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Academic literature on the topic 'Smelter furnaces'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Smelter furnaces"

1

Unitt, Mike, Graham Guest, Stephen Williams, and Greg Proffitt. "The Challenges to Supply New Casthouse Furnaces in a Modern Aluminium Smelter Project." Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.122.

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In this paper Solios Thermal will share its recent experiences in designing and integrating 11 melting and holding furnaces and 2 cooling water plants in Qatar for the new aluminium smelter, planning to produce 585,000 t/yr. This paper will discuss the alternative furnace design specific for this contract and will focus on the key design differences referenced to the traditional furnace type.

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2

Navarra, Alessandro, Ryan Wilson, Roberto Parra, et al. "Quantitative Methods to Support Data Acquisition Modernization within Copper Smelters." Processes 8, no. 11 (2020): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111478.

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Sensors and process control systems are essential for process automation and optimization. Many sectors have adapted to the Industry 4.0 paradigm, but copper smelters remain hesitant to implement these technologies without appropriate justification, as many critical functions remain subject to ground operator experience. Recent experiments and industrial trials using radiometric optoelectronic data acquisition, coupled with advanced quantitative methods and expert systems, have successfully distinguished between mineral species in reactive vessels with high classification rates. These experiments demonstrate the increasing potential for the online monitoring of the state of a charge in pyrometallurgical furnaces, allowing data-driven adjustments to critical operational parameters. However, the justification to implement an innovative control system requires a quantitative framework that is conducive to multiphase engineering projects. This paper presents a unified quantitative framework for copper and nickel-copper smelters, which integrates thermochemical modeling into discrete event simulation and is, indeed, able to simulate smelters, with and without a proposed set of sensors, thus quantifying the benefit of these sensors. Sample computations are presented, which are based on the authors’ experiences in smelter reengineering projects.

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Girard, Guillaume, Michael Bishop, Philip Austen, and Liz Swain. "Increasing Cast House Throughput through “In-Spec First Time”." Materials Science Forum 693 (July 2011): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.693.141.

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Achieving in-specification melt analysis first time has been the Holy Grail of many cast houses for a number of years and for a good reason. For many producers, the furnaces are the bottleneck of the value added casting process and removing that hurdle means big dollars. A six sigma project was carried out at the Bell Bay smelter aimed at reducing the time it takes to bring a furnace within chemical specification and highlighted that “in-spec first time” is more achievable than many think. This paper covers the steps having an impact on alloy recovery and suggests a “best practice” to be followed in each area. As is shown, consistently following these guidelines through robust controls can generate a significant increase in throughput of value add facilities in your cast house.

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Wędrychowicz, M., A. W. Bydałek, and W. Wołczyński. "The Concept of Optimizing the Decopperisation of Slag Slurry in Electrical Furnace." Archives of Foundry Engineering 17, no. 4 (2017): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0152.

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AbstractThis paper presents the idea of increasing the effectiveness of slag decopperisation in an electric furnace in the "Głogów II" Copper Smelter by replacing the currently added CaCO3with a less energy-intensive technological additive. As a result of this conversion, one may expect improved parameters of the process, including process time or power consumption per cycle. The incentives to optimize the process are the benefits of increasing copper production in the company and the growing global demand for this metal. The paper also describes other factors that may have a significant impact on the optimization of the copper production process. Based on the literature analysis, a solution has been developed that improves the copper production process. The benefits of using a new technology additive primarily include increased share of copper in the alloy, reduced production costs, reduced amount of power consumed per cycle and reduced time it takes to melt. At the conclusion of the paper, the issues raised are highlighted, stressing that mastering the slag slurry process in electric furnaces requires continuous improvement.

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5

He, Jianjun, Chang Wang, Qi Zhu, Ling Shen, Mande Jing, and Weihua Gui. "An intelligent optimization control method for the electrode current of submerged arc furnaces based on case reasoning." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, no. 10 (2020): 1088–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651820906000.

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Due to the nonlinearity, strong coupling, and time-varying characteristics of three-phase electrode lift system of submerged arc furnace, the existing manual operation has the problems of electrode control hysteresis, poor balance of three-phase electrode current, and blindness of electrode current target setting. An intelligent optimization control method for the electrode current of submerged arc furnace based on case reasoning is proposed in this article, which is used to realize the automatic control of the electrode control system of the submerged arc furnace. First, the optimization model of electrode current setting value of the submerged arc furnace is established by the case-based reasoning method, and the corresponding electrode current value is calculated to maximize the yield in the safe power range of the furnace. Next, a three-phase electrode current decoupling controller is designed based on fuzzy rules. Finally, an intelligent optimization control system of three-phase electrode current of submerged arc furnace is designed and its superiority is verified by comparison with the proportional–integral–derivative controller. The designed control system has been applied to the smelting production of submerged arc furnace in a domestic smelter. The simulation and industrial operation results show that the system realizes automatic balance adjustment of electrode current of submerged arc furnace under normal working conditions, which greatly reduces the labor intensity of the operator, increases the smelting yield, reduces the unit energy consumption, and brings significant economic and social benefits to the enterprise.

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6

Adrianovskii, V., G. Lipatov, E. Kuzmina, and N. Zlygosteva. "Applying of Technique for Assessing Occupational Cancerogenic Risks for Workers Used in Metallurgical Shops With Different Methods of Blister Copper Production." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (2018): 206s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.83600.

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Background: Exposure to carcinogens at workers used in the enterprises of copper metallurgy making urgent the task of assessing carcinogenic risks in the nonferrous metallurgy. In particular, melting and conversion of copper are characterized by the exposure of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, benz(a)pyrene. Aim: Assessment of professional carcinogenic risks for workers used in shops with a shaft and reflective copper smelting ore, compared with one of the modern methods of producing blister copper. Carcinogenic risk was estimated from each of the substances and in total from their combination for 25 years of work experience. When inappropriate carcinogen risk calculated duration time of operation, at which the allowable upper limit of occupational risk. Methods: A hygienic assessment of the contribution of the working environment to the formation of a carcinogenic risk for workers engaged in reverberatory and blast smelting of copper-bearing ores in comparison with autogenous processes was carried out. To calculate the carcinogenic risks, we used 8 hours concentration in the working air as well as slope factors for inhalation exposure (SFi) of arsenic, cadmium, lead, nickel, and benz(a)pyrene. Results: It is shown that when copper is smelted, inorganic arsenic compounds are the main factor that forms a carcinogenic risk: reverberatory smelting - 67.8%; shaft smelting - 88.9%; melting furnaces in “molten bath” - 96.2%. The highest predicted values of carcinogenic risk for similar occupations of metallurgical shops are observed with reverberatory (2.9 × 10−2) and blast smelting (1.8 × 10−2), rather than with bath smelting (5.2 × 10−3). It is due to the difference in the used equipment. The highest values of carcinogenic risks identified in the batch loader, working conditions which are characterized by exposure to high concentrations of dust in the workplace area, and the least - for the metal spiller. Among the professions of the copper smelting shop, in which reflective smelting is used, the values of the length of service in contact with carcinogenic substances were in the range from 6.5 to 1.1 years. A little more was the duration of the maximum work experience in mine melting - from 1.38 to 1.56 years. In the smelting shop with smelting furnaces in a “liquid bath” the amount of acceptable work experience varied from 3.13 to 6.41 years. Conclusion: When all the existing methods for producing blister copper carcinogenic risk due to exposure to arsenic, cadmium, lead, chromium (VI), and benzo(a)pyrene is in an unacceptable range (>1.0 × 10−3). The main measure to reduce the carcinogenic risk of blister copper production should be the technical re-equipment of smelter shops with the introduction of autogenous processes (melting furnaces in “molten bath”).

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Fernández-Caliani, J. C., G. Ríos, J. Martínez, and F. Jiménez. "Occurrence and speciation of copper in slags obtained during the pyrometallurgical processing of chalcopyrite concentrates at the Huelva smelter (Spain)." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 48, no. 2 (2012): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb111111027f.

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Slags involved in smelting-converting-refining operations to produce blister copper at the Atlantic Copper smelter, in Huelva (Spain), have been investigated by quantitative electron microprobe analysis, X-ray diffraction and digital imaging techniques. The results showed that mechanically entrapped matte particles are the dominant copper losses in the slags. The largest proportion of Cubearing particles (2.0-3.5 vol %) is present in the magnetite-rich converter slags, due to the negative effect of viscosity on coalescence and precipitation of copper matte during conversion. They consist of high-grade matte particles with a core of copper metal rimmed by a copper sulfide phase (Cu2S). The mechanical entrainment of copper matte by slags from both the flash and electric furnaces resulted in copper losses accounting for less than 1.5 vol %, mostly occurring as tiny particles with a stoichiometric composition close to that of bornite (Cu5FeS4). Copper was not found to be enriched in fayalite and magnetite as solid solution.

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YANAGIDA, Tokio. "Construction of a Large Scale Mitsubishi Continuous Smelting Furnaces Line and Improvement of Productivity at Naoshima Smelter & Refinery." Shigen-to-Sozai 109, no. 8 (1993): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/shigentosozai.109.581.

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Khalifa, A. A., V. Yu Bazhin, M. E. М. К. Shalabi, A. Abdelmoneim, and M. Omran. "Improving the efficiency of the carbothermal reduction of red mud by microwave treatment." Proceedings of Irkutsk State Technical University 25, no. 2 (2021): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2021-2-264-279.

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In this work, we studied the effect of microwave treatment of red mud briquettes containting more than 48% of Fe on the process of iron reduction under various conditions of heat treatment. Research samples were collected from red mud formed during the production of alumina from bauxite at the Ural Aluminum Smelter. The chemical composition of mud samples was examined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. The composition of initial mud and that of agglomerates obtained after treatment in microwave and muffle furnaces was studied using the X-ray diffraction method. Phase transitions and structural changes occurring under the effect of heating were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The experimental briquettes comprising red mud and charcoal were treated at 850°C and 1000°C in a microwave furnace (under the frequency of 2.45 GHz and the power of 900 W). For reference, briquettes of analogous composition were heat-treated in a muffle furnace under the same conditions. It was found that, under the conditions of microwave heating to 1000°C for 10 min, hematite is completely reduced to metallic iron after the addition of wustite. An analysis of the m i-crostructure of the samples after microwave treatment showed that the particles of metallic iron in the as-obtained pellet-agglomerates have a larger size than in those after conventional thermal heating in a muffle furnace. The metallized phases of reduced iron at the end of heat treatment in a microwave furnace create a stable durable body of agglomerates. The evidence-based parameters of the process can become a basis for designing a technology for recycling such an industrial material as red mud. The obtained high-strength pellets from red mud with a high content of reduced iron (up to 85%) may be used as an alternative charge material for ferrous metallurgy. The proposed technology for recycling red mud into pellet-agglomerates can be applied in various industries to reduce environmental impact on the production areas of alumina plants.

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Myrstener, Erik, Harald Biester, Christian Bigler, et al. "Environmental footprint of small-scale, historical mining and metallurgy in the Swedish boreal forest landscape: The Moshyttan blast furnace as microcosm." Holocene 29, no. 4 (2019): 578–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618824741.

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The history of mining and smelting and the associated pollution have been documented using lake sediments for decades, but the broader ecological implications are not well studied. We analyzed sediment profiles covering the past ~10,000 years from three lakes associated with an iron blast furnace in central Sweden, as an example of the many small-scale furnaces with historical roots in the medieval period. With a focus on long-term lake-water quality, we analyzed multiple proxies including geochemistry, pollen and charcoal, diatom composition and inferred pH, biogenic silica (bSi), visible near-infrared spectroscopy (VNIRS)-inferred lake-water total organic carbon (LW-TOC), and VNIRS-inferred sediment chlorophyll (sed-Chl). All three lakes had stable conditions during the middle Holocene (~5000 BCE to 1110 CE) typical of oligo-dystrophic lakes: pH 5.4–5.6, LW-TOC 15–18 mg L−1. The most important diatom taxa include, for example, Aulacoseira scalaris, Brachysira neoexilis, and Frustulia saxonica. From ~1150 CE, decreases in LW-TOC, bSi, and sed-Chl in all three lakes coincide with a suite of proxies indicating disturbance associated with local, small-scale agriculture, and the more widespread use of the landscape in the past (e.g. forest grazing, charcoal production). Most important was a decline in LW-TOC by 30–50% in the three lakes prior to the 20th century. In addition, the one lake (Fickeln) downstream of the smelter and main areas of cultivation experienced a shift in diatom composition (mainly increasing Asterionella formosa) and a 0.6 pH increase coinciding with increasing cereal pollen and signs of blast furnace activity. The pH did not change in the other two lakes in response to disturbance; however, these lakes show a slight increase (0.3–0.5 pH units) because of modern liming. LW-TOC has returned to background levels in the downstream lake and remains lower in the other two.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smelter furnaces"

1

Carlson, Kurt B. "Development of a mathematical model to determine the temperature distribution in the metal layer and hearth of an electrical resistance smelter /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10219.

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Andrews, Lesley. "Base metal losses to furnace slag during processing of platinum-bearing concentrates." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01222009-172643/.

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Westcott, Corli. "Evaluation of heat strain experienced by furnace workers at an iron smelter / C. Westcott." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5020.

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Huff, Jason. "Particle formation of smelt in a fluidized bed." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7037.

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Stadler, Johan George. "Multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method in CO gas management at a South African ilmenite smelter." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71631.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In a minerals processing environment, stable production processes, cost minimisation and energy efficiency are key to operational excellence, safety and profitability. At an ilmenite smelter, typically found in the heavy minerals industry, it is no different. Management of an ilmenite smelting process is a complex, multi-variable challenge with high costs and safety risks at stake. A by-product of ilmenite smelting is superheated carbon monoxide (CO) gas, or furnace off-gas. This gas is inflammable and extremely poisonous to humans. At the same time the gas is a potential energy source for various on-site heating applications. Re-using furnace off-gas can increase the energy efficiency of the energy intensive smelting process and can save on the cost of procuring other gas for heating purposes. In this research project, the management of CO gas from the Tronox KZN Sands ilmenite smelter in South Africa was studied with the aim of optimising the current utilisation of the gas. In the absence of any buffer capacity in the form of a pressure vessel, the stability of the available CO gas is directly dependent on the stability of the furnaces. The CO gas has been identified as a partial replacement for methane gas which is currently purchased for drying and heating of feed material and pre-heating of certain smelter equipment. With no buffer capacity between the furnaces and the gas consuming plants, a dynamic prioritisation approach had to be found if the CO was to replace the methane. The dynamics of this supply-demand problem, which has been termed the “CO gas problem”, needed to be studied. A discrete-event simulation model was developed to match the variable supply of CO gas to the variable demand for gas over time – the demand being a function of the availability of the plants requesting the gas, and the feed rates and types of feed material processed at those plants. The problem was formulated as a multi-objective optimisation problem with the two main, conflicting objectives, identified as: 1) the average production time lost per plant per day due to CO-methane switchovers; and 2) the average monthly saving on methane gas costs due to lower consumption thereof. A metaheuristic, namely multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method, or MOO CEM, was applied as optimisation algorithm to solve the CO gas problem. The performance of the MOO CEM algorithm was compared with that of a recognised benchmark algorithm for multi-objective optimisation, the NSGA II, when both were applied to the CO gas problem. The background of multi-objective optimisation, metaheuristics and the usage of furnace off-gas, particularly CO gas, were investigated in the literature review. The simulation model was then developed and the optimisation algorithm applied. The research aimed to comment on the merit of the MOO CEM algorithm for solving the dynamic, stochastic CO gas problem and on the algorithm’s performance compared to the benchmark algorithm. The results served as a basis for recommendations to Tronox KZN Sands in order to implement a project to optimise usage and management of the CO gas.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In mineraalprosessering is stabiele produksieprosesse, kostebeperking en energie-effektiwiteit sleuteldrywers tot bedryfsprestasie, veiligheid en wins. ‘n Ilmenietsmelter, tipies aangetref in swaarmineraleprosessering, is geen uitsondering nie. Die bestuur van ‘n ilmenietsmelter is ‘n komplekse, multi-doelwit uitdaging waar hoë kostes en veiligheidsrisiko’s ter sprake is. ‘n Neweproduk van die ilmenietsmeltproses is superverhitte koolstofmonoksiedgas (CO gas). Hierdie gas is ontvlambaar en uiters giftig vir die mens. Terselfdertyd kan hierdie gas benut word as energiebron vir allerlei verhittingstoepassings. Die herbenutting van CO gas vanaf die smelter kan die energie-effektiwiteit van die energie-intensiewe smeltproses verhoog en kan verder kostes bespaar op die aankoop van ‘n ander gas vir verhittingsdoeleindes. In hierdie navorsingsprojek is die bestuur van die CO gasstroom wat deur die ilmenietsmelter van Tronox KZN Sands in Suid-Afrika geproduseer word, ondersoek met die doel om die huidige benuttingsvlak daarvan te verbeter. Weens die afwesigheid van enige bufferkapasiteit in die vorm van ‘n drukbestande tenk, is die stabiliteit van CO gas beskikbaar vir hergebruik direk afhanklik van die stabiliteit van die twee hoogoonde wat die gas produseer. Die CO gas kan gedeeltelik metaangas, wat tans aangekoop word vir die droog en verhitting van voermateriaal en vir die voorverhitting van sekere smeltertoerusting, vervang. Met geen bufferkapasiteit tussen die hoogoonde en die aanlegte waar die gas verbruik word nie, was die ondersoek van ‘n dinamiese prioritiseringsbenadering nodig om te kon vasstel of die CO die metaangas kon vervang. Die dinamika van hierdie vraag-aanbod probleem, getiteld die “CO gasprobleem”, moes bestudeer word. ‘n Diskrete-element simulasiemodel is ontwikkel as probleemoplossingshulpmiddel om die vraag-aanbodproses te modelleer en die prioritiseringsbenadering te ondersoek. Die doel van die model was om oor tyd die veranderlike hoeveelhede van geproduseerde CO teenoor die veranderlike gasaanvraag te vergelyk. Die vlak van gasaanvraag is afhanklik van die beskikbaarheidsvlak van die aanlegte waar die gas verbruik word, sowel as die voertempo’s en tipes voermateriaal in laasgenoemde aanlegte. Die probleem is geformuleer as ‘n multi-doelwit optimeringsprobleem met twee hoof, teenstrydige doelwitte: 1) die gemiddelde verlies aan produksietyd per aanleg per dag weens oorgeskakelings tussen CO en metaangas; 2) die gemiddelde maandelikse besparing op metaangaskoste weens laer verbruik van dié gas. ‘n Metaheuristiek, genaamd MOO CEM (multi-objective optimisation using the cross-entropy method), is ingespan as optimeringsalgoritme om die CO gasprobleem op te los. Die prestasie van die MOO CEM algoritme is vergelyk met dié van ‘n algemeen aanvaarde riglynalgoritme, die NSGA II, met beide toepas op die CO gasprobleem. The agtergrond van multi-doelwit optimering, metaheuristieke en die benutting van hoogoond af-gas, spesifiek CO gas, is ondersoek in die literatuurstudie. Die simulasiemodel is daarna ontwikkel en die optimeringsalgoritme is toegepas.

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Van, der Merwe Cornelius Johannes. "Evaluation of thermal desorption as an alternative technique for the measurement of coal tar pitch volatiles / Cornelius Johannes van der Merwe." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8080.

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Motivation: The accurate and reliable measurement of the concentration of coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPVs) in ambient air has proved to be a challenge for occupational hygienists. The challenge must however be confronted due to, amongst others, the carcinogenic properties of some poly–aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contained in CTPVs. Aim: To determine the feasibility of a thermal desorption (TD) technique based method as an alternative method to be used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air by assessing it along criteria such as ease of use, cost, accuracy and precision by comparing it to NIOSH’s Method 5515 and OSHA’s Method 58 and to determine the level of exposure to CTPVs on the anode paste floor of an electric furnace, used for the smelting of platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate. Methodology: To satisfy the research objective, two accepted methods the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health’s (NIOSH) method 5515 and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) method 58 were used for the measurement of the concentration of CTPVs with a TD technique based method used as a third, alternative method. All three methods were used concurrently to measure the concentration of CTPVs in ambient air, at the anode paste floor of a platinum group metals (PGMs) concentrate smelter. Results and conclusions: The NIOSH method proved to be the most precise method while the TD technique based method proved to be the most accurate. The TD technique based method proved to measure the widest range of individual CTPVs and were able to measure the highest concentration of Benzo(a)pyrene, an individual CTPV that is classified as a Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) chemical substance by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The OSHA method measured on average almost four times less total CTPVs than either the NIOSH or the TD technique based method and failed to readily measure individual CTPVs with a molecular weight lower than that of Phenanthrene.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Occupational Hygiene))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

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7

Kulas, Gregory S. "An investigation of some factors affecting the corrosion of carbon steel boiler tube material exposed to simulated kraft smelt." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5494.

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Opperman, Shane Gary. "Aspects of business process re-engineering within a copper and nickle smelter." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/7317.

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M.Phil.<br>Company XYZ is a marginal copper and nickel mine relying on emergency funding from the government in order to make it through difficult cash-flow periods. Previous change initiatives within the organisation have failed dismally. Changes within the organisation are however inevitable in order to prevent Company XYZ from closing down. This research proposes to study certain management philosophies and methodologies being used within Company XYZ, with a view to implementing change initiatives in order to ensure survival of the organisation. This was done by, comparing current management practices found in Company XYZ with literature. Topics include the direction in which the organisation is moving, the vision, management philosophies, reliability/quality and the restructuring of the organisation. A literature review of business process re-engineering was performed and a comparison to total quality management was made. Management philosophies were investigated and it is recommended that Company XYZ adopt Demings management philosophy as it focuses on quality, continuous improvement and employee involvement. Demings' 14 points were highlighted and the benefits were related to Company XYZ. The smelter is maintenance intensive and suffers from breakdown maintenance. As a result, it is recommended that reliability centred maintenance principles are implemented. Company XYZ further need to introduce design review meetings in order to improve the quality in which modifications are implemented. Along with business process re-engineering, four organisational designs were investigated, i.e. the functional organisation, the product organisation, the matrix organisation and the network organisation. Due to the size and complexity of the organisation and the need to focus on business objectives, it is recommended that Company XYZ adopt the network organisational structure and it is further recommended that the smelter focus on processes. Therefore the smelter is to be viewed as a business unit and based on the advice of BPR practitioners it is recommended that the smelter focus on processes. In order to ensure that the proposed changes are implemented successfully, the issue of change management and the importance thereof was investigated. Factors that can affect the change process were highlighted.

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Books on the topic "Smelter furnaces"

1

Witkowski, Boguslaw. Dust generation at the Copper Cliff smelter complex. Laurentian University, School of Engineering, 1995.

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Towle, Stewart W. World copper smelter sulfur balance--1988. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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Western Australia. Environmental Protection Authority. Proposed aluminium smelter, Kemerton, International Aluminium Consortium of Western Australia: Report and recommendations. Dept. of Conservation and Environment, 1985.

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Golding, Steven. Survey of typical soils arsenic concentrations in residential areas of the City of University Place. Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Environmental Assessment Program, 2001.

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Symposium on World Survey of Nonferrous Smelters (1988 Phoenix, Ariz.). World survey of nonferrous smelters: Proceedings of Symposium on World Survey of Nonferrous Smelters. Metallurgical Society, 1987.

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Woodley, Nancy Karen Fish. An investigation of landfill disposal of blast furnace slag from secondary lead smelters. University Microfilms International, 1991.

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World copper smelter sulfur balance--1988. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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World survey of nonferrous smelters: Proceedings of Symposium on World Survey of Nonferrous Smelters. Metallurgical Society, 1987.

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E, Bosilovich Brian, and Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Program (U.S.), eds. Reclamation of lead from Superfund waste material using secondary lead smelters. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation, 1995.

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Office, General Accounting. Air pollution: Sulfur dioxide emissions from nonferrous smelters have been reduced : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. GAO, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Smelter furnaces"

1

Berlioux, Jacques, Jean Louis Baudrenghien, and Arnaud Bourgier. "New Casthouse Smelter Layout for the Production of Small Non-Alloyed Ingots: Three Furnaces/Two Lines." In Light Metals 2011. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118061992.ch111.

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Berlioux, Jacques, Jean Louis Baudrenghien, and Arnaud Bourgier. "New Casthouse Smelter Layout for the Production of Small Non-Alloyed Ingots: Three Furnaces/Two Lines." In Light Metals 2011. Springer International Publishing, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48160-9_111.

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Weaver, Clark. "The Evolution of Furnace Operations in Alcan Smelter Castshops." In Aluminium Cast House Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118806364.ch6.

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Masanza, Musompa K., Raymond M. Cheeba, Kamata Ng'andwe, and Konkola Copper Mines. "Commissioning of A Second Cobalt Recovery Furnace at Nchanga Smelter." In 5th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118887998.ch28.

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Cook, Ray, Marcos Varayud, Steve Iijima, and Eishin Takahashi. "Case Study of Magnetically-Stirred Casting Furnaces at New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited." In Light Metals 2017. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51541-0_109.

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Higley, Jonathan, Glenn Cordon, Peter Klut, et al. "Successful Start-Up of the Fume Treatment Centre at Boyne Smelter Carbon Bake Furnace #4." In Light Metals 2013. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch224.

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Higley, Jonathan, Glenn Cordon, Peter Klut, et al. "Successful Start-Up of the Fume Treatment Centre at Boyne Smelter Carbon Bake Furnace #4." In Light Metals 2013. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-65136-1_224.

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Roset, Greg, Dayle Flynn, and Jacob Bummer. "Granulation as it Pertains to Electric Furnace Matte, Converter Slag, and Converter Matte in a PGM Smelter." In International Smelting Technology Symposium. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118364765.ch3.

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Himmelreich, Andreas, Detlef Maiwald, Domenico Di Lisa, Glenn Cordon, and Sathya Moodley. "Operational and Environmental Benefits on the New Baking Furnace at Boyne Smelter by Use of an Advanced Firing Technology." In Light Metals 2013. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118663189.ch197.

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Rio, I. Sofía Fernández del. "Recovery of Zinc and Cadmium from Lead Smelter Furnace Dusts at Met-Mex Penoles by a Solvent Extraction Process." In Lead-Zinc 2000. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118805558.ch44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Smelter furnaces"

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Mckechnie, Tristan, Craig McGregor, and Gerhard Venter. "Concentrating Solar Thermal Process Heat for Manganese Ferroalloy Production: Plant Modelling and Thermal Energy Storage Dispatch Optimization." In ASME 2020 14th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2020-1635.

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Abstract This paper investigates the economic benefit of incorporating solar-based preheating of Manganese ore before smelting in electric submerged arc furnaces. Manganese ore is smelted to produce Manganese ferroalloy, a key component in steel production. The smelting process is highly energy intensive, with temperatures up to 1600 °C. The paper discusses the developed methodology for determining the configuration of a concentrating solar thermal (CST) plant to produce high temperature process heat. The CST plant is sized to preheat the ore to 600 °C before it enters the smelter — currently ore enters at ambient temperature. The preheating leads to economic and environmental benefits by offering lower cost heat and reducing carbon emissions for the process.

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Baker, Daniel P., George S. Dulikravich, Brian H. Dennis, and Thomas J. Martin. "Inverse Determination of Eroded Smelter Wall Thickness Variation Using an Elastic Membrane Concept." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47307.

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A novel algorithm has been developed for the non-destructive determination of the shape of the interface between a melt and a refractory material wall in smelter furnaces. This method uses measurements of temperature and heat flux at a number of points on the outer surface of the furnace and assumes that the inner (guessed) surface of the furnace wall is isothermal. The temperature field is then predicted in the entire furnace wall material by numerically solving a steady state heat conduction equation subject to the measured temperature values on the external surface and the isothermal melt material solidus temperature on the inner surface of the wall. The byproduct of this analysis is the computed heat flux on the external surface. The shape determination method then uses the difference between the measured and the computed heat fluxes on the outer surface of the furnace as a forcing function in an elastic membrane motion concept for the determination of the inner (melt-refractory) surface motion. The inverse determination of the melt-refractory interface shape can be achieved by utilizing this algorithm and any available analysis software for temperature field in the refractory wall. The initial guess of the wall inner shape can be significantly different from the final (unknown) wall shape. The entire wall shape determination procedure requires typically 5–15 temperature field analysis in the furnace wall material.

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Bugge, MD, B. Ulvestad, B. Berlinger, Ø. Skare, K. Gjesdal, and DG Ellingsen. "771 Heart rate variability in smelter furnace workers." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1182.

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Berryman, Eleanor J., Dogan Paktunc, and David Kingston. "Cr(VI) in Ferrochrome Smelter Dusts from Pilot-Scale DC Arc Furnace." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.179.

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Murray, R., and J. A. de Kock. "Potential in utilising furnace off-gas at a ferrochrome smelter with gas engines." In 2015 International Conference on the Industrial and Commercial Use of Energy (ICUE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icue.2015.7280265.

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Tajik, Abdul Raouf, Tariq Shamim, Ahmed F. Ghoniem, and Rashid K. Abu Al-Rub. "CFD Modelling of NOx and Soot Formation in Aluminum Anode Baking Furnace." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88390.

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The cost and quality of aluminum produced by the reduction process are strongly dependent on heat treated (baked) carbon anodes. A typical aluminum smelter requires more than half a million tons of carbon anodes for producing one million ton of aluminum. The anode baking process is very energy intensive, approximately requires 2GJ of energy per ton of carbon anodes. Moreover, pollutant emissions such as NOx and soot formation are of major concern in the aluminum anode baking furnace. The current study aims at developing an accurate numerical platform for predicting the combustion and emissions characteristics of an anode baking furnace. The Brookes and Moss model, and the extended Zeldovich mechanism are employed to estimate soot and NOx concentration, respectively. Considering a fire group of three burner bridges, one after the other in the fire direction, combustion and emissions features of these three firing sections are interrelated in terms of oxidizer’s concentration and temperature. In the present study, considering this interconnection, the effect of diluted oxygen concentration at elevated oxidizer’s temperature (∼1200°C), which are the key features of the moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion are analyzed. It is observed that by circulating some of the exhaust gases through the ABF crossovers, oxygen dilution occurs which results in higher fuel efficiency, lower pollutant emissions, and more homogeneous flow and temperature fields.

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Ke Hongdi and You Wen. "Notice of Retraction: AOD furnace smelt ferroalloy end-point forecast." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems (IIS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indusis.2010.5565876.

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Asril, Muhammad, and Gunawan Nugroho. "Evaluation of electric furnace waste heat recovery using organic rankine cycle: A case study of PT. Vale Indonesia Tbk nickel smelter." In ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING PHYSICS. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5095318.

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Chen, Zhuo, Peng Long, Zhiqiang Sun, Jun Zhou, and Jiemin Zhou. "CFD Simulation and Performance Analysis of CJD Burner for Intensified Flash Smelting Process." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58545.

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The flash smelting process has been widely acknowledged as a successful modern pyro-metallurgical technology because of its good production flexibility. In past decades, great efforts have been put on the equipment improvement in order to achieve a highly intensive and efficient flash smelting process. However, along with the increasing of the productivity and the intensification of the process, technical problems such as the un-smelted materials accumulated in the settler and the dust generation ratio going higher are found occurring more frequently than before. All these problems however indicate degeneration in the performance of the central jet distributor (CJD) burner. A study was then made on the combustion and reaction processes in the flash furnace equipped with a CJD burner. A steady-state turbulent model was developed and a discrete phase model was included to investigate the velocity and temperature changes of both the gaseous and particle phases in the reaction shaft. The deviation of the numerical model is estimated to be less than 6%. The simulation results reveal a serious delay in the ignition of concentrate particles after they are fed into the furnace. Minor modification was also made by CFD computation, attempting to improve the particle ignition speed, but it was found not so effective. The main reason for the decreased smelting efficiency is found to be the poor mixing between the gaseous and particle phases under the intensified condition. These appeal for a great improvement in the performance of the CJD burner.

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Ng, H. S., A. F. Yee, Christopher Loo, Y. K. Ng, and W. B. Sheu. "Trenched MOSFET Vgs Uniformity Improvement through Furnace Loading Procedure." In 2006 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smelec.2006.380726.

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