Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Smoke prevention'

One-third of American children under the age of 18 years and one in ten Canadian children aged 0-11 years are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) predisposing them to multiple health problems. Although several intervention strategies to reduce ETS exposure among children have been tested, to date there is not enough evidence to recommend one strategy over another. The objectives of this study were: (a) to test if parents' participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreases the number of cigarettes smoked in homes; and (b) to identify barriers to making homes and vehicles smoke-free, as well as facilitators used by parents to manage these barriers. To enable informed decision-making on how to measure empowerment, a systematic review was conducted to identify questionnaires that best measure health-related empowerment among adults and in families.
In a randomized controlled trial, 36 families were allocated to the intervention (n=17) or control group (n=19). The six week intervention included three, two hour group sessions, followed by three follow-up telephone calls, all at weekly intervals. Data were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and at six months follow-up.
No significant difference was detected between the intervention and control groups in the number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily at six months follow-up. However empowerment increased and the number of cigarettes smoked in the home decreased in both the intervention and control groups from baseline (median=17) to six-month follow-up (median=5).
Parents identified multiple barriers to smoke-free homes and vehicles including personal factors, factors involving others, and factors related to the physical environment. The most commonly identified barriers to smoke-free homes were personal factors, with tobacco addiction cited most often. In describing how to overcome barriers, parents identified facilitators involving other people as most effective, yet they most often relied on themselves. None ofthe parents identified a health provider as a facilitator. The multiple and complex barriers identified in this study suggest that interventions and practice guidelines should incorporate multiple strategies and individualized approaches to assist parents to make their homes and vehicles smoke-free.

Adverse health effects in children caused by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) are well known. Children are primarily exposed by their parents’ smoking in their homes. A comprehensive evidence base shows that parental smoking during pregnancy and ETS exposure in early childhood are associated with an increased risk for a range of adverse health problems. Child Health Care nurses, who meet nearly all families in Sweden with children aged 0-6 years, have thus an important role in tobacco preventive work in order to support parents in their ambitions to protect their children from ETS exposure. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop, test and evaluate a new model for tobacco preventive work in Child Health Care (CHC) with special focus on areas with a high prevalence of parental smoking. In a first step CHC nurses’ and parents’ views on tobacco preventive work were analysed in two studies based on questionnaires. The intervention was performed during the second step, based on the results from nurses’ and parents’ experience of the tobacco preventive work in CHC, and with methods from Quality Improvement. An “intervention bundle” was developed which included evidence based methods for prevention of ETS exposure, and four learning sessions for the nurses. The instrument “Smoking in Children’s Environment Test” (SiCET) included in the bundle was evaluated with focus group interviews with the CHC nurses who participated in the intervention. Two urine samples were analysed to measure cotinine levels in children which provide an estimate for ETS exposure. Parents’ answers from the SiCET questionnaire, measurements of cotinine, and data from the nurses’ log-books were used in the evaluation of the effects of the intervention. In areas with a high prevalence of parental smoking 22 nurses recruited 86 families of whom 72 took part for the entire one-year period of the intervention. The results showed that parents wanted to have information on the harmful effects tobacco smoke have on their children and how they can protect their children from ETS exposure. The nurses saw tobacco preventive work as important but they experienced difficulties to reach certain groups such as fathers, foreign-born parents, and those who are socio-economically disadvantaged. The SiCET instrument provided a basis for dialogue with parents. The main results from the intervention showed that ten parents (11%) quit smoking, thirty-two families (44%) decreased their cigarette consumption in the home, and fewer children were exposed to tobacco smoke. Consequently, more children showed levels of urinary cotinine less than 6 ng/ml (base-line n=43, follow up n=54; p=0.05). The total number of outdoor smokers did not change. Seven of the nurses (30%) had successful results in their areas with a decrease of smokers in families with a child of 8 months, from 20% in 2009 to 12% in 2011. The corresponding figures for the whole county as well as the country did not decrease during the same period. The sustainability of the intervention has to be followed and thus measures should be followed prospectively over time. The SiCET instrument was found useful and might be applicable in other arenas where children’s ETS exposure is discussed. The development of an instant cotinine test using dipsticks would make it possible to give parents immediate feedback on the effectiveness of taken protective actions. This could work as a pedagogic resource in the dialogue with parents.

This thesis was undertaken to assess the characteristics of individuals who smoke crack cocaine and to examine the health-related risks and healthcare needs of this population. A literature review of 147 published articles was conducted to synthesize evidence regarding behaviours associated with crack use and to assess the risks of disease transmission through crack smoking behaviours. Qualitative interviews were subsequently conducted with thirty Ottawa residents who smoke crack to learn about their experiences with healthcare and harm reduction services. Results identified barriers related to accessing primary healthcare and drug treatment programming among people who smoke crack and gaps within existing harm reduction services. Individuals who smoke crack represent a marginalized population who are often missed through traditional health promotion and harm reduction programming. There is a need for increased coverage of current programming and a reduction of factors which currently hinder the delivery and effectiveness of crack-specific harm reduction programs.

Background: Secondhand smoke exposure (SHS) causes many fatal diseases to children and there is no safe level of exposure. In Hong Kong, around 41%of infants are exposed to household SHS and leading to the additional hospital admissions of the infants. Objectives: To study the effectiveness of a theory-based family intervention delivered by the smoking cessation counselor (SCCs) which aims to reduce household SHS exposure to infants under 18-months, by helping fathers to quit smoking and motivating mothers to establish a smoke-free home . Methods: Families with a smoking father, non-smoking mother and an infant attended the Maternal and Child Health Centres (MCHCs) were invited to join this randomized controlled trial. The family (mother and father) was randomized after the completion of mother’s baseline questionnaire and the collection of saliva samples from mothers and infants. Father was then contacted for telephone baseline interview. Individual interventions were provided to both mothers and fathers at baseline, 1-week and 1-month, and a family session involving both parents was offered to the intervention group. The control group received information on the hazards of SHS and the benefits of smoking cessation. The intervention and control groups were followed-up at 6-and 12-monthsto assess father’s smoking behavior and the execution of a complete no-smoking policy at home. Chi-squares and independent t-tests were used to assess the group differences in father’s smoking behavior and the initiation of a smoke-free home. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the group changes of mothers’ and infants’ saliva cotinine levels from baseline to 12-month. Logistic regressions were performed to identify the predictors on father’s smoking behavior and the initiation of a smoke-free home. Results: There were 1,158 families randomized. Significantly more fathers in the intervention groupattainedhigher7-day point prevalence quit rate at 6-(8.0% vs 4.1%, p= .007)and 12-months (13.7% vs 8.0%, p= .002)respectively, stopped smoking at home at 12-month (35.7% vs 28.8%, p= .023), higher continuous quit rates at 6-(3.3% vs 0.7%, p= .002) and 12-month (1.8% vs 0.2%, p= .006), reduction of daily cigarette consumption over 50% at 12-month (33.4% vs 23.9%, p= .006), improvement in the stage of readiness to quit smoking at 6-month (13.0% vs 8.9%, p= .04) and more quit attempts (30.9% vs 24.1%, p=.015). No group differences were found in the establishment of the smoke-free home and the changes of saliva cotinine levels of infants and mothers from baseline to follow-ups. Discussion: This theory-based family intervention is effective in reducing household SHS exposure to infants by helping fathers to quit and stopped them to smoking at home, but it is less effective in motivating the mothers to initiate a smoke-free home. Significance: This is the first study testing a theory-based family intervention in reducing household SHS exposure to healthy infants. The family intervention provides a new insight in using ‘family’ as a unit for the intervention to reduce household SHS exposure to healthy infants by improving fathers' household smoking behavior and helping them to quit smoking.
published_or_final_version
Nursing Studies
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Varje år åker Sveriges räddningstjänster på cirka 6000 larm om brand eller brandtillbud i bostäder med följd att även cirka 100 personer omkommer årligen i sina hem. Att det är cirka 100 personer som omkommer varje år är något som ses som ett problem då det oftast är okunskap eller begränsande möjligheter att undsätta sig själv i säkerhet som ligger bakom bränderna och dödsfallen. Att som räddningstjänst utföra hembesök med att åka hem till olika personer och prata om brandskydd och risker i hemmet är något som visats vara väldigt effektivt i Storbritannien. Varje år gör räddningstjänster runt om i Storbritannien cirka 670 000 hembesök i syfte att öka kunskaper och frekvensen av brandvarnare i hemmen. Arbetet med hembesök påbörjades i slutet av 90-talet och har fram tills nu resulterat i att antalet insatser och dödsfall till följd av brand har mer än halverats. I Sverige är det förebyggande arbetet med hembesök inte lika utbrett men flera räddningstjänster har under de senaste åren startat upp och påbörjat genomförandet av hembesök. Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap, MSB, uppmanar fler räddningstjänster i Sverige att påbörja ett förebyggande arbete själva eller tillsammans med andra räddningstjänster för ökad riskmedvetenhet, kunskap och brandvarnarfrekvens i hemmen. Räddningstjänsten Syd är en av räddningstjänsterna i Sverige som arbetat med hembesök under lång tid och som kunnat visa effekter och statistiska skillnader på att hembesök verkligen gör nytta. Räddningstjänsten Syd har visat en nedåtgående trend på antalet insatser och har en lägre genomsnittlig dödsbrandsstatistik än den samlade dödsbrandsstatistiken för övriga Sverige. Rapporten grundar sig i en förstudie och en intervjustudie där 10 intervjuer genomförts med 8 olika räddningstjänster runt om i Sverige. De intervjuade har olika yrkesroller inom räddningstjänsten som antingen arbetat administrativt eller som utförare av hembesök. Hembesök genomförs främst av operativ personal där den skiftgående styrkan ägnar några timmar i veckan eller månaden på hembesök. Hur hembesök påverkar den operativa förmågan upplever samtliga respondenter som positiv då brandmännen får en bra områdesöversikt och grundläggande kunskaper i byggnadens utformning. Kunskaperna kan sedan visas vara värdefull vid eventuella insatser och insatsens verkan. Inställningen till att arbeta förebyggande med hembesök är något som varierar bland den operativa personalen där det upplevs att det finns motståndare till sådana här typer av arbetsuppgifter. Samtliga respondenter anser att hembesök är något som räddningstjänsten ska fortsätta att arbeta med tillsammans med andra förebyggande åtgärder. Hembesök utgör en viktig del i det förebyggande arbetet men att bara fokusera på hembesök är inte rätt lösning enligt många av respondenterna. Att arbeta med mer riktade och anpassade hembesök mot olika riskgrupper i samhället är något som räddningstjänsterna har som målsättning men att det då krävs en bättre samverkan mellan olika kommunala aktörer för arbetets effekt. Många av respondenterna menar att det administrativa arbetet med hembesök är något som är ganska besvärligt och tidskrävande att hantera då det är mycket information och statistiska uppföljningar som behandlas. Tekniska lösningar kopplade till redan befintliga programvaror är något som räddningstjänsterna vill se framöver för att kunna underlätta planering och administrering. Hur arbetet med hembesök ska kunna förbättras för att komma åt dödsbränder i samhället finns det förslag på förbättringsåtgärder, till exempel att i samband med hembesök även arbeta med individanpassat brandskydd eller tillsyner. Tillsyner är något som aldrig görs mot bostäder men som genomförs på hotell, köpcentrum, industrier etc. Individanpassat brandskydd innebär att brandskyddet anpassas efter individens förutsättningar till ett säkert boende exempelvis personer med olika typer av handikapp eller kognitiva nedsättningar.

Worldwide, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death. It is widely accepted that both active smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) are associated with CVD. About 20% of the global population smoke tobacco or tobacco-related products. The global prevalence of smoking is increasing, although it is decreasing in some high-income and upper middle-income countries. Globally, about a third of adults and 40% children are regularly exposed to SHS. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), only 16% of the global population is protected by a comprehensive smoke-free legislation. Coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are all types of atherosclerosis and often co-exist in the same patients. Therefore, they share many common risk factors including cigarette smoking. However, previous epidemiological studies on CVD including those on cigarette smoking mainly focused on CHD and stroke and pay little attention to PAD. Evidence is increasing in support of the association between exposure to SHS and both CHD and stroke. In contrast, there is a paucity of studies on SHS and the risk of PAD. The overarching aim of this thesis was to collate the published evidence on the association between active cigarette smoking and PAD, and examine the association between exposure to SHS and PAD in the general population. This thesis starts with a systematic review on the association between active cigarette smoking, SHS and PAD undertaken using four databases: Medline, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science to identify existing published evidence up to 30 April 2012 (Chapter 2). Prior to the published studies contained in this thesis, there had been no meta-analyses on the association between active cigarette smoking and PAD and only two studies published on the association between SHS and PAD. Therefore, this systematic review was followed by a meta-analysis on the association between active cigarette smoking and PAD. This meta-analysis identified 55 studies: 43 cross-sectional, 10 cohort and 2 case-control. Of the 68 results for current smokers, 59 (86.8%) were statistically significant and the pooled odds ratio (OR) was 2.72 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.28-3.21). Of the 40 results for ex-smokers, 29 (72.5%) were statistically significant and the pooled OR was 1.67 (95% CI 1.54-1.81). Active cigarette smoking significantly increases the risk of PAD, compared with never smokers. The magnitude of association between active cigarette smoking and PAD was greater in current smokers than ex-smokers. In contrast, prior to my studies in this thesis, only two studies on SHS were identified. Only one showed an overall association between self-report SHS and PAD in Chinese never smokers, with a clear dose-response relationship. The other study used serum cotinine as measure for SHS exposure and found neither an overall association nor a dose-response relationship but suggested a very high cotinine concentration as threshold. Chapter 3 examines the association between SHS exposure and PAD in adult non-smokers in Scotland. This chapter includes two cross-sectional studies using the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS: SFHS) and the Scottish Health Survey (SHeS), and one retrospective cohort study using the record linkage of the SHeS. In the cross-sectional study using SFHS, PAD was measured using ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) but SHS exposure was self-report. Of the 5,686 never smokers, 134 (2.4%) had PAD (defined as an ABPI < 0.9). Participants who reported overall high level of SHS exposure (exposed to ≥40 hours per week) were more likely to have PAD, compared with those who reported no exposure to SHS. After adjustment for potential confounders, the association between SHS and PAD persisted (adjusted OR 4.53, 95% CI 1.51-13.56, p=0.007), with suggestion of a dose-response relationship. In the other cross-sectional study using SHeS, SHS exposure was measured objectively using cotinine concentration but PAD was based on self-report symptoms of intermittent claudication (IC) using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire. Of the 4,231 non-smokers (defined as self-reported non-smokers with a salivary cotinine concentration <15 ng/mL), 134 (3.2%) had IC. Participants with high exposure to SHS (cotinine ≥2.7 ng/mL) were at significantly higher risk of IC, after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.04-3.00, p=0.036). A dose-response relationship was suggested, whereby the risk of IC increased with increasing cotinine concentration. However, the association varied by age category. Participants aged <60 were more strongly associated with PAD. This may be explained by survival bias. For the third, retrospective cohort study in Chapter 3, I used record linkage of SHeS to Scottish Morbidity Record 01 (SMR01) records and death certificates to identify the first hospital admission/death following the SHeS in which PAD was recorded as the primary or secondary cause. Of the 4,045 confirmed non-smokers who were free of baseline IC were included. Over the follow-up period (mean follow-up 9 years), there were 568 deaths, none of which were coded as due to PAD, and 64 participants were hospitalised for PAD. High exposure to SHS was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.42, 95% CI 1.09- 1.86, p=0.011) among all non-smokers and increased risk of incident PAD (adjusted HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.14-6.96, p=0.024) among male non-smokers. Increased cotinine concentrations at baseline were associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality, with a dose-response relationship. SHS contains both sidestream smoke, from burning cigarette tips, and exhaled mainstream smoke. Shortened telomere length is broadly viewed as a biomarker for biological ageing including atherosclerosis phenotypes such as PAD. Evidence is strong that active smoking increases telomere length attrition but whether such association occurs between SHS and telomere length is unknown. Therefore, Chapter 4 aimed to add to growing evidence that exposure to SHS is associated with disproportionately higher biomarkers of cardiovascular risk compared with active smoking and may accelerate normal biological ageing. This chapter includes two cross-sectional studies. The first study investigated the relationship between salivary cotinine and several preclinical cardiovascular biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, TC/HDL cholesterol ratio and fibrinogen in 10,081 adults from the SHeS. CRP concentration and the TC/HDL cholesterol ratio increased, and HDL cholesterol concentration decreased with increasing cotinine concentration among both non-smokers and active smokers. There were step changes in the relationship between tobacco exposure and cardiovascular biomarkers at the interface of non-smokers exposed to SHS and active smokers. Non-smokers with high exposure to SHS had lower cotinine concentrations than light active smokers but comparable concentrations of CRP (p=0.709), HDL cholesterol (p=0.931) and the TC/HDL cholesterol ratio (p=0.405). Fibrinogen concentration was less clear-cut and only increased in moderate and heavy active smokers. The second study in this chapter explored the association between self-reported levels of SHS exposure and telomere shortening per annum using a subgroup of participants from the SFHS. Of the 1,303 non-smokers, telomere length decreased more rapidly with increasing age among participants with high level of SHS exposure, compared with both those with no exposure (adjusted coefficient -0.006, 95% CI -0.008- -0.004) (high vs no SHS: p=0.010) or low exposure (adjusted coefficient -0.005, 95% CI -0.007- -0.003) (high vs low SHS: p=0.005). In summary, there is now substantial evidence of an association between active cigarette smoking and PAD.
This thesis adds to the limited existing evidence on SHS as an independent risk factor for PAD. There was an overall association between exposure to SHS and PAD, with suggestion of a dose-response relationship. However, the association varied by age category. Individuals aged <60 were more strongly associated with the prevalence of IC. SHS was significantly associated with incident PAD only in men. This thesis further demonstrates that exposure to SHS carries a disproportionately higher cardiovascular risk than active smoking for a given level of smoke exposure. Telomere shortening per year of age may be an intermediate step between SHS and CVD including PAD. This also supports the association between SHS exposure and the atherosclerosis-related biomarkers, which play an important role in the pathophysiology of PAD. Further research is needed in the future to better understand the association between SHS and PAD, and the underlying mechanisms. The research in this thesis supports the need to protect the general public from exposure to SHS.

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This master thesis analysis the constitution of the smoker subject in anti-smoking campaigns present in the cigarette packs. We also aims to verify how occur the governmentality that focus on the body of this subject and his discursive construction in anti-smoking campaigns, in the statements molded over the syncretic materiality of cigarette packs. We anchor us in the Discourse Analysis and its resonance in Brasil, with emphasis on Michel Foucault’s contributions, beyond the Historical Semiology of the picture, anchored on Jean-Jacques Courtine’s presuppositions. Methodologically, we cut out a corpus consisting of eighteen statements inside of the archive that constructs the smoker subject in cigarette packs and distributed them in three statements series, which are: Smoking and the risks of illness and death to the smoker subject; The risks of the passive smoking to health; and Smoking and sexual impotence. We use Foucault’s archegenealogy theory, that allows us excavate from the history the conditions of the emergency of the anti-smoking discourse, the interdiction of the cigarettes advertising and the transformations in the statements positions of the smoker subject in our society. In our analysis, we resort to nine cigarettes advertising, molded over between 1930 and 1990. Such advertising are in a memory domain of statements about smoking, what allows us to relation them to our corpus. We concluded that the government of the population is legitimated by knowledge and institutions, such as the medical knowledge and the legal institutions, that procure the anti-smoking discourse and control its way of circulation. The publishing of research about the harm of smoking to health shows that the smoke is a factor of risk for countless illness, making the body of the smoker subject stop of being associated with vitality, virility, beauty and glamour and started to be discoursed as an abnormal body, morbid, sexually impotent, that represents threat to all the population, since he causes illness and death of others individual with the passive smoking.
Esta dissertação analisa a constituição do sujeito fumante em campanhas antitabagistas nas embalagens de cigarro. Pretendemos também verificar como ocorre a governamentalidade que incide sobre o corpo desse sujeito e sua construção discursiva em campanhas de prevenção ao tabagismo, a partir de enunciados que circulam na materialidade sincrética das embalagens de cigarro. Ancoramo-nos na Análise do Discurso e suas ressonâncias no Brasil, com ênfase nas contribuições de Michel Foucault, além da Semiologia Histórica da imagem, que toma como base os pressupostos de Jean-Jacques Courtine. Metodologicamente, recortamos um corpus de 18 enunciados no interior do arquivo que constitui o sujeito fumante em embalagens de cigarro e os distribuímos em três séries enunciativas, quais sejam: Tabagismo e os riscos de doença e morte para o sujeito fumante; Os riscos do tabagismo passivo à saúde; e Tabagismo e impotência sexual. Utilizamos o aporte da arquegenealogia de Foucault, que nos permite escavar da história as condições de emergência do discurso antitabagista, a interdição das propagandas de cigarro e as transformações nas posições enunciativas do sujeito fumante em nossa sociedade. Em nossas análises, recorremos a nove propagandas de cigarro, veiculadas entre os anos de 1930 e 1990. Tais propagandas estão em um domínio de memória dos enunciados sobre o tabagismo, o que nos possibilita correlacioná-las ao nosso corpus. Concluímos que o governo da população é legitimado por saberes e instituições, tais como o saber médico e as instituições jurídicas, que agenciam o discurso antitabagista e controlam o seu modo de circulação. A divulgação de pesquisas científicas sobre os males do tabagismo à saúde mostrou que o fumo é um fator de risco para inúmeras doenças. Em decorrência disso, o corpo do fumante deixa de ser associado à vitalidade, virilidade, beleza e ao glamour, e passa a ser discursivizado como um corpo anormal, mórbido, sexualmente impotente e que representa uma ameaça para toda a população, pois causa o adoecimento e morte de outros indivíduos com o fumo passivo.

博士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系碩博士班
95
In this thesis, the main purpose is to investigate the fireproof and smoke barrier characteristics on the openings of the building. And the research is divided into four sections which are wood-cribs full-scale burning analysis, fire insulation and fire integrity of glass panes with down-flowing water film, full-scale evaluations on heat resistance of glass panes incorporated with water film or sprinkler in a room fire and the smoke leakage through wall openings in a fire, respectively. In the study of wood-cribs full-scale burning analysis, wood-cribs with the ISO 9705 full-scale and 10MW large-scale fire products collectors are used to simulate the burning situation of the furniture to investigate the ignition characteristics, heat release rates, mass loss rates and exhausts. In the study of fire insulation and fire integrity of glass panes with down-flowing water film, based on the standard code of CNS 14815 (ISO 834-1), this study examined the fire-insulation and fire integrity properties of a glass pane covered with a water film. The experimental apparatus included a multi-function refractory furnace, a 3m×3m door/wall refractory furnace, a water supply system, two types of small-scale glass panes (a fireproof glass and a tempered glass of dimensions 100cm×100cm×0.5cm) and two types of full-scale glass panes (a fireproof glass and a tempered glass of dimensions 120cm×240cm×0.5cm). The water film was generated by a multi-nozzle spray system with a buffer box. The results show that when a water film with adequate thickness and flowing speed is established on a glass pane, the evaporative latent heat of the water film could be used to protect the glass from melting or breaking in a fire. In this study, the fire insulation period could be extended to 100 minutes and the temperature of the glass surface was kept below 210oC. The substitution of a common non-fire-insulation tempered glass with water film for the fireproof glass or overhead door has been proven workable. After the small-scale and the full-scale tests, a real-scale room (573cm×420cm×330cm) fire test was developed to investigate the performance and the variations of the absorption of convection heat and the resistance of radiation by using either the water film or the closed-pendent-type sprinkler onto the non-heat-resistant fireproof glass panes. The results showed that even if the flow rate of the sprinkler system was 3 times of the water film system, the effective heat resistance was only a third to a half that of the water film system only. Thus, for situations where the available amount of water flow is limited, by using a layer of uniform down-flowing water film with appropriate thickness and velocity, reducing the temperature of the glass surface could be achieved effectively. In the study of the smoke leakage through wall openings in a fire, a full-scale smoke-barrier testing device was designed and built up and then used to investigate the smoke leakage characteristics for the wall openings of various geometric shapes, which may be passageway for cables and pipes and are usually of irregular shapes, for different pressure differences and temperatures. In addition, a simple theoretical model was developed to correlate the experiment data. The results showed that the smoke leakage rate was dependent on several factors, including pressure difference, gas temperature, geometric shape and area of opening. The rate of smoke leakage is proportional to the square root of the pressure difference or to the reciprocal of the square root of the upstream gas temperature. An opening of higher perimeter-to-area ratio has higher resistance against smoke flow and thus allows smaller rate of smoke leakage. Besides, a real scale A-class wood-door was also tested its smoke leakage behavior and the results could be used as a standard operation procedure for the smoke leakage test for a fire door.

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
101
Recently, the fundamental study of horizontal air jet smoke prevention system has been undergone in Japan. The theory of horizontal air jet smoke control system is blowing air from the nozzles installed on both sides of the wall to prevent the smoke spread from fire Idea.The system has the advantages for using in the hospitals, nursing homes, or underground tunnels places which have a large number of weaker evacuees that will aid by fire door or smoke curtain and other smoke devices. The horizontal air jet smoke control system is different with the traditional design of the staircase pressurization smoke system. The traditional design is pressurized the staircase to prevent smoke from the fire room to a non-fire area and to prevent the concentration of smoke arise. The increase in pressure levels on the fire area is the conditions to achieve the function of smoke prevention. Due to the air dynamic pressure in the corridor, the blowing air on corresponding opening’s area will prevent the smoke from fire sites and to achieve high performance reliable smoke prevention function. This research simulate hospital, nursing homes and other higher mobility of the elderly and patients with regional fire escape door open So the installation level jet stream system facilitates escape time can not only prevent smoke entering the staircase , the refuge for the fire scene can be refuge for more time to escape, all outside entrances and exits in this simulation, escape ladders and walkways on both sides of the installation of the level of inter-jet system, to prevent the spread of smoke can make people more time for escape refuge , the extent of smoke spread can be controlled effectively use in existing buildings smoke control equipment with Conducive to improving existing technologies and feasibility. The width of the corridor and height will test in the experimental program. The extra time needs for the disabled evacuees will also studied in the project. Adding additional smoke prevention system in the existing buildings’ structure to protect the smoke hazard will be investigated in the project too.The actual installed conditions, application mechanism,and control parameters are investigated for existing buildings. The influence of smoke exhaust system on air jet smoke prevention system is provided by this proposal. The retrofit design of the smoke prevention system on the existing buildings for large amount evacuee will be promoted in this study. According to the study results showed that within the corridor height and width of 2.2 meters with four meters of the restrictions, either unilateral or bilateral level installation jet smoke system for the smoke can effectively block (with CO2 measured values indicate that about 47.53% ~ 67.16% of the blocking efficiency). But in the existing fan device limitations (the study of the blower horsepower to 15HP and 20HP), when the width of the corridor over four meters, the horizontal effects of jet smoke system will gradually decline, especially when the corridor width of six meters and may even be because of the level of jet smoke system for the move, but to make the smoke quickly spread to the entire evacuation route, resulting affect the original refuge staff can provide a low-posture evacuation space, and make escape difficult. Based on the experimental results suggest that the corridor width is greater than four meters or more, you may need a higher efficiency of the wind turbine equipment in order to perform its functions.

Stair Pressurisation Systems (SPS) are a form of smoke control used in many high-rise buildings. They are designed to keep smoke out of the stairwell so that occupants have a safe evacuation route during an emergency. Throughout the years, however, many within the Fire Engineering industry have commented that SPS do not really perform as per their design intent. In order to assess this belief, an investigation was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of a SPS, whereby the effectiveness was assessed by considering the following: if the SPS operates, will the resulting performance be as required by the Australian Standards (i.e. AS1668.1 1998) and when required, will the SPS or components actually operate. To do this, two representative SPS within the Melbourne Central Business District were investigated; one with a Variable Speed Drive (VSD), System 1, typical of systems installed more recently and one without a VSD, System 2, typical of earlier types of SPS. The effectiveness evaluation was divided into two parts. The first considered the influence of variations to wind speed, temperature and leakage (referred to as the E-factors), while the second considered the 'other factors' or F-factors, affecting the effectiveness of a SPS (i.e. those factors that can be influenced by commissioning, maintenance, operation of the system, etc.). For this study, these two parts were assessed in isolation to each other, such that when the E-factors were assessed, the other influences were considered not to exhibit any faults. Similarly, when considering the influence of the F-factors, the influence of the E-factors was ignored. The influence of the E-factors was assessed in terms of achieving the door opening force and airflow performance conditions of AS1668.1. This was done using a computer network program known as CONTAM. Initially a base building model was developed, complying with the performance conditions of the Australian Standard and then variables such as external temperatures, wind and leakage associated with the building elements were varied as part of a sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that in most cases (unless extreme conditions were used), the effectiveness of the SPS was nearly equal to unity (i.e. '1'). The SPS with a VSD also had a slightly higher effectiveness than the system without, when 'Average' leakage conditions were modelled. However, if the stairwell leakage approached the building facade leakage, the effectiveness in relation to achieving the airflow velocity conditions of AS1668.1, for both Systems 1 and 2, significantly reduced. The 'other factors' which may influence the effectiveness of a SPS were those that could be influenced by the design, installation, commissioning, maintenance and operation of the SPS and were assessed after interrelationship diagrams, in the form of fault trees were developed. These diagrams detailed the complex integration of the various components, which make up a SPS and assisted in identifying which components appear to be the most dominant in terms of reducing the reliability of the system. Probability of failure data was obtained through a survey completed by industry personnel intimately associated with SPS. The reliability assessment indicated that the two major dominant factors, in terms of not achieving the performance conditions of AS1668.1, were high door opening forces, followed by low airflow velocities. The importance of high door opening forces is significant, as occupants who cannot enter the stairwell in an emergency, may not be able to evacuate safely. The maintenance requirements associated with SPS as per AS1851.6, are illustrated in this thesis in relation to the fault tree diagrams. The results revealed that some of the dominant factors (such as the VSD, the pressure sensor, etc.), achieved low levels of effectiveness. These factors are only considered during the commissioning stage and there is no formal maintenance for these items. These findings help to reinforce the importance of commissioning as well as maintenance (especially for items currently not maintained) and the need for identified faults to be corrected as soon as they are found, or at least prior to the next maintenance inspection. Assessing the effectiveness of a SPS, with respect to the performance conditions of AS1668.1, found that the factors referred to as 'other factors' have a greater influence on SPS effectiveness than variations due to wind, temperature and leakage changes. Having said this though, the results generated indicate that SPS are not very effective in terms of achieving the performance conditions of AS1668.1 for the whole system (i.e. every door). For example, there is a 1/10 chance that the door opening forces will comply and approximately a 1/2 chance that the airflow velocities will meet the required performance conditions. These low probabilities are for buildings that are being "commissioned" and "maintained", indicating that although factors appear to be identified, they are not being adequately corrected. In summary, if commissioning is performed correctly, and so too the maintenance, the reliability associated with the components can be significantly improved and therefore, so can the overall effectiveness of the SPS.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
公共衛生碩士學位學程
107
The tobacco epidemic is one of the biggest public health threats the world has ever faced, killing more than 7 million people a year. More than 6 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use. The study has shown that keep-updated tobacco pre- vention and control policy of the European Union (EU) has significantly reduced tobacco use by several effective methods: limiting the hazardous substances in cigarette, enlarging health warning on the packs, banning on huge media campaign, expanding smoke-free public areas, and fighting against illegal cigarette trade. This study uses Document Analysis by searching and analyzing documents about how the EU manages to reduce its smoking population. The sources of documents include academic publications, official statistics of the EU and its member countries, reports from the World Health Organization (WHO), media coverages as well as from non-govern- mental organizations. To understand how national policy could affect the reduction of tobacco consump- tion, it can’t miss out from the case of the EU. The EU is the world''s largest economy with a total population of more than 500 million people from 28 countries. However, according to the EU, tobacco consumption is the most significant cause of premature death, nearly 700,000 deaths every year. Moreover, smoking is the single largest avoida- ble health risk in the EU. The serious impact of smoking has brought the EU to be deter- mined to strengthening its tobacco control. Since 2001, the European Commission has launched several important policies to fight its tobacco challenge. It issued the first edition of the Tobacco Directive to better manage the tobacco products in 2001. It further strengthened the requirement for health warning on the cigarette packs in 2005, and launched the smoke-free environmental pro- posal in 2009. In 2011, the tobacco tax directive was implemented by requiring a mini- mum tobacco tax that directly caused a significant higher cost for smoking. In 2014, the second tobacco directive was passed after its first edition in 2001 and the sales of flavored tobacco was for the first time prohibited. The continuous actions taken by the EU has reduced its smoking rate from 39.4% in 2002 to 26% in 2014. Within the EU guideline, the 28 EU member countries also have their own tobacco control policies. The United Kingdom expand the scope of smoking bans. France has substantially increased the price of tobacco. Many countries have further proposed the "tobacco endgame," aiming to reduce the smoking rate to 5% in 2025 for Ireland, in 2030 for Finland, and in 2034 for Scotland. The study concludes that the effective methods learned from the EU practices against the tobacco consumption, such as the usage of plain packaging, enlargement warning label and a price increase. This study suggests that if any country, including Taiwan, aims to reduce its tobacco consumption, a stronger political commitment along with the national regulation and the policy is a necessity.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
95
Take National Palace Museum in Taiwan as a case study, this study aims to build a basic decision mode of evacuation for museums in case of fire. It is crucial whether mass evacuation is possible in case of fire for a few reasons. First, museums are generally open to the public whose purposes to visit them diverse. Second, most of the visitors are not familiar with the environment and floor design So the flows theory to carry on time simulation with the pedestrian in this research, and then set up and take refuge to flee for one''s life in basic decision way by the transportation problem method, and probe into the suitability and restriction of the way. Shed the time to spread as the limiting conditions with cigarette at limiting conditions of way, use fire simulation software FDS (whether fire power learn the simulator) The simulation cigarette flows, influence on the way flows by the state-run smoke while probing into the fire for the case of the Palace Museum, expect to be able to make use of this research to offer and take refuge to flee for one''s life to guide and take precautions against natural calamities to carry on the exercise of consulting.

Relatório de estágio de mestrado em Ensino do 1º e 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico
O tabagismo é considerado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma epidemia, sendo, em todo o mundo a principal causa de morte evitável. Assim, representa uma grande ameaça para a saúde pública pois, não só é grave para o fumador como também para todos aqueles que estão expostos ao fumo. Mediante o supracitado, para a concretização do estudo do projeto de intervenção pedagógico, foi necessário estabelecer um conjunto de objetivos para o 1º e 2º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (CEB). No que diz respeito ao 1º CEB tive como base os seguintes objetivos: identificar os conhecimentos dos alunos sobre a exposição do fumo passivo; identificar os conhecimentos dos alunos sobre os malefícios do consumo do tabaco; determinar a exposição dos alunos ao fumo passivo em casa e no carro e avaliar a eficácia de uma intervenção pedagógica na prevenção dos alunos à exposição do fumo do tabaco ambiental. Relativamente ao 2º CEB estipulei como objetivos os seguintes: identificar os conhecimentos dos alunos sobre as consequências do fumo ativo; determinar a prevalência do consumo do tabaco nos alunos do 2º ciclo; avaliar as intenções dos alunos relativas ao futuro consumo do tabaco e avaliar a eficácia da intervenção na melhoria de conhecimentos, intenções e comportamentos relacionados com o consumo de tabaco. Com o intuito de responder a estes objetivos, utilizei como metodologia de investigação/avaliação, a aplicação de um pré e pós-teste com questões que me permitissem avaliar os conhecimentos, intenções e comportamento dos alunos. Após esta aplicação foi feita a análise comparativa de dados. Mediante a análise, constatei que ocorreu uma melhoria considerável a todos os níveis anteriormente mencionados mas primordialmente a nível concetual. De um modo geral, as intervenções deste projeto contribuíram para o cumprimento dos objetivos propostos inicialmente, criando implicações positivas na promoção da educação para saúde.
Smoking is considered the World Health Organization as outbreak, being, worldwide the leading cause of preventable death. Therefore, stands a major threat to public health not only for the smoker but also for all those who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Through all this, for the completion of the study of educational intervention project, it was necessary to establish a set of objectives for the 1st and 2nd cycle of basic education (CEB). Regarding the first CEB had based on the following objectives: identify the students ' knowledge and awareness of second-hand smoke exposure; identify the knowledge of students about the harmful effects of tobacco consumption; Knowing the students that are' exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational intervention in the prevention of students to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Regarding the 2nd CEB stipulated the following objectives: identify the knowledge of students about the consequences of active smoking; to determine the prevalence of tobacco consumption in the students of second cycle; evaluate students ' intentions concerning the future tobacco consumption and evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention in improving knowledge, intentions, and behaviors related to tobacco consumption. In order to meet these goals, used as research/evaluation methodology, the application of a pre and post-test with questions which allow to evaluate the knowledge, intentions and behaviour of students. . After this application was made the comparative analysis of data. Through the analysis, I noted that there was a considerable improvement at all levels previously mentioned but primarily the conceptual level. In General, interventions of this project contributed to the achievement of the objectives proposed initially, creating positive implications in promoting health education.

O consumo de tabaco é o fator de risco mais evitável associado a doenças não-transmissíveis, incapacidade e perda de anos de vida saudáveis. As aplicações de telemóvel parecem promissoras como meio de intervenção na cessação tabágica. No entanto, tendo em conta a escassez de aplicações baseadas em evidência científica e a inexistência deste tipo de aplicações disponíveis em português, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a experiência dos utilizadores com uma versão traduzida e adaptada para português da aplicação Smoke Free. A amostra foi constituída por 11 fumadores com intenção de deixar de fumar, entrevistados individualmente após utilizarem esta aplicação durante uma semana. As entrevistas permitiram avaliar a sua satisfação e grau de envolvimento, bem como a utilidade e usabilidade da aplicação. Os resultados sugerem que os participantes acharam a aplicação fácil de utilizar e ficaram satisfeitos. Adicionalmente, destacaram as funcionalidades mais úteis (e.g., painel inicial), os métodos que os ajudaram (e.g., monitorização), as necessidades sentidas ao longo da interação (e.g., maior personalização) e o que os motivou mais (e.g., compromisso com a aplicação). Quanto ao envolvimento, os resultados foram contraditórios, embora a aplicação pareça incluir elementos que propiciam a vontade de a usar continuamente. Apesar das opiniões terem sido sobretudo positivas, é possível concluir que existem alguns aspetos a melhorar na aplicação (e.g., incluir conteúdos de preparação para quem ainda não deixou de fumar) de forma a adaptá-la adequadamente às necessidades de cada utilizador. Isto reforça a importância do desenvolvimento de estudos centrados na experiência dos utilizadores.
Tobacco use is the most preventable risk factor associated with noncommunicable illness, disability and loss of healthy life years. Mobile applications appear promising as a means of intervention in smoking cessation. However, given the scarcity of applications based on scientific evidence and the lack of such applications available in Portuguese, the goal of this study was to evaluate users' experience with a translated and adapted version of the Smoke Free application. The sample consisted of 11 smokers with intention to quit smoking, interviewed individually after using this application for one week. The interviews were conducted to evaluate their satisfaction and degree of engagement, as well as the utility and usability of the application. The results suggest that the participants found the application easy to use and were satisfied. In addition, they highlighted the most useful features (e.g., main panel), the methods that helped them (e.g., monitoring), the needs felt throughout the interaction (e.g., greater customization) and what motivated them the most (e.g., commitment to the application). Regarding engagement, the results were contradictory, although the application seems to include elements that foster the will to use it continuously. Although opinions have been mostly positive, it is possible to conclude that there are some improvements to be made in the application (e.g., including preparation contents for those who haven’t stopped smoking) in order to adapt it adequately to the needs of each user. This reinforces the importance of developing studies focused on the user experience.

O comportamento tabágico afecta gravemente a saúde e o bem estar. Os modelos sócio-cognitivos apontam a influência social e a intenção de fumar como os principais determinantes do comportamento, mas esta relação não tem sido confirmada empiricamente e os resultados dos programas de prevenção baseados nestes modelos são fracos. A finalidade deste trabalho foi aprofundar o estudo da relação entre a influência social, a intenção de fumar e o comportamento tabágico. Foi proposto e testado um modelo de influência social que combina referentes (pais e pares) com processos de influência (normas subjectivas e descritivas). Foram realizados quatro estudos com adolescentes entre os 13 e os 15 anos (idade do pico da iniciação do comportamento). Os resultados i) confirmaram a intenção de fumar, a auto-eficácia e a influência social como os principais determinantes do comportamento tabágico, mas sugeriram que é necessário rever a definição e a operacionalização da influência social; ii) em desacordo com o previsto pelos modelos sócio-cognitivos, não confirmaram o papel da intenção como mediadora dos efeitos de outras variáveis no comportamento e a sua posição como variável mais próxima do comportamento; iii) sugerem que os pais e os pares influenciam a intenção e o comportamento através de processos diferentes e que a influência social tem um impacto directo no comportamento através das normas descritivas; e iv) confirmaram os bons resultados obtidos em Portugal por um programa de prevenção baseado nestes modelos. Estes resultados têm implicações teóricas e práticas e podem contribuir para melhorar os resultados dos programas de prevenção do tabagismo dirigidos aos adolescentes portugueses.
Smoking behaviour has serious consequences on health and well being. Sociocognitive models point out social influence and intention to smoke as the main determinants of smoking, but this association has not been confirmed by research and smoking prevention programs based on these models have achieved weak results. The aim of this work was to further investigate the association between social influence, intention to smoke and smoking behaviour. A model of social influence which combines referents (parents and peers) with processes of influence (subjective and descriptive norms) was proposed and tested. Four studies were performed with adolescents of 13 – 15 years old (age range where the smoking initiation peaks). The results of these studies i) confirmed intention to smoke, self-efficacy and social influence as the main determinants of smoking behaviour among Portuguese adolescents, but suggested that the definition and the operationalization of social influence should be revised; ii) regarding intention, its role as mediator of other variables’ effects on behaviour and its position as the most proximal variable of behaviour previewed by socio-cognitive models were not confirmed; iii) suggested that parents and peers exert influence on intention and behaviour through different processes and that social influence has a direct impact on behaviour through descriptive norms; and iv) confirmed the good results obtained in Portugal of a smoking prevention program for adolescents based in socio-cognitive models. These results have implications at theoretical and practical levels and may contribute to improve the effectiveness of smoking prevention programs for Portuguese adolescents.

The quality of indoor air in Australian buildings is unknown due to limited published data. The assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) in hospitality environments is of special concern because they are frequented by sensitive populations such as the elderly, children, and people with pre-existing health conditions, who may be at risk of developing adverse health reactions if the IAQ is poor. As of 2010, all Australian states and territories have introduced legalisation banning smoking in enclosed public places, including licensed clubs. This project has evaluated the impact of indoor smoking bans on air quality inside and outside of Australian licensed clubs. In doing this it has identified emerging IAQ issues in post smoking ban environments, and documented the airborne concentrations of previously unstudied air contaminants such as particulate matter with a 50% cut-point diameter of 1.0 μm (PM1.0) and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH) in the indoor smoking areas of Australian licensed clubs. The study involved collecting approximately 400 hours of air quality data, of which 200 hours was collected before bans and 200 hrs was collected after smoking bans were introduced in licensed clubs located within two local government districts of South Eastern Australia. Clubs 1 to 7 were located in the one district and Clubs 8 to 11 in the other district. Club 4 dropped out following the pre ban monitoring, and the results were omitted from analysis. The air quality parameters measured inside include particulate matter with a 50% cut-point diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5), PPAH, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature and humidity. The air quality parameters measured outside were PM2.5, CO2, temperature and humidity. Each of the parameters were monitored for 4 hour periods on 4 occasions in each club both before, and after the introduction of indoor smoking bans. Additional monitoring of indoor concentrations of PM1.0, nicotine and PM2.5 particulates with a special calibration factor for environmental tobacco smoke calibration factor of 0.32 (PM2.5 (0.32)) was undertaken in the second group of clubs and monthly monitoring following the bans was undertaken in Clubs 9 and 11.There was a significant reduction in the mean airborne concentrations of PM2.5, PM1.0, PM2.5 (0.32), PPAH, CO and nicotine at all clubs following the implementation of the smoking bans. Of note was the increase in the mean outdoor PM2.5 concentrations at 6 clubs, and the significant increase in the number of outdoor smokers at 8 venues. The greatest change was an increase in the frequency of outdoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 25 μm m-3 which is the Australian PM2.5 advisory standard for ambient air (24 hours). Weak to strong significant correlations (R2=0.402-0.757 p=0.000-0.022) were identified between outdoor smokers and indoor PM2.5 concentrations (3 clubs), and a significant correlation (R2=1.000 p=0.000) between nicotine and indoor pollutants at one club. The results of this study indicate that indoor smoking bans may not fully protect the health of the public and workers in venues because of the possible infiltration of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) identified at three clubs, as well as outdoor exposure to ETS associated with an increase in smoking activity. The lack of current indoor air quality standards makes the interpretation of the post ban air quality data difficult. Although, the mean concentration of contaminants were all below recommended limits for ambient air. The potential infiltration of ETS inside some clubs indicates that air quality may still represent both an occupational and public health risk because ETS has no safe exposure limit (WHO, 2000). Factors that were observed to have a potential negative impact on IAQ after the introduction of indoor smoking bans included hazard reduction burns and cooking processes which emitted similar air pollutants to ETS, but at lower concentrations, as well as the use of air curtains over doorways which could potentially exacerbate the reemission of ETS contaminants from the clothing of smokers. The study indicates that while there has been a significant improvement in the IAQ in licensed clubs after the introduction of indoor smoking bans, there has been deterioration in the air quality of outdoor areas where smoking is allowed. The decline in the air quality indicates that the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and New South Wales (NSW) definitions of a non-enclosed space where smoking is permitted to take place do not protect workers from exposure to ETS, for which there is no safe exposure limit.

This research investigates the spread of fire and smoke in buildings as well as occupant egress. There are existing deterministic models for these. While deterministic models provide averages of a process, stochastic models give the broad spectrum of all possible scenarios of the process giving the distribution function. The spread of smoke was first modelled by adding a noise component to the equation of an existing deterministic model. Later a deterministic model was developed and stochastic expressions derived using the Markov chain methodology. Though the Markov chain is a discrete process, it was used in approximating smoke spread which is a continuous process. The spread of fire was investigated using network analysis. Various methods of modelling the spread of a phenomenon in a network were compared.

碩士
國立陽明大學
生理學研究所
98
Abstract Cigarette smoking (CS) is the major risk factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and highly associated with various lung injuries such as inflammation, mucus hypersecretion and epithelium proliferation in lung tissue. Besides, inflammation is characterized by the increase of endothelium permeability and leukocyte infiltration, which is regulated through adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, the expressions of inflammatory molecules are mediated by nuclear factor-?羠 (NF-?羠) activation. Exercise training has been known improved pulmonary function in patients with malignant lung diseases. However, the role of exercise and its underlying mechanism in CS-induced lung injury are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the preventive effect and its mechanisms of exercise against lung injury induced by the exposure of CS in mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. The animals received challenges of air, CS exposure (twice a day for 30 consecutive days), rotarod treadmill training (5 days a week for 8 weeks) or rotarod treadmill training and CS exposure. Mice were exposed to CS resulted an increase in endothelium permeability and leukocytes infiltration in lung, but the elevations were reduced by exercise training. Additionally, change of the mucin 2 expressions and the extent of epithelium thickness and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression were augmented in CS group, but the alterations were impaired by exercise training as well. Moreover, leukocyte infiltration in response to CS was mediated by up-regulation of adhesion molecules (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and inflammatory regulators (interleukin-1?牷Bkeratinocyte-derived chemokine、monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-2), all of which were significantly alleviated by exercise training. Furthermore, the CS-induced increase in the phosphorylation of NF-?羠 at Ser311 residue was also attenuated by exercise training. In conclusion, these findings suggest that physical exercise may prevent from CS-mediated lung injury.

碩士
中華大學
營建管理研究所
94
Current smoke exhaust equipment set up standard （issued around March 1993）, because regulation original meaning is it setting smoke preventing vertical wall district separate space to prevent the high-temperature smoke from spreading and spreading, but cause high-temperature heat to be centralized, impel the electromechanical pipeline space in the ceiling to destroy because of the hot damage . The research is based on the smoke preventing vertical wall set up in the underground Kaohsiung Rapid Transit System. By the use of NFPA 130 security of the environmental parameter and FDS computer software simulation fire situation to compare the influence on the smoke preventing vertical wall with the regulation type and the performance type, the further to probe into for influence of the spaces for electromechanical pipeline. Learn and understand the smoke preventing vertical wall is bequeathed to posterity and must be very influenced the electromechanical pipeline space in the ceiling in the fire in research, so this research is designed with the performace type course of designing the pluses and minuses via the comparative regulation type, letting and is engaged in the project design of fire control has another thinking way.