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Journal articles on the topic 'Smelting reduction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Zhang, Bo, Shuai Niu, Wen Bin Chen, et al. "Experimental Investigation on Reduction Kinetics of Stainless Steel-Making Slag in Iron Bath Smelting Reduction." Advanced Materials Research 721 (July 2013): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.721.164.

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Reduction kinetics of stainless steel slag in iron bath smelting reduction was studied at the temperature of 1500°C ~ 1650°C. It was concluded that the reduction process consisted of two parts. That is to say smelting reduction was controlled by stainless steel slag melting initially and by interface reaction later. In order to increase smelting reaction rate, the melting point of slag should be decreased at the first stage and adjust the liquidity of slag at later stage. Smelting reaction rate will be accelerated by means of optimize the slag content. The optimal reduction result that all mos

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2

Liu, Yan, Mao Fa Jiang, and De Yong Wang. "Research on the Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Chromium Ore Smelting Reduction Process for Producing Stainless Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 401-403 (September 2013): 704–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.401-403.704.

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For describing and resolving the process of chromium ore smelting reduction preferably, the research status on the thermodynamics and kinetics of chromium ore smelting reduction process was summarized, based on the introduction of the process for smelting stainless steel with hot metal in a converter. The existing problems for smelting stainless steel by chromium ore smelting reduction in a converter were also discussed and some suggestions were made for the future work. A lot of investigations about the thermodynamics and the reduction mechanisms of chromium ore have been done. However, the c

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3

Wang, Guilin, Jianliang Zhang, Yaozu Wang, et al. "Study on the Bath Smelting Reduction Reaction and Mechanism of Iron Ore: A Review." Metals 13, no. 4 (2023): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13040672.

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Against the background of low global carbonization, blast furnace ironmaking technology with coking puts huge amounts of pressure on the global steel industry to save energy and reduce emissions due to its high pollution levels and high energy consumption. Bath smelting reduction technology is globally favored and studied by metallurgists as a non-blast furnace ironmaking technology that directly reduces iron ore into liquid metal without using coke as the raw material. The smelting reduction reaction of iron ore, which is the core reaction of the process, is greatly significant to its product

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4

Zhai, Zhongbiao, Yacong Yang, Yingchun Miao, Xiaolin Xu, and Yaqin Wang. "Reduction Smelting Experiment of Copper Dross with Low Copper Content." Science of Advanced Materials 13, no. 12 (2021): 2403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2021.4105.

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Copper dross with less copper content was used as raw material for reduction smelting experiment, and the effects of the amount of coke fines dosage, the reduction smelting temperature, and the reduction smelting time on the distribution of the main elements in the copper dross between the various layers were investigated by the bath smelting process during the reduction smelting process. The optimum experiment conditions were as follows: the number of coke fines was 0.1% of the mass of copper dross, the smelting temperature was 1250 °C, and the smelting time was 90 min. Under this condition,

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5

Steffen, Rolf. "Direct reduction and smelting reduction - an overview." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900882.

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6

Anameric, B., and S. Komar Kawatra. "DIRECT IRON SMELTING REDUCTION PROCESSES." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 30, no. 1 (2008): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827500802043490.

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7

Tleugabulov, S. M., B. S. Tleugabulov, G. M. Koishina, D. Kh Altybaeva, and E. B. Tazhiev. "Smelting Reduction of a Monocharge." Metallurgist 60, no. 1-2 (2016): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-016-0248-0.

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8

Papst, Gero. "Development in smelting reduction processes." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900883.

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9

Brotzmann, Karl. "Smelting reduction in iron baths." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900884.

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10

Barin, Ihsan, Michael Lemperle, and Michael Modigell. "Smelting reduction of iron ore." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900886.

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11

Fang, Jue, Xingjuan Wang, Li Guo, and Peixiao Liu. "Energy Consumption in Smelting Reduction." steel research international 76, no. 10 (2005): 705–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200506082.

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12

Liu, Yan, Mao Fa Jiang, and De Yong Wang. "Reduction Feature and Selection Principle of Chromium Ore for Stainless Steelmaking in a Smelting Reduction Converter." Applied Mechanics and Materials 142 (November 2011): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.142.161.

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This paper starts with the mineral structure, reducing properties of chromium ore and the physical and chemical properties of chromium oxide and discusses the requirements of the chemical composition of chromite and confirms the selection principle of chromium ore and reducing agent of chromium ore smelting reduction. The chemical compositions of the available chromite request the relatively high contents of chromium and iron, the lower contents of Al2O3, MgO and P in gangue and the lower Cr/Fe ratio in keeping with the case of high chromium. Chromoium ore in South Africa is considered to be s

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13

Tang, Qifeng, Jiacheng Gao, Xiaohua Chen, and Xiaowei Wei. "Smelting reduction of MgO in molten slag by liquid ferrosilicon." Revista de Metalurgia 52, no. 2 (2016): e065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.065.

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14

Zhou, Xiao Lei, Zhe Shi, Gui Fang Zhang, and Zhong Ning Du. "Comparison of COREX and COSRI Process Technology Development." Applied Mechanics and Materials 678 (October 2014): 612–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.678.612.

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COREX and COSRI smelting reduction iron-making process could directly use coal as reductant. So it is necessary to contrast the development and technology of two kinds smelting reduction iron-making process. Due to lack of funds, COSRI smelting reduction iron-making process has not been fully developed. And the COREX has completed the transformation to the industrial production. But on the whole, COSRI has good prospects for development as COREX.

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15

Yang, Shuang Ping, Jie Liu, Jian Wang, and Xin Du. "The Theoretical and Experimental Study on Making Low Iron Alloy from the Mixed Slag of Jinchuan Flash Smelting Furnace and JISCO Converter." Advanced Materials Research 803 (September 2013): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.803.239.

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Jinchuan nickel-copper flash smelting slag is rich in iron, nickel, cobalt and copper, and JISCO converter slag is rich in iron, manganese and high CaO, etc., the two kind slags were blended, and then smelted into low-alloy iron containing nickel, cobalt, copper and manganese with smelting reduction method, which is a new comprehensive utilization methods for the Double slag. The thermodynamic calculation results of the equilibrium concentration of Fe, Cu and Ni in low-alloy iron obtained by smelting reduction under experimental condition are in good agreement with experimental results. Iron r

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16

Xie, Sui, Xinhua Yuan, Fupeng Liu, and Baojun Zhao. "Control of Copper Content in Flash Smelting Slag and the Recovery of Valuable Metals from Slag—A Thermodynamic Consideration." Metals 13, no. 1 (2023): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13010153.

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To determine slag properties and the factors influencing these properties for optimization of operating conditions in the copper flash smelting process, the composition and microstructures of the quenched smelting and converting slags have been analyzed. Thermodynamic software FactSage 8.2 has been used to investigate the effects of matte grade, SO2 partial pressure, and the Fe/SiO2 ratio on the liquidus temperature and the copper content of the smelting slag. The possibility to recover valuable metals from the smelting and converting slags through pyrometallurgical reduction by carbon is also

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17

Liu, Yan, Mao Fa Jiang, and De Yong Wang. "Process Calculation of Producing Stainless Steel Crude Melts by the Chromium Ore Smelting Reduction in a Converter." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 4442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.4442.

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The process calculation of producing stainless steel crude melts by smelting reduction in a 150 t converter is carried out for the first time by use of the empirical data and calculation method of refining plain carbon steel in a converter, according to the blowing conditions of 185 t smelting reduction converter of No.4 steelmaking shop in Chiba Works of JFE Steel. Using the self-programming procedure for the processing calculation, the proper coke quantity and a complete set of calculation data for the process of smelting reduction in a converter are obtained, including the batch calculation

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18

Wang, Xin, Deqing Zhu, Zhengqi Guo, et al. "Efficient Utilization of Limonite Nickel Laterite to Prepare Ferronickel by the Selective Reduction Smelting Process." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (2023): 7147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097147.

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Ferronickel products obtained from the traditional process used to treat limonite nickel laterite usually assay very low-grade Ni, only 3–5% Ni due to the high Fe/Ni ratio of limonite nickel laterite. This paper describes an investigation conducted to upgrade limonite nickel laterites for the preparation of ferronickel by using selective reduction smelting technology. By means of thermodynamic calculations and smelting experiments, the smelting separation mechanism and the behavior of P and S removal in the smelting process, as well as the influence of smelting factors, have been systematicall

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19

Gao, L. H., Z. G. Liu, and M. S. Chu. "Smelting separation behaviors and mechanisms of high-alumina rich-manganese ore obtained from metallic reduction and magnetic separation." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 3 (2019): 331–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb181217040g.

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In this paper the smelting separation of high-alumina rich-manganese ore prepared with selective reduction and magnetic separation was proposed to produce the high carbon ferromanganese alloy (HCFeMn). The rational smelting separation parameters for high-alumina rich-manganese ore included the FC/O of 1.1, the smelting temperature of 1550?C, the smelting time of 60 min, and the basicity of 0.7. The smelting separation of high-alumina rich-manganese ore was achieved successfully. The content of Fe, C, Si and other impurities (P, S) were 12.13%, 6.73%, 0.17% and 0.14, 0.008, respectively. Especi

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20

Khan, D. M. A. "Pre-Reduction of Chromite by Thermogravimetric (TG) Analysis." Materials Science Forum 760 (July 2013): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.760.23.

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Thermogravimetric experiments on prereduction of single pellet and multiple pellets were conducted in Muffle furnace at 1500oC. Reduction smelting of Chromite in Fe-C melt in TG setup indicates CR is reduced faster than CG and CB. The reduction mechanism takes the path of first order reaction kinetics. Only 50% Cr metallization could be obtained at 1550oC from the reduction smelting experiments.

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21

Hou, Cuihong, Luyi Li, Lishuang Hou, et al. "Sustainable and Clean Utilization of Yellow Phosphorus Slag (YPS): Activation and Preparation of Granular Rice Fertilizer." Materials 14, no. 8 (2021): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082080.

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Yellow phosphorus slag (YPS) is a typical industrial solid waste, while it contains abundant silicon micronutrient required for the growth of rice. The key scientific problem to use the YPS as rice fertilizer is how to activate the slag efficiently during the phosphorite reduction smelting process. In this work, an alkaline rice fertilizer from the activated YPS was successfully prepared to use the micronutrients. Thermodynamic analyses of SiO2-CaO, SiO2-CaO-Al2O3, and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3-MgO systems were discussed to optimize the acidity for reduction smelting. Results showed that the reduction sm

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22

Kurunov, I. F., S. V. Filatov, D. N. Tikhonov, and V. I. Basov. "Indirect reduction in blast-furnace smelting." Steel in Translation 46, no. 8 (2016): 583–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091216080106.

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23

Abdulvaliev, Rinat. "THE MODIFIED RED MUD REDUCTION SMELTING." Kompleksnoe ispolʹzovanie mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 306, no. 3 (2018): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2018/6445.12.

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24

BASU, P., U. SYAMAPRASAD, A. K. JOUHARI, and H. S. RAY. "Smelting Reduction Technologies for Direct Ironmaking." Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 12, no. 2-4 (1993): 223–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08827509508935259.

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25

Zhou, Xiaolei, Song Pu, and Ningbin Liu. "Development of Smelting Reduction Ironmaking Process." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 768 (March 31, 2020): 022003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/768/2/022003.

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26

Behera, P. R., B. Bhoi, R. K. Paramguru, P. S. Mukherjee, and B. K. Mishra. "Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction of Fe2O3." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 50, no. 1 (2018): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-018-1464-8.

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27

Ito, K., and Richard J. Fruehan. "Slag foaming in smelting reduction processes." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900892.

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28

Enríquez, José L., Enrique Tremps, Iñigo Ruiz-Bustinza, et al. "Smelting in cupola furnace for recarburization of direct reduction iron (DRI)." Revista de Metalurgia 51, no. 4 (2015): e052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.052.

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29

Adami, Bernhard, Felix Hoffelner, Michael Andreas Zarl, and Johannes Schenk. "Strategic Selection of a Pre-Reduction Reactor for Increased Hydrogen Utilization in Hydrogen Plasma Smelting Reduction." Processes 13, no. 2 (2025): 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020420.

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The hydrogen plasma smelting reduction process has the potential to drastically reduce the CO2 emissions of the steel industry by using molecular, atomic and ionized hydrogen as a reducing agent for iron ores. To increase the hydrogen and thermal efficiency of the process, a pre-reduction and pre-heating stage should be incorporated in a future upscaling of an existing HPSR demonstration plant within the scope of the “SuSteel follow-up” project to a target capacity of 200 kg/h of iron ore. The determination of the optimal process parameters is followed by a review of possible reactor types. A

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30

Huang, Weijun, Yajing Liu, and Tao Jiang. "Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Smelting Cu-Fe Alloy." Alloys 3, no. 3 (2024): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/alloys3030010.

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An innovative technology for the direct reduction of copper slag was studied while smelting Cu-Fe alloy by carbon to recover the main valuable elements from the copper smelting slag. The melting temperature of samples first decreased, followed by an increase in Fe3O4 content in slag. The melting temperature reached the minimum temperature of 1157 °C once the Fe3O4 content was about 8 wt%. The recovery rate of copper and iron first increased gradually, followed by a rapid increase in the modifier (CaO). Subsequently, the rise in the recovery rate slowed down. The reduction rate of copper and ir

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31

Liu, Yan, Mao Fa Jiang, and De Yong Wang. "Heat Balance Calculation of Chromium Ore Smelting Reduction Process in a Converter." Advanced Materials Research 460 (February 2012): 338–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.460.338.

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The heat balance calculation of producing stainless steel crude melts by chromium ore smelting reduction in a 150 t converter is carried out by use of the empirical data and the calculation method of refining plain carbon steel in a converter, according to the blowing conditions of 185 t smelting reduction converter of No.4 steelmaking shop in Chiba Works of JFE Steel. In the heat balance calculation, the heat consumption is calculated according to the actual reduction process in the converter and the thermal efficiency and the coefficient of thermal energy of smelting reduction converter are

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32

Markotic, A., N. Dolic, and V. Trujic. "State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204123m.

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For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in t

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33

Gudenau, Heinrich Wilhelm, Jue Fang, Takejuki Hirata, and Ulf Gebel. "Fluidized bed reduction as the prestep of smelting reduction." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900890.

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34

Ganesh, P., Dishwar Kumar, S. Agrawal, Mandal Kumar, N. Sahu, and O. P. Sinha. "Feasibility of nickel extraction from Indian chromite overburden by solid state reduction and smelting route." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 56, no. 2 (2020): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb190908007g.

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The present work demonstrates the extraction of nickel from low-grade chromite overburden by using solid state reduction and direct smelting route. Goethite & Quartz are present as major phases whereas chromite, hematite were identified as minor phases in the mineral. Solid state reduction of pellets were carried out inside a horizontal tube furnace at 1000?C, 1200?C, 1400?C for 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes respectively with creating reducing atmosphere. Pellets of varying basicity (i.e. 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9) were used directly in the EAF for smelting studies. Highest percent of nickel

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35

Grudinsky, Pavel, Dmitry Zinoveev, Alex Kondratiev, et al. "Reduction Smelting of the Waelz Slag from Electric Arc Furnace Dust Processing: An Experimental Study." Crystals 13, no. 2 (2023): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13020318.

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Waelz slag is an iron-containing waste generated during electric arc furnace (EAF) dust processing in a rotary kiln named the Waelz process. This study focuses on the reduction smelting of the Waelz slag to produce iron-based alloy. The thermodynamic simulation using FactSage 8.0 software was carried out to predict temperatures of the metal and slag obtained as well as their compositions. Based on the simulation results, reduction smelting experiments were performed on a laboratory scale using two approaches, with and without preliminary froth flotation of carbon, respectively. The experiments

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36

Wang, Jei-Pil, and Urtnasan Erdenebold. "A Study on Reduction of Copper Smelting Slag by Carbon for Recycling into Metal Values and Cement Raw Material." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (2020): 1421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041421.

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Copper smelting slag is a solution of molten oxides created during the copper smelting and refining process, and about 1.5 million tons of copper slag are generated annually in Korea. The oxides in copper smelting slag include ferrous (FeO), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), silica (SiO2 from flux), alumina (AI2O3), calcia (CaO) and magnesia (MgO). The main oxides in copper slag, which are iron oxide and silica, exist in the form of fayalite (2FeO·SiO2). Since copper smelting slag contains high content of iron, and copper and zinc, common applications of copper smelting slag can be used in value-added pro

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37

Fan, Guo-Feng, Li-Ling Peng, Wei-Chiang Hong, and Fan Sun. "Kinetics for Reduction of Iron Ore Based on the Phase Space Reconstruction." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/514851.

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A series of smelting reduction experiments has been carried out with high-phosphorus iron ore of the different bases and heating rates by thermogravimetric analyzer. The derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG) data have been obtained from the experiments. After analyzing its phase space reconstruction, it is found that DTG phase portrait contains with a clear double “∞” attractor characteristic by one-order delay. The statistical properties of the attractor inside and outside the double “∞” structures are characterized with interface chemical reaction control and diffusion control stage in dynamic

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38

Zhou, Qi, Jian Pan, Deqing Zhu, et al. "New Process for Efficient Separation and Comprehensive Recovery of Valuable Metals from Jarosite Residues." Metals 15, no. 2 (2025): 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/met15020171.

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Jarosite residue (JR), a hazardous solid waste generated in non-ferrous metallurgy, poses significant environmental challenges due to its large volume and poor storage stability. However, its high content of valuable metals (such as iron, zinc, gallium, indium, silver, …) makes its efficient recovery and comprehensive utilization highly significant. This study investigates the “oxidative roasting–reductive smelting” process for JR treatment. The reduction thermodynamics of JR-R (roasted JR) were analyzed, and the effects of smelting temperature, time, and slag basicity on the reduction and sme

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39

KATAYAMA, Hiroshi G., Katsuyuki MIYAUCHI, Naoki DEKURA, Tadashi MOMONO, and Shinji HIRAI. "Smelting Reduction Behavior of Prereduced Chromite Ore." Tetsu-to-Hagane 79, no. 6 (1993): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.79.6_652.

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40

Assis, Paulo Santos, Jue Fang, Tilak R. Mankhand, Carlos Frederico Campos de Assis, and Giovanni Felice Salierno. "Energy consumption in smelting reduction (SR) processes." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 63, no. 2 (2010): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672010000200009.

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In contrast, conventional processes use coke and hematite/sinter in the blast furnace, in SR processes, other alternative fuels and iron ore sources, like charcoal and fine iron ores, can be used to produce sponge iron. The use of these alternative sources, by SR processes, can reduce environmental impacts and lower production costs. At first, the concepts of the theoretical gas utilization ratio, the smelting heat of the iron ore and the effective calorific value of coal were introduced. Then, the reason for gas utilization ratio and its performance in the shaft as a reducer in the smelting p

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41

Usachev, A. B., A. V. Balasanov, V. E. Lekherzak, and V. A. Romenets. "Behaviour of coal in smelting reduction installation." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 27, no. 6 (2000): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192300677732.

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42

Fine, H. Alan, Richard J. Fruehan, Dieter Janke, and Rolf Steffen. "Conclusions on the development of smelting reduction." Steel Research 60, no. 3-4 (1989): 188–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.198900900.

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43

Deng, Daiqiang, Guodong Cao, and Yihua Liang. "Experimental Study on Lead-Smelting Slag as Paste Filling Cementing Material." Geofluids 2022 (March 16, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6126881.

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Under the current pressure of mineral product price and market competition, as well as the tightening of ecological and environmental protection policies, energy saving, emission reduction and cost reduction, and efficiency increase have become inevitable trends. Lead-smelting slag of smelter, as an industrial byproduct, is harmful solid waste to be eliminated. In this research, a series of experiments on substitute for cement were done for filling cost reduction under premise of guaranteeing the filling strength, using PC32.5 cement as reference cementing material. Meanwhile, with Portland ce

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44

Shim, Yang-Sub, and Sung-Mo Jung. "Conditions for Minimizing Direct Reduction in Smelting Reduction Iron Making." ISIJ International 58, no. 2 (2018): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.isijint-2017-479.

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45

Chen, Wanxin, Zhenyang Wang, Ruishuai Si, et al. "Optimization of HIsmelt reactor parameters for efficient combustion and heat transfer by numerical simulation." Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, no. 1 (2024): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023085.

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HIsmelt, as one of the non-blast furnace ironmaking processes, is rapidly becoming a focus of attention in the steel industry due to its outstanding advantages in terms of low requirements for raw materials and short and environmentally friendly process. In HIsmelt, a reasonable inner shape of a smelting reduction vessel has an important influence on combustion and heat transfer through changing flow field. Therefore, in this study, the effects of HIsmelt reactor parameters including oxygen-lance insert depth, and smelting reduction vessel body height and throat angle on combustion and heat tr

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46

Liu, Yan, Mao Fa Jiang, and De Yong Wang. "Material Balance Calculation of Chromium Ore Smelting Reduction and Direct Alloying Process in a Converter." Advanced Materials Research 485 (February 2012): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.485.574.

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The production process of stainless steel by chromium ore smelting reduction and direct alloying is an important and advanced way to raise the productivity of stainless steel, decrease the production cost, save electric energy and improve the economic profit. The material balance calculation of producing stainless steel crude melts by chromium ore smelting reduction in a 150 t converter is carried out by use of the empirical data and the calculation method of refining plain carbon steel in a converter, according to the blowing conditions of 185 t smelting reduction converter of No.4 steelmakin

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A, Selegej, Mіshalkіn A, and Bezshkurenko O. "Analysis of technological parameters of blast furnace smelting for the development of predictive models for calculating technical and economic indicators of the process." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 2, 2021 (May 6, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.2.2021.04.

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Goal. To determine the main technological parameters on the basis of which the predictive methodology for calculating the techno-economic indicators of blast furnace smelting should be based. Method. The physico-chemical and technological regularities of the domain process affecting the technical and economic parameters of smelting are considered. It is shown that the temperature range of 600-1000°С should be chosen in the case of developing predictive models of the domain process in the analysis of recovery processes taking into account the heat balance. The results. Determined temperature in

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Huang, Shihong, XianHao Long, Yan Cui, and Liang Zhang. "Study on Mechanism of Titanium Slag Smelting in DC electric Arc Furnace." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2459, no. 1 (2023): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2459/1/012053.

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Abstract Based on the production practice of a 30MWA large DC electric furnace in Yunnan, this paper discusses the basic reactions in smelting titanium slag, and discusses the thermodynamic and kinetic behaviors of the main elements and impurities. The results show that the reduction reaction in the smelting process is carried out simultaneously in the multi-component system of Al2O3-CaO-MgO-SiO2-TiO2. The titanium slag containing more than 80% TiO2 can be obtained by enrichment smelting of ilmenite in a large high-power enclosed direct current electric arc furnace, and the output includes by-

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Laungsakulthai, Kitti, Thanapon Chandakhiaw, Natcha Wongnaree, Jirapracha Thampiriyanon, Woranittha Kritsarikun, and Sakhob Khumkoa. "Smelting Reduction of Spent Catalyst Containing Nickel: A Preliminary Study." Materials Science Forum 1009 (August 2020): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1009.162.

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The aim of this research was to study the recycling process and the feasibility to smelt the spent nickel catalyst for the production of nickel alloy or ferronickel. The smelting process was carried out in a laboratory induction furnace. The effects of SiO2/CaO for slag forming on metal recovery and smelting time were investigated. Petroleum coke was used as reductant. Mill scale was used as an iron resource for ferro-alloy production, while CaO was used as slag forming agent. The raw materials were mixed together and put into a graphite crucible, which was then placed in the induction furnace

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Xie, Jinyin, Bo Wang, and Jieyu Zhang. "Parametric Dimensional Analysis on a C-H2 Smelting Reduction Furnace with Double-Row Side Nozzles." Processes 8, no. 2 (2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8020129.

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Higher requirements for steel smelting technology have been put forward based on the increasing awareness of energy conservation and environmental protection. In the field of iron making, carbon reduction processes are often used. In this study, molten iron was smelted by designing a C-H2 smelting reduction method. Although previous researchers have studied this through a large number of physical and numerical simulations, they have not yet refined general laws from the perspective of dimensional analysis. In this paper, a double-row side blow hydraulics simulation was carried out in the C-H2

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