Academic literature on the topic 'Smith Predictor'

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Journal articles on the topic "Smith Predictor"

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Murakami, Iwanori, Nghia Thi Mai, Kou Yamada, Takaaki Hagiwara, Yoshinori Ando, and Hideharu Yamamoto. "A Design Method for Modified Smith Predictors for Non-Minimum-Phase Time-Delay Plants with Multiple Feedback-Connected Time-Delays." Applied Mechanics and Materials 36 (October 2010): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.36.253.

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In this paper, we examine a design method for modified Smith predictors for non-minimum-phase time-delay plants with multiple feedback-connected time-delays. The Smith predictor is proposed by Smith to overcome time-delay and known as an effective time-delay compensator for a plant with large time-delay. The Smith predictor by Smith cannot be used for plants having an integral mode, because a step disturbance will result in a steady state error. Several papers considered the problem to design modified Smith predictors for unstable plants. However, no paper examines a design method for modified Smith predictors for non-minimum-phase time-delay plants with multiple feedback-connected time-delays. In this paper, we examine a design method for modified Smith predictors for non-minimum-phase time-delay plants with multiple feedback-connected time-delays.
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Yamada, Kou, Nghia Thi Mai, Yoshinori Ando, Takaaki Hagiwara, Iwanori Murakami, and Tatsuya Hoshikawa. "A Design Method for Stabilizing Modified Smith Predictors for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Time-Delay Plants." Key Engineering Materials 459 (December 2010): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.459.221.

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The modified Smith predictor is well known as an effective time-delay compensator for a plant with large time-delays, and several papers on the modified Smith predictor have been published. The parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors for single-input/single-output time-delay plants is obtained by Yamada et al. However, they do not examine the parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors for multiple-input/multiple-output time-delay plants. The purpose of this paper is to expand the result by Yamada et al. and to propose the parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors for multiple-input/multiple-output time-delay plants. Control characteristics of the control system using obtained parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors are also given. Finally, a numerical example is illustrated to show the effectiveness of proposed parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors.
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Mai, Nghia Thi, Kou Yamada, Yoshinori Ando, Iwanori Murakami, and Tatsuya Hoshikawa. "A Design Method for Two-Degree-of-Freedom Modified Smith Predictors for Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output Time-Delay Plants." Key Engineering Materials 497 (December 2011): 221–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.497.221.

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The modified Smith predictor is well known as an effective time-delay compensator fora plant with large time-delays, and several papers on the modified Smith predictor have been published.Recently, the parameterization of all stabilizing modified Smith predictors for time-delay plantswas obtained by Yamada et al. But, their method cannot specify the input-output characteristic andthe feedback characteristic separately. From the practical point of view, it is desirable that the inputoutputcharacteristic and the feedback characteristic are specified separately. In this paper, we proposethe parameterization of all stabilizing two-degree-of-freedom modified Smith predictors for multipleinput/multiple-output time-delay plants.
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Dumitrache, Ion, and Ioana Mihu. "Rule-Based Smith Predictor Controller." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 33, no. 25 (September 2000): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)39361-8.

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Sourdille, Pauline, and Aidan O’Dwyer. "New modified smith predictor designs." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 36, no. 19 (September 2003): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33305-0.

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Zhang, Haitao, and Zhen Li. "Fuzzy Immune Control Based Smith Predictor for Networked Control Systems." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 3, no. 1 (2011): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2011.v3.204.

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Li, Shu De, Yi Chen, and Cai Xia Liu. "Smith Predictor Based on Predicting Induced-Delay." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2003.

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Since communication network is introduced into control system, induced-delay appears. Because of the delay, the performance of networked control system becomes bad, even unsteady. Conventional Smith predictor is sensitive to error in object model and needs delay’s value in advance. Regarding random delay, its application is limited. In this paper, we propose a method based on induced-delay predicted by BP neural network, which use two historical delay values to predict the next one. Smith predictor adjusts its parameters according to that value in time. The simulating results indicate that the precision of delay-predicting can be ensured and the performance of networked control system has been improved.
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Tao, Laihua, Shian Chen, Guisheng Fang, and Guanghao Zu. "Smith Predictor-Taylor Series-Based LQG Control for Time Delay Compensation of Vehicle Semiactive Suspension." Shock and Vibration 2019 (June 12, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3476826.

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A Smith predictor-Taylor series-based LQG (STLQG) control to compensate time delay of a semiactive suspension system is newly presented. This control consists of a Taylor series-based LQG (TLQG) control and a Smith predictor based on the TLQG. The TLQG control compensates one half of time delay to decrease magnification from whole time delay compensation. The Smith predictor based on the TLQG compensates the other half to decrease horizontal shift from whole time delay compensation using the Smith predictor-based LQG. Finally, a practical case illustrates advantages of the STLQG control.
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Zhang, Fei, Li Feng Ye, Wen Quan Sun, and Xiao Huai Ren. "Research of Smith Monitor AGC Based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.49.

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In response to the characteristics of large time delay, nonlinear, various disturbances in Monitor AGC system for cold rolling mill, a control strategy combining Smith predictor with Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is proposed. Approximation ability of Extended State Observer (ESO) to estimate unknown parts of controlled plant model is promoted by model compensated ADRC. Aimed at a 4-high cold rolling mill, simulation analysis for classical Smith predictor monitor AGC and ADRC-Smith predictor Monitor AGC is used. The results indicate that ADRC-Smith predictor Monitor AGC has better performance on robustness and capacity of anti-disturbance.
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Sang, Shiqing, and Pengcheng Nie. "Modified Smith Predictor Based on H 2 and Predictive PI Control Strategy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (August 9, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7228637.

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In this paper, a new type of modified Smith predictor based on the H 2 and predictive PI control strategy is proposed. The modified Smith predictor not only has H 2 robust performance but also has a similar predictive PI control structure. By introducing a time delay term, the modified Smith predictor controller overcomes the shortcoming that the conventional control algorithm can only use the low-order approximation of time delay term to design the control algorithm. The modified Smith predictor controller’s output is related to the current system error and related to the output in a period before the controller. Simultaneously, the modified Smith predictor controller is applied to conventional process systems based on dynamic optimization estimation in the case study to show absolute superiority over the nonpredictive control method (such as the classical PID control method).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smith Predictor"

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Veeramachaneni, Siva Rama Krishna. "Robust PID control using a Smith predictor for time delay systems." Diss., Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/10617.

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Time delays are unavoidable in many mechanical and electrical systems. The presence of delay typically imposes strict limitations on achievable feedback performance in both continuous and discrete systems. The presence of the delay complicates the design and analysis of a control system as it makes continuous systems infinite dimensional, and it significantly increases the dimensions in discrete systems. This work will propose a method to determine all PID controllers that stabilize the closed-loop system and satisfy weighted sensitivity, robust stability or robust performance constraints for stable time delay systems with a Smith predictor using the frequency response of the system. The Smith predictor works to eliminate the time delay from the characteristic equation and so improves the range of PID controllers that stabilize the system. A comparison between the range of PID controllers with and without Smith predictor is given in this work. This work also proposes a method for finding all PI-PD controllers that stabilize an unstable system with a modified version of the Smith predictor.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
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Holene, Axel Lødemel. "Performance and Robustness of Smith Predictor Control and Comparison with PID Control." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for kjemisk prosessteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-23101.

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The performance and robustness of the Smith predictor controller has been tested for first and second order processes with time-delay by comparing with PI and PID control. It was assumed that the performance would obviously be better when the time-delay is known. Pareto optimal PI and PID controller tuning curves has been found. The processes studied is divided between five first-order-plus-time-delay and nine second-order-plus-time-delay models. Performance have been defined as a weighted average of the integrated absolute error for a step load change in input and output disturbances. Robustness has been defined in terms of the maximum peak of the sensitivity function (Ms). The Pareto optimal Smith predictor tuning curves have been found. Deterioration in performance and robustness have been evaluated when the process time-delay deviate from the nominal time-delay for which the controllers are optimal. SIMC tuning curves have been compared to the Pareto optimal PI and PID tuning curves, and a method for applying SIMC tuning to Smith predictor controllers have been suggested. The Smith predictor have proven to yield small performance enhancements compared to optimal PI and PID control on second-order processes. For first-order processes the optimal PI and PID controllers have performance superior to the Smith predictor. When the process time-delay varies, even Smith predictor controllers with modest Ms values tend to destabilise. No reason are found for utilising a Smith predictor PI or PID controller over a Pareto optimal PI or PID controller. One will have to tune the Smith predictor to yield very low Ms values to avoid the instability issues when modelling error in the time-delay parameter occurs. The potential increase in performance achieved is easy to compensate with a regular PI or PID controller by tuning it a little tighter.
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Kaya, Ibrahim. "Relay feedback identification and model based controller design." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299955.

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Liacu, Bogdan Cristian. "Network-based Haptic Systems with Time-Delays." Phd thesis, Supélec, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00771948.

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During the last decades, virtual environments have become very popular and are largely used in many domains as, for example, prototyping, trainings for different devices, assistance in completing difficult tasks, etc. The interaction with the virtual reality, as well as the feedback force, is assured by haptic interfaces. Generally, such systems are affected by communication and processing time-delays, resulting in a deterioration of performances. In this thesis, a complete study of the existing methods, as well as theoretical tools and new solutions, are proposed for the haptic framework. First, a comparative study, based on the experimental results obtained on a 1-dof haptic system, highlights the advantages and drawbacks of the most common control algorithms ported from teleoperation to haptics. Next, the theoretical tools needed in analyzing the stability of the delayed systems in different situations, as well as the physical limitations of the experimental platforms considered, are examined. Besides the standard case of constant time-delays, uncertainties are also considered and modeled by different types of distributions (uniform, normal and gamma distribution with gap). In the sequel, for overcoming the drawback of time-delays, two new approaches are proposed. First, the use of Smith predictor-based control is addressed and a specific solution for haptic systems is developed and discussed. The main idea is to introduce into the Smith predictor the environmental forces by using the additional information from the virtual reality regarding the distances between the controlled virtual object and other objects in the scene. To overcome the loss of performances induced by using a fixed gain in the controllers for all situations (free or restricted motions), the second approach proposes a gain-scheduling Proportional Derivative control strategy depending on the distance until a possible collision. Both approaches are experimentally validated on a 3-dof haptic platform, under different scenarios elaborated gradually from simple situations - free and restricted motion, contacts with moving objects, to more complex situations - virtual box with fixed or moving sides.
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Brashear, Thomas James. "Analysis of dead time and implementation of Smith Predictor compensation in tracking Servo systems for Small Unmanned Aerial vehicles." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Dec%5FBrashear.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Mechanical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Isaac I. Kaminer, Vladimir N. Dobrokhodov. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-38). Also available online.
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Martin, Paulo Alexandre. "Modelagem e controle de um trocador de calor feixe tubular." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3139/tde-27032006-211526/.

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Este trabalho apresenta todo um projeto de um sistema de supervisão e controle de um trocador de calor, desde os ensaios experimentais para a elaboração de um modelo matemático até a implementação do sistema de controle e supervisão em microcomputador. O sistema implementado consiste de um software didático e um sistema de aquisição de dados que irão realizar a supervisão e controle de um trocador de calor tipo casco e tubos. Neste software didático é possível implementar o controle PID e suas variações PI-D e I-PD além de permitir a implementação do sistema de controle adaptativo estrutura gain scheduling o qual muda os parâmetros de um controle PID de acordo com a mudança da dinâmica do trocador de calor. Como o trocador de calor apresenta um tempo morto em sua dinâmica, então optou-se por adicionar ao software didático um controle com algoritmo preditivo estrutura Preditor de Smith desta forma é possível realizar ensaios com e sem o algoritmo preditivo para uma comparação de resultados. Este sistema de supervisão e controle do trocador de calor poderá ser usado como ferramenta didática para alunos de diversos cursos, onde é possível realizar ensaios de diferentes estruturas de controle para posterior comparação e estudo de seus resultados. Resultados práticos de todas as estruturas de controle que o software implementa são apresentados e comparados neste trabalho.
This work presents thorough a supervision and control system project of a heat exchanger, from the experimental tests for the mathematical model rising to the control system implementation and supervision in a microcomputer. The implemented system consists of didactic software and a data acquisition system that will perform the supervision and control of a heat exchanger shell and tube type. In this didactic software it is possible to implement the PID control and its variations PI-D and I-PD besides allowing the implementation of the adaptive control system gain scheduling structure, which changes the PID control parameters according to the changes of the heat exchanger dynamics. As the heat exchanger presents dead time on its dynamics, it was opted to add to the didactic software a control with Smith Predictor structure predictive algorithm, thus it is possible to perform tests with and without the predictive algorithm for result comparison. This supervision and control system of the heat exchanger will be able to be used as a didactic tool for students from several courses, where it is possible to perform tests with different control structures to further comparison and study of its results. Pratical results of all the control structures that the software implements are presented and compared in this work.
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Rosén, Anna. "Air/Fuel Ratio Control of an SI-Engine Under Normal Operation Conditions." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2448.

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Emission from cars today is one of the biggest environmental issues, hence stringent government standards have been introduced to decrease emission. Car companies do not only have to satisfy government standards, but also meet consumer demands on increased fuel economy and good drivablility. This report will introduce controllers designed to control the air/fuel ratio in an SI engine. The engine model used is simplified. The engine components modelled include the inlet manifold, fuel dynamics, combustion and exhaust sensor.

Nonlinearities and delays are inherent in the engine dynamics and as such a Smith Predictor is utilised as the basis for controller structure to compensate for the delays. Here the Smith Predictor is combined with feedforwarding of the mass air charge, which is estimated from both the inlet and combustion models. Therefore different ways of merging the estimates are also explored.

A real engine was not accesible, thus simulators were implemented using data sets provided by General Motors. Model errors were introduced to test the controllers performance. The proposed methods should be tested on a real engine to ensure that this isa viable approach, as the simulations show it maybe promising to use in practice.

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Yurk, Jeffrey J. "Assessment of total phosphorus concentration as a predictor and determinant of fishery productivity in southern Appalachian reservoirs: application to Smith Mountain Lake, Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50103.

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Phosphorus is often the limiting nutrient of primary productivity in southern Appalachian reservoirs, but its impact on higher trophic levels has not been assessed. Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between total phosphorus concentrations and estimates of fish standing stock in Smith Mountain Lake (SML) over time and for 22 southern Appalachian reservoirs (SAR) at the same time. ln SML, which had responded to a nutrient reduction program, total phosphorus concentration and fish biomass concurrently declined over an 12-year period; phosphorus concentration accounted for one-third (cove-specific) and two-thirds (whole-Iake) of the annual variation in fish standing stock. Total phosphorus concentration was also the best predictor of fish abundance in SARs, accounting for 84% of the variation in standing stock despite great diversity in reservoir physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Predictive power was generally higher at lower levels of the food chain (i.e. planktivores, younger fish) than for piscivores. Planktivore response to phosphorus was found to be immediate. Piscivore biomass did not vary significantly with phosphorus, owing in part to poor energy transfer up the food chain and variable management practices. Phosphorus concentration and total fish standing stock appear to have stabilized in SML since 1980. Losses in fish standing stock due to deceased fertility in SML have been partly offset by an increase in coolwater habitat. Aesthetic versus fishery benefits and the complexity of dealing with a longitudinal trophic gradient need to be considered for future management of SML.
Master of Science
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Romano, Rodrigo Alvite. "Modelagem e controle de CO2 em câmaras de topo aberto utilizadas em estudos de fisiologia vegetal." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-02052006-103459/.

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As atividades sócio-econômicas vêm provocando alterações nocivas ao meio ambiente que atualmente assumem proporções mundiais. Graças à maciça utilização de combustíveis fósseis para a geração de energia e às crescentes práticas de desmatamento e queimadas das florestas, a concentração de dióxido de carbono (CO2) na atmosfera vem aumentando drasticamente. Como este gás é o principal responsável pelo efeito estufa, ele tem grande importância nos estudos e na mitigação do aquecimento global. Para justificar o seqüestro de carbono como um dos caminhos para ajudar na solução deste problema, muitos estudos vêm sendo realizados para avaliar os efeitos nas plantas de uma maior concentração desse gás. As câmaras de topo aberto (OTC, do inglês, open top chambers) são estruturas propícias para tais estudos, pois permitem o controle da concentração de CO2 interno sem que outros fatores climáticos como temperatura, umidade e luminosidade sejam demasiadamente alterados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um sistema para controlar o nível de CO2 no interior de uma OTC. Em termos de instrumentação eletrônica, foram instalados um sensor de CO2 e uma válvula proporcional, integrados a uma placa de aquisição de dados. Um modelo linear relacionando o CO2 na câmara ao sinal elétrico aplicado à válvula proporcional foi obtido aplicando-se técnicas de Identificação de Sistemas aos dados experimentais coletados com o processo operando em malha aberta. Este modelo foi utilizado no projeto de um controlador com compensação de tempo morto, baseado na estrutura de um preditor de Smith. O desempenho do sistema projetado foi analisado através de simulações, antes de implementá-lo na forma de um instrumento virtual. Os testes mostraram que o sistema manteve a concentração de CO2 na câmara próxima do valor de referência (720 ± 35 ppm) mesmo diante de distúrbios externos criados propositadamente durante os ensaios.
The harmful changes to the environment caused by socio-economic activities are now spread worldwide. Due to the massive use of fossil fuels for energy generation, to the increase in deforestation and forest burning, the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere has drastically increased. As this gas is the main responsible for the greenhouse effect, it has great importance for the studies and the mitigation of global warming. In order to justify carbon sequestration as an alternative to help solve this problem, many studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of a greater concentration of this gas on plants. Open-top chambers (OTCs) are well suited for such studies, because they allow the control of the internal CO2 concentration without significantly modifying other environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and luminosity. This work aimed to develop a system to control the CO2 level inside an OTC. In terms of electronic instrumentation, a CO2 sensor and a proportional valve, integrated to a data acquisition board, were used. A linear model relating CO2 in the chamber to the electric signal applied to the proportional valve was obtained applying System Identification techniques to the experimental data collected from the process operating in open-loop mode. This model was used in the project of a controller with dead time compensation, based on the Smith Predictor structure. The performance of the projected system was analyzed through simulations, before implementing it in the form of a virtual instrument. The tests showed that the system kept the CO2 concentration of the chamber near the set-point (720 ± 35 ppm) even in the presence of external disturbances purposely created during the experiments.
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Rueda, Bergamino Dante Jesús. "Desarrollo de un predictor de Smith modificado para el control de plantas industriales con retardo de tiempo dominante y sometidas al efecto de perturbaciones externas." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2017. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/9752.

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En esta tesis se desarrolla el diseño de un sistema de control basado en un predictor de Smith modificado mediante un compensador anticipatorio, para el control efectivo de plantas con retardos de tiempo dominante y sometidas al efecto de perturbaciones externas. En el capítulo 1 se expone el estado del arte de los sistemas de control de plantas con retardos de tiempo dominante, mostrando las principales contribuciones científicas realizadas en los últimos 30 años abordando la problemática actual. En el capítulo 2 se muestran algunos ejemplos de plantas típicas con retardos de tiempo inherentes, la caracterización de las mismas y los problemas asociados. Como objeto de estudio se seleccionó un horno siderúrgico de una industria de fabricación de planchones de acero. Mediante la aplicación de las herramientas de identificación de sistemas se obtiene un modelo matemático de dicha planta. En el capítulo 3, se diseña un controlador basado en un PS modificado mediante un compensador anticipatorio para el control de plantas con retardos de tiempo y sometidas al efecto de perturbaciones medibles, localizadas en la entrada de la planta, sobre la planta y a la salida de la planta. Se muestran resultados comparativos de simulación del sistema de control desarrollado. En el capítulo 4 se realiza un análisis de robustez del controlador diseñado considerando diferentes escenarios de perturbaciones externas. Para tal fin, se utilizaron los índices de desempeño IAE (integral del error absoluto) e ISE (integral del error cuadrático). Se realiza una propuesta de implementación práctica del controlador diseñado. Finalmente, se ofrecen las conclusiones generales y las recomendaciones.
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Books on the topic "Smith Predictor"

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Batson, C. Daniel. The Pleasure of Empathic Joy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651374.003.0008.

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Kyle Smith, Jack Keating, and Ezra Stotland proposed the empathic–joy hypothesis, which claims that people feeling empathic concern help to get the pleasure of sharing vicariously in the joy that the target of empathy feels when his or her need is removed. They predicted that if those feeling high empathy for a person in need don’t anticipate feeling empathic joy, they will help no more than those feeling low empathy. Smith and colleagues conducted an experiment to test this prediction and claimed support. However, this claim relied on turning away from their experimental manipulation of empathy to a (probably inappropriate) assessment of self-reported empathic concern minus distress. Three additional experiments conducted to test the empathic–joy hypothesis found no support. Results instead consistently patterned as predicted by the empathy–altruism hypothesis. Again, it seemed time to accept the altruism hypothesis, but again acceptance was premature. Others researchers suggested three new possibilities.
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Ladewig, Jeffrey W. Trade: Neoclassical Liberal Views on Impacts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.351.

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International trade is a dynamic and powerful force that affects nearly every individual, business, and nation in the world. Its scope and scale have also made international trade an immense, intense, and perennial subject of interest and inquiry. Some of the foundational works on international trade can be traced back to Adam Smith and David Hume, whose theories sought to debunk the commonly held idea of international trade at the time: mercantilism, which viewed exports as beneficial because they generated an increase in foreign currency and a nation’s wealth, and imports as detrimental because they were thought to decrease a nation’s wealth. Today, the general idea of comparative advantage informs almost all neoclassical economists’ models of international trade. However, neoclassical economists tend to assume that the theoretical benefits of international trade are clear, and thus, often ignore or dismiss the negative impacts of international trade and the studies that challenge their theories. In fact, many countries have not seen the benefits predicted by neoclassical economic theories. This is particularly evident when comparing the effects of international trade across developed and developing countries. Furthermore, there is evidence that international trade has developed along patterns that are not predicted by the traditional theories of comparative advantage. Given these, the practice of trade and its international impact can be much murkier.
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Tazzara, Corey. The Free Port of Livorno and the Transformation of the Mediterranean World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791584.001.0001.

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In the twilight of the Renaissance, the grand duke of Tuscany—a scion of the fabled Medici family of bankers—invited foreign merchants, artisans, and ship captains to settle in his port city of Livorno. The town quickly became one of the most bustling port cities in the Mediterranean, presenting a rich tableau of officials, merchants, mariners, and slaves. Nobody could have predicted in 1600 that their activities would contribute a chapter in the history of free trade. Yet by the late seventeenth century, the grand duke’s invitation had evolved into a general program of hospitality towards foreign visitors, the liberal treatment of goods, and a model for the elimination of customs duties. Livorno was the earliest and most successful example of a free port in Europe. The story of Livorno shows the seeds of liberalism emerging, not from the studies of philosophers such as Adam Smith, but out of the nexus between commerce, politics, and identity in the early modern Mediterranean.
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Book chapters on the topic "Smith Predictor"

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Visioli, Antonio, and Qing-Chang Zhong. "Smith-predictor-based Control." In Control of Integral Processes with Dead Time, 141–85. London: Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-070-0_8.

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Wankhade, Snehal A., Chandrakant B. Kadu, and Bhagsen J. Parvat. "PI-PD Smith Predictor Based Cascade Controller Designing." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Data Engineering and Communication Technology, 231–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1675-2_25.

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Jesus, Isabel S., and Ramiro S. Barbosa. "Smith Predictor Tuned Through Fuzzy Fractional PID Controller." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 71–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43671-5_7.

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Roy, Neelbrata, Anindita Sengupta, and Ashoke Sutradhar. "Evolutionary Smith Predictor for Control of Time-Delay Systems." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 339–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74808-5_29.

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Lanusse, Patrick, and Alain Oustaloup. "Robustness Comparison of Smith Predictor-based Control and Fractional-Order Control." In Advances in Fractional Calculus, 511–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6042-7_35.

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Du, Wencai, Feng Du, Chong Shen, Youling Zhou, Yukuan Du, Siling Feng, and Baodan Chen. "New Smith Predictor and Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Wireless Networked Control Systems." In Software Engineering Research, Management and Applications 2009, 239–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-05441-9_21.

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de Oliveira, Vinicius, Achille Nicoletti, and Alireza Karimi. "Robust Smith Predictor Design for Time-Delay Systems with $$H_{\infty }$$ H ∞ Performance." In Recent Results on Time-Delay Systems, 287–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26369-4_15.

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Miall, R. C., and D. M. Wolpert. "The Cerebellum as a Predictive Model of the Motor System: A Smith Predictor Hypothesis." In Neural Control of Movement, 215–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1985-0_27.

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Oliveira, Josenalde, José Boaventura-Cunha, and Paulo Moura Oliveira. "Disturbance Rejection Improvement for the Sliding Mode Smith Predictor Based on Bio-inspired Tuning." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 45–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43671-5_5.

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Liacu, Bogdan, Irinel-Constantin Morărescu, Silviu-Iulian Niculescu, Claude Andriot, Didier Dumur, Frédéric Colledani, and Patrick Boucher. "Smith Predictor-Based Control with Distance Feedback for Haptic Systems Under Distributed Time-Delays." In Low-Complexity Controllers for Time-Delay Systems, 219–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05576-3_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Smith Predictor"

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Ahmadi, A. H., and S. K. Y. Nikravesh. "Robust Smith Predictor (RSP)." In 2016 24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iraniancee.2016.7585761.

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Bobal, Vladimir, Marek Kubalcik, Petr Dostal, and Stanislav Talas. "Digital Linear Quadratic Smith Predictor." In 28th Conference on Modelling and Simulation. ECMS, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7148/2014-0254.

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Ben Atia, Samah, and Majda Ltaief. "Adaptive smith predictor: Multimodel approach." In 2013 10th International Multi-Conference on Systems, Signals & Devices (SSD). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssd.2013.6564111.

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Hamamci, S. E., I. Kaya, and D. P. Atherton. "Smith predictor design by CDM." In 2001 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2001.7076279.

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Zhang Zhi-Gang. "Smith predictor design for thermal process." In 2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2012.6243033.

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Zhang, Yuwen, Donghai Li, and Dazhong Lao. "Smith predictor in the DDE application." In 2012 24th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2012.6244375.

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Montenbruck, J. M., and S. Brennan. "Monitoring delayed systems using the Smith Predictor." In 2012 American Control Conference - ACC 2012. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2012.6314766.

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Sakr, Ahmad, Ahmad M. El-Nagar, Mohammad El-Bardini, and Mohammed Sharaf. "Fuzzy smith predictor for networked control systems." In 2016 11th International Conference on Computer Engineering & Systems (ICCES). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icces.2016.7822045.

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Baburaj, P., and S. Majhi. "Modified Smith Predictor for Network Congestion Control." In 2006 Annual IEEE India Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/indcon.2006.302789.

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Albertos, Pedro, and Juan I. Yuz. "Frequency domain interpretation of the Smith predictor." In 2018 IEEE 14th International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icca.2018.8444180.

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