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Journal articles on the topic 'Smolder'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Liu, Yang, M. Chen, J. Buckmaster, and T. L. Jackson. "Smolder waves, smolder spots, and the genesis of tribrachial structures in smolder combustion." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 30, no. 1 (January 2005): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.183.

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2

Schult, D. "Forced forward smolder combustion." Combustion and Flame 104, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00102-6.

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3

Lozinski, David, and John Buckmaster. "Quenching of reverse smolder." Combustion and Flame 102, no. 1-2 (July 1995): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(94)00242-k.

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4

Schult, D. A. "Forced forward smolder combustion." Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, no. 3 (May 1996): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88872-2.

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5

Wanna, Joseph T., Adriano Polo, and Dundee Schettino. "The Smoldering Potential of Used Upholstery Fabrics: Unsoiled vs. Soiled." Journal of Fire Sciences 14, no. 2 (March 1996): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419601400207.

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The objective of this research was to determine the effect of soil ing, through wear, on the smoldering potential of upholstery fabrics. This research was done to test the supposition that smolder resistant fabrics on new furniture will become more susceptible to smoldering with soiling and age. This is shown not to be the case. Sixty used upholstery fabrics were collected from eight upholstery shops, and areas of each fabric were determined to be either "soiled" or "unsoiled." A soiled area is an exposed surface of the upholstery fabric, whereas an unsoiled area is not exposed. Each fabric's compo sition, e.g., cellulose or synthetic, was determined, and soiled and unsoiled samples from each fabric were analyzed for pertinent chemical and physical characteristics. For the majority of fabrics, the smoldering potential of the soiled areas did not increase with respect to the unsoiled areas. In fact, more fabrics exhibited a reduced (versus increased) tendency to smolder upon soiling. Of the 27 cellulosic fabrics, only 2 fabrics changed from non-smoldering in the unsoiled area to smoldering in the soiled area. But, 6 fabrics that smoldered in the unsoiled area did not smolder in the soiled area. Two ions that play a major catalytic role in smoldering ignitions, sodium and potassium, showed increased levels in soiled areas by approximately 800 ppm and 480 ppm, respectively. These increases did not account for the observed changes in smolder potential. The increase in sodium and potassium ion levels for the synthetic fabrics was equivalent to those of the cellulosic fabrics. Calcium and magnesium did not in crease between soiled and unsoiled fabric areas. Of the six anions analyzed for unsoiled and soiled areas of the 60 fabrics, levels of chloride and sulfate anions increased in the soiled samples compared to the unsoiled.

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6

Wanna, Joseph T., Christine A. Rouse, Paul L. Chen, Geraldine E. Henderson, and Linda C. Greear. "Smoldering Potential and Characterization of Used Upholstery Fabrics." Journal of Fire Sciences 14, no. 5 (September 1996): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419601400506.

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To examine the effects of soiling on the smolder potential of upholstered furniture, sixty-six used upholstery fabrics were collected in the state of Georgia and sections of each fabric were determined to be either "soiled" or "unsoiled." A soiled area is an exposed surface of the upholstery fabric, whereas an unsoiled area is not exposed. Each fabric's composition (cell ulosic, synthetic, or mixed fibers) was determined, and soiled and unsoiled samples from each fabric were analyzed for pertinent chemical and physical characteristics. For the majority of fabrics, the smoldering potential of the soiled areas did not increase with respect to the unsoiled areas. In fact, more fabrics exhibited a reduced (versus increased) tendency to smolder upon soiling. Six fabrics that smoldered in the unsoiled condition did not smolder in the soiled condition. This study confirms results reported on used upholstery fabrics collected in the state of Virginia. Statistical analysis performed on data from each study and the combined data showed that smoldering potential had a statistically significant correlation to fabric, but not to soiling. Two ions that play a major catalytic role in smoldering ignitions, sodium and potassium, showed increased levels in soiled areas of the cellulosic fabrics by approx imately 700 ppm and 480 ppm, respectively. These increases did not account for the observed changes in smolder potential. The increase in sodium and potassium ion levels for all sixty-six fabrics collected in Georgia were equiva lent to those of the sixty fabrics collected in Virginia. Calcium and magnesium ions did not increase between soiled and unsoiled fabric areas. Chloride and sulfate increased in the soiled samples compared to the unsoiled. Levels of nitrate and phosphate did not change with soiling.

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7

Torero, Jose, A. Fernandez-Pello, and M. Kitano. "Downward Smolder Of Polyurethane Foam." Fire Safety Science 4 (1994): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.4-409.

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8

Lu, Z., J. Buckmaster, M. Chen, and L. Massa. "Instabilities of reverse smolder waves." Combustion Theory and Modelling 10, no. 3 (June 2006): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830500497682.

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9

Lyman, CS, TA Perfetti, DM Riggs, and WT Morgan. "Thermal Emissivity and Cigarette Coal Temperature During Smolder." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 20, no. 6 (July 1, 2003): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0755.

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AbstractCoal temperatures affect the burn properties of cigarettes. Thermal imaging was used to determine the average maximum surface coal temperatures during smolder of cigarettes of different tobacco types. The thermal imaging camera was calibrated against a reference blackbody. An emissivity correction was necessary since the set point temperatures of the reference blackbody did not correspond to the measured temperatures of the reference blackbody. A 0.87 camera emissivity was applied to provide accurate coal temperatures at a corrected emissivity of approximately 1. The average maximum surface coal temperatures during smolder of unfiltered single-tobacco-type cigarettes and a commercial blend cigarette were determined (with the camera lens focused parallel to the cigarette), and no discernible differences among them were found. The calculated average maximum surface coal temperature during smolder for all cigarettes was 584 AA± 15 °C. During smolder, thermocouples were used to measure the temperature of the gas phase (along the central axis of coal), and the thermal imaging camera was used to measure the temperature of the solid phase of the coal's surface. Using thermocouples, the peak coal temperatures in the center of the coal during smolder for three filtered single-tobacco-type cigarettes were 736-744 °C. Peak coal temperatures, measured by thermal imaging, on the surface of the coal (with the camera lens focused coaxially with the coal and the ash removed) for the same three single-tobacco-type cigarettes had a range of 721-748 °C. There was good correspondence between the two techniques. These results confirm that during smolder the gas-phase temperature inside the coal (as measured with the thermocouple) and the solid-phase temperatures beneath the ash (as measured with the camera) are in near thermal equilibrium. With proper calibration, a thermal imaging system is a good alternative to thermocouples for measuring cigarette coal temperatures.

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10

Lu, Zhanbin, and Yong Dong. "Fingering instability in forward smolder combustion." Combustion Theory and Modelling 15, no. 6 (December 2011): 795–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830.2011.564658.

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11

Kellogg, Diane S., Bruce E. Waymack, Douglas D. Mcrae, and R. William Dwyer. "Smolder Rates of Thin Cellulosic Materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 5 (September 1997): 390–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500504.

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Linear burn rates were determined for thin, cellulosic materials (papers and cotton fabrics) held in the horizontal plane by measuring the rate of radial increase of the circular burn pattern. Linear burn rates were determined for freely smoldering materials and for materials in contact with polyurethane foam. The linear burn rates of the freely smoldering materials were found to be inversely proportional to basis weight. This relationship held over basis weights from 0.8 to 24 oz/yd2. The linear burn rates of the materials in contact with poly urethane foam were also inversely proportional to basis weight and were reduced about 16% from the free smolder rate. The effect of potassium ion content was also examined. A minimum level of potassium, approximately 1300 ppm, was re quired for sustained smoldering combustion. Above this minimum level, the ion content did not have a significant effect on the linear burn rate.

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12

Anderson, Melissa K., Randall T. Sleight, and Jose L. Torero. "Downward smolder of polyurethane foam: ignition signatures." Fire Safety Journal 35, no. 2 (September 2000): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00016-3.

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13

Kelley, M. L., and D. A. Schult. "Modeling extinction in forced opposed-flow smolder." Combustion Theory and Modelling 10, no. 1 (February 2006): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13647830500327624.

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14

JANCIN, BRUCE. "RA Autoimmunity May Smolder in the Lungs." Internal Medicine News 45, no. 6 (April 2012): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(12)70296-2.

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15

Anderson, Melissa K., Randall T. Sleight, and Jose L. Torero. "Ignition signatures of a downward smolder reaction." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 21, no. 1-3 (March 2000): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-1777(99)00051-5.

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16

Cheek, Lenore, Neva Olsen, and Teresa Summers. "Smolder-Resistant Finish for Cotton Upholstery Fabrics." Home Economics Research Journal 13, no. 4 (June 1985): 383–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077727x8501300405.

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17

Usmani, Saad Zafar. "How long can we let the myeloma smolder?" Expert Review of Hematology 7, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/17474086.2014.874944.

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18

Torero, J. L., and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. "Natural convection smolder of polyurethane foam, upward propagation." Fire Safety Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1995): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-7112(94)00030-j.

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19

Walther, D. C., R. A. Anthenien, and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. "Smolder ignition of polyurethane foam: effect of oxygen concentration." Fire Safety Journal 34, no. 4 (June 2000): 343–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-7112(00)00007-2.

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20

Sato, K., and S. Sega. "Smolder Spread In A Horizontal Layer Of Cellulosic Powder." Fire Safety Science 2 (1989): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3801/iafss.fss.2-87.

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21

Anthenien, R. A., and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. "A study of forward smolder ignition of polyurethane foam." Symposium (International) on Combustion 27, no. 2 (January 1998): 2683–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80124-0.

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22

Dyakonov, Alexander J., and David A. Grider. "Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics. I. Development of a Framework." Journal of Fire Sciences 16, no. 4 (July 1998): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419801600404.

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23

Vinodh Arrun, M. G., and S. Prabakaran. "Monitoring and Controlling of Smolder Exhaustion Using Electrostatic Precipitator." International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology 7, no. 4 (January 25, 2014): 169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/22315381/ijett-v7p268.

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24

Schult, D. "Propagation and extinction of forced opposed flow smolder waves." Combustion and Flame 101, no. 4 (June 1995): 471–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(94)00239-o.

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25

Yuan, Fang-ping, and Zhan-bin Lu. "Structure and stability of non-adiabatic reverse smolder waves." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 34, no. 6 (May 18, 2013): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10483-013-1698-8.

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26

Hatch, John, Austin Wardall, Jerimiah Jackson, Ryan McNeilly, Jacob Kirsh, Ariel Parker, Alexander Morgan, and Christin Duran. "Smolder behavior and emissions byproducts of aircraft composite coupons." Fire Safety Journal 123 (July 2021): 103366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103366.

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27

Dodd, A. B., C. Lautenberger, and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. "Numerical examination of two-dimensional smolder structure in polyurethane foam." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, no. 2 (2009): 2497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.06.196.

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28

Baliga, Vicki L., Donald E. Miser, Ramesh K. Sharma, Michael E. Thurston, W. Geoffrey Chan, and Mohammad R. Hajaligol. "Physical characterization of the cigarette coal: part 1—smolder burn." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 68-69 (August 2003): 443–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(03)00081-0.

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29

Torero, J. L., and A. C. Fernandez-Pello. "Forward smolder of polyurethane foam in a forced air flow." Combustion and Flame 106, no. 1-2 (July 1996): 89–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00245-6.

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30

Aldushin, A. P., A. Bayliss, and B. J. Matkowsky. "Is there a transition to flaming in reverse smolder waves?☆." Combustion and Flame 156, no. 12 (December 2009): 2231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.09.009.

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31

Dodd, Amanda B., Christopher Lautenberger, and Carlos Fernandez-Pello. "Computational modeling of smolder combustion and spontaneous transition to flaming." Combustion and Flame 159, no. 1 (January 2012): 448–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2011.06.004.

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32

Rashkovskiy, Sergey A. "Diffusion mechanism of fingering in smolder combustion of thin solid fuel." Combustion Science and Technology 190, no. 10 (June 11, 2018): 1750–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1470166.

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33

Dyakonov, Alexander J., and David A. Grider. "Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics. III. The Control of Radical Driven Reactions." Journal of Fire Sciences 17, no. 3 (May 1999): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419901700303.

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34

Dyakonov, Alexander J., David A. Grider, and Arthur M. Ihrig. "Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics IV. Participation of Dye and Bleach Residues." Journal of Fire Sciences 17, no. 6 (November 1999): 438–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419901700603.

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35

Ohlemiller, Thomas J. "Forced smolder propagation and the transition to flaming in cellulosic insulation." Combustion and Flame 81, no. 3-4 (September 1990): 354–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(90)90031-l.

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36

Lu, Zhanbin. "A diffusion-flame analog of forward smolder waves: (II) stability analysis." Combustion and Flame 196 (October 2018): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.07.006.

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37

Lin, Gao Hua, Hai Bing Hu, Qi Xing Zhang, Yao Dong Li, Feng Wang, and Yong Ming Zhang. "Effects of Environment Temperature and Humidity on Size Distribution of Smolder Microparticles." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.759.

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The smoke particle size distribution of cotton rope smoldering fire were measured with DMS500 Fast Particulate Spectrometer under different temperature and humidity. Through the experiments, we prove that the temperature and humidity of environment have a great influence on cotton rope smoldering smoke particle size distribution. Cotton rope smoldering smoke particle size distribution at an elevated temperature will migrate to small size. Nevertheless, the effect of humidity is more complicated that need a more depth research. Additionally, Fire smoke aerosol is a non-steady-state.

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38

Wilcock, A., A. Smith, L. Cheek, and N. Olsen. "Cleaning Resistance of a Borax-Based Smolder Retardant on Cotton Upholstery Fabric." Journal of Fire Sciences 4, no. 1 (January 1986): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490418600400105.

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39

Dyakonov, Alexander J., and David A. Grider. "Smolder of Cellulosic Fabrics. II. Water, Alkali and Inner Oxygen as Variables." Journal of Fire Sciences 17, no. 1 (January 1999): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419901700105.

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40

Cheek, L., A. Wilcock, and N. Olsen. "Stability of a Borax-Based Smolder Retardant Finish for Cotton Upholstery Fabrics." Textile Research Journal 55, no. 5 (May 1985): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051758505500503.

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41

Badr, O., and G. A. Karim. "Experimental Study of Self-Ignition and Smoldering of Moist Cellulosic Materials." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 114, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905934.

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The self-ignition and smoldering characteristics of cellulosic materials, as exemplified by cotton fibers, when subjected to convective low-velocity heated air stream were studied experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The effects of the content of moisture in the raw cotton on its ignition delay and smolder front propagation rates were established. Some comparative tests were also conducted on dry cotton samples containing instead of moisture, various concentrations of n-hexane or an alcohol mixture.

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42

Lu, Zhanbin. "A diffusion-flame analog of forward smolder waves: (I) 1-D steady structures." Combustion and Flame 196 (October 2018): 515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2018.01.013.

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43

Urban, James L., Jiayun Song, Simon Santamaria, and Carlos Fernandez-Pello. "Ignition of a spot smolder in a moist fuel bed by a firebrand." Fire Safety Journal 108 (September 2019): 102833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102833.

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44

Mandelstam, Osip, and Richard Lee Pierre. "The Wheat of Humanity." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 132, no. 3 (May 2017): 690–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2017.132.3.690.

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At the end of 1922, after years of revolution and civil war, the Soviet Union was formally incorporated, bringing areas of the former Russian Empire into an ostensibly unified conglomerate. Though conflicts continued to smolder, Spenglerian discourse from the area touted a flourishing Slavic East in opposition to a declining European West. For the thousands of Russians and other émigrés from the former Russian Empire living abroad in Europe, this opposition presented a conundrum: should their sympathies lie with their cultural home or with the West, where they experienced daily life?

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45

Li, Qiu-shu, and Lan-xi Xu. "A mathematical approach to the property of one-dimensional steady solution of reverse smolder waves." Acta Mathematicae Applicatae Sinica, English Series 33, no. 1 (February 2017): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10255-017-0651-8.

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46

Wu, Ying. "Research on Overload Ignition Characteristic of Copper Wire." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.511.

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In this test, PVC insulated wire is connected to self-made large current generator, so that different high-multiple overload currents (3Ie, 3.5Ie, 4Ie, 4.5Ie and 5Ie) passes through, with the increase of overload time, observe the change of insulation material of wire and ignition situations of different combustible substance (paper scrap, absorbent cotton and fire-retardant pipe). The results show that the higher the overload multiple, the larger the ignition capability of wire to combustible substance; even though it takes short time for fire-retardant pipe to smolder, but it takes longer time for fire-retardant pipe to become burned black and fail, and both cases are free from ignition, therefore, in case there is no collapse or burn-through, a certain degree of fire retardation is available in fire-retardant pipe in comparison with other two combustible substances.

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47

Fanfarová, Adelaida. "The Testing of Surface Fire Retardants." TRANSACTIONS of the VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Safety Engineering Series 8, no. 2 (September 29, 2014): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/tvsbses-2013-0007.

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Abstract The article deals with the importance of testing and using of application of fire retardants for the needs of fire protection in practice. The experiment present the testing of test specimens by means of experimental scientific method of test of limited flame spread in the test bench under laboratory conditions. Based on the measured data are exactly and precisely evaluated different types of surface fire retardants. On test specimens made by wood were applied the tested fire retardants, which were directly exposed to open flame. The results of the experiment represents and expressed fire-technical characteristics that describe the behavior of wood specimens during the process of combustion: weight loss, time of ignition, time of spontaneous combustion and time of smolder. The acquired information reflects the effectiveness of fire retardants in protection against the fire.

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48

Peck, Peggy. "NOW ITʼS IN PRINT, BUT FIRES STILL SMOLDER OVER REPORTS OF INCREASED ALS RISK FOR 1991 GULF WAR VETERANS." Neurology Today 3, no. 10 (October 2003): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132985-200310000-00010.

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49

Listyanto, Tomy, Aditya Aji Pratama, Keisuke Ando, and Nobuaki Hattori. "Improving Fire Resistance of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) Wood Impregnated with Mixture of Borax and Boric Acid." Wood Research Journal 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51850/wrj.2020.11.2.48-52.

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The study was aimed to investigate the effects of mixture of borax and boric acid concentration and different level of pressure on absorption, retention quantity, and fire resistance properties of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla). A total of 50 samples of 9 x 19 x 1016 mm (ASTM E 69-02) were taken from mahoganylumber and then air-dried. A total of 45 samples were impregnated with aqueous solutions of borax and boric acid in three different concentrations (5, 7, and 9 %) and at three different pressure levels (5, 7.5, and 10 atm) for 2 hours pressure time, while5 samples were liftedas control. Dried impregnated samples and untreated samples were feeding in flame with lid combustion method refers to ASTM E 69-02. Interestingly, the results showed that borax and boric acid effectively improved the fire resistanceproperties(mass losses, ignition temperature, maximum temperature, and smoke and smolder production)of mahogany wood.Mixtures of borax and boric acid at a concentration level of 9% and pressure of 10 atm arerecommended to obtain the best results compare to the other interactions on combustion properties.

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50

Young, Eric Van. "Millennium on the Northern Marches: The Mad Messiah of Durango and Popular Rebellion in Mexico, 1800–1815." Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, no. 3 (July 1986): 385–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500013992.

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In September of 1810, with a sudden flash of violent rebellion (preceded by months and years of salon conspiracies), the white native-born provincial elite of New Spain began the protracted and painful process of winning political independence from Spain. Although by about 1816 much of the country had been pacified by royal arms, pockets of rebellion continued to smolder and flare throughout the following years. The birth of modern Mexico itself finally occurred in 1821, owing as much to fortuitous political circumstances in Spain as to the military and political manipulations of Agustin Iturbide, the Creole adventurer who consummated the country's independence and briefly became its emperor. Programmatic pronouncements by the Creole and mestizo leadership of the independence movement abound in the form of pamphlets, constitutions, decrees, short-lived newspapers, captured correspondence, etcetera, and provide us with a reasonably clear view into the complex ideologi- cal process of political separatism from Spain. At least in the early years of the independence struggle, however, the insurrectionary armies were manned not primarily by Mexican-born whites or racially mixed groups, but by Indian peasants from rural villages all over the central parts of the country.

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