Dissertations / Theses: 'Smart sensors'

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Fernandes, Hugo Manuel Espinho Lebre. "Acoustic smart sensors." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22734.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações Nowadays buildings are being progressively integrated with an increasing number of sensors . Most of the times this sensors have quite speci c functions, butane sensors, propane sensors, carbon monoxide sensors, pyroelectric motion sensors, and this is what limits their eld of action. Introducing a certain level of autonomy to a sensor, i.e., send, process and receiving information can increase the interactivity and market attractiveness of a building. Within this point of view, and over-viewing the building conjuncture, it can be concluded that smart sensors will be installed during the construction, in recently constructed buildings, but also in buildings with several years which commonly have an physical electric network. This implies that this type of units will need to have an option to be retro tted and, to a certain degree, a simple installation. In this thesis, it is proposed the creation of an integrated solution using the wall of a room as a human interface. This system can establish communication with the gateway of a smart home using a previous researched, e cient and safe wireless protocol. Once the connection is established the gateway can execute a large variety of functions that can be programmed in the home central unit (gateway). The thesis hereby presented consists in a study of wireless communication protocols with respect to reliability, safety and practicality and in the research of the fusion between sensors, processing ability and communication interfaces with the intent of producing a prototype. As habitações actuais são incorporadas com uma variedade cada vez mais vasta de sensores e actuadores. Estes sensores, na maioria das situações, tem uma função bastante especifica, sensores de gás butano, sensores de gás propano, sensores de monóxido de carbono, sensores piroeletricos. Através da introdução de autonomia a cada um destes sensores, nomeadamente, enviar, processar e receber informação, e possível tornar uma habitação num centro de partilha de informações fulcrais, acessível a partir de qualquer ponto. Nesta perspectiva, analisando a conjuntura habitacional deduz-se rapidamente que a aplicação de sensores inteligentes nao poderá ser feita apenas em novas habitações mas também terá que ser implementada em habitações que já possuem uma rede eléctrica implementada. Isto implica desde logo, que este tipo de equipamentos possam ser adaptados a redes que estão em utilização (retrotting) e que sejam de fácil acesso durante a instalação e manutenção. Desta forma entram em cena os protocolos de comunicação sem fios. Estes permitem nao somente a interligação dos sensores inteligentes (sensor, processador, interface de comunicação), mas também a sua ligação a actuadores e a interfaces pessoa-máquina, sem se por a necessidade de alterações físicas das habitações. A criação de uma soluçao integradora, utilizando a parede de uma habitação como interface humana e apresentada ao longo deste documento. Este sistema comunica com o gateway de uma casa inteligente utilizando a tecnologia wireless que será estudada e definida como a mais eficiente e segura. Uma vez interligada com o gateway poderá efectuar um conjunto vasto de operações, que estarão definidas no processador da unidade central da casa. A dissertação aqui apresentada consiste na analise de protocolos de comunicação wireless, e na concepção de um sistema de interface humana embutido nas paredes de edifícios habitacionais.

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Bartolini, Sara <1980&gt. "Smart Sensors For Interoperable Smart Environment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2576/1/Bartolini_Sara_tesi.pdf.

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Smart Environments are currently considered a key factor to connect the physical world with the information world. A Smart Environment can be defined as the combination of a physical environment, an infrastructure for data management (called Smart Space), a collection of embedded systems gathering heterogeneous data from the environment and a connectivity solution to convey these data to the Smart Space. With this vision, any application which takes advantages from the environment could be devised, without the need to directly access to it, since all information are stored in the Smart Space in a interoperable format. Moreover, according to this vision, for each entity populating the physical environment, i.e. users, objects, devices, environments, the following questions can be arise: “Who?”, i.e. which are the entities that should be identified? “Where?” i.e. where are such entities located in physical space? and “What?” i.e. which attributes and properties of the entities should be stored in the Smart Space in machine understandable format, in the sense that its meaning has to be explicitly defined and all the data should be linked together in order to be automatically retrieved by interoperable applications. Starting from this the location detection is a necessary step in the creation of Smart Environments. If the addressed entity is a user and the environment a generic environment, a meaningful way to assign the position, is through a Pedestrian Tracking System. In this work two solution for these type of system are proposed and compared. One of the two solution has been studied and developed in all its aspects during the doctoral period. The work also investigates the problem to create and manage the Smart Environment. The proposed solution is to create, by means of natural interactions, links between objects and between objects and their environment, through the use of specific devices, i.e. Smart Objects

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Bartolini, Sara <1980&gt. "Smart Sensors For Interoperable Smart Environment." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2576/.

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Smart Environments are currently considered a key factor to connect the physical world with the information world. A Smart Environment can be defined as the combination of a physical environment, an infrastructure for data management (called Smart Space), a collection of embedded systems gathering heterogeneous data from the environment and a connectivity solution to convey these data to the Smart Space. With this vision, any application which takes advantages from the environment could be devised, without the need to directly access to it, since all information are stored in the Smart Space in a interoperable format. Moreover, according to this vision, for each entity populating the physical environment, i.e. users, objects, devices, environments, the following questions can be arise: “Who?”, i.e. which are the entities that should be identified? “Where?” i.e. where are such entities located in physical space? and “What?” i.e. which attributes and properties of the entities should be stored in the Smart Space in machine understandable format, in the sense that its meaning has to be explicitly defined and all the data should be linked together in order to be automatically retrieved by interoperable applications. Starting from this the location detection is a necessary step in the creation of Smart Environments. If the addressed entity is a user and the environment a generic environment, a meaningful way to assign the position, is through a Pedestrian Tracking System. In this work two solution for these type of system are proposed and compared. One of the two solution has been studied and developed in all its aspects during the doctoral period. The work also investigates the problem to create and manage the Smart Environment. The proposed solution is to create, by means of natural interactions, links between objects and between objects and their environment, through the use of specific devices, i.e. Smart Objects

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Udina, Oliva Sergi. "Smart Chemical Sensors: Concepts and Application." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84079.

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This PhD thesis introduces basic concepts of smart chemical sensors design, which are afterwards applied to a particular application: the analysis of natural gas. The thesis addresses thus two sets of objective, a first set of objectives related to the conceptual design of a smart chemical sensor using smart sensor standards: - The design of an optimal smart chemical sensor architecture - The novel combination in a working prototype of the highly complementary smart sensor standards IEEE-1451 and BS-7986 A second set of objectives is directly related to the selected application. Natural gas quality control. Natural gas is an energy source of major importance in the world energy supply, its quality control is increasingly important due to its origin-dependent properties and the progressive liberalization of the energy market. The objectives related to this application are: - To solve the natural gas quality analysis problem by using a lower cost approach taking advantage of MEMS technology, smart sensor features, and embedded intelligent signal processing. - To select suitable sensing technologies and associated signal processing. An overall goal addressed by the PhD Thesis is in the end the reporting of a working smart sensor prototype implementing all the smart sensor features, MEMS based natural gas analysis and advanced signal processing as a demonstration of a novel low-cost and high speed natural gas analyzer. The thesis covers this research along 7 chapters, introducing the concepts and application in chapters 1 and 2, the objectives in chapter 3, the simulation of a proposed MEMS sensor approach in chapter 4, the description of the advanced signal processing approach adopted in chapter 5, the description of the electronics and engineering of the smart natural gas analyzer prototype in chapter 6, and finally the conclusions of the work in chapter 7. La tesis introduce conceptos básicos sobre el diseño de sensores químicos inteligentes, en particular presenta los estándares propuestos IEEE-1451 y BS-7986, y elabora una propuesta para el diseño óptimo de dichos sensores químicos inteligentes. Se implementa la propuesta de diseño para una aplicación concreta, el análisis de gas natural. Además de la aplicación de los conceptos sobre sensores químicos inteligentes se pretende además diseñar un analizador compacto, rápido y de bajo coste, para ello se estudia el uso de un microsensor termoeéctrico como sensor principal del analizador. Una vez probada su viabilidad se implementan ambos conceptos (sensores inteligentes y microsensor termoeléctrico) en un prototipo funcional validado en laboratorio. Como resultado se obtiene una propuesta para el diseño de sensores químicos inteligentes basada en estándares, y por otro lado se presenta un nuevo analizador de gas natural, más rápido y compacto que los existentes. Los resultados obtenidos originan diversas publicaciones en revistas así como dos patentes de método y sistema.

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Van, der Horn Gert. "Integrated smart sensors calibration." Delft, Netherlands : Delft University Press, 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=tHhRAAAAMAAJ.

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Moghe, Rohit. "Smart sensors for utility assets." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44729.

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This dissertation presents the concept of a small, low-cost, self-powered smart wireless sensor that can be used for monitoring current, temperature and voltage on a variety of utility assets. Novel energy harvesting approaches are proposed that enable the sensor to operate without batteries and to have an expected life of 20-30 years. The sensor measures current flowing in an asset using an open ferromagnetic core, unlike a CT which uses a closed core, which makes the proposed sensor small in size, and low-cost. Further, it allows the sensor to operate in conjunction with different assets having different geometries, such as bus-bars, cables, disconnect switches, overhead conductors, transformers, and shunt capacitors, and function even when kept in the vicinity of an asset. Two novel current sensing algorithms have been developed that help the sensor to autonomously calibrate and make the sensor immune from far-fields and cross-talk. The current sensing algorithms have been implemented and tested in the lab at up to 1000 A. This research also presents a novel self-calibrating low-cost voltage sensing technique. The major purpose of voltage sensing is detection of sags, swells and loss-ofpower on the asset; therefore, the constraint on error in measurement is relaxed. The technique has been tested through several simulation studies. A voltage sensor prototype has been developed and tested on a high voltage bus at up to 35 kV. Finally, a study of sensor operation under faults, such as lightning strikes, and large short circuit currents has been presented. These studies are conducted using simulations and actual experiments. Based on the results of the experiments, a robust protection circuit for the sensor is proposed. Issues related to corona and external electrical noise on the communication network are also discussed and experimentally tested. Further, optimal design of the energy harvester and a novel design of package for the sensor that prevents the circuitry from external electrical noise without attenuation of power signals for the energy harvester are also proposed.

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Hadjiprocopiou, Marios. "Fibre optic sensors for smart structures." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1997. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/842922/.

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"Smart Structures" or "Smart Skins" will require structurally integrated sensing systems that can operate in practical situations. Optical sensing techniques are receiving considerable attention for the monitoring of such systems. Single ended polarimetric sensors were utilized with a large dynamic range for strain measurements as surface mounted and embedded strain sensors in composite materials (glass fibre and carbon fibre reinforced polymers). They were also used to monitor the strain and the formation of microcracks in the glue line of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) concrete beams. The intrinsic Fabry-Perot was also used as a surface mounted sensor to monitor axial strain of GFRP coupons. Finite Element (FE) modelling was used in order to investigate the stress/strain distributions within the composite material and the embedded optical fibre. The modelling results show excellent agreement with the experimental results and suggest that the soft acrylate coating is debonding, thus reducing the sensor's dynamic range. Actuators and/or Sensors embedded into a host material will disrupt the physical properties of the host. Finite element analysis was used to determine and to minimise the stress concentrations which arise in a "Smart" material system due to the embedded optical fibre sensor. A parametric study was undertaken to determine the theoretical mechanical and thermal properties of the interface coating that minimises the disruption of the polymer composite host material properties due to the optical fibre inclusion. The effects of transverse tensile and thermal loading were studied, and also the residual thermal stress concentrations due to the manufacturing process were taken into consideration. The stress concentrations in the composite host are affected by the dimensions, mechanical and thermal properties of the interface coating. The results show that with careful selection of the interface coating properties die stress concentrations in the host material caused by the optical fibre inclusion can be reduced and be similar to those of the pure host material.

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Nugroho, Wibowo Harso 1967. "Monitoring of pipeline using smart sensors." Monash University, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9236.

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Myers, Robert L. "SMART SENSORS VS DISTRIBUTED DATA ACQUISITION." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606371.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 22-25, 2001 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada Distributed processing is coming to data acquisition. The desire for smart sensors that can preprocess data, is growing. Making sensors themselves intelligent will reverse the historic trend toward smaller and cheaper sensors. Incorporating current sensor technology into data acquisition nodes in a network will create a distributed data acquisition, DAQ, environment that can acquire data from around the world over the Internet. The future is now.

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Scheidl, Rudolf. "Actuators and Sensors for Smart Systems." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200616.

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Smartness of technical systems relies also on appropriate actuators and sensors. Different to the prevalent definition of smartness to be embedded machine intelligence, in this paper elegance and simplicity of solutions is postulated be a more uniform and useful characterization. This is discussed in view of the current trends towards cyber physical systems and the role of components and subsystems, as well as of models for their effective realization. Current research on actuators and sensing in the fluid power area has some emphasis on simplicity and elegance of solution concepts and sophisticated modeling. This is demonstrated by examples from sensorless positioning, valve actuation, and compact hydraulic power supply.

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Possanzini, Luca <1993&gt. "Smart Textile Sensors for Healthcare Monitoring." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10302/1/tesiPhD_LP.pdf.

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Wearable electronic textiles are an emerging research field playing a pivotal role among several different technological areas such as sensing, communication, clothing, health monitoring, information technology, and microsystems. The possibility to realise a fully-textile platform, endowed with various sensors directly realised with textile fibres and fabric, represents a new challenge for the entire research community. Among several high-performing materials, the intrinsically conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), doped with poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS), or PEDOT:PSS, is one of the most representative and utilised, having an excellent chemical and thermal stability, as well as reversible doping state and high conductivity. This work relies on PEDOT:PSS combined with sensible materials to design, realise, and develop textile chemical and physical sensors. In particular, chloride concentration and pH level sensors in human sweat for continuous monitoring of the wearer's hydration status and stress level are reported. Additionally, a prototype smart bandage detecting the moisture level and pH value of a bed wound to allow the remote monitoring of the healing process of severe and chronic wounds is described. Physical sensors used to monitor the pressure distribution for rehabilitation, workplace safety, or sport tracking are also presented together with a novel fully-textile device able to measure the incident X-ray dose for medical or security applications where thin, comfortable, and flexible features are essential. Finally, a proof-of-concept for an organic-inorganic textile thermoelectric generator that harvests energy directly from body heat has been proposed. Though further efforts must be dedicated to overcome issues such as durability, washability, power consumption, and large-scale production, the novel, versatile, and widely encompassing area of electronic textiles is a promising protagonist in the upcoming technological revolution.

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Binns, Richard. "Smart inductive sensors for the steel industry." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403924.

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Nguyen, Long H. "Designs of sensors for smart food packaging." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23522.

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The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that one-third of food produced (1.3 billion tons annually) is lost or wasted along the food supply chain despite being still fit for human consumption. At the consumer level, misunderstanding of how expiry dates relate to food quality or safety is one of the main reasons leading to unnecessary food waste and also presenting food safety risks. The use-by date is solely used as a guide to indicate peak quality, and in many cases products may be safely consumed past their use-by date. Conversely, for products that have not passed their use-by date, food mishandling such as temperature abuse conditions or contamination can lead to foodborne illnesses. Therefore, an effective indicator for spoilage could eliminate consumer confusion and reduce food waste. In light of this, the present study aims to develop different sensors that can detect meat spoilage at low temperatures, as well as detect the presence of ethylene, which has applications in the monitoring of fruit ripening. During the spoilage of high-protein foods such as meat and fish, several gases, especially ammonia, are released due to the decomposition activity of bacteria. The presence of ammonia in a food package can thus imply that the food has been spoiled. In this study, 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) monomers were used as sensing material to detect the presence of ammonia. To render the sensor more practical, chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were used to form a flexible film, like a sticker. By fabricating PCDA/CNC/chitosan composite, the sensor was able to detect ammonia gas at low temperatures, such as in fridge (4 degrees Celsius) and freezer (–20 degrees Celsius) temperatures. By fabricating a PCDA/CNC/chitosan composite, the sensor could successfully detect ammonia gas at low temperatures. The sensor could also detect the spoilage of meat samples that were stored in fridge and freezer temperatures. For some climacteric fruits (e.g., avocado and kiwi), the ripe and unripe stages are barely discernible. People usually check the firmness of a fruit to determine its real-time ripening stage, which generally corresponds to the rate of ripening. To this end, colorimetric sensors are particularly useful. In this study, PCDA was functionalised with the Lawesson reagent, which replaced carboxylic headgroups with the thiol (-SH) headgroups of the PCDA. Chitosan and CNCs were used for the same purposes as the sensor that was developed for detecting ammonia. The newly developed PDA–SH/PDA/CNC/chitosan composite could detect the presence of ethylene through the Michael addition reaction. The sensor’s sensing capacity can be extended so that it is applicable in different environments that require the detection of ethylene. With the same detection aim, PCDA can be further functionalized with N-heterocyclic ligands such as 2,2′-Dipyridylamine (DP). DP can form complexes with Cu+, which has great affinity with ethylene. Due to ethylene–Cu+ binding, the Cu+/PDA- DP/PDA sensing solution changed colour from blue to red when exposed to ethylene. The sensor exhibited high specificity towards ethylene rather than the common interfering gases including carbon dioxide and nitrogen. These results can imply that a sensing material can be diversely functionalised for the same sensing purpose. The sensor capacity can be further extended by incorporating different polymers, such as the two studies mentioned above. Overall, the developed sensing platforms demonstrated great sensitivity and specificity to food quality and safety markers such as ethylene and ammonia. The multi-sensing platforms provide different sensing options and could be further functionally extended for use in different sensing applications.

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Yang, Janice Ching-Yi. "Self-validating sensors." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336611.

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Riddle, Brian K. "General purpose, data driven, extensible, computer interface for smart sensors." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18920.

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Zhang, Jiawei. "Design of A Smart Socket for Smart Home Energy Management Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/22099.

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As the world seeks to transition away from fossil fuel technologies, there has been a driving market for the safe and smart consumption of electricity. Effective energy usage at the residential side has enormous potential for energy saving and power load balancing. This thesis presents a comprehensive study on the Home Energy Management System (HEMS) especially in the aspect of Appliance Load Monitoring (ALM) system. The study reviews the state of art of intrusive load monitoring (ILM) technology and Non-intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring (NILM), and compares their advantages and disadvantages. This paper also introduces household electrical devices modelling and HEMS scheduling strategies. Case studies showed a satisfying performance on the real time electricity price prediction and HEMS optimal scheduling models. Moreover, a low-cost smart socket based on the internet of things (IoT) for the real-time measurement of instantaneous power during the operation of home appliances was designed and fabricated. The experimental results showed the designed smart socket can be fully utilized for monitoring and controlling home electrical devices. Finally, a residential load monitoring algorithm based on bidirectional long short-term memory (BLTSM) has been proposed for electrical load identification. Through experimental demonstrations, the performance of the proposed BLSTM can achieve more than 90% load identification accuracy which is shown to be higher than five commonly used benchmark algorithms in the literature. Moreover, the power history curves of five common household appliances can be accurately identified during vastly different operational states demonstrating the robust and accurate performance of this innovative smart socket. Furthermore, a minor cost analysis versus load identification accuracy validates the reduced cost using the innovative 3D printed smart socket and BLSTM proposed in this work.

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Unander, Tomas. "Characterization of Low Cost Printed Sensors for Smart Packaging." Licentiate thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Information Technology and Media, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-7049.

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Currently there are very significant interests in printed electronics in the world. The possibility to produce electronics in a roll to roll printing process will considerably reduce the cost of the electronic devices. However, these new devices will most probably not replace the traditional silicon based electronics, but will be a complement in low cost applications such as in intelligent packages and other printable media. One interesting area is printable low cost sensors that add value to packages. In this thesis a study of the performance of low cost sensors is presented. The sensors were fabricated using commercial printing processes used in the graphical printing business. The sensors were characterized and evaluated for the intended application. The evaluated sensors were moisture sensing sensor solutions and touch sensitive sensor solutions.A printable touch sensitive sensor solution is presented where the sensor is incorporated into a high quality image such as in point of sales displays. The sensor solution showed good touch sensitivity at a variety of humidity levels. Four printed moisture sensor concepts are presented and characterized. Firstly, a moisture sensor that shows good correlation to the moisture content of cellulose based substrates. Secondly, a sensor that measures the relative humidity in the air, the sensor has a measuring accuracy of 0.22% at high relative humidity levels. Thirdly, a moisture sensor that utilizes unsintered silver nano-particles to measure the relative humidity in the air, the sensor has a linear response at very low relative humidity levels. And fourth, an action activated energy cell that provides power when activated by moisture. A concept of remote moisture sensing that utilizes ordinary low cost RFID tags has also been presented and characterized. The remote sensor solution works both with passive and semi-passive RFID systems. The study shows that it is possible to manufacture low cost sensors in commercial printing processes. Det är för närvarande ett stort intresse för tryckt elektronik. Att kunna tillverka elektroniska komponenter i en rulle till rulle process möjliggör en reducering av tillverkningskostnaden. Dessa nya komponenter kommer sannolikt inte konkurrera ut den traditionella kiselbaserade elektroniken utan kommer att kunna komplimentera kiselelektronik i segment där kostnaden är väldigt viktig som i intelligenta förpackningar och andra tryckta medier. Ett intressant område är tryckta sensorer som kan addera värde till förpackningar. I denna avhandling presenteras en studie kring tryckta sensorer som kan tillverkas till låg kostnad. Sensorerna är tillverkade i kommersiella grafiska tryckpressar. Sensorerna karakteriseras och utvärderas för de applikationer som de är tänkta för. I denna avhandling har fuktsensorer och beröringskänsliga sensorer undersökts.Det presenteras en tryckt beröringskänslig sensor som integreras i ett högkvalitativt grafiskt tryck. Denna sensor är tänkt att användas i reklamskyltar för att skapa interaktivitet. Sensorn har en bra känslighet vid varierande fukthalter. Även fyra fuktsensorer presenteras och utvärderas. Den första sensorn mäter fukthalten i cellulosabaserade substrat och visar en bra korrelation till fukthalten i substratet. Den andra sensorn mäter den relativa fukten i luften, denna sensor har en mätnoggrannhet på 0.22% för höga fukthalter. Den tredje sensorn använder partiklar i nanostorlek för att mäta fukthalten i luften. Denna sensor fungerar väldigt bra vid låga fukthalter. Den fjärde sensorn är en energicell som producerar el när den blir fuktig. Även en fuktsensor som kan läsas av på håll utvärderas. Detta sensorkoncept är baserad på vanliga RFID taggar och kan användas med både passiva och semi-passiva taggar. Denna avhandling visar att det är möjligt att tillverka sensorer till en låg kostnad in en traditionell grafisk tryckpress.

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Palmer, Nathan Reed. "Smart Composites evaluation of embedded sensors in composite materials /." Thesis, Montana State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2009/palmer/PalmerN0809.pdf.

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As an emerging form of renewable energy, horizontal wind turbines have experienced advancements in improving efficiency and reliability. These advances have pushed the limits of current technology used in wind turbines. Smart blades have been proposed as a method of addressing these limitations. Sensor integration within blade construction is the first step in development of smart blades. Thus, several low cost sensors were chosen, 1 axis strain gages, polyvinylidene fluoride films (PVDF), and single mode fiber optics either coated in acrylate or polyimide. To ensure successful bonding between sensor and composite two surface treatment techniques were developed. The first, dipping of the sensor into a bath of 20% by weight solution of nitric acid and the second was submersion of the sensor in the nitric acid for ten seconds prior to removal. These treatments were compared against sensors not surface treated prior to embedding. These sensors were embedded within samples created of fiberglass and epoxy or vinyl ester resin. Two different material tests were conducted. Tensile testing allowed for evaluation of sensor sensitivity, sensor failure point, material tensile modulus, and material tensile strength. Mode I fracture toughness evaluation, indicated the level of successful bonding which occurred during resin curing. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) was conducted to further confirm the level of bonding between resin and sensor, post fracture. Results for embedded strain gages showed an adverse effect for vinyl ester samples. Epoxy samples fared better, thus concluding manufacturing success for epoxy samples, submersion being preferred, and alternative methods needed for vinyl ester samples. PVDF films had good qualitative FESEM images combined with increasing trends. It was concluded that integration for both resin groups with sensors submerged in nitric acid was successful. Fiber optics coated in acrylate also showed good bonding under FESEM imaging as well as testing. It was thus concluded that submersion was the preferred treatment. Lastly, fiber optics coated in polyimide embedded in vinyl ester composites showed significant drawbacks and it was concluded that alternative methods need exploration. Those embedded in epoxy were successfully integrated and submersion in nitric acid showed the most potential.

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Khernane, Nesrine. "Collaborative multimedia sensors for a connected and smart city." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD027.

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En raison de leur fort potentiel applicatif dans différents domaines innovants (télésurveillance, télémédecine, etc.), les réseaux de capteurs multimédias sans fil (RCMSF) suscitent l’intérêt de nombreux travaux de recherche. En outre des contraintes soulevées par les réseaux de capteurs scalaires, les RCMSF imposent de nouvelles contraintes liées à la nature même des données capturées et manipulées. En effet, les données multimédias sont, sans aucune mesure, très largement volumineuses en comparaison aux données scalaires. De plus, leur contenu sémantique, très riche, dépendent de la qualité de l’acquisition. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la problématique pratique d’un réseau de capteurs multimédias permettant de renseigner les automobilistes en temps réel sur les places de parking disponibles au niveau d’une ville, voire d’une agglomération. Cependant, de manière générale, les approches proposées dans nos travaux concernent tout RCMSF de surveillance.Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal reste de maximiser la durée de vie du réseau tout en assurant une qualité perçue acceptable au niveau de la destination et ce sous un contrôle distribué (pour des raisons de passage à l’échelle évidentes). Deux axes sont à considérer : le traitement des données à la source et leur routage.Dans l'axe traitement de données, le problème principal réside dans la « qualité » des données à transmettre. De manière générale, plus la qualité est importante, plus les données sont volumineuses et conséquemment la consommation énergétique est importante et vice-versa. Il s’agit donc de trouver un équilibre qui préserve les ressources énergétiques, c-à-d. maximiser sa durée de vie tout en assurant une qualité acceptable des données envoyées. Cette dernière est le résultat d’un processus d’encodage au niveau de la source.Ainsi, nous avons d'abord abordé l'axe de traitement de données et proposé un algorithme complètement distribué qui maximise la durée de vie du réseau tout en assurant de manière optimale un équilibre entre la puissance d'encodage au niveau de la source et la qualité vidéo exigée au niveau de la destination. Contrairement aux approches existantes, notre algorithme, de nature distribuée, est assuré de trouver un tel compromis quelle que soit la configuration initiale du réseau.En raison de la complexité de ce problème, notamment dans un contexte décentralisé, les travaux antérieurs n’ont traité que la partie traitement de données indépendamment du routage. En d’autres termes, le routage a été considéré comme une entrée.Dans les travaux de recherche de cette thèse, nous avons par la suite montré que le routage impacte directement les résultats du processus de prolongation de la durée de vie du réseau. En effet, nous avons analysé le comportement de plusieurs protocoles de routage dans les RCMSF et les résultats obtenus ont mis en exergue cette influence. Nous avons donc proposé un modèle analytique intégrant de facto et le codage des données au niveau des sources et leur routage jusqu’à la station de traitement. Nous avons développé une résolution semi-distribuée de ce problème. Les résultats obtenus étaient très encourageants.Ainsi, dans la deuxième partie, une solution entièrement distribuée a été proposée, dans laquelle, l'axe de routage ne peut pas être réalisé sans les paramètres déterminés et mis à jour par l'axe de traitement de données, et inversement. La solution proposée permet: a) un routage de bout en bout avec des décisions locales dans chaque nœud capteur et b) de déterminer le nombre suffisant de chemins nécessaires pour assurer une transmission fiable de données.Pour la suite, nous avons complété nos travaux en considérant plus de contraintes réalistes, notamment la fiabilité des liens ainsi que la variation de leurs capacités (en fonction de l'énergie restante des nœuds intermédiaire). Les résultats de simulation ont montré une économie d’environs 25% de l'énergie totale Due to their high application potential in various innovative fields (telemonitoring, telemedicine, etc.), Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) arouse the interest of numerous research projects. In addition to inherent constraints of scalar sensor networks in terms of energy limitation, deployment, coverage, reliability, ..., WMSNs impose new constraints related to the captured data. Indeed, multimedia data are very voluminous in comparison to scalar data and, in addition, have a time constraint (real-time delivery). Moreover, their semantic content, very rich, is subject to different perceptions and interpretations depending on the quality of the acquisition. As a target application, this dissertation focuses detecting available car parking spaces within a large city or a metropolis. Nevertheless, the proposed approaches can be used for a wide variety of WMSN applications for surveillance purposes.In this context, the main objective remains the network lifetime maximization while ensuring an acceptable perceived quality at the destination station. The studied approaches are of a distributed nature for scalability reasons, required in WMSN. Two main axes have been targeted: data processing at source nodes and data routing toward the destination.In the data processing axis, the main problem lies in the quality of the data to be transmitted. In general, the higher the quality is, the larger the data are, and consequently more important is the energy consumption and vice versa. It is therefore a question of finding a balance that preserve the energy resources; i.e. maximize the network lifetime while ensuring an acceptable quality of the sent data. The latter is the result of an encoding process at the source level.Thus, we proposed a fully distributed algorithm that maximizes the network lifetime by optimally balancing the encoding power and the source rate at the source node in order to meet a desired visual quality at the destination station. In opposition to existing approaches, our algorithm, of distributed nature, is ensured to find such a trade-off whatever the initial network configuration is.As a second step, we focuses on data routing. In fact, due to the complexity of this problem, especially in a decentralized context, literature works have not considered jointly data processing and routing. In other words, routing was considered as a network input.In the research work of this thesis, we have subsequently shown that the routing directly impacts the results of the network lifetime maximization process. Indeed, we have analyzed the behavior of several routing protocols in WMSN and the obtained results highlighted this influence. We have therefore proposed an analytic model integrating simultaneously the encoding of data at the source nodes and their routing to the base station. We have developed a semi-distributed resolution of this problem. The results obtained were very encouraging.Thus, in the second part, a fully distributed solution was proposed, in which, the routing axis cannot be achieved without the parameters, that should be determined and updated by the data processing axis. On the other hand, the data processing axis cannot be achieved without the routing tables updated by the routing axis. The proposed solution allows: a) an end-to-end routing with local decisions at each video sensor node and b) the choose of the sufficient number of paths needed to ensure a reliable data transmission.For the rest, we have completed our work by considering more realistic constraints, in particular the dynamic reliability of the links as well as the variation of their capacities (according to the remaining energy of the intermediate nodes). The simulation results showed savings of around 25% of the total energy

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Karmarkar, Makarand Anand. "Smart material composites for magnetic field and force sensors." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34686.

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Piezoelectric material based sensors are widely used in applications such as automobiles, aircraft, and industrial systems. In past decade, attention has been focused on synthesizing composites that can provide multifunctional properties, i.e., same material exhibits two or more properties. In this group of composites, magnetoelectric materials are particularly interesting as they provide the opportunity of coupling magnetic and electric field. Another class of composite materials that are being actively pursued is piezoresistive materials. Piezoresistivity refers to change in resistance with applied stress and these materials are promising for enhancing the sensitivity of current generation pressure sensors based on silicon. In this study, we focus on two composites systems: ferrite / Terfenol-D / nickel â lead zirconate titanate (magnetoelectric); and lanthanum strontium manganate (LSMO) â carbon nanotube (CNT) â silicon carbonitride (SiCN) (piezoresistive). Recently, Islam et al. have reported a magnetic field sensor based on a piezoelectric transformer with a ring- dot electrode pattern. In this thesis, this design was further investigated by synthesizing Terfenol-D / PZT laminate. The fabricated sensor design consists of a ring-dot piezoelectric transformer laminated to a magnetostrictive disc and its working principle is as follows: When a constant voltage is applied to the ring section of the piezoelectric layer at resonance, a stress is induced in the dot section. Then, if an external magnetic object is introduced in the vicinity of the dot section, the effective elastic stiffness is increased, altering the resonance frequency (fr). The variation of resonance frequency and magnitude of output voltage with applied magnetic field was characterized and analyzed to determine the sensitivity. The sensor showed a shift of ~1.36Hz/Oe over the frequency range of 137.4<fr<144.2 kHz with increasing magnetic bias from 1<Hdc<6kOe. Next, in order to overcome the need of magnetic DC bias in current magnetoelectric composites, a metal â ceramic core-shell composite structure was investigated. Metal-ceramic composite particles were synthesized at room temperature and their magnetic properties were investigated. The particles constitute a core-shell structure where the core is nickel-metal, while the shell is manganese zinc ferrite (MZF). Coprecipitation was used for synthesis of MZF nanoparticles comprising the shell, whereas nickel was synthesized by hydrazine assisted reduction of nickel ions in aqueous media. A core shell structure was then obtained by hetero-coagulation to form a shell of MZF around the nickel particles. Electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction confirmed nickel cores coated by MZF shells. Magnetization studies of MZF nano-particles revealed that they were not super-paramagnetic at room temperature, as expected for such particle sizes of 20nm in size. Sintered composites of metal-ceramic particles core-shell exhibited a magnetostriction of 5ppm. Lastly, the thesis investigates the piezoresistive properties of LSMO â CNT â SiCN composites that were synthesized by the conventional ceramic sintering technique. Recent investigations have shown that CNTs and SiCN have high piezoresistive coefficient. DSC/TGA results showed that pure CNTs decompose at temperatures of ~600oC, however, SiCN was found to sustain the sintering temperature of 1300oC. Thus, LSMO â SiCN composites were used for the final analysis. A fractional resistivity change of 4% was found for LSMO â 12.5 vol% SiCN composites which is much higher compared to that of unmodified LSMO. Master of Science

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Aymerich, Gubern Joan. "Low-power read-out ICs for smart electrochemical sensors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671918.

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Electrochemical sensors are expanding rapidly over other chemical sensoring technologies because of their potential to generate precise, selective, miniaturized and cost-effective analytical devices. These features satisfy the emerging global demand for disposable testing systems at the point-of-need, where usability, portability, and price counts most, enabling to detect critical analytical evidence by anyone, any-where and at any time, without concerning about recalibration and limited shelf life. In particular a disposable electrochemical device must include a paired smart electronic interface to specifically bias the electrochemical cell, acquire signals, per-form data conversion and communicate measurements through a standard digital interface, all under severe restrictions of size and power consumption. This thesis describes the development of a novel, cost-effective, disposable, high-performance and user-friendly electrochemical sensing platform that combines the smartness of CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) with the flexibility of printed electronics. Two practical µW-range readout integrated circuit (ROIC) realizations in 65-nm and0.18-µmCMOS technologies are presented and specifically optimized for the potentiostatic biasing and amperometric read-out of electrochemical sensors. The proposed frontend architectures yield very elegant and compact CMOS implementations by reusing the dynamic properties of the sensor itself to implement continuous-time mixed electrochemical delta-sigma modulators (¿SM). The topologies include differential potentiostats to extend its range. Furthermore, low limit of detection (LOD) values can be achieved by implementing a novel cancellation mechanism of the flicker noise coming from the feedback DAC of the electrochemical ¿SM. A standard interface based onI2Cis included on-chip not only to control the extensive system configuration but also to limit the number of IC pads towards a low-cost flip-chip assembly on flexible substrates. Experimental results from both electrical and electrochemical tests are presented and compared to other state-of-the-art electrochemical sensor frontends. A cost-effective hybrid electronics interfacing approach is proposed, where the electrochemical sensor is directly printed on a flexible PEN substrate that also hosts the CMOS readout integrated circuit (ROIC) as a bare die without wire bonding. Low-cost inkjet printing technology is employed for the development of a three-electrode sensor and all the required connectivity. Anisotropic conductive adhesives are investigated as an emerging approach for mechanical and electrical contact between the IC die and printed inks in order to obtain a disposable flexible smart electrochemical sensory device. En els últims anys s’ha produït una ràpida expansió dels sensors electroquímics en comparació amb altres tecnologies químiques de sensat gràcies al seu potencial per generar dispositius analítics precisos, selectius, miniaturitzats i econòmics. Aquestes característiques satisfan l’actual creixent demanda de sistemes de sensat d’un sol ús, on la usabilitat, la portabilitat i el preu són els factors més importants, permetent detectar evidència analítica per qualsevol persona, en qualsevol lloc i en qualsevol moment, sense limitacions en termes de calibratge o de temps de vida útil. En particular, un dispositiu electroquímic ha d’incloure una interfície electrònica intel·ligent aparellada per estimular específicament la cèl·lula electroquímica, adquirir senyals, realitzar la conversió de dades i comunicar les mesures a través d’una interfície digital estàndard, tot sota restriccions severes de mida, cost i potencia consumida. Aquesta tesi descriu el desenvolupament d’una nova plataforma de detecció electroquímica, econòmica, d’un sol ús, d’alt rendiment i fàcil d’utilitzar, que combina la intel·ligència de circuits integrats CMOS amb la flexibilitat de l’electrònica impresa. Es presenten dues realitzacions de circuits integrats de lectura en tecnologies CMOS de65-nm i 0.18-µmamb un consum de l’ordre de µW, específicament optimitzades per ala polarització potenciostàtica i la lectura amperometria de sensors electroquímics. Les interfícies proposades ofereixen implementacions CMOS molt elegants i compactes, ja que reutilitzen les propietats dinàmiques del mateix sensor per implementar moduladors Delta-Sigma (ΔΣM) mixtes en temps continu. Les topologies inclouen potenciostats diferencials per ampliar el seu rang. A més, permeten aconseguir un límit baix de detecció mitjançant la implementació d’un nou mecanisme de cancel·lació del soroll de baixa freqüència pro-vinent de la retroalimentació digital-analògic del modulador ΔΣM electroquímic. El xip inclou una interfície digital estàndard basada en I2C per controlar l’extensa configuració del sistema i també per reduir el nombre de connexions externes de cara al seu muntatge de baix cost sobre substrats flexibles. Es presenten resultats experimentals de les proves tant elèctriques com electroquímiques i es comparen amb altres interfícies de sensors electroquímics d’última generació. Finalment, es proposa una interfície híbrida rendible, on s’imprimeix directament el sen-sor electroquímic sobre un substrat PEN flexible que també allotja la interfície CMOS integrada de lectura a nivell de dau de silici sense encapsular. Els tres elèctrodes del sensor i tota la connectivitat s’aconsegueixen gràcies a la tecnologia d’impressió d’injecció de tinta de baix cost. Així mateix, s’investiguen els adhesius conductors anisotròpics com un enfocament emergent per al contacte mecànic i elèctric entre la matriu del circuit integrat CMOS i les tintes conductores per tal d’obtenir un dispositiu sensorial electroquímic flexible d’un sol ús.

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BELLACICCA, ANDREA. "SMART MATERIALS FOR STRETCHABLE ELECTRONICS, SENSORS AND SOFT ACTUATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/476724.

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Smart materials can be exploited to facilitate disruptive or transformative changes in several fields like stretchable electronics, soft robotics or to develop new class of sensors. They are innovative materials that interact with the environment and respond to external stimuli altering their physical properties in a controlled fashion. They are made integrating different materials at the nanoscale in a nanocomposite to obtain novel functionalities that are not showed from individual constituents. Polymers are the best candidates to be used in smart material fabrication because of their structural and functional properties that can be easily tuned. Moreover, they are low-cost, versatile and can be processed into any shape including thin films. In order to exploit smart materials for soft robotics or stretchable electronic applications, it is required that they should be electrically conductive, patternable, have good mechanical properties and need to be able to transduce an electrical signal in a mechanical response. In addition, their functionalities should remain unchanged over a long period of time. Thus polymers are combined with hard materials like metals, semiconductors or standard electronic components. It is challenging to fabricate technologically relevant smart materials combining hard and soft materials because of their intrinsic physical diversities. Standard manufacturing processes fail to achieve the needed requirements. Among different processes to fabricate smart materials based on polymers, Supersonic Cluster Beam Implantation (SCBI) and Supersonic Cluster Beam Deposition (SCBD) are effective techniques to realize smart materials based on metal/polymer nanocomposites. In my thesis work, I have demonstrated that it is possible to produce new robust smart materials, designing both their electrical and mechanical properties with sharp precision. Metal/polymer nanocomposites have been designed at the nanoscale level to obtain sensors, actuators and electronic devices. Their electrical and mechanical properties have been characterized and their performances have been tested under different stress conditions.

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Badcock, Rodney Alan. "Optical fibre sensors for structural stain monitoring." Thesis, Brunel University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389265.

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Lobez, Comeras Jose Miguel. "New functional polymers for sensors, smart materials and solar cells." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73367.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2012. Vita. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. Includes bibliographical references. Organic polymers can be used as the active component of sensors, smart materials, chemical-delivery systems and the active layer of solar cells. The rational design and modification of the chemical structure of polymers has enabled control over their properties and morphology, leading to the advancement of nanotechnology. A deeper understanding of structure-property relationships, as described in this thesis, affords control over the nanostructure of devices made from these macromolecular materials, which is crucial to the optimization of their performance. In Chapter 1, a new sensor for ionizing radiation based on composites of electron beam lithography resists, poly (olefin sulfone)s (POSs), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes is presented. The polymeric active component is radiation labile and its degradation after a sensing event leads to morphological and electrical changes in the composite at the nanoscale. As a result, a signal can be detected. Systematic sensitivity improvements can be accomplished by rational modifications of the chemical structure of the polymer side-chains. Orthogonal postpolymerization modifications performed using "click" chemistry, incorporate functional groups capable of increasing either the homogeneity of the composite, or its opacity towards radiation. In Chapter 2, a smart hybrid polymer composed of a POS and a silicone linked by "click" chemistry is described. By tuning the chemical structure of these two components and varying their ratio, composites with different mechanical properties and hardness can be achieved. This elastomeric smart material exhibits switchable mechanical properties: exposure to mild bases triggers disassembly into its monomers and individual constituents. In Chapter 3, the design, synthesis and properties of new polymer surfactant additives for photovoltaic devices is shown. The AB alternating regioregular polythiophene copolymer additives are obtained via a combinatorial approach, and contain functional groups in every other repeat unit. In Chapter 4 incorporation of small amounts of these polymer additives (0.25 weight %) is shown to result in large increases of up to 30% in the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells consisting primarily of the benchmark system of poly (3-hexylthiophene) and Phenyl-C6 1-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the active layer. This effect is mainly due to the presence of dipoles at the interface of the bulk heterojunction introduced by the additives, which prevent charge recombination and lead to increases in the photocurrent collected across the polymer-fullerene interface. In Chapter 5, the synthesis of liquid crystalline polymer brushes is described, and their supramolecular and self-assembly properties are studied. The solid-state ordering and alignment properties of these highly substituted polymers can be affected by chemically tuning their mesogenic oligomeric side-chains, the length of the polymer backbone and the degree of crosslinking. The morphologies obtained with these macromolecules are interesting from the point of view of future photovoltaic applications. by Jose Miguel Lobez Comeras. Ph.D.

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Jones, Charles H., Mark Wigent, Jon Morgan, and Russ Beech. "A Synergistic Test Flight: Smart Sensors, EQDR and PCM Backfill." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/577489.

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ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA This is the story of three projects, which use three different research funding sources, coming together to demonstrate a small, but complete, instrumentation system that advances several technologies. The Onboard Smart Sensor (OSS) project is a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project that incorporates IEEE 1451.4 sensors into an existing Common Airborne Instrumentation System (CAIS) based instrumentation system. These sensors are "smart" in that they can self-identify basic information via a Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS). The Enhanced Query Data Recorder (EQDR) is being developed under the T&E Science & Technology Spectrum Efficient Technology (S&T SET) portfolio. This recorder is based on the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) specifications. One of the objectives of iNET is to be able to query a recorder in real-time and transfer the request across a network telemetry link. The third project provides Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) backfill to compensate for dropouts. One of the envisioned applications enabled by the iNET architecture is the ability to provide PCM displays in the control room that do not have dropouts. This is called PCM Backfill. The basic scenario is that PCM is both transmitted (as it traditionally has been via serial streaming telemetry (SST)) and recorded onboard. When dropouts occur, a request over the telemetry network is made to the recorder (the EQDR in this case) and the dropped portions of the PCM stream are sent over the telemetry network to backfill the ground display. By adding a PCM-to- Ethernet/iNET bridge, the OSS and legacy instrumentation system can provide data to both the standard PCM and to the EQDR. Combined, this mini-system demonstrates a vision of having intelligence and networking ability across the entire instrumentation system – from sensor to display.

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Massarotti, Giorgio, Cristian Ferrari, Esteban Codina Macia, and Massimiliano Ruggeri. "Mems sensors in hydraulics, an opportunity to create smart components." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71238.

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Modern electronic technologies allow for the design and production of Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems, also called MEMS. These microchips are widely used as sensors in many fields of application, also in embedded systems in heavy-duty and agricultural vehicles and in automotive applications. In addition to the classic uses of these sensors, new architectures and sensor topologies exploit electromechanical principles of great interest for the field of hydraulic applications. This paper presents some examples of the application of a new MEMS architecture based on self-oscillating microresonators, which offer interesting capabilities in the measurement of mechanical deformation of mechanical components. MEMS are applied as non-invasive pressure and oil flow sensors, and represent an interesting option for creating smart components. All the applications described are intended to show the sensor potential and have a qualitative and exemplary character, but they can provide a basis for in-depth studies on the potential and applicability of these sensors.

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Alexander, Craig. "The development of smart sensors for aquatic water quality monitoring." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-development-of-smart-sensors-for-aquatic-water-quality-monitoring(00b54484-63c6-41b5-bdf8-0afe75d72e28).html.

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The focus of this project was to investigate the use of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) as impedimetric ion-selective chemical sensors for the determination of several important analytes found within a freshwater aquarium. The overall aim of this research was to work towards a prototype sensing device that could eventually be developed into a commercial product for sale to aquarium owners. Polyvinyl chloride and sol-gels containing commercially-available ionophores for four aquarium-significant ions (NH4+, NO2-, NO3- and pH) were prepared and investigated for use within polymeric ion-selective membranes. Three separate IDE transducers were produced using either photolithography or screen-printing microfabrication techniques. A sinusoidal voltage was applied to the IDEs and an LCR meter was used to measure changes in the conductance and capacitance of the ion-selective membrane layer deposited over the electrode digits. Each ionophore, when tested within potentiometric ion-selective electrodes (ISEs), was found to be suitable for further investigation within IDE devices. Sol-gels were investigated as a potential membrane material for a coated wire electrode; however, poor response characteristics were observed. An IDE sensor fabricated in-house using lift-off photolithography and spin-coated with a polymeric membrane was found to produce non-selective responses caused by changes in the conductivity of the test solution. IDE devices with reduced geometric parameters were purchased and coated with a selective polymeric membrane. When the membrane was spin-coated, non-selective responses were observed; therefore, drop-coating of the membrane material was investigated. This initially resulted in an unacceptably long response time; however, this effect was reduced by decreasing the membrane solution viscosity prior to drop-coating. A fully-screen printed carbon IDE device was fabricated by incorporating the ionophore into a support matrix based on a commercial dielectric paste. Matrix interferences to the sensor response were reduced by printing ‘build-up’ layers over the sensing area prior to the ion-selective membrane. Two novel routes for monitoring the water quality of an aquarium, using IDE sensors fabricated by either photolithography or screen-printing, have been demonstrated. Due to the commercial aspect of this project, it is important to consider the final cost of producing these sensors. Both of the techniques used to produce ion-selective sensors require further experimentation to optimise the sensor response, prior to integration within a multi-analyte sensing prototype.

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Awcock, Graeme John. "Image acquisition technology for industrial automation." Thesis, University of Brighton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314802.

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Abhinav, Abhinav. "Sensor Failure Mode Detection and Self-Validation." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1227254283.

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Casper, Leo, and de Loo Jasper van. "From reliable sensors to cylinder intelligence." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-200746.

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Reliability of a piston rod position measurement system is key when applied to large hydraulic cylinders. This and other requirements lead to the development of the CIMS (Cylinder Integrated Measurement System), a contactless and highly accurate system that uses the Hall effect to detect an encoded piston rod. To eliminate deviations caused by mechanical tolerances, temperature and air gap variations etc., the raw signals are filtered and compensated. Its functionality has been extended by making statistical data available, based on the values measured. These include the number of strokes, cumulative stroke length, stroke length distribution, maximum velocity and acceleration, temperature classification and extreme temperatures. Assessment of these data enables the user to optimize his application. Comparison to historic data can give input to the preventive maintenance plan to reduce (unforeseeable) system downtime and to increase the system reliability. This development resulted into the CIMSmart. It is a significant step towards cylinder intelligence.

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Nguyen, Xuan Thong. "Smart VLSI micro-sensors for velocity estimation inspired by insect vision /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn5769.pdf.

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Tun, Min Han. "Virtual image sensors to track human activity in a smart house." Thesis, Curtin University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/904.

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With the advancement of computer technology, demand for more accurate and intelligent monitoring systems has also risen. The use of computer vision and video analysis range from industrial inspection to surveillance. Object detection and segmentation are the first and fundamental task in the analysis of dynamic scenes. Traditionally, this detection and segmentation are typically done through temporal differencing or statistical modelling methods. One of the most widely used background modeling and segmentation algorithms is the Mixture of Gaussians method developed by Stauffer and Grimson (1999). During the past decade many such algorithms have been developed ranging from parametric to non-parametric algorithms. Many of them utilise pixel intensities to model the background, but some use texture properties such as Local Binary Patterns. These algorithms function quite well under normal environmental conditions and each has its own set of advantages and short comings. However, there are two drawbacks in common. The first is that of the stationary object problem; when moving objects become stationary, they get merged into the background. The second problem is that of light changes; when rapid illumination changes occur in the environment, these background modelling algorithms produce large areas of false positives.These algorithms are capable of adapting to the change, however, the quality of the segmentation is very poor during the adaptation phase. In this thesis, a framework to suppress these false positives is introduced. Image properties such as edges and textures are utilised to reduce the amount of false positives during adaptation phase. The framework is built on the idea of sequential pattern recognition. In any background modelling algorithm, the importance of multiple image features as well as different spatial scales cannot be overlooked. Failure to focus attention on these two factors will result in difficulty to detect and reduce false alarms caused by rapid light change and other conditions. The use of edge features in false alarm suppression is also explored. Edges are somewhat more resistant to environmental changes in video scenes. The assumption here is that regardless of environmental changes, such as that of illumination change, the edges of the objects should remain the same. The edge based approach is tested on several videos containing rapid light changes and shows promising results. Texture is then used to analyse video images and remove false alarm regions. Texture gradient approach and Laws Texture Energy Measures are used to find and remove false positives. It is found that Laws Texture Energy Measure performs better than the gradient approach. The results of using edges, texture and different combination of the two in false positive suppression are also presented in this work. This false positive suppression framework is applied to a smart house senario that uses cameras to model ”virtual sensors” to detect interactions of occupants with devices. Results show the accuracy of virtual sensors compared with the ground truth is improved.

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Tun, Min Han. "Virtual image sensors to track human activity in a smart house." Curtin University of Technology, School of Computing, 2007. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17557.

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With the advancement of computer technology, demand for more accurate and intelligent monitoring systems has also risen. The use of computer vision and video analysis range from industrial inspection to surveillance. Object detection and segmentation are the first and fundamental task in the analysis of dynamic scenes. Traditionally, this detection and segmentation are typically done through temporal differencing or statistical modelling methods. One of the most widely used background modeling and segmentation algorithms is the Mixture of Gaussians method developed by Stauffer and Grimson (1999). During the past decade many such algorithms have been developed ranging from parametric to non-parametric algorithms. Many of them utilise pixel intensities to model the background, but some use texture properties such as Local Binary Patterns. These algorithms function quite well under normal environmental conditions and each has its own set of advantages and short comings. However, there are two drawbacks in common. The first is that of the stationary object problem; when moving objects become stationary, they get merged into the background. The second problem is that of light changes; when rapid illumination changes occur in the environment, these background modelling algorithms produce large areas of false positives. These algorithms are capable of adapting to the change, however, the quality of the segmentation is very poor during the adaptation phase. In this thesis, a framework to suppress these false positives is introduced. Image properties such as edges and textures are utilised to reduce the amount of false positives during adaptation phase. The framework is built on the idea of sequential pattern recognition. In any background modelling algorithm, the importance of multiple image features as well as different spatial scales cannot be overlooked. Failure to focus attention on these two factors will result in difficulty to detect and reduce false alarms caused by rapid light change and other conditions. The use of edge features in false alarm suppression is also explored. Edges are somewhat more resistant to environmental changes in video scenes. The assumption here is that regardless of environmental changes, such as that of illumination change, the edges of the objects should remain the same. The edge based approach is tested on several videos containing rapid light changes and shows promising results. Texture is then used to analyse video images and remove false alarm regions. Texture gradient approach and Laws Texture Energy Measures are used to find and remove false positives. It is found that Laws Texture Energy Measure performs better than the gradient approach. The results of using edges, texture and different combination of the two in false positive suppression are also presented in this work. This false positive suppression framework is applied to a smart house senario that uses cameras to model ”virtual sensors” to detect interactions of occupants with devices. Results show the accuracy of virtual sensors compared with the ground truth is improved.

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Grisostomi, Massimo. "New technologies for smart environments: from wireless sensors networks to domotics." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242758.

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Il concetto di smart environment, conosciuto anche come ambient intelligence, sta riscuotendo sempre più importanza a livello globale negli ultimi anni. Con il termine ambient intelligence si intende un ecosistema di oggetti che interagiscono con gli utenti e fra di loro con la capacità di auto-organizzarsi, fornire servizi e manipolare dati complessi. La disponibilità di sensori dalle dimensioni e costi sempre più ridotti, la crescente diffusione di tecnologie che permettono nna connettività a livello globale e la disponibilità di dispositivi di calcolo diffusi e portatili come smartphones, tablets e netbooks, rendono più agevole lo sviluppo di questi ambienti intelligenti. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di proporre soluzioni tecnologicamente avanzate da applicare ad ambienti esistenti in modo da trasformar li in ambienti 'smart', dotandoli di intelligenza. Questi ambienti sono stati divisi in due macrocategorie: industriale e domestico. Lo scopo della prima parte della tesi riguarda l'integrazione della tecnologia delle Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in ambienti industriali. In particolare verrà presentato il monitoraggio intelligente di nna linea di produzione al fine di calcolarne in tempo reale gli indici di performance. Il secondo caso di studio affrontato è riferito alla raccolta di informazioni per l'ottimizzazione dell'impiego di risorse in un sistema di raccolta rifiuti. In aggiunta verrà descritta la progettazione di un innovativo prototipo di nodo modulare il cui scopo è quello di affrontare il problema della standardizzazione della comunicazione permettendo una personalizzazione del nodo sensoriale. Lo scopo della seconda parte della tesi riguarda l'uso di diverse tecnologie domotiche per trasformare nna casa in nna smart house e permetterne controllo e monitoraggio da remoto. In particolare, a causa dell'elevato numero di dispositivi di building automation e protocolli di comunicazione, è stato sviluppato un framework per l'integrazione dei differenti dispositivi attraverso un protocollo Web based. E' stato inoltre sviluppato e validato un modello dei consumi elettrici domestici basato su logica fuzzy al fine di testare algoritmi di energy management e tecniche di controllo di home automation. xi The topic of smart environments, aiso called ambient intelligence, has been gaining more and more interest in recent years. The term ambient intelligence refers to the embedding of sensors and actuators within a room or an environ ment abie to automatically react to users and other devices. The availability of small and inexpensive sensors, the growing diffusion of networking technologies worldwide, the availability of small computing devices avaiiabie in homes such as smartphones, tabiets and netbooks, make easier the deveiopment and in stallation of smart environments infrastructures. The thesis aim is to provide technoiogicai soiutions to the ambient intelligence probiem in arder to make smart such ambient. The considered environments have been divided into two main categories: industrial and domestic ones. The focus of the first part of this thesis is an the integration of wireless sensor network (WSN) technoiogies in industriai applications. In particular the intelligent on line monitoring of a factory is presented to fìnd reai time performance indexes. The second case study presented concerns the automatic information harvesting in a resource recovery system. In addition it is aiso described the design of a novei prototype of a modular node which aims to overcome the probiem of the standardization of communication in high customization leve!WSNs. The focus of the second part of the thesis concerns the use of different domotic technoiogies to equip home parts far a more intelligent and automatic monitoring and remote con trai. In particuiar, due to the Iarge number of home automation devices and protocois and the differences between house to house, it has been developed a framework to integrate different devices with a Web based protocol. Further more it has been realized and validated a fuzzy logic home consumption model to test energy management and home automation contrai techniques.

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Tran, Tien Dung. "An approach to activity recognition using multiple sensors." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1702.

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Building smart home environments which automatically or semi-automatically assist and comfort occupants is an important topic in the pervasive computing field, especially with the coming of cheap, easy-to-install sensors. This has given rise to the indispensable need for human activity recognition from ubiquitous sensors whose purpose is to observe and understand what occupants are trying to do from sensory data. The main approach to the problem of human activity recognition is a probabilistic one so as to handle the complication of uncertainty, the overlapping of human behaviours and environmental noise. This thesis develops a probabilistic model as a framework for human activity recognition using multiple multi-modal sensors in complex pervasive environments. The probabilistic model to be developed is adapted and based on the abstract hidden Markov model (AHMM) with one layer to fuse multiple sensors. The concept of factored state representation is employed in the model to parsimoniously represent the state transitions for reducing the number of required parameters. The exact method is used in learning the model’s parameters and performing inference. To be able to incorporate a large number of sensors, several more parsimonious representations including the mixtures of smaller multinomials and sigmoid functions are investigated to model the state transitions, resulting in a reduction of the number of parameters and time required for training.We examine the approximate variational method to significantly reduce the time required for training the model instead of using the exact method. A system of fixed point equations is derived to iteratively update the free variational parameters. We also present the factored model in the case where all variables are continuous with the use of the conditional Gaussian distribution to model state transitions. The variational method is still employed in this case to speed up the model’s training process. The developed model is implemented and applied in recognizing daily activity in our smart home and the Nokia lab from multiple sensors. The experimental results show that the model is appropriate for fusing multiple sensors in activity recognition with a reasonable recognition performance.

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Schindler, Paul M. "Corrosion detection using metal coatings on fiber optic sensors." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74546.

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Fiber optic sensors have been utilized as corrosion sensors by depositing metal coatings to the surface of the sensors. Three types of fiber optic sensors were investigated as candidates for corrosion detection: the extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI), the absolute extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (AEFPI), and the long period grating (LPG) fiber optic sensor. The corrosion monitoring technique used with the EFPI and AEFPI sensors exploits the ability of a thick coating of metal to maintain strain information in fiber optic strain sensors. The sensors are placed under tensile stress, and while in the resulting strained position, a thick coating of metal is applied. Due to an increase in the quantity of material, the sensor does not return to its original position upon release, and strain is maintained within the sensor element. As the metal thickness decreases due to corrosion, this residual strain is released, providing the sensing mechanism for corrosion detection. LPG fiber optic sensors have demonstrated their ability as bandstop filters, by coupling the fundamental guided mode to circularly symmetric cladding modes. The cladding modes are extremely lossy due to the fiber jacket and bending along the fiber. Losses at discrete wavelengths can be monitored to determine the onset and progress of metal corrosion. Background theory and experimental results are discussed and reported for EFPI, AEFPI, and LPG fiber optic corrosion sensors. The study is preceded with an overview of different corrosion sensor designs and methods which are used in the area of non-destructive evaluation. Master of Science

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Alsop, Peter. "The self-validating process actuator." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308676.

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Johnson, Martin Eric. "Active control of sound transmission." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243189.

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Oliveira, Alex Lopes de. "Instrumentação inteligente via web services." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3140/tde-13122006-150545/.

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Neste trabalho é apresentado um sistema de instrumentação inteligente integrado com a arquitetura Web Services e desenvolvido em conformidade com as diretrizes estabelecidas na norma IEEE 1451.1. O protocolo de transmissão de dados do sistema é associado ao conceito das especificações dos transdutores e a um Web Service que permita a configuração remota do sistema de aquisição de dados. Através de uma interface de supervisão remota, acessível via Internet a partir de qualquer navegador, o usuário é capaz de identificar quais são os sensores inteligentes que estão conectados em uma rede, através de uma identificação única associada às suas características (tipo, formatação dos dados, etc.). Nesta mesma interface de apresentação o usuário tem a liberdade de selecionar o número de sensores que deseja ativar para efetuar algum monitoramento. Após a seleção dos sensores é disponibilizada uma interface de monitoramento que permite a visualização dos dados através de um gráfico bem como permite ao usuário salvar em um arquivo texto os dados coletados. Na mesma interface de monitoramento é disponibilizado o Web Service que permite alterar o intervalo de coleta de dados. Um conjunto de computadores em uma rede local (Intranet) simula a rede de sensores inteligentes. Nesta mesma rede está conectado o servidor responsável pela disponibilização da interface de supervisão remota. In this work is presented the integration of an established system of intelligent instrumentation with the Web Service?s architecture, in accordance with the IEEE 1451.1 standard. It is suggested the association of a data-communication protocol with the concept of Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) to a Web Service for making possible the remote configuration of a data acquisition system. Through a remote supervisor interface, accessible via Internet from any browser, the user can, at the first moment, identify which are the smart sensors connected in a network, using an unique identification associated to its characteristics (type, data formatting, etc.). In the same graphical interface the user can choose which sensors wants to monitor and, after the selection, will have available the monitoring interface that enables data visualization through a graph and allows the user to save the collected data in a text file. In the same monitoring interface the Web Service is also available; it admits modifications on the data collection interval. A group of computers in a local network (Intranet) simulates the smart sensors network. In the same network is connected a server responsible for supplying the remote supervisor interface.

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Dang, Wenting. "Stretchable interconnects for smart integration of sensors in wearable and robotic applications." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/40994/.

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Stretchable electronic systems are needed in realising a wide range of applications, such as wearable healthcare monitoring where stretching movements are present. Current electronics and sensors are rigid and non-stretchable. However, after integrating with stretchable interconnects, the overall system is able to withstand a certain degree of bending, stretching and twisting. The presence of stretchable interconnects bridges rigid sensors to stretchable sensing networks. In this thesis, stretchable interconnects focusing on the conductive polymer Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) , the composite and the metallic-polyimide (PI) are presented. Three type of stretchable interconnects were developed including gold (Au) -PEDOT:PSS hybrid film interconnects, Graphite-PEDOT:PSS composite interconnects and Au-PI dual-layered interconnects. The Au-PEDOT:PSS hybrid interconnects' stretchability can reach 72%. The composite exhibits a stretchability of 80% but with an extremely high variation in resistance (100000%). The Au-PI interconnects that have a serpentine shape with the arc degree of 260° reveal the highest stretchability, up to 101%, and its resistance variation remains within 0.2%. Further, the encapsulation effect, cyclic stretching, and contact pad's influence, are also investigated. To demonstrate the application of developed stretchable interconnects, this thesis also presents the optimised interconnects integrated with the electrochemical pH sensor and CNT-based strain sensor. The integrated stretchable system with electrochemical pH sensor is able to wirelessly monitor the sweat pH. The whole system can withstand up to 53% strain and more than 500 cycles at 30% strain. For the CNT-based strain sensor, the sensor is integrated on the pneumatically actuated soft robotic finger to monitor the bending radius (23 mm) of the finger. In this way, the movement of the soft robotic finger can be controlled. These two examples of sensor's integration with stretchable interconnects successfully demonstrate the concept of stretchable sensing network. Further work will focus on realising a higher density sensing and higher multifunctional sensing stretchable system seamlessly integrated with cloth fibres.

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Eccles, Lee H. "THE USE OF IEEE P1451.3 SMART SENSORS IN A DATA ACQUISITION NETWORK." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/606739.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada This paper describes the use of an IEEE p1451.3 Smart Sensor bus as part of a network centric data acquisition system. IEEE p1451.3 provides for synchronized data acquisition from a number of transducers on a bus. The standard provides for Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS) that the manufacturer can use to describe the function and capabilities of the sensor module. The standard also provides for TEDS where the user can store information relevant to a particular application. The information in these TEDS can be used to generate much of the information that is required to be able to process the data during or after a test. The use of this information to configure and operate a Network Based Data Acquisition is described.

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Kahn, Mohammed Tariq Ekeramodien. "Miniaturised dedicated application opto-electronic sensors in the evolution of smart systems." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1196.

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Thesis (DTech (Electrical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, Cape Town, 2002 In the last decade, the South Amcan Electricity Supply Commission would have had their ability to serve an ever demanding public severely tested. With the dilemma of providing electricity supply through hazardous environmental conditions, and with prospects of supplying power even beyond South Afiican borders, the need for a comprehensive damage and power delivery assessment strategy becomes all the more relevant. The rapid growth being made in the evolution of so called "intelligent" structures, with inherent sensor, actuator and control mechanisms built in can have direct influence on a power distribution network. At least in the foreseeable future, the impact ofphotonic sensors with inherent miniaturization, a foremost candidate in Smart System technology, can play a vital role in damage assessment of a potentially large network such as that found in the supply ofelectricity. Smart systems are nonliving systems that integrate the functions of sensing, actuation, logic and control, to respond adaptively to changes in their condition or environment to which they are exposed, in a useful and usually repetitive manner. Sensors are a fundamental part of the evolution of such systems and form the basis for the topic of this dissertation. The use ofoptical fiber sensors is increasing widely mainly due to their (a) miniature size, (b) remote signal processing ability, and (c) multiplexing capabilities. Because of the above features a variety of optical fiber sensing techniques has evolved over the years having potential for a myriad of applications. In this work a systems model and equations was developed for modeling the propagation of light in a optical waveguide, in order to study a Fabry Perrot sensor topology for application as a miniaturised sensor in a new type of smart structure, namely a smart electrical power system.

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Yaxley, Stuart. "Development and integration of novel smart sacrificial sensors into critical wear situations." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/13283.

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Villa, Marco. "Smart and highly phosphorescent asterisks for (bio)sensors, antennae and molecular imaging." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0540.

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Cette thèse porte sur des matériaux luminescents sulfurés, notamment des astérisques moléculaires persulfurés phosphorescents, basés sur l'hexakis(p-tolylthio)benzène (HTTB), et d'un thiosphérulène (balle moléculaire soufrée). Non émissif en solution, HTTB est un des émetteurs phosphorescents les plus puissants à l'état solide, avec une émission induite par agrégation (AIE). Un des objectifs est de synthétiser des dérivés portant des acides carboxyliques en périphérie pour augmenter la solubilité aqueuse et mettre à profit la coordination sélective d'ions Pb(II) et Cd(II) afin de former des édifices supramoléculaires rigides luminescents et des capteurs intelligents. Ces fonctions permettent d’ancrer les astérisques à l'intérieur de nanoparticules de silice (NPs) pour activer la phosphorescence. Ces nouvelles NPs, dont l’émission est sensible à l’oxygène, sont un colorant pour l'imagerie in vivo par microscopie à deux photons d'excitation This thesis focuses on sulfurated luminescent materials, including phosphorescent persulfurated molecular asterisks, based on hexakis(p-tolylthio) benzene (HTTB), and a thiospherulene (a sulfurated molecular ball). Non-emissive in solution, HTTB is one of the most powerful phosphorescent emitters in the solid state, from an aggregation-induced emission (AIE). One of the objectives is to synthesize some asterisk derivatives bearing carboxylic acids at their periphery to increase their aqueous solubility, and to take advantage of the selective coordination of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions in order to form luminescent rigid supramolecular edifices and intelligent sensors. These functions allow to anchor the asterisks inside some silica nanoparticles (NPs) to activate phosphorescence. These new NPs, whose emission is sensitive to oxygen, are dyes for in vivo imaging by two-photon excitation microscopy

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Villa, Marco. "Smart and highly phosphorescent asterisks for (bio)sensors, antennae and molecular imaging." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0540.

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Cette thèse porte sur des matériaux luminescents sulfurés, notamment des astérisques moléculaires persulfurés phosphorescents, basés sur l'hexakis(p-tolylthio)benzène (HTTB), et d'un thiosphérulène (balle moléculaire soufrée). Non émissif en solution, HTTB est un des émetteurs phosphorescents les plus puissants à l'état solide, avec une émission induite par agrégation (AIE). Un des objectifs est de synthétiser des dérivés portant des acides carboxyliques en périphérie pour augmenter la solubilité aqueuse et mettre à profit la coordination sélective d'ions Pb(II) et Cd(II) afin de former des édifices supramoléculaires rigides luminescents et des capteurs intelligents. Ces fonctions permettent d’ancrer les astérisques à l'intérieur de nanoparticules de silice (NPs) pour activer la phosphorescence. Ces nouvelles NPs, dont l’émission est sensible à l’oxygène, sont un colorant pour l'imagerie in vivo par microscopie à deux photons d'excitation This thesis focuses on sulfurated luminescent materials, including phosphorescent persulfurated molecular asterisks, based on hexakis(p-tolylthio) benzene (HTTB), and a thiospherulene (a sulfurated molecular ball). Non-emissive in solution, HTTB is one of the most powerful phosphorescent emitters in the solid state, from an aggregation-induced emission (AIE). One of the objectives is to synthesize some asterisk derivatives bearing carboxylic acids at their periphery to increase their aqueous solubility, and to take advantage of the selective coordination of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions in order to form luminescent rigid supramolecular edifices and intelligent sensors. These functions allow to anchor the asterisks inside some silica nanoparticles (NPs) to activate phosphorescence. These new NPs, whose emission is sensitive to oxygen, are dyes for in vivo imaging by two-photon excitation microscopy

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Franzén, Linda, and Jessica Fredheim. "Potential Sustainability Improvements by Using Real-Time Measuring Temperature Sensors in Offices : A Case Study at Vasakronan’s Head Office Evaluating Sensor Solutions and Their Applicability." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-192459.

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This thesis is written on the subject of smart cities, where real-time temperature measuringsensors were tested at Vasakronan’s head office. The purpose of doing so was to evaluate theavailable sensor solutions for real-time measurements as well as analyze the sustainabilitybenefits of doing so. Three sensors were tested: Yanzi Climate, Texas Instruments SensorTag,and Smart Citizen Board. The measurements from the sensors were compared within the sensorsolution as well as between each other and the traditional measuring equipment Testo 480 andTinytags. A multi-criteria analysis was conducted to compare the qualities of the sensors, whichshowed that Yanzi was the best of these. Mainly this was due to the quality of measurementsand conformity within the sensor solution. The performance of the other sensor solutions weresimilar, although they had different strengths and weaknesses. Finally, the temperaturemeasurements from Yanzi was used to make a temperature map over the office. If implementedin real-time, this would serve as an indicator for the superintendents of the building whenmanaging the HVAC system, which could improve energy efficiency and decrease costs.Additionally, employees could use the temperature map for individual choice of the indoortemperature that suits them. This will result in improving social sustainability at the office, aswell as economic sustainability due to increased productivity of the employees. Smarta städer är ett koncept som växer i popularitet bland forskare inom hållbarhet. Hittills harfokus främst varit på att minska energi- och materialflöden för hushåll, medan tillämpningar förkontor varit få. Därmed sågs ett behov av att utforska vilka hållbarhetsfördelar som kundeuppnås genom att tillämpa smarta städer-strategier på kontor.Syftet med examensarbetet är att utforska hur realtidsmätningar av temperatur på kontor kanbidra till hållbar utveckling. Detta inkluderar dels att utreda hur data från dessa mätningar kananvändas för att bidra till ökad hållbarhet, men också att implementera realtidsmätningar avtemperatur på kontor för att bedöma vilka möjligheter som finns i nuläget. Det var ocksånödvändigt att bedöma om sensorlösningarna har möjlighet att ersätta den traditionellautrustningen för temperaturmätningar.Arbetet krävde forskning inom områden som smarta kontor, sensorer med möjlighet att mätatemperatur i realtid, energiförbrukning i byggnader, traditionell mätutrustning för temperatur,och termisk komfort. Då sensorer med passande egenskaper för att kunna utföra testernafunnits gjordes ett val av tre sensorlösningar som skulle installeras på Vasakronans huvudkontor.Den huvudsakliga sensorlösningen som skulle placeras på hela kontoret valdes till Yanzi. De tvåövriga som skulle testas i mindre skala var Smart Citizen Board och Texas Instruments SensorTag.För att kunna avgöra kvaliteten på mätningarna var det nödvändigt att data sparades på ett brasätt. För Smart Citizen Board och Yanzi innebar detta att data var tvungen att hämtas från derasrespektive servrar, vilket gjordes genom att skriva program som kopplade upp mot deras servraroch hämtade data en gång i minuten. För Texas Instruments SensorTag gjordes lagring direkt pådatorns hårddisk.Yanzisensorerna som var installerade i en större skala användes också under testperioden för attsamla data till en temperaturkarta över kontoret. Den initiala tanken med temperaturkartan varatt användarna av kontoret skulle ha möjligheten att basera vart de sätter sig utifrån derastermiska preferenser. Därför behövdes även ett flertal test göras på Vasakronans kontor för attutröna om en temperaturkarta för denna användning skulle vara applicerbar där.Testerna på Vasakronans kontor var uppdelat i fem delar: 1) Jämförelse mellansensorlösningarna och de traditionellt använda Tinytag 2) Jämförelse mellan lufttemperaturenoch den operativa temperaturen och det termiska klimatet 3) Jämförelse mellansensorlösningarna och den traditionellt använda Testo 480 4) Test av sensorlösningarnastäckning på olika delar av kontoret 5) Insamling av data för temperaturkartan.I det första testet var sensorlösningarna placerade bredvid Tinytagsen och de var inställda för attmäta från fredag till tisdag. Resultaten från detta test var att det var stor skillnad i batteritidmellan sensorlösningarna samt att enhetlighet mellan de två enheterna från vardera lösningenvarierade kraftigt mellan de olika lösningarna. Yanzi bedömdes ha den bästa batteritiden ochenhetligheten mellan sensorernas mätningar.I det andra testet användes den traditionella utrustningen Testo 480 för att undersöka om detvar en signifikant skillnad i den termiska upplevelsen mellan olika områden på kontoret och ifalldessa kan användas för att skapa en temperaturkarta. Testet undersökte också omlufttemperatur var en bra indikator för den termiska upplevelsen i varje område. Resultatet från detta test var att det är tillräckligt stora temperaturskillnader på Vasakronans kontor för att entemperaturkarta ska vara applicerbar. Slutsatsen var också att lufttemperatur är en tillräckligtbra indikator för det termiska klimatet.I det tredje testet jämfördes sensorlösningarnas tester med mätningarna av Testo 480. Dettagjordes för att utröna sensorlösningarnas noggrannhet. Testerna visade att Yanzi varsensorlösningen med de mest korrekta mätningarna.I testet av sensorernas räckvidd var det tydligt att SCB hade en fördel som endast berodde påhur bra Wi-Fi täckningen var i byggnaden. Varken Yanzi och TI hade täckning i hela byggnaden,då avstånden mellan gateway och sensorer blev för långt. Av de två hade Yanzi dock en fördel dåde kan använda sig av andra enheter som repeterar signalerna.I det sista testet samlades data in för att skapa temperaturkartan som användarna av kontoretskulle kunna basera sitt val av plats på. En lämplig skala och en prototyp av temperaturkartanutformades.Efter testperioden gjordes en multikriterieanalys för att avgöra vilken av sensorlösningarna sompassade denna typ av applikation bäst. Slutsatsen var att Yanzi var den som passade bäst. Dettaberodde främst på mätnoggrannheten, enhetligheten mellan sensorernas mätningar och att denvar mest pålitlig under testerna. TI och SCB hade liknande poäng men hade olika styrkor ochsvagheter och bör därför väljas för att passa varje enskilt fall.Slutsatserna av detta examensarbete är många. Studien har funnit att temperaturmätningar irealtid på kontoret kan bidra till en förbättrad hållbarhet. Förbättringarna uppnås främst inomenergibesparingar genom en annorlunda reglering av VVS-systemet och genom att förbättra dentermiska komforten hos användarna av kontoret via nyttjandet av temperaturkartan.I slutskedet av detta examensarbete är förhoppningarna att smarta städer och smarta byggnaderska fortsätta att utvecklas och då möjliggöras av sensorlösningar som fortfarande är ekonomisktförsvarbara men som är mer tillförlitliga än idag.

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47

Tran, Tien Dung. "An approach to activity recognition using multiple sensors." Curtin University of Technology, School of Computing, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=17568.

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Building smart home environments which automatically or semi-automatically assist and comfort occupants is an important topic in the pervasive computing field, especially with the coming of cheap, easy-to-install sensors. This has given rise to the indispensable need for human activity recognition from ubiquitous sensors whose purpose is to observe and understand what occupants are trying to do from sensory data. The main approach to the problem of human activity recognition is a probabilistic one so as to handle the complication of uncertainty, the overlapping of human behaviours and environmental noise. This thesis develops a probabilistic model as a framework for human activity recognition using multiple multi-modal sensors in complex pervasive environments. The probabilistic model to be developed is adapted and based on the abstract hidden Markov model (AHMM) with one layer to fuse multiple sensors. The concept of factored state representation is employed in the model to parsimoniously represent the state transitions for reducing the number of required parameters. The exact method is used in learning the model’s parameters and performing inference. To be able to incorporate a large number of sensors, several more parsimonious representations including the mixtures of smaller multinomials and sigmoid functions are investigated to model the state transitions, resulting in a reduction of the number of parameters and time required for training. We examine the approximate variational method to significantly reduce the time required for training the model instead of using the exact method. A system of fixed point equations is derived to iteratively update the free variational parameters. We also present the factored model in the case where all variables are continuous with the use of the conditional Gaussian distribution to model state transitions. The variational method is still employed in this case to speed up the model’s training process. The developed model is implemented and applied in recognizing daily activity in our smart home and the Nokia lab from multiple sensors. The experimental results show that the model is appropriate for fusing multiple sensors in activity recognition with a reasonable recognition performance.

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48

Sinclair, Robert, Russell Beech, Kevin Jones, and Charles H. Jones. "LEGACY SENSORS GO WIRELESS WITH IEEE P1451.5." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/605806.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 18-21, 2004 / Town & Country Resort, San Diego, California The wireless sensor concept has been hindered in the past by the large number of components needed to add the wireless transceiver feature and the additional power consumption needed for that feature. This has been resolved by incorporating all the wireless components into a single, low power modular circuit. Intelligence is being added to legacy sensors to make them Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 1451.4 compatible with an element called a Sensor Identification Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (SITEDS), which contains the Transducer Electronics Data Sheet (TEDS) for that sensor. All the sensor interface parameters are automatically configured by a module called the Universal Smart Transducer Interface Module (USTIM) using the TEDS input from the respective sensor’s SITEDS. An IEEE P1451.5 compatible wireless interface can be incorporated into the SITEDS with the transceiver module giving the legacy sensor full wireless capability.

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Watanabe, Naoki. "Fundamental Study on Wide-Bandgap-Semiconductor MEMS and Photodetectors for Integrated Smart Sensors." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/174944.

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50

CIPPITELLI, Enea. "Human action recognition and mobility assessment in smart environments with RGB-D sensors." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245464.

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Questa attività di ricerca è focalizzata sullo sviluppo di algoritmi e soluzioni per ambienti intelligenti sfruttando sensori RGB e di profondità. In particolare, gli argomenti affrontati fanno riferimento alla valutazione della mobilità di un soggetto e al riconoscimento di azioni umane. Riguardo il primo tema, l'obiettivo è quello di implementare algoritmi per l'estrazione di parametri oggettivi che possano supportare la valutazione di test di mobilità svolta da personale sanitario. Il primo algoritmo proposto riguarda l'estrazione di sei joints sul piano sagittale utilizzando i dati di profondità forniti dal sensore Kinect. La precisione in termini di stima degli angoli di busto e ginocchio nella fase di sit-to-stand viene valutata considerando come riferimento un sistema stereofotogrammetrico basato su marker. Un secondo algoritmo viene proposto per facilitare la realizzazione del test in ambiente domestico e per consentire l'estrazione di un maggior numero di parametri dall'esecuzione del test Timed Up and Go. I dati di Kinect vengono combinati con quelli di un accelerometro attraverso un algoritmo di sincronizzazione, costituendo un setup che può essere utilizzato anche per altre applicazioni che possono beneficiare dell'utilizzo congiunto di dati RGB, profondità ed inerziali. Vengono quindi proposti algoritmi di rilevazione della caduta che sfruttano la stessa configurazione del Timed Up and Go test. Per quanto riguarda il secondo argomento affrontato, l'obiettivo è quello di effettuare la classificazione di azioni che possono essere compiute dalla persona all'interno di un ambiente domestico. Vengono quindi proposti due algoritmi di riconoscimento attività i quali utilizzano i joints dello scheletro di Kinect e sfruttano un SVM multiclasse per il riconoscimento di azioni appartenenti a dataset pubblicamente disponibili, raggiungendo risultati confrontabili con lo stato dell'arte rispetto ai dataset CAD-60, KARD, MSR Action3D. This research activity is focused on the development of algorithms and solutions for smart environments exploiting RGB and depth sensors. In particular, the addressed topics refer to mobility assessment of a subject and to human action recognition. Regarding the first topic, the goal is to implement algorithms for the extraction of objective parameters that can support the assessment of mobility tests performed by healthcare staff. The first proposed algorithm regards the extraction of six joints on the sagittal plane using depth data provided by Kinect sensor. The accuracy in terms of estimation of torso and knee angles in the sit-to-stand phase is evaluated considering a marker-based stereometric system as a reference. A second algorithm is proposed to simplify the test implementation in home environment and to allow the extraction of a greater number of parameters from the execution of the Timed Up and Go test. Kinect data are combined with those of an accelerometer through a synchronization algorithm constituting a setup that can be used also for other applications that benefit from the joint usage of RGB, depth and inertial data. Fall detection algorithms exploiting the same configuration of the Timed Up and Go test are therefore proposed. Regarding the second topic addressed, the goal is to perform the classification of human actions that can be carried out in home environment. Two algorithms for human action recognition are therefore proposed, which exploit skeleton joints of Kinect and a multi-class SVM for the recognition of actions belonging to publicly available datasets, achieving results comparable with the state of the art in the datasets CAD-60, KARD, MSR Action3D.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smart sensors'

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