical asset controller enabling scalability.
Sistemas de estacionamento inteligentes são soluções promissoras para uma gama de problemas relacionados a tráfego de automóveis em grandes cidades do mundo. O objetivo destes sistemas é guiar seus usuários por caminhos pelos quais os mesmos gastam menos tempo, recursos e liberam menos gases contribuintes para o efeito estufa a fim de encontrar um local de estacionamento. Para este fim, desenvolvedores implementam Sistemas Ciber-físicos que geralmente incluem materiais de eletrônica embebida, tecnologias de Internet das Coisas e conceitos de Inteligência Artificial. Este trabalho combina os microcontroladores ESP8266 e microprocessadores Raspberry Pi pelo protocolo de comunicação MQTT a fim de implementar sua arquitetura definida, também apresenta algumas possíveis opções para a implementação de um atuador e o projeto para suprir o consumo de eletricidade por painéis fotovoltaicos de baixa corrente. Portanto, o objetivo é trabalhar em possíveis opções e ideias para a implementação física da etapa de eletrônica de baixo nível de um Sistema Ciber-físico para estacionamentos inteligentes. Os resultados incluem opções validadas de atuadores, um dimensionamento de geração fotovoltaica de baixa potência e o desenvolvimento de uma rotina para o que o microcontrolador aja como um controlador local e permita escalabilidade.

碩士
淡江大學
資訊工程學系碩士在職專班
100
Recently, Energy Saving and Carbon Reduction have received much attention. A variety of executed construction projects aim at energy saving. In these projects, most energy is consumed for lighting which needs to be mainly improved. For instance, the lights in the parking lot are always turned on whether or not someone is there. Hence, it leads to energy wastage. This paper aims to design an embed-ded control module embedding Octopus X module. The designed control module can automatically control the lights and guide people to their parking space by following the light-path so that manpower and en-ergy consumption can be reduced. The designed module sends control signals through Zigbee network, hence the de-ployment cost can be reduced.

Parking garages have remained fairly outdated even as embedded systems have been introduced virtually everywhere to improve the human existence. Some provide information about whether they are full or not, but that does not offer a better parking experience, it only informs people once they are already there and is inconvenient. This causes people to circle the parking lot numerous times, making the process inefficient and wasteful. The SmartPark parking system fills that gap by providing an automated infrastructure that collects information regarding the availability of parking spaces in a garage. As modern technology grows and expands the connectivity available on automobiles, it would be even possible to interface with the car itself to provide parking information. Each space has an ultrasonic sensor attached to a microcontroller that communicates with a master, who keeps and displays the overall count of spaces available. The purpose of this paper is to provide the capability of dynamically adding and removing slaves, without requiring individual configuration for each slave prior to its deployment. A sequence of communication exchanges will be described in order for a slave to register itself with its master. Through a series of messages, the slave will be able to identify its location and begin reporting the state of its space, and the master will continue to keep track of existing slaves and their states. The result of the research is a protocol that allows successful pairing of a new slave with its master without previous static configuration, which allows an easy deployment of the system without dependence on its original configuration. This functionality will make the system more scalable, allowing the parking system to be extended by connecting new slaves wherever they are needed. It will also make it more maintainable, since slave replacement or relocation will become an easy task. SmartPark can easily be adapted to existing parking structures with only the installation of the master and slave nodes, due to its limited resource requirements. Related work is also discussed and an insight into how this methodology can be used to modernize current automated parking systems is provided.
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Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Smart City uses emerging technologies to improve citizens’ quality of life. A branch of this topic is the Smart Parking, where the parking system implements intelligent mechanisms to simplify to the searching of parking spots and consequently decrease the traffic of cars. This work proposes an architecture using Multi-Agent System (MAS), enhanced with some holonic systems principles, that is capable to be applied to different range of parking systems, e.g., considering trucks, cars, or bicycles. Being a distributed architecture, a special attention is devoted to study the negotiation protocols that will regulate the behavior of autonomous and cooperative actors in the system, namely drivers and parking spots, during allocation process of parking spots to drivers. For this purpose, the Contract Net Protocol (CNP), English Auction, Dutch Auction and Faratin Auction were the tested, being the CNP the selected protocol for this problem. Also addressing the distributed nature of the system, some efforts were focused on the security of the messages exchanged between the agents was proposed using Secure Socket Layer (SSL). The proposed multi-agent systems architecture was implemented using JADE (Java Agent DEvelopment Framework), which is a FIPA-compliant agent development framework that simplifies the development of agent-based applications. The exchange of messages follows the FIPA-ACL protocol using the CNP protocol for the negotiation. The communication between the agents and the User Interface is performed through the use of Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
電子工程系碩士班
106
The purpose of this thesis is to develop an "e-commerce smart parking lot management system with parking space guidance function", which will be applied to the Internet of Things and related technologies that were studied during the period of being the assistant in the National Energy Science and Technology Program. In this system, the application of the smart phone is mainly used to transmit the consumer data to the management system by NFC near-field communication[1][2][3][4] and Wi-Fi, so that the management system can carry out the data through the information database[5] returned by the user to do data comparison, data modification or data update, and use the Raspberry Pi[6][7] or Arduino to operate the parking space management function of the parking lot or the control simulation of related hardware devices, such as: entry and exit fence control parking space occupancy detection. The content of this thesis includes mobile phone application, parking space detection simulation, store consumption amount update simulation, and entrance and exit parking simulation. In addition, since not all models of the currently commercially available Android phones have NFC functions, and the devices using the IOS system have NFC functions, they have not opened up the use rights to develop functions for developers who write IOS programs. Thus, this thesis additionally develops a way to assist the smart phone that cannot use NFC function by scanning the QR Code, so that the user can use the system without being restricted by the function of the mobile phone.

Internet of things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) both are currently in high demand and have a lot of scope in future as well. Nowadays, the concept of smart cities is very popular. IoT is a key player for achieving the idea of smart cities. Many efforts are being made in this sector of IoT for making a better infrastructure of any city. In urban cities, we are also facing many problems like very less parking facility, safety during travelling and congestion of traffic. As the movement of world is very fast and seamless transportation system is not providing by current transport system. People are getting delay due to extra jam on traffic while they are on their own way to work, home or any other places. This is a major reason of fuel burning and time delay. Currently, almost every person who has a vehicle is facing a very serious problem of parking. With proposed IoT solution we can solve these problems more efficiently. In our thesis, we have come up with an algorithm that can help in resolving traffic congestion and making parking system smarter. We have proposed an algorithm for reading car number plate i.e. License Number Plate (LNP) detection based on advanced algorithm for convergence of grey scale image and morphologic effect. We suggested for traffic control, Intersection time deduction advanced techniques with the help of IoT sensors and AI (Fuzzy system). In given time duration number of passed vehicles can be maximized. We have also included Cloud based parking system with the help of IoT, Which uses IoT based module to scan vacant space in parking area. Hereafter, we can work on AI techniques for Vehicle Over speed monitoring, automatically detecting road accident and contact emergency number, an IoT based system for privacy and security of data for Smart parking and improvement in traffic control.

碩士
聖約翰科技大學
資訊與通訊系碩士班
103
In recent years, the development of the mobile phone is from 3G to 4G (LTE), and the features of a mobile phone is more than a small laptop. The smart phone has become an integral part of human life partner. Currently mobile phones are slowly adding NFC functionality. The full name of NFC is Near Field Communication. NFC can freely transform RFID reader (Reader) and labels (Tag) role, so that the phone service has become more diversified. In this paper, in order to achieve the parking lot unattended and NFC small actions payment function, we have developed a set of NFC smart parking management system. The proposed system consists of three subsystems: (1) APP end user interface, (2) Industry monitoring interface, and (3) Parking lights and gate control. In this paper, the proposed system is developed by combining NFC and GCM functions. APP end user interface allows users to query parking information, balances, and recording spaces. Industry monitoring interface, which is designed with HTML, PHP, and JQuery Mobile programming language, let the industry can use a phone or tablet to instantly check parking situation. And let the industry to send messages via instant GCM. At the same time, the industry can add , delete, and modify the join industry to expand operations. When the NFC reader is working, the parking lights and gate control can automatic open or close a gate. The parking lights also can adjust the lighting in the parking lot to achieve automatic power saving features.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
電子工程系研究所
105
With the rapid economic development, urbanization and the improvement of living standards, so that the rapid increase in the number of cars, resulting in inadequate parking space situation, making parking problems more and more peoples attention. At present, the domestic parking lot parking guidance and other research less. Todays main parking guides only provide the number of parking spaces and do not specify the specific location and parking routes, reducing the parking efficiency, spent a lot of time, causing inconvenience. The main research is to develop a feasible parking lot guidance system, the use of global positioning system (Global Positioning System, GPS) positioning parking point, and then by the ultrasound module to determine whether the parking spaces have objects, and then by ZigBee network to the computer, and finally use the A∗ Manhattan algorithm to calculate the entrance to the parking area of the shortest path, and provide users with the best path travel direction. The hardware uses the CC2430 RF chip module from Texas Instruments (TI), which allows the system to be flexible and adaptable when developing designs. Using the ZigBee network to return the value of the ultrasound and parking GPS value to the computer side. Software using Javascript, Javascript can use object-oriented language, you can quickly provide programming interface development; the shortest path to find the use of A∗ Manhattan algorithm for analysis, and finally, can provide users with the direction of travel.

Dupla diplomação com a Universidade Tecnológica e Federal do Paraná - UTFPR
Smart parking systems are a suitable solution to avoid some recurring problems in large cities, such as traffic congestion and air pollution. These systems aim to guide in real time the driver to find free parking spots, in the shortest time possible and as close as possible to the desired location. In this sense, such smart parking constitutes a Cyber-Physical System (CPS) and requires the use of appropriate Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, such as Multi-Agent System (MAS), that allow the incorporation of intelligence into the CPS through autonomous, proactive and cooperative entities. This work presents the development of an agent-based CPS for parking of bicycles, where the interface between the software agents and the low-level control devices plays a fundamental role in the global functioning of the system. For this purpose, different interface practices were implemented and tested to determine which best fits for the current application. Based on the results obtained, an agent-based CPS was implemented, showing an efficient, modular, adaptable and scalable operation.
Os sistemas inteligentes de estacionamento são uma solução adequada para evitar alguns problemas recorrentes nas grandes cidades, como o congestionamento do tráfego e poluição do ar. Esses sistemas visam orientar em tempo real o motorista a encontrar vagas livres de estacionamento, no menor tempo possível e o mais próximo do local desejado. Nesse sentido, um sistema inteligente de estacionamento constitui um sistema ciber-físico e requer a utilização de tecnologias relacionadas a internet das coisas e técnicas de inteligência artificial, como os sistemas multi-agentes, que permitem a incorporação de inteligência através de entidades autônomas, proativas e cooperativas. O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema ciber-físico baseado em agentes para um parque de bicicletas, onde a interface entre agentes de software com dispositivos de controle de baixo nível desempenham um papel fundamental para o funcionamento global do sistema. Para esse propósito, diferentes interfaces práticas foram implementadas e testadas para determinar qual é a mais adequada para a atual aplicação. Baseado nos resultados obtidos, foi implementado um sistema ciber-físico baseado em agentes, mostrando uma operação eficiente, modular, adaptável e escalável.

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Smart parking systems are becoming a solution to recurring issues as the number of vehicles in traffic rises in major cities, which can be related to vehicle traffic congestion, unnecessary time spent searching for parking spots, and, consequently, environmental issues. The purpose of these systems is to help drivers who are searching for available parking spaces or who want to reserve for a specified period of time, quickly and, if possible, near the desired location. In this context, there are several modules within smart parking systems that may include cyber-physical systems, multi-agent systems, dynamic pricing and artificial intelligence. This dissertation presents the development of a smart parking system architecture, using Cloud-based technology to integrate a multiagent system into a scalable, decentralized, adaptable and safe environment. The proposed architecture was tested using, as a case study, a web system developed for the management and analysis of smart parking lots, as well as an application for mobile devices, which allows users to interact with multiple functionalities available in this system. Results obtained demonstrate that the implementation of the proposed architecture offers an efficient communication between users who use parking resources and the multi-agent system responsible for the autonomy and intelligence of the parking system.
Os sistemas inteligentes de estacionamento estão se tornando uma solução para problemas recorrentes à medida que aumenta o número de veículos em trânsito nas grandes cidades, os quais podem estar relacionados ao congestionamento no tráfego de veículos, tempo desnecessário gasto na busca por vagas e, consequentemente, questões ambientais. O objetivo desses sistemas é auxiliar os motoristas que buscam por vagas disponíveis ou que desejam reservar por determinado período de tempo, de forma rápida e, se possível, próximo ao local desejado. Neste contexto, existem vários módulos dentro dos sistemas inteligentes de estacionamento que podem incluir sistemas ciberfísicos, sistemas multi-agentes, precificação dinâmica e inteligência artificial. Esta dissertação apresenta o desenvolvimento de uma arquitetura para sistemas inteligentes de estacionamento, utilizando tecnologia baseada em Nuvem para integrar um sistema multi-agentes em um ambiente escalável, descentralizado, adaptável e seguro. A arquitetura proposta foi testada utilizando, como um caso de estudo, um sistema web desenvolvido para gestão e análise de estacionamentos inteligentes, bem como uma aplicação para dispositivos móveis, que permite ao usuário interagir com as múltiplas funcionalidades disponibilizadas neste sistema. Resultados obtidos demonstram que a implementação da arquitetura proposta oferece uma comunicação eficiente entre usuários que utilizam os recursos e o sistema multi-agentes responsável pela autonomia e inteligência de um sistema de estacionamento.

碩士
國立屏東大學
資訊管理學系碩士班
104
Parking search is a challenging task in most urban areas. The traffic resulting from drivers cruising for parking has a great effect on the environment, increasing energy consumption and emissions of CO2. Existing parking search applications only provide the information such as the address of parking spot, turn-by-turn navigation to the parking destination and available parking space. We have proposed a real-time parking android-based APP for Pingtung city, which connects with different parking operator management systems to locate the best parking spaces based on the drivers’ needs, such as driving distance to parking spot, walking distance from parking spot to destination, available parking space and parking price. The results have shown that the APP helps to reduce the environmental burden as well as the time spent looking for parking.

碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電子工程系
105
In this study, a real-time parking lot guidance system with vehicle navigation functions was designed to enable users to search for available parking lots and obtain real time parking information regarding parking lots near their current locations, including the precise location, distance, and remaining spaces of parking lots. This facilitates substantially enhancing the convenience of drivers and decreasing time expended in searching or waiting for parking spaces. The proposed system is displayed through a webpage and coded using languages including HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, jQuery, and JSP. Parking lot information is stored in a MySQL database, and relevant data are transmitted through mobile networks. The navigation panel uses Google Map service to display dynamic guidance, which differs from static guidance provided by typical mapping websites. In addition, the proposed system is Applicable to various operating systems, and map downloads and updates are not required, thereby decreasing the memory use of an operating system. Overall, the proposed system is advantageous for its easy operation and clear functionality.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
機電整合研究所
105
Due to the difficulty of cost-reduction on establishment and maintenance, most of the outdoor parking lot and the parking space administration do not have a functional parking management system, this caused lots of inconvenience and traffic problems, because it’s unable to feedback the status of parking space to users and administrator efficiency. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to develop a low cost outdoor parking management system, making it more easily to set up in different circumstances. By combining the low power consumption of Bluetooth, and algorithm to distinguish the status of the parking space in high accuracy, we’re able to provide information on available parking space, and develop a fully functional parking management service. By this system, it solved three major inconvenience problems in present, first, unable to know available parking space in real-time, second, inconvenience of paying parking fee, third, difficulty on managing the illegal parking. This system can provide a better parking experience for regular users, for instance, quick search of available parking space, anti-thief surveillance, online payment, also helping administrator manage the parking lot more efficiently, like lower the manpower in fee collection, notification of overtime occupation vehicle, surveillance of illegal parking, creating an better parking and management method for both regular users and administrator. The outdoor smart parking management system refer in this research is not only able to lower the cost of establishment and maintenance, but also provide a high added value of real-time parking information service, substantially increase both feasibility and necessity.

In the last few years, we have observed an exponential increasing of the information systems, and parking information is one more example of them. The needs of obtaining reliable and updated information of parking slots availability are very important in the goal of traffic reduction. Also parking slot prediction is a new topic that has already started to be applied. San Francisco in America and Santander in Spain are examples of such projects carried out to obtain this kind of information. The aim of this thesis is the study and evaluation of methodologies for parking slot prediction and the integration in a web application, where all kind of users will be able to know the current parking status and also future status according to parking model predictions. The source of the data is ancillary in this work but it needs to be understood anyway to understand the parking behaviour. Actually, there are many modelling techniques used for this purpose such as time series analysis, decision trees, neural networks and clustering. In this work, the author explains the best techniques at this work, analyzes the result and points out the advantages and disadvantages of each one. The model will learn the periodic and seasonal patterns of the parking status behaviour, and with this knowledge it can predict future status values given a date. The data used comes from the Smart Park Ontinyent and it is about parking occupancy status together with timestamps and it is stored in a database. After data acquisition, data analysis and pre-processing was needed for model implementations. The first test done was with the boosting ensemble classifier, employed over a set of decision trees, created with C5.0 algorithm from a set of training samples, to assign a prediction value to each object. In addition to the predictions, this work has got measurements error that indicates the reliability of the outcome predictions being correct. The second test was done using the function fitting seasonal exponential smoothing tbats model. Finally as the last test, it has been tried a model that is actually a combination of the previous two models, just to see the result of this combination. The results were quite good for all of them, having error averages of 6.2, 6.6 and 5.4 in vacancies predictions for the three models respectively. This means from a parking of 47 places a 10% average error in parking slot predictions. This result could be even better with longer data available. In order to make this kind of information visible and reachable from everyone having a device with internet connection, a web application was made for this purpose. Beside the data displaying, this application also offers different functions to improve the task of searching for parking. The new functions, apart from parking prediction, were: - Park distances from user location. It provides all the distances to user current location to the different parks in the city. - Geocoding. The service for matching a literal description or an address to a concrete location. - Geolocation. The service for positioning the user. - Parking list panel. This is not a service neither a function, is just a better visualization and better handling of the information.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Hoje em dia, tempo é um dos recursos mais preciosos que as pessoas possuem. Graças à evolução da tecnologia e juntando a revolução da indústria 4.0, vivida no momento, a procura de um lugar de estacionamento livre representa tempo perdido e um desafio para os engenheiros encontrarem uma solução. Problemas como congestionamento de tráfego, poluição do ar, lugares de estacionamento limitados e a segurança nas estradas, são alguns dos desafios mais importantes do século atual. Este projeto propõe um sistema de estacionamento inteligente, implementado em cada um dos lugares dos parques de estacionamento públicos. Composto por um circuito projetado para obter informações em tempo real sobre a disponibilidade de cada lugar e um futuro aplicativo móvel inteligente para o cliente usar e ser capaz de reservar um lugar escolhido.O objetivo do projeto é desenvolver um sistema de estacionamento inteligente que permita reduzir o tráfego, tornando mais fácil encontrar lugares de estacionamento livres, reduzindo assim o risco de distração enquanto procura um lugar ou até mesmo problemas relacionados com questões ambientais. Utilizando um Sistema Cyber-Físico, no qual um mecanismo é controlado e monitorizado por um software, é possível alterar o estado do mecanismo de acordo com a necessidade e contexto. Será possível concretizar a finalidade de bloqueio e desbloqueio de um lugar de estacionamento através de um simples pressionar do botão.A estratégia de desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi separar o projeto em três sistemas principais. Uma forma bruta de cada subsistema foi alcançada com sucesso. O sistema mecânico criado, usando o software Solidworks, foi feito para corresponder a todos os requisitos encontrados ao longo do projeto. Na plataforma mecânica gerada encontramos todos os componentes do hardware escolhido. Por último, mas não menos importante, o sistema de software foi desenvolvido, onde podemos controlar a plataforma via WI-FI. Todas as etapas mencionadas foram desenvolvidas com sucesso e constituem a fase inicial de um sistema que visa facilitar o processo de encontrar um lugar de estacionamento disponível dentro de um período de tempo limitado.
Nowadays, time is one of the most precious resources that people have. Thanks to the evolution of technology and living on the revolution of the industry 4.0, searching for an available parking place represents wasted time and a challenge for the developers to find a solution for it. Problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, limited parking spaces and safety on the roads are few of the most important challenges of the actual century. This project proposes a smart parking system, implemented on each slot of a parking facility. Composed by a circuit designed to gain real time information regarding availability of the slot and a future smart mobile application for the customer to use and beable to reserve a chosen slot.The purpose of the project is to develop a smart parking system that can reduce traffic by making it easier to find empty parking slots, thus lowering the risk of distracted driving or environmental issues. Using a Cyber-Physical System, in which a mechanism is controlled and monitored by a software, changing the status of the mechanism according with the need and context, it will be possible to concretize the purpose of blocking and unblocking a car slot through a simple press of a button.The strategy of developing this research was to seperate the project in three main systems. One raw shape of each subsystem was successfully achieved. The mechanical system created using Solidworks Software, was meant to correspond to all the requirements expressed alongside the project. On the platform generated we find all the chosen hardware componentes. Last but not least, the software system, where we have been able to control the platform via WI-FI. All the mentioned steps were succefully developed and constitutesthe initial stage of a system that is meant to facilitate the process of finding an available parking slot within a limited period of time.

Dupla diplomação com a UTFPR - Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná
Much has been discussed recently related to population ascension, the reasons for this event, and, in particular, the aspects of society affected. Over the years, the city governments realized a higher level of growth, mainly in terms of urban scale, technology, and individuals numbers. It comprises improvements and investments in their structure and policies, motivated by improving conditions in population live quality and reduce environmental, energy, fuel, time, and money resources, besides population living costs, including the increasing demand for parking structures accessible to the general or private-public, and a waste of substantial daily time and fuel, disturbing the population routinely. Therefore, one way to achieve that challenge is focused on reducing energy, money, and time costs to travel to work or travel to another substantial location. That work presents a robust, and low computational power Smart Parking system adaptive to several environments changes to detect and report vacancy states in a parking space oriented to Deep Learning, and Embedded Systems. This project consists of determining the parking vacancy status through statistical and image processing methods, creates a robust image data set, and the Convolutional Neural Network model focused on predict three final classes. In order to save computational power, this approach uses the Background Subtraction based on the Mixture of Gaussian method, only updating parking space status, in which large levels of motion are detected. The proposed model presents 94 percent of precision at the designed domain.
Muito se discutiu recentemente sobre a ascensão populacional, as razões deste evento e, em particular, os aspectos da sociedade afetados. Ao longo dos anos, os governos perceberam um grande nível de crescimento, principalmente em termos de escala urbana, tecnologia e número de indivíduos. Este fato deve-se a melhorias e investimentos na estrutura urbana e políticas motivados por melhorar as condições de qualidade de vida da população e reduzir a utilização de recursos ambientais, energéticos, combustíveis, temporais e monetários, além dos custos de vida da população, incluindo a crescente demanda por estruturas de estacionamento acessíveis ao público em geral ou público-privado. Portanto, uma maneira de alcançar esse desafio é manter a atenção na redução de custos de energia, dinheiro e tempo para viajar para o trabalho ou para outro local substancial. Esse trabalho apresenta um sistema robusto de Smart Parking, com baixo consumo computacional, adaptável a diversas mudanças no ambiente observado para detectar e relatar os estados das vagas de estacionamento, orientado por Deep Learning e Embedded Systems. Este projeto consiste em determinar o status da vaga de estacionamento por meio de métodos estatísticos e de processamento de imagem, criando um conjunto robusto de dados e um modelo de Rede Neuronal Convolucional com foco na previsão de três classes finais. A fim de reduzir consumo computacional, essa abordagem usa o método de Background Subtraction, somente atualizando o status do espaço de estacionamento em que grandes níveis de movimento são detectados. O modelo proposto apresenta 94 porcento da precisão no domínio projetado.