Journal articles: 'Smoke Detector'

1

Giffen, William J., Elizabet Haro, Mark R. Lehto, and Jason D. Papastavrou. "Use and Misuse of Smoke Detectors in Residential Areas." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1211.

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This study examined the use and misuse of home smoke detectors in three cities in the United States: Dayton, Ohio, Union City, New Jersey, and San Francisco, California. A sample of 300 households, 100 in each city, were reached in telephone interviews which were concluded with a request to test the smoke detector. For the sample, 86% had a smoke detector, and 73% of those smoke detectors were working. Neither the presence of children or whether the smoke detector was preinstalled or purchased and installed by the homeowner were associated with the likelihood of owning a smoke detector or its operating condition. However, ownership varied between cities; 98% of respondents owned detectors in Dayton, OH compared to 72% in San Francisco, CA. Belief that smoke detectors were in good operating condition was strongly correlated with their actual state. Whether the detector was maintained in-house and the interaction between city and whether it was purchased by the resident were also significantly related to whether a smoke detector was working.

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Tu, Ran, Yi Zeng, Jun Fang, and Yong-Ming Zhang. "Influence of high altitude on the burning behaviour of typical combustibles and the related responses of smoke detectors in compartments." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 4 (April 2018): 180188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180188.

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The effect of altitude on typical combustible burning and related smoke detector response signals was investigated by comparison experiments at altitudes of 40 m and 3650 m based on EN54 standard tests. Point-type light scattering photoelectric smoke detectors and ionization smoke detectors were used for four kinds of EN54 fire tests, including two kinds of smouldering fires with wood (test fire no. 2 in EN54 standard or TF2) and cotton (TF3), and two kinds of flaming fires with polyurethane (TF4) and n -heptane (TF5). First, the influence of altitude or ambient pressure on mass loss for smouldering combustion (TF2 or TF3) was insignificant, while a significant decrease in the mass burning rate was found for flaming tests (TF4 and TF5) as reported in our previous studies. Second, for photoelectric smoke detectors in flaming fire tests, the effect of altitude was similar to that of the burning rate, whereas for the ionization smoke detectors, the response signal at high altitudes was shown to be ‘enhanced’ by the detection principle of the ionization chamber, leading to an even larger value than at normal altitude for smouldering conditions. Third, to provide a reference for smoke detector design in high-altitude areas, the differences between signal speed in rising and peak values at two locations are discussed. Also, relationship between ion chamber signals and smoke optical densities are presented by utilization of an ionization smoke detector and smoke concentration meter. Moreover, a hierarchical diagram is illustrated to provide a better understanding of the effects of altitude on combustible burning behaviour and the mechanisms of detector response.

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Lee, Ga-Hyeon, Sung-Eun Lee, Si-Kuk Kim, and Seung-Chul Lee. "Study on Smoke Detector Characteristics Using Fire Simulations." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.f7da19a7.

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To reduce the damage caused by fire detector malfunctions, we investigated the standards and literature pertaining to fire detectors in Korea. The domestic standards cite UL's technical specifications, which provide only the standards and types of combustible materials; however, additional research is needed because no facilities related to the experiments are investigated and no fire experiments have actually been conducted. In this study, we refer to UL 268, which is similar to the domestic standards, as well as detailed experimental conditions and methods to improve smoke detector performances; we also use wood as the combustion material from among the fire sources specified in UL 268. Experiments were conducted to measure the sensitization rates using an optical density meter and repeated to match the wood smoke profile standard provided in UL 268. Furthermore, we compared the smoke concentrations detected by the smoke detectors in the fire experiments with those from fire simulations using FDS software to confirm the detector characteristics. Through these comparisons, we show that this research could be used as preliminary data for performance testing of detectors using UL 268.

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KELLER, A., M. RÜEGG, M. FORSTER, M. LOEPFE, R. PLEISCH, P. NEBIKER, and H. BURTSCHER. "PHOTOACOUSTIC SMOKE DETECTOR." Journal of Aerosol Science 35 (July 2004): S841—S842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(19)30165-x.

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5

Mohamad Adenan, Mohamad Syafiq, Athirah Nabihah Mas Erwan, and Mohamad Norul Hafiz Muzaffar Alfian. "Smart Smoke Detector." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 3, no. 1 (March 18, 2021): 16–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0301.198.

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In the past few decades many studies and researches have taken place in order to improve security systems and to increase their level of protection in different fields. One of the major problems that security must deal with is the fire outbreak that can happen in everywhere including houses, schools, factories and many other places, and to avoid that or to minimize the damage caused by fire outbreak an IoT technology is used to control such a kind of risk. IoT is a modern system that consist of sensors and switches connected. In this project we will use temperature sensor known as (Flame sensor) with Arduino device to detect fire outbreak and to measure the amount of heat intensity generated by a fire outbreak or in a specific location in our house, offices and other places. It sometimes takes too much time for the fire station to reach to the fire outbreak location and works on extinguish the fire and so these sensors will work as an early alarm system which will send a notification to our mobile phones if any fire outbreak occurred to let us know the situation clearly and before it’s too late, we act to avoid significant damage in case the fire outbreak was observed after a long time from its outbreak.

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Masat, Mehmet, Mehmet Ertuğrul, and Hakan Korul. "A carbon dioxide detector fabrication with screen printing technique for use in airplanes." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 93, no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 1591–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-12-2020-0289.

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Purpose From the beginning of aviation history, fire has been a serious problem for aircrafts. The purpose of this study is to provide a reference document on current risks and proposed reductions for smoke and fire incidents in commercial transport aircrafts. For this purpose, metal oxide carbon dioxide (CO2) detector was produced with the screen printing technique to detect CO2 and carbon monoxide gases from the sensors required to observe the occurrence of fire that may occur in the aircraft and to take the necessary steps to control it. Design/methodology/approach The screen printing technique was used as the gas sensor production technique for the produced sensor and tin oxide was used as the metal oxide in the produced samples. The samples produced were examined under the gases with specified gas detecting properties, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase the detection reliability and decrease the alarm time with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts. Findings When the electrical characteristics of the sensor made were examined, it was observed that it meets the requirements of the Federal Aviation Administration and European Aviation Safety Agency standards (the fire should be detected within 1 min), and the false alarm situation experienced in the smoke sensors used today can be eliminated. Originality/value There is no other sensor than the smoke detectors that are used for fire detection in cargo section, lavatories and avionic compartment on aircrafts. With this study, the gas detecting feature of the produced samples was examined under the specified gases, and it was concluded that they can be used simultaneously with smoke detectors to increase detection reliability and decrease alarm time as compared to with the smoke detectors currently used in today's passenger aircrafts.

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7

Gorman, Richard L., Evan Charney, Neil A. Holtzman, and Kenneth B. Roberts. "A Successful City-Wide Smoke Detector Giveaway Program." Pediatrics 75, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.75.1.14.

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Each year, 5,000 Americans die and 300,000 are hospitalized as a result of 2.8 million residential fires. Almost all house fires allow time for safe exit if an early warning is given. Smoke detectors are an effective, reliable, and inexpensive method of providing such warning. After an upsurge of deaths related to fires in 1982, Baltimore City gave away 3,720 smoke detectors to households that requested them. This study addressed two questions: (1) Did the households that received the smoke detectors install them? (2) Was the population reached by this giveaway program a population at high risk from fire? A survey of 231 randomly selected households among those requesting smoke detectors was conducted 8 to 10 months after the giveaway program. At that time, smoke detectors were installed in 92% (212/231) of the homes and 88% (187/212) of the installed smoke detectors were operational. Households requesting smoke detectors were in census tracts at higher risk from fire. The correlation coefficient between the rate of requesting a smoke detector and the risk of death or injury related to fires was r = .90, P < .001. The 231 surveyed households had more personal fire risk factors than the general population. The success of this smoke detector giveaway program is notable in that it required the active participation of a high-risk population.

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8

Hedin, J., J. Gumbel, and M. Rapp. "On the efficiency of rocket-borne particle detection in the mesosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7, no. 14 (July 16, 2007): 3701–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3701-2007.

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Abstract. Meteoric smoke particles have been proposed as a key player in the formation and evolution of mesospheric phenomena. Despite their apparent importance still very little is known about these particles. Important questions concern the smoke number density and size distribution as a function of altitude as well as the fraction of charged particles. Sounding rockets are used to measure smoke in situ, but aerodynamics has remained a major challenge. Basically, the small smoke particles tend to follow the gas flow around the payload rather than reaching the detector if aerodynamics is not considered carefully in the detector design. So far only indirect evidence for the existence of meteoric smoke has been available from measurements of heavy charge carriers. Quantitative ways are needed that relate these measured particle population to the atmospheric particle population. This requires in particular knowledge about the size-dependent, altitude-dependent and charge-dependent detection efficiency for a given instrument. In this paper, we investigate the aerodynamics for a typical electrostatic detector design. We first quantify the flow field of the background gas, then introduce particles in the flow field and determine their trajectories around the payload structure. We use two different models to trace particles in the flow field, a Continuous motion model and a Brownian motion model. Brownian motion is shown to be of basic importance for the smallest particles. Detection efficiencies are determined for three detector designs, including two with ventilation holes to allow airflow through the detector. Results from this investigation show that rocket-borne smoke detection with conventional detectors is largely limited to altitudes above 75 km. The flow through a ventilated detector has to be relatively large in order to significantly improve the detection efficiency.

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9

Ilham, Dirja Nur, Rudi Arif Candra, Muhammed Saat Talib, Mario di Nardo, and Khusnul Azima. "Design of Smoke Detector for Smart Room Based on Arduino Uno." Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 1 (September 4, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/brilliance.v1i1.1079.

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Smoke is one of the air pollutions that is very detrimental to the health of both the smoker himself and others around him. Inhaling other people's smoke is even more dangerous than inhaling your own smoke. Even the dangers that must be borne by passive smokers are three times greater than the dangers of active smokers. Smoke is also very detrimental to the health of patients in hospitals, especially patients who suffer from asthma. For people with asthma who have problems in the respiratory tract, asthma can recur at any time due to inhaling smoke. This research will develop a smart room that can detect smoke to maintain and protect the room from smoke that interferes with health. The tool to be developed uses an MQ2 sensor, LCD, exhaust fan, buzzer, and Arduino Uno microcontroller. Where an MQ2 sensor is needed to detect smoke around it, an LCD is needed to display the percentage of smoke, a microcontroller as a controller for all components, a buzzer is used as an alarm when the smoke level in the room is unhealthy, and the exhaust fan functions as a sucker for dirty air so that the smoke level in the room can be reduced.

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10

Hedin, J., J. Gumbel, and M. Rapp. "On the efficiency of rocket-borne particle detection in the mesosphere." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 1 (January 25, 2007): 1183–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-1183-2007.

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Abstract. Meteoric smoke particles have been proposed as a key player in the formation and evolution of mesospheric phenomena. Despite their apparent importance still very little are known about these particles. Sounding rockets are used to measure smoke in situ, but aerodynamics has remained a major challenge. Basically, smoke particles are so small that they tend to follow the gas flow around the payload rather than reaching the detector if aerodynamics is not considered carefully in the detector design. So far only indirect evidence for the existence of these smoke particles has been available in the form of measurements of heavy charge carriers. Important questions concern the smoke number density and size distribution as a function of altitude as well as the fraction of charged particles. Therefore, quantitative ways are needed that relate the measured particle population to the atmospheric particle population. In particular, we need to determine the size-dependent, altitude-dependent and charge-dependent detection efficiency for a given instrument design. In this paper, we investigate the aerodynamics for a typical electrostatic detector design. We first quantify the flow field of the background gas, then introduce particles in the flow field and determine their trajectories around the payload structure. We use two different models to trace particles in the flow field, a Continuous motion model and a Brownian motion model. Brownian motion is shown to be of basic importance for the smallest particles. By defining an effective relative cross section we compare different model runs and quantitatively investigate the difference between the two particle motion models. Detection efficiencies are determined for three detector designs, two with ventilation holes to allow airflow through the detector, and one without such ventilation holes. Results from this investigation show that rocket-borne smoke detection with conventional detectors is largely limited to altitudes above 75 km. The flow through a ventilated detector has to be relatively large for there to be an increase in the detection efficiency.

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11

Lester, E. D., and A. Ponce. "An anthrax "smoke" detector." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 21, no. 5 (September 2002): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2002.1044160.

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12

Nesse, Randolph M. "The smoke detector principle." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2019, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoy034.

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Nesse, Randolph M. "The Smoke Detector Principle." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 935, no. 1 (January 25, 2006): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x.

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14

Jang, Hyo-Yeon, and Cheol-Hong Hwang. "Obscuration Threshold Database Construction of Smoke Detectors for Various Combustibles." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 6272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216272.

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The obscuration thresholds for various smoke detectors and combustibles, required as an input parameter in fire simulation, were measured to predict the accurate activation time of detectors. One ionization detector and nine photoelectric detectors were selected. A fire detector evaluator, which can uniformly control the velocity and smoke concentration, was utilized. Filter paper, liquid fuels, and polymer pellets were employed as smoke-generation combustibles. The nominal obscuration thresholds of the considered detectors were 15 %/m, but the ionization detectors activated at approximately 40 %/m and 16 %/m, respectively, on applying filter paper and kerosene. In contrast, the reverse obscuration thresholds were found quantitatively according to the combustibles in the photoelectric detector. This phenomenon was caused by differences in the color of the smoke particles according to the combustibles, which is explained by single-scattering albedo (ratio of light scattering to light extinction). The obscuration thresholds for liquid fuels (kerosene, heptane and toluene) as well as fire types of polymer plastic pellets were also measured for several photoelectric detectors. A database of obscuration thresholds was thereby established according to the detector and combustible types, and it is expected to provide useful information for predicting more accurate detector activation time and required safe egress time (REST).

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Yuda Irawan, Andre Wahyu Novrianto, and Hafizh Sallam. "Cigarette Smoke Detection And Cleaner Based On Internet Of Things (IoT) Using Arduino Microcontroller And MQ-2 Sensor." Journal of Applied Engineering and Technological Science (JAETS) 2, no. 2 (May 9, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37385/jaets.v2i2.218.

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The detector and neutralize cigarette smoke in the STMIK Hang Tuah Pekanbaru there is no. To simplify detector and neutralize cigarette smoke in the campus area made a system detector and neutralize cigarette smoke Arduino Uno microcontroller based using an notification iot. The whole tool is divided into several parts, consisting of sensor mq-2, module ESP8266-01S, module LCD, mikrokontroller arduino uno, buzzer, and DC FAN. This tool works when module ESP8266-01S looking for the nearest internet network and sensor mq-2 detect cigarette smoke, from module ESP8266-01S and sensor mq-2 then to Arduino Uno microcontroller to process, from Arduino Uno microcontroller then Turn on buzzer as a warning alarm and Turn on DC FAN as a fan to neutralize cigarette smoke which then transfers data through module ESP8266-01S to the website and give notification the room detected cigarette smoke to the smartphone head of equipment and officers. The results showed that the smoke content was more than 300 detected as cigarette smoke, because it has been to test the system to several prototypes and 2hen there is no cigarette smoke was value is less than 300.

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Dubov, Sergey, Igor Babikov, Mihail Vasilyev, and Leonid Tanklevsky. "Methods of instrument testing of smoke detectors performance." MATEC Web of Conferences 245 (2018): 11005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824511005.

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This article is devoted to the currently relevant task - determining the real operability of the smoke detector and developing a method for the rapid diagnosis of fire detectors included in the fire alarm loop. In the process, the sensitivity of the smoke optoelectronic fire detector was checked.

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Tannen, Rob, and Mathieu Turpault. "Safe and Sound: Designing the Vocal Smoke Detector." Ergonomics in Design: The Quarterly of Human Factors Applications 16, no. 3 (July 2008): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/106480408x333127.

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The design of the vocal smoke detector incorporated psychoacoustic research to more effectively waken children. It also provided an opportunity to examine and improve the usability of an often-overlooked but critical household product. Human factors research into existing smoke detectors identified ergonomic and interaction opportunities in installation and use, which were addressed by an effective design and development process. The result of this effort was not just an appealing and usable product but a next-generation smoke detector that enhances safety by design.

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Jung, Jongjin, and Chongtai Kim. "Development of a Fire Smoke Detector that Satisfies the UL 268 (7th Edition) Fire Sensitivity Tests." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 22, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2022.22.2.101.

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In this study, we developed a multi-sensor fire detector that satisfies the revised requirements of the cooking nuisance test, polyurethane foam fire test, and polyurethane foam smoldering smoke test of UL 268, and the special program, UL 268 (7th edition), at the Underwriters Laboratories (UL) headquarters in Northbrook, Illinois, United States. The fire detection algorithm was confirmed using the "Research Preliminary Test" program. Our fire detector was evaluated in a dark room with a smoke detector consisting of photoelectric, carbon monoxide, and ionization sensors, and was mounted on a board. In addition, the upper case of the detector is designed to have sufficient space on its top and side surfaces to allow the flow of air and combustion gases. As a result, in the polyurethane foam fire test, the detector triggered an alarm (within 3 min) before the smoke concentration reached 5%/ft (after 3-4 min); thus, satisfying the requirements of the UL 268 polyurethane foam fire test. In the polyurethane foam smoldering smoke test, the detector was operated for 22-26 min before the smoke concentration reached 12%/ft (after 26 min), thus satisfying the requirements of the UL 268 polyurethane foam smoldering smoke test. Lastly, in the cooking nuisance test, the detector was operated for 16-18 min before the smoke concentration reached 1.5%/ft (after 16 min), thus satisfying the requirements of the UL 268 cooking nuisance test. It can be concluded that the results of this study will be useful for the developers of similar products who want to obtain UL certification in the future.

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Zheng, Xin, Feng Chen, Liming Lou, Pengle Cheng, and Ying Huang. "Real-Time Detection of Full-Scale Forest Fire Smoke Based on Deep Convolution Neural Network." Remote Sensing 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14030536.

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To reduce the loss induced by forest fires, it is very important to detect the forest fire smoke in real time so that early and timely warning can be issued. Machine vision and image processing technology is widely used for detecting forest fire smoke. However, most of the traditional image detection algorithms require manual extraction of image features and, thus, are not real-time. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of using the deep convolutional neural network to detect forest fire smoke in real time. Several target detection deep convolutional neural network algorithms evaluated include the EfficientDet (EfficientDet: Scalable and Efficient Object Detection), Faster R-CNN (Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks), YOLOv3 (You Only Look Once V3), and SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector) advanced CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks) model. The YOLOv3 showed a detection speed up to 27 FPS, indicating it is a real-time smoke detector. By comparing these algorithms with the current existing forest fire smoke detection algorithms, it can be found that the deep convolutional neural network algorithms result in better smoke detection accuracy. In particular, the EfficientDet algorithm achieves an average detection accuracy of 95.7%, which is the best real-time forest fire smoke detection among the evaluated algorithms.

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20

Bakhoum, Ezzat G. "High-Sensitivity Miniature Smoke Detector." IEEE Sensors Journal 12, no. 10 (October 2012): 3031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2012.2208741.

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Bistrović, Miroslav, Jasmin Čelić, and Domagoj Komorčec. "Computer Vision Application for Early Stage Smoke Detection on Ships." Journal of Maritime & Transportation Science 52, no. 1 (December 2016): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18048/2016.52.04.

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Nowadays, ship’s engine room is fire protected by automatic fire fighting systems, usually controlled from a place located outside the engine room. In order to activate the water mist extinguishing system automatically, at least two different fire detectors have to be activated. One of these detectors is a flame detector that is not hampered by various air flows caused by ventilation or draft and is rapidly activated and the other is smoke detector which is hampered by these flows causing its activation to be delayed. As a consequence, the automatic water mist extinguishing system is also delayed, allowing for fire expansion and its transfer to surrounding rooms. In addition to reliability of the ship’s fire detection system as one of the crucial safety features for the ship, cargo, crew and passengers, using a systematic approach in this research the emphasis is placed on the application of new methods in smoke detection such as the computer image processing and analysis, in order to achieve this goal. This paper describes the research carried out on board ship using the existing marine CCTV systems in early stages of smoke detection inside ship’s engine room, which could be seen as a significant contribution to accelerated suppression of unwanted consequences.

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Abdullah, Abdullah. "DETECTION AND MONITORING SYSTEM OF SMOKE CONCENTRATION WITH SMOKE DETECTOR AND CAMERA TRACKER." FISITEK : Jurnal Ilmu Fisika dan Teknologi 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30821/fisitek.v2i1.1433.

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Jang, Hyo-Yeon, and Cheol-Hong Hwang. "Test Method Using Shield-cup for Evaluating Response Characteristics of Fire Detectors." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.8696ecf9.

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It is necessary to predict the activation time of fire detectors accurately to improve the reliability for evaluating the required safe egress time (RSET) in performance-based fire safety design. In this study, problems of the plunge test, which is widely applied in assessing fire detectors, were examined through experiments and numerical simulations. In addition, a new shield-cup test method was proposed to address these problems. A fire detector evaluator (FDE) developed in a previous study was applied to ensure measurement accuracy and reproducibility. During the plunge tests, a significant measurement error was observed in the activation time of the smoke detector because of the rapid flow change when the detector was input. However, during the shield-cup tests, slight changes occurred in the flow inside the FDE when the detector as exposed to smoke. In conclusion, the proposed shield-cup test method is expected to be useful for evaluating the response characteristics of fire detectors more accurately in simulated fire environments.

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KELLER, A. "Open photoacoustic sensor as smoke detector." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 104, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.03.013.

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Geiman, J., and D. Gottuk. "Alarm Thresholds For Smoke Detector Modeling." Fire Safety Science 7 (2003): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.7-197.

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Aroutiounian, V. M., Z. N. Adamian, M. S. Panossian, and A. A. Barseghyan. "Smoke-detector signal micrologic processing circuit." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 35, no. 1-3 (September 1996): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4005(96)02014-x.

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Lester, E. D., G. Bearman, and A. Ponce. "A second-generation anthrax "smoke detector"." IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine 23, no. 1 (January 2004): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memb.2004.1297184.

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Schütz, Stefan, Bernhard Weissbecker, Hans E. Hummel, Karl-Heinz Apel, Helmut Schmitz, and Horst Bleckmann. "Insect antenna as a smoke detector." Nature 398, no. 6725 (March 1999): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/18585.

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Wu, Xuehui, Xiaobo Lu, and Henry Leung. "A Video Based Fire Smoke Detection Using Robust AdaBoost." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 3780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113780.

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This work considers using camera sensors to detect fire smoke. Static features including texture, wavelet, color, edge orientation histogram, irregularity, and dynamic features including motion direction, change of motion direction and motion speed, are extracted from fire smoke to train and test with different combinations. A robust AdaBoost (RAB) classifier is proposed to improve training and classification accuracy. Extensive experiments on well known challenging datasets and application for fire smoke detection demonstrate that the proposed fire smoke detector leads to a satisfactory performance.

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Hong, Ter-Ki, and Seul-Hyun Park. "Numerical Analysis of Smoke Behavior and Detection of Solid Combustible Fire Developed in Manned Exploration Module Based on Exploration Gravity." Fire 4, no. 4 (November 19, 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire4040085.

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A fire during manned space exploration can cause serious casualties and disrupt the mission if the initial response is delayed. Therefore, measurement technology that can detect fire in the early stage of ignition is important. There have been a number of works that investigate the smoke behaviors in microgravity as the foundation for a reliable method for sensing a fire during spaceflight. For space missions to the outer planets, however, a strategy of detecting smoke as an indicator of fire should be adjusted to cover the fire scenario that can be greatly affected by changes in gravity (microgravity, lunar, Mars, and Earth gravity). Therefore, as a preliminary study on fire detectors of the manned pressurized module, the present study examined the smoke particle behavior and detection characteristics with respect to changes in gravity using numerical analysis. In particular, the effects of the combination of buoyancy and ventilation flow on the smoke particle movement pattern was investigated to further improve the understanding of the fire detection characteristics of the smoke detector, assuming that a fire occurred in different gravity environments inside the pressurized module. To this end, we modeled the internal shape of Destiny and performed a series of numerical analysis using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). The findings of this study can provide basic data for the design of a fire detection system for manned space exploration modules.

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Ishi, Hiromitu, Takashi Ono, Masanori Nishimoto, and Norio Muroi. "Photoelectric Smoke Detector of Charge Strage Type." JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF JAPAN 70, Appendix (1986): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jieij1980.70.appendix_42.

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Shults, Ruth A., Jeffrey J. Sacks, Laurel A. Briske, Pamela H. Dickey, Mark R. Kinde, Sue Mallonee, and Malinda Reddish Douglas. "Evaluation of three smoke detector promotion programs." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 15, no. 3 (October 1998): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(98)00071-3.

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Helmi, Fauzan. "Deteksi Kadar Asap Rokok di Dalam Ruangan Menerapkan Metode Fuzzy Logic Mamdani." BEES: Bulletin of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/bees.v2i2.893.

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The number of sufferers of respiratory disorders, both young and adult caused by cigarette smoke, has increased every year, from 192 countries it is stated that around 40% of children in the world are exposed to cigarette smoke and more than 30% of adults become passive smokers. Cigarette smoke using an Arduino equipped with a gas sensor makes it easy for early detection when someone wants to smoke in the room, the room should be clean of cigarette smoke and equipped with a temperature sensor if too much smoke can make the temperature in the room it changes. The design of the smoke level detector in cigarettes with smoke sensors and temperature sensors uses the mandani fuzzy logic algorithm, equipped with red and white led indicators, a buzzer to provide information in the form of sound, an LCD display that functions to display smoke and temperature information that can be obtained in the room. , as well as a fan as an output to remove cigarette smoke and cool the room temperature

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Choi, Yoo-Jeong, Su-Gil Choi, Yeong-Jae Nam, and Si-Kuk Kim. "Fire Detection Factor of Polyurethane Foam Fire Experiment in UL 268." Fire Science and Engineering 35, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.6c45aaa1.

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This study focused on fire detection factors by confirming the adaptation level of fire detection due to black smoke generated in the case of polyurethane foam fire, and it compared and analyzed the change in combustion products. An experiment was conducted to derive fire detection factors using the UL 268 polyurethane foam real fire test standard. Combustion products were measured using a particulate matter sensor (PMS), combustion gas analyzer (CGA), and gas analyzer (GA). As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the adaptability of the existing fire detector deteriorated when black smoke was generated. The fire detection factor was derived using the measured values of combustion products. In particular, among the measured factors, the most adaptable combustion products were found to be PM 2.5, PM 10, NO, and CO. They were considered to improve reliability when used as fire detection factors, as compared to existing fire detectors.

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Zain, Abdul. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Proteksi Kebakaran Menggunakan Smoke dan Heat Detector." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 3, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v3i1.25.

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Abstract—The growth of rapid development in the big cities but without well planning in terms of fire prevention and the things that can cause a fire, for example electrical installations and gas that can either lead to frequent fires in the residential homes. The aim of the study is to prevent fires by detecting the presence of smoke and excessive heat around the house and protect the occurrence of fires that have wide impacts. The outcome of the fire protection design using smoke and heat detector based on microcontroller is to detect both smoke and heat hazards. If there is a danger of smoke or heat, then the system will provide a warning alarm, provide the path to the door emergency evacuation, and provide protection to extinguish the fire before the fire was enlarged.

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Jeong, Mira, MinJi Park, Jaeyeal Nam, and Byoung Chul Ko. "Light-Weight Student LSTM for Real-Time Wildfire Smoke Detection." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 5508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195508.

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As the need for wildfire detection increases, research on wildfire smoke detection combining low-cost cameras and deep learning technology is increasing. Camera-based wildfire smoke detection is inexpensive, allowing for a quick detection, and allows a smoke to be checked by the naked eye. However, because a surveillance system must rely only on visual characteristics, it often erroneously detects fog and clouds as smoke. In this study, a combination of a You-Only-Look-Once detector and a long short-term memory (LSTM) classifier is applied to improve the performance of wildfire smoke detection by reflecting on the spatial and temporal characteristics of wildfire smoke. However, because it is necessary to lighten the heavy LSTM model for real-time smoke detection, in this paper, we propose a new method for applying the teacher–student framework to deep LSTM. Through this method, a shallow student LSTM is designed to reduce the number of layers and cells constituting the LSTM model while maintaining the original deep LSTM performance. As the experimental results indicate, our proposed method achieves up to an 8.4-fold decrease in the number of parameters and a faster processing time than the teacher LSTM while maintaining a similar detection performance as deep LSTM using several state-of-the-art methods on a wildfire benchmark dataset.

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Shaw, K. N., M. C. McCormick, S. L. Kustra, R. M. Ruddy, and R. D. Casey. "Correlates of reported smoke detector usage in an inner-city population: participants in a smoke detector give-away program." American Journal of Public Health 78, no. 6 (June 1988): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.78.6.650.

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Shaw, KathyN, MarieC McCormick, SharonL Kustra, R. M. Ruddy, and RosemaryD Casey. "Correlates of reported smoke detector usage in an inner-city population: Participants in a smoke detector give-away program." Journal of Safety Research 20, no. 1 (March 1989): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(89)90016-9.

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Sari, Sindi Permata, Oriza Candra, and Jhefri Asmi. "Alat Pendeteksi Kebakaran Menggunakan SMS." JTEIN: Jurnal Teknik Elektro Indonesia 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jtein.v1i2.69.

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Lately, there are frequent fires caused by human factors. Because we cannot predict the process of fire in advance. And the delay in knowing the occurrence of a fire is very fatal to the safety of human life and property. With advances in technology, we can overcome fires by making early fire detection devices. With the presence of temperature and smoke detectors, we can detect fires as early as possible and be delivered quickly via alarms and SMS gateways. The main component of this fire detector is the Arduino Uno. This Arduino uno acts as the brain of the fire detection device. This tool works based on the detection of the temperature condition by the DHT11 temperature sensor, which is when the temperature is above normal, an alert notification will be sent via the SMS gateway and so will the MQ2 smoke and the buzzer will sound as a warning alarm.

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Muharam, Mumuh, Melda Latif, Baharuddin Baharuddin, and Ibnum Richaflor. "Pencegahan Kesalahan Alarm dalam Sistem Pendeteksi Dini Kebakan dan Pemadaman Berbasis Internet of Things." JITCE (Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering) 4, no. 02 (September 30, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jitce.4.02.53-62.2020.

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False alarm in fire detection can cause a huge loss. False alarm is generated by unwanted signal of smoke detector such as outdoor smoke or smoking. Therefore, it is designed a system that can reduce false alarm. The purposed system is built based on three components, those are sensors, actuators and data communication. Sensors are smoke, flame and camera sensor. Smoke sensor is used as the first thing to sense a signal from the system that warns the system there is a fire. Flame sensor and camera are used to confirm that a signal of fire whether false alarm or not. Internet of Things (IoT) is applied to control the system. The result show that the system is applicable.

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Kim, Taehoon, Yongjoo Kim, and Dongho Rie. "The Effect of Air Purifier on Smoke Detector Revealed by Fire Dynamics Simulation." Sustainability 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2022): 2259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14042259.

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In the present study, the relevance of the airflow to the response time of the smoke detector has been investigated regarding the different air purifier locations by Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS). Particular attention has been devoted to the impact on the smoke detector response with different device types, i.e., top-discharge and front-discharge air purifiers. Additionally, the response delay rate regarding the fire sizes (200 kW and 550 kW) was also evaluated with the top-discharge type purifier. The obscuration plots suggest that the response delay rate generally increases when the air purifier and the smoke detector are in a straight line. The change in the delay rate of the detector was distinct for the top-discharge type device due to the formation of a current barrier by the ceiling jet flow, and a nearby physical barrier (e.g., wall) can further suppress the flow diffusion during a fire event. The delay rate tends to decrease with the increment of the fire intensity.

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Lee, Young Man, Ha Thien Khieu, Dong Woo Kim, Ji Tae Kim, and Hong Sun Ryou. "Predicting the Fire Source Location by Using the Pipe Hole Network in Aspirating Smoke Detection System." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062801.

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The aspirating smoke detector (ASD) is one of the most critical pieces of equipment for detecting smoke in a protected area when a fire occurs. It has more advantages than a conventional smoke detector because it can be used in extreme conditions, such as cold storage facilities or hot aisle containment areas. ASD uses a fan to draw air from the protected area into the pipe network system via pipe holes. The sucked air is transported into the sensing chamber to detect smoke. If the obscuration in the sensing chamber is greater than the setpoint, the ASD will sound an alarm so that people realize there is a fire. For this reason, investigating the effect of the pipe hole network on obscuration in the ASD is critical. In this study, a Pipe Hole Network Program was developed to consider the pipe flow parameter. A numerical study based on the program and an experimental study was performed. The results showed that the numerical results had the same trend as the experimental study. The further the location of the fire source was, the lower the obscuration was. In addition, the correlation between the obscuration parameter and the fire source distance was also derived. It could be used to predict the fire source location in the aspirating smoke detection system.

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Wang, Xiao Wei, Hai Bing Hu, Jun Qin, and Yong Ming Zhang. "Ground-Based Study on Distribution of Fire Parameters and Installation of Fire Detectors in Space-Confined Microgravity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.304.

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The manned spacecraft is a typically confined space in microgravity and it suffers severe fire risks. This paper studies on the distribution of the fire parameters in space-confined microgravity to find a more rational way to install the fire detectors. The experiments are carried out in the ground simulation experiment platform for fire based on the International Space Station. Based on the functional simulation principle, this paper maintainsGr(Grashof number) and increasesRe(Reynolds number) to simulate microgravity environment in such a full-scale platform. The results show that Fire Detector 5 on the center of the side wall and Fire Detector 7 on the corner of the ceiling are the best installing locations for smoke detection. And, temperature detection is not appropriate in manned spacecraft. Namely, the way to install the fire detectors in manned spacecraft should be different from that in normal gravity.

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Rao, Naseem. "Development of Electronic Smoke Detector for Health Care." IJIREEICE 7, no. 5 (May 30, 2019): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/ijireeice.2019.7525.

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Hygge, S. "Installation And Reliability Of A Free Smoke Detector." Fire Safety Science 1 (1986): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.1-739.

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Neily, Margaret L., Charles L. Smith, and Julie I. Shapiro. "Residential smoke detector performance in the United States." International Journal for Consumer and Product Safety 1, no. 1 (March 1994): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09298349408945727.

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Liu, Baojun, Diego Alvarez-Ossa, Nazir P. Kherani, Stefan Zukotynski, and Kevin P. Chen. "Smoke and Particle Detector Using Tritiated Semiconductor Foil." Fusion Science and Technology 54, no. 2 (August 2008): 631–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13182/fst08-a1894.

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REYNOLDS, S. H. "THE PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL AS A SMOKE DETECTOR." Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 38, no. 2 (March 18, 2009): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1926.tb05556.x.

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Zain, Abdul, Rudi Hartono, and Sri Handani W. "Design of Microcontroller Based Fire Detector with Output Warning SMS Information and Automatic Extinguisher." INTEK: Jurnal Penelitian 7, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/intek.v7i2.2639.

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Conflagration is an unpredictable tragedy. It may occur whether in the woodland areas or in the residential areas. Typically, it would only be recognized if indeed the flames spread and the smoke intensified. This study aims to detect fires using the MQ-2 smoke sensor, DS18b20 temperature sensor, and fire sensor. Using Arduino Uno as the controller, this system’s output is in the form of an alarm buzzer, Short Message Service (SMS) information using SIM800L, and an automatic fire pump. This system operates to detect the temperature shifts, the smoke concentration and the existence of a fire point which triggers an alarm in the form of a siren if two out of the three sensors are activated. It, then, sends information by Short Message Service (SMS) and automatically triggers the pump as the result. The fire sensor can detect hotspots with a maximum distance of 80 cm and the DS18b20 temperature sensor has an average reading error of 0.27 ° C with a maximum reading error of 0.5 ° C. The MQ-2 smoke sensor can detect smoke where the change in smoke concentration is directly proportional to the sensor output voltage. There are three conditions to determine fire conditions, namely the temperature sensor reads more than equal to 55 ° C and the fire sensor is active, or the temperature sensor reads more than equal to 55 ° C and the smoke sensor reads more than equal to 1000 ppm, or the fire sensor is active and smoke sensor reads greater than equal to 1000 ppm.

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Asmazori, Mutiara. "Rancang Bangun Alat Pendeteksi NOx dan CO Berbasis Mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan Notifikasi Via Telegram dan Suara." JITCE (Journal of Information Technology and Computer Engineering) 5, no. 02 (September 30, 2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jitce.5.02.57-62.2021.

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The design of NOx and CO detectors based on notifications via telegram and voice has been carried out. This detector consists of a gas sensor MQ-135 as a nitrogen oxide detector and an MQ-7 sensor as a carbon monoxide detector. Data processing is carried out using an ESP32 microcontroller which can send results to a telegram bot and play sound using speakers connected to the ISD 1820 sound module. The tool made can send notifications if the concentration of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide exceeds 50 ppm. The test is carried out by burning waste to produce smoke. Burning smoke contains various gases and particles that are harmful to the body. The characterization of the MQ-135 sensor was carried out by comparing the data obtained from the ISPU to measure nitrogen oxide gas and producing an error value of 9.09%. Meanwhile, the characterization of the MQ-7 sensor was carried out using a biogas analyzer and resulted in an error ratio of 3.26%. These results prove that the tools that have been designed can work well.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Smoke Detector'

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