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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Smoldering

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Academic literature on the topic 'Smoldering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Smoldering"

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Mistry, Dr Chetna J., Dr Mamta Shah, Dr Moumita Sengupta, and Dr Piyush Solanki. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2012/45.

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Bakhman, N. N. "Smoldering wave propagation mechanism. II. Smoldering velocity and temperature in smoldering zone." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 29, no. 1 (1993): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755322.

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Danesh, John. "Smoldering Arteries?" JAMA 282, no. 22 (December 8, 1999): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.22.2169.

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Arnheim, Katharina. "Smoldering Myelom." Onkologische Welt 10, no. 05 (November 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0972-6725.

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Patienten mit Smoldering Myelom (SM) profitieren vom präventiven Einsatz von Lenalidomid: Das immunmodulatorisch wirksame Arzneimittel (IMiD®) reduziert das Risiko für eine Progression zum symptomatischen multiplen Myelom (MM) um 72 %.

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Lu, Chang, Hui Hui Li, Yan Min Zheng, and Yuan Qing Liang. "Experimental Study on Effect of Heating Time on Polyurethane Foam Smoldering Propagation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.651.

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Polyurethane foam is an important branch of building insulation materials, but its poor fire performance easily to lead to smoldering. This is conducted under condition of natural convection and heating time change of smoldering experiments on the smoldering experimental compartment. Use the thermocouple to measure the temperature changes inside the material. The results shows that, the heating time is shorter, smoldering into flame combustion is less complete, when time is short enough, smoldering extinguished; and in the vertical smoldering propagation, as time is shortened, smoldering into open fire’s position is upward. Experiment and analysis can be nicely displayed the effect of heating time on smoldering process.

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Lust, John A., and Kathleen A. Donovan. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Emerging Cancer Therapeutics 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5003/2151-4194.1.2.261.

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ElGhammaz, Amr. "Redefining Smoldering Myeloma." Egyptian Journal of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation 3, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhbmt.2016.19697.

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Gao, Minjie, Guang Yang, Yuanyuan Kong, Xiaosong Wu, and Jumei Shi. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/623254.

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Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic precursor stage of multiple myeloma (MM) characterized by clonal bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) ≥ 10% and/or M protein level ≥ 30 g/L in the absence of end organ damage. It represents an intermediate stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and symptomatic MM. The risk of progression to symptomatic MM is not uniform, and several parameters have been reported to predict the risk of progression. These include the level of M protein and the percentage of BMPC, the proportion of immunophenotypically aberrant plasma cells, and the presence of immunoparesis, free light-chain (FLC) ratio, peripheral blood plasma cells (PBPC), pattern of serum M protein evolution, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cytogenetic abnormalities, IgA isotype, and Bence Jones proteinuria. So far treatment is still not recommended for SMM, because several trials suggested that patients with SMM do not benefit from early treatment. However, the Mateos et al. trial showed a survival benefit after early treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with high-risk SMM. This trial has prompted a reevaluation of early treatment in an asymptomatic patient population.

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Mikalsen, R. F., B. C. Hagen, and V. Frette. "Synchronized smoldering combustion." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 121, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 50002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/121/50002.

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Carlson, Robert H. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Oncology Times 35, no. 9 (May 2013): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000430607.78287.d3.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Smoldering"

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Gratkowski, Mark T. "Radiant smoldering ignition of plywood." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0831104-125545/.

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Leach, Sharon Victoria. "A numerical study of smoldering combustion /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Torero, Jose L. "Buoyancy effects on smoldering of polyurethane foam." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2134.

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An experimental study has been carried out to investigate the effects of buoyancy on smoldering of polyurethane foam. The experiments are conducted with a high void fraction flexible polyurethane foam as fuel and air as oxidizer, in a geometry that approximately produces a one dimensional smolder propagation. The potential effect of buoyancy in the process is analyzed by comparing upward and downward smolder propagation through a series of normal gravity and variable gravity experiments. Both opposed and forward mixed (free and forced) flow smolder configurations are studied. In opposed smolder the oxidizer flow opposes the direction of smolder propagation, and in forward smolder both move in the same direction. Variable gravity free flow tests are also conducted in an aircraft flying a parabolic trajectories that provides low gravity periods of up to 25 sec. Measurements are performed of the smolder reaction propagation velocity and temperature as a function of the location in the sample interior, the foam and air initial temperature, the direction of propagation and the air flow velocity. This information is used in conjunction with previously developed smolder theoretical models to determine the smolder controlling mechanisms and the effect of gravity. Three zones in the fuel sample with clearly defined smolder characteristics are identified. A zone close to the igniter where smolder is affected by the external heat, a zone at the end of the sample where smolder is affected by the environment, and a zone at the end of the sample where smolder is affected by the environment, and a zone, in the middle of the foam, that is free from external effects. This last zone is the most characteristic of one dimensional, self-supported smolder, and the one that is studied in greater detail. In mixed flow convection buoyancy induced flows together with the forced flow are the primary mechanism of oxidizer transport to the reaction zone, while diffusion has a secondary importance. In natural convection, downward smoldering is of the opposed type while upward smoldering resembles more the forward type. For opposed flow smoldering, both natural and forced, the smolder propagation velocity is found to increase with the oxidizer mass flux reaching the reaction zone. This result confirms predictions from previously developed theoretical models that the smolder velocity is proportional to the oxygen mass flow. The experimental data is correlated in terms of a non-dimensional smolder velocity derived from these models, the results show very good agreement between theory and experiments for strong smolder. To implement the models, an analysis of the gas flow field is developed where the effect of significantly different permeabilities between char and foam is been Extinction is observed for very low and for very high flow rates, which shows that smolder is controlled by a sensitive competition between oxygen supply and heat losses to and from the reaction zone. Under these conditions the models do not describe the experiments well. The forward flow smolder experiments show that forward smoldering is controlled not only by the competition between oxygen supply and heat losses to and from the reaction zone but also by the competition between pyrolysis and oxidation. For low flow velocities a regime resembling the opposed flow is observed. As the air flow velocity is increased, foam pyrolysis followed by char oxidation is the controlling smolder mechanism. For both these conditions the theoretical models describe the experiments well. Increasing the flow velocity further results in a smolder propagation velocity controlled by total fuel consumption, in downward burining. For upward burning transition to flaming is observed for very high air flow velocities. This last regime is not well predicted by the theoretical models. The results from the experiments in variable gravity environment conducted in the KC-135A and Leajet airplanes confirm the normal gravity observations that the competition between heat losses and oxidizer transport is the major mechanism controlling smolder. The absence of convective flow in low gravity results in higher temperature in the unburnt fuel and char due to smaller heat losses to the surroundings. However, the oxidizer transport to the reaction zone also decreases and as a result the temperature at the reaction zone decreases indicating a weakening of the eaction, The presence of pyrolytic reactions in foward smolder and their capability to inhibit smoldering complicates the above described smolder mechanisms.

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Hone, C. Brandon. "Smoldering Embers: Czech-German Cultural Competition, 1848-1948." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/666.

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After World War II, state-sponsored deportations amounting to ethnic cleansing occurred and showed that the roots of the Czech-German cultural competition are important. In Bohemia, Czechs and Germans share a long history of contact, both mutually beneficial and antagonistic. Bohemia became one of the most important constituent realms of the Holy Roman Empire, bringing Czechs into close contact with Germans. During the reign of Václav IV, a theologian at the University of Prague named Jan Hus began to cause controversy. Hus began to preach the doctrines outlined by the Englishman John Wycliffe. At the Council of Constance church officials sought to stamp out Wycliffism and as part of that effort summoned Hus, convicted him of heresy and burned him at the stake on July 6, 1415. Bohemia rose in rebellion, in what became the Hussite Wars. Bohemians elected a Hussite king, George of Poděbrady. Shortly after his death, the Thirty Years War began and resulted in the Austrian Habsburgs gaining the throne of Bohemia. The Habsburg dynasty suppressed Protestantism in the Czech lands and ushering in a brutal Counter-Reformation and forced reconversion to Catholicism. By the nineteenth century, a revival of Czech culture and language brought about Czech nationalism. Spurred by the nobility’s desire to regain lost power from the monarchy, a distinct Czech culture began to coalesce. With noble patronage, Czech nationalists established many of the symbols of the Czech nation such as the Bohemian Museum and the National Theater and initiated Czech language instruction at Charles University in Prague and finally a separate Czech university in Prague. The first generation of nationalist Czech leaders, lead by František Palacký, gave way to a newer generation of nationalists, lead eventually by Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk. Masaryk, a professor at the university, successfully lead the efforts during World War I to create an independent Czechoslovakia. Masaryk’s decades-long debate with historian Josef Pekař over the meaning of Czech history illustrates how Czech nationalists distorted historical facts to fit their nationalist ideology. The nationalists succeeded in gaining independence, but faced unsuccessfully forged a new state with a significant, but problematic, German minority.

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ZANONI, M. A. B. "Smoldering Combustion In Porous Media Kinetic Models For Numerical Simulations." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2012. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/4161.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:32:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_5423_Dissertação_Marco_Aurelio_B_Zanoni_05_03_2012.pdf: 18602750 bytes, checksum: 72079deefb882e9a0b68fad2493b88dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-05
Tecnologias avançadas para a geração de energia usando combustíveis não convencionais xisto betuminoso e seu semi-coque, areias betuminosas, petróleo extra-pesado e biomassa proveniente de resíduos sólidos urbanos e de lodo de esgoto - têm em comum processos termoquímicos compostos de complexas reações químicas. Este trabalho trata da formulação e otimização de mecanismos químicos normalmente envolvidos na pirólise do xisto betuminoso e na combustão do xisto betuminoso e seu semi-coque. Problemas inversos (usando o algoritmo de Levenberg-Marquardt) foram empregados para minimizar o erro entre os valores estimados e os dados de termogravimétria para os mecanismos de reação de 3 passos para a pirólise do xisto betuminos, e mecanismos de 4 e 3 passos para o xisto betuminoso e seu semi-coque, respectivamente. Os parâmetros cinéticos, tais como ordem de reação, fator pré-exponencial, energia de ativação e os coeficientes estequiométricos que afetam a secagem, as reações de oxidação, pirólise e descarbonatação foram estimadas com sucesso. Além disso, os erros estatísticos e residuais foram avaliados, resultando em um valor razoável para todas as estimativas e o mecanismo cinético proposto e estimado para a combustão do semi-coque foi aplicado em um código em meios porosos. Um estudo paramétrico entre o perfil de temperatura e a velocidade do ar, e o perfil de temperatura e a concentração de carbono fixo foi desenvolvido. Este estudo mostra que o perfil de temperatura é extremamente influenciado por estes parâmetros, confirmando que a propagação da frente é controlada pela injeção de O2. Palavras-chave: Xisto Betuminoso, Semi-Coque, Pirólise, Combustão, Estimação de Parâmetros, Problemas Inversos, Levenberg-Marquardt, Meios Porosos.

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Wang, Jinghong. "A study of smoldering combustion in horizontally oriented polyurethane foam layer /." View Abstract or Full-Text, 2002. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202002%20WANGJ.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 154-166). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

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Kawashiri, Laura H. "Finite-Difference Modeling of the Batch Process Smoldering Combustion of Wastewater." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1897.

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A MATLAB model was developed for the smoldering combustion of wastewater in the context of a decentralized residential wastewater treatment appliance. Data from a batch process sewage smoldering experiment was simulated using implicit finite-difference approximations, assuming one-dimensional transient conductive heat transfer. The time-dependent temperature profiles within the column represented the main parameters of interest and were used to verify recoverable heat energy estimations. Given that the modeling method used for this thesis represents a unique approach, the assumptions and limitations of this model are thoroughly described in the context of reproducing results for other smoldering setups. A lack of convergence is seen in the model validation section of this report. Consequently, the practicality of this particular model contains significant limitations. Theoretical applications are also discussed and analyzed in terms of comparisons to modern alternatives and prototype feasibility.

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Rein, Guillermo. "Computational model of forward and opposed smoldering combustion with improved chemical kinetics." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1784.

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A computational study has been carried out to investigate smoldering ignition and propagation in polyurethane foam. The onedimensional, transient, governing equations for smoldering combustion in a porous fuel are solved accounting for improved solid-phase chemical kinetics. A systematic methodology for the determination of solid-phase kinetics suitable for numerical models has been developed and applied to the simulation of smoldering combustion. This methodology consists in the correlation of a mathematical representation of a reaction mechanism with data from previous thermogravimetric experiments. Geneticalgorithm and trail-and-error techniques are used as the optimization procedures. The corresponding kinetic parameters for two different mechanisms of polyurethane foam smoldering kinetics are quantified: a previously proposed 3-step mechanism and a new 5-step mechanism. These kinetic mechanisms are used to model one-dimensionalsmoldering combustion, numerically solving for the solid-phase and gasphase conservation equations in microgravity with a forced flow of oxidizer gas. The results from previously conducted microgravity experiments with flexible polyurethane foam are used for calibration and testing of the model predictive capabilities. Both forward and opposed smoldering configurations are examined. The model describes well both opposed and forward propagation. Specifically, the model predicts the reaction-front thermal and species structure, the onset of smoldering ignition, and the propagation rate. The model results reproduce the most important features of the smolder process and represent a significant step forward in smoldering combustion modeling.

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Varner, Julian Morgan. "Smoldering fire in long-unburned longleaf pine forests linking fuels with fire effects /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0012922.

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Pham, Xuan Huynh. "Oxidative pyrolysis of biomass pellets in a fixed bed." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0029/document.

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La gazéification étagée est une technologie innovante pour la production d’énergie renouvelable de petite et moyenne puissances, pour laquelle l'élargissement de la gamme de biomasses utilisables constitue un enjeu majeur de développement. Cette thèse porte spécifiquement sur la pyrolyse oxydante en lit fixe, première étape clé du procédé, qui conditionne fortement la performance et la fiabilité de cette technologie. Trois types de biomasses – pin, miscanthus, et paille – conditionnées sous forme de granulés ont été étudiés. Une étude expérimentale a été réalisée sur un réacteur pilote à lit fixe de 20 cm de diamètre et 1.6 m de hauteur permettant de reproduire des conditions opératoires proches de celles rencontrées durant l'étape de pyrolyse dans les gazéifieurs industriels. Le fonctionnement du procédé pour les trois biomasses a été caractérisé par la mesure du ratio air/biomasse, des températures, des rendements en charbon, gaz permanents et condensables et de leurs compositions. Une attention particulière a été portée à la zone d'oxydation qui se propage verticalement vers le haut dans le lit de biomasse. Une méthodologie a été développée pour mesurer la vitesse de propagation, l'épaisseur et le tassement de cette zone et étudier l'impact de la nature de la biomasse. Dans un lit de granulés de bois, la vitesse et l'épaisseur de la zone d'oxydation est 25 % plus faible que dans un lit de granulés de paille ou miscanthus. L'effet catalytique des matières minérales sur les réactions de pyrolyse primaire et secondaire et son impact sur le fonctionnement du procédé, ont également été mis en évidence
Staged gasification is an innovative technology for small and medium renewable energy production. The expansion of the range of usable biomass remains a major obstacle to development. This thesis focuses specifically on the oxidative pyrolysis in a fixed bed, the first step of the process that strongly influences the performance and reliability of this technology. Three types of biomass- pine, miscanthus and wheat straw - in form of pellets were studied. An experimental study was carried out in a pilot fixed bed reactor of 20 cm diameter and 1.6 m height allowing the reproduction of similar conditions to those existing in the pyrolysis step of an industrial gasifier. The process operation for the three biomasses was characterized by measuring the air/biomass ratio, bed temperature, yields and compositions of char, permanent gases and condensates. A particular attention was paid on the oxidation zone which propagates upward towards the raw biomass. A method was developed to measure the propagation velocity, thickness and the compaction of the oxidation zone and to study the impact of the biomass nature. Velocity and thickness of this zone were 25 % lower in a fixed bed of wood pellets than in beds of wheat straw or miscanthus. Catalytic effect of the mineral matters on primary and secondary pyrolysis reactions and their impact on the process operation have been highlighted

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Books on the topic "Smoldering"

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Harris, Raina Wissing. Smoldering. Billerica, Mass: Resource Power, 2001.

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Karagianis, Lydia. Smoldering Smyrna. New York: Carlton Press, 1995.

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Grant, Donna. Smoldering hunger. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2016.

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Smoldering fires. Woodstock, Ill: Dramatic Pub., 2008.

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Chew, Allen F. Interregnum: Smoldering embers from Russia's troubled past. Spokane: KiwE Pub., 2003.

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Egan, Margaret R. Diesel-discriminating detector response to smoldering fires. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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Egan, Margaret R. Diesel-discriminating detector response to smoldering fires. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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O'Reilly, John L. The smoldering wick: Never too late for new life. Parsons, W. Va: McClain Print. Co., 1990.

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Smoldering city: Chicagoans and the Great Fire, 1871-1874. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.

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Nelson, Michael J. Love sick: A smoldering look at love, lust, and marriage. New York: H.N. Abrams, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Smoldering"

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Rein, Guillermo. "Smoldering Combustion." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 581–603. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_19.

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Nakamura, Yuji, and Takuya Yamazaki. "Smoldering Combustion." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_63-1.

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Nakamura, Yuji, and Takuya Yamazaki. "Smoldering Combustion." In Encyclopedia of Wildfires and Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) Fires, 942–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52090-2_63.

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Sanandaji, Tino. "Smoldering Concrete." In Mass Challenge, 81–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46808-8_6.

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Mateos, María-Victoria, and Jesús F. San-Miguel. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." In Neoplastic Diseases of the Blood, 531–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64263-5_26.

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Walker, Martha. "Smoldering Grass and Slithering Mice." In Reflect & Write, 24. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003237686-12.

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da Conceição, Carolina Soares, João Macedo, and Lino Marques. "Detecting Indoor Smoldering Fires with a Mobile Robot." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 606–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-35990-4_49.

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Mateos, María-Victoria, and Ola Landgren. "MGUS and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis and Epidemiology." In Plasma Cell Dyscrasias, 3–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40320-5_1.

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Stich, August. "Human African Trypanosomiasis: The Smoldering Scourge of Africa." In Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals, 785–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_31.

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Mateos, María-Victoria, and Jesús San-Miguel. "Risk Stratification in Newly Diagnosed Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." In Personalized Therapy for Multiple Myeloma, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61872-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Smoldering"

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Costa, Fernando de Souza. "Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47311.

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The smoldering of cigarettes without drawing is described by a simple analytical model. A burning cigarette is assumed to be divided in 4 zones: unburned tobacco, dry tobacco, char and ash, separated by infinitesimally thin fronts of drying, pyrolysis and char oxidation. Circumferential heat losses and the convective-diffusive processes in the boundary layer are considered. A set of non-linear algebraic equations is solved to determine smoldering rates, drying lengths and pyrolysis lengths and to obtain the profiles of temperature. The influence coefficients of several parameters on smolder characteristics are calculated. Theoretical burn rates have shown a good agreement to experiments.

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Walther, David, A. Fernandez-Pello, and David Urban. "Smoldering combustion experiments in microgravity." In 36th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1998-569.

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CANTWELL, ELIZABETH, and A. FERNANDEZ-PELLO. "Smoldering combustion under low gravity conditions." In 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1990-648.

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Feldkamp, Martin, Marina Erenberg, Marko Nehrig, Claus Bletzer, André Musolff, Thorsten Schönfelder, and Frank Wille. "Behavior of Wood Filled Impact Limiters During the IAEA Thermal Test." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65721.

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Packages for the transport of radioactive material are often equipped with impact limiters consisting of wood, encapsulated by steel sheets. These impact limiters shall ensure that transport casks meet the IAEA safety requirements. After damage caused by the mechanical tests the package has to withstand a severe fire scenario. It is required that the mechanical tests have to produce maximum damage, taking into account the thermal test. Furthermore, any damage, which would give rise to increased radiation or loss of containment or affect the confinement system after the thermal test, should be considered. Concerning the thermal test, the IAEA safety requirements state that during and following the fire test, the specimen shall not be artificially cooled and any combustion of materials of the package shall be permitted to proceed naturally. Different works from the French Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and BAM show that additional energy supply from a pre-damaged impact limiter to the cask could occur caused by smoldering of the wood. This effect should be considered within the safety assessment of the package. A heat wave from the fire could overlap with the additional energy from the impact limiter in the sealing system. In 2015 BAM conducted small scale fire tests with wood filled metal drums showing continuing combustion processes during the cooling down phase. As not much is known about smoldering processes in wood filled impact limiters, it is highly complex to define pre-damage of impact limiters, which are conservative, regarding the most damaging energy flow from the impact limiter to the containment system in dependence of time. More research has to be done to develop models to examine the effects of smoldering impact limiters on the containment of packages for the assessment. The process of smoldering is described with regard to the requirements in the thermal safety assessment. Parameters influencing the smoldering process are identified. BAM operates test facilities to examine the issue of mechanical damage, combustion and heat transfer of packages for transport of radioactive material. A thermal test will take place with a wood filled test specimen with a diameter of about 2.3 meters. The aim is to understand the phenomena of smoldering under the consideration of relevant regulatory boundary conditions.

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5

Putzeys, Olivier, Guillermo Rein, A. Fernandez-Pello, and David Urban. "Piloted Ignition to Flaming in Smoldering Polyurethane Foam." In 44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2006-1131.

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6

Bar-Ilan, A., R. Anthenien, D. Walther, and D. Urban. "Microgravity smoldering combustion experiments in the Space Shuttle." In 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-1077.

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7

Zheng, Yihua, Chunyan Liu, and Yongzhi Ma. "Experimental Investigation of Smoldering Gasification in Woody Biomass." In 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/appeec.2009.4918351.

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8

Tinaburri, A., F. A. Ponziani, and V. Ricci. "An investigation into the smoldering combustion of paper." In SAFE 2015. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/safe150301.

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9

Palamba, Pither, M. L. Ramadhan, F. A. Imran, E. A. Kosasih, and Y. S. Nugroho. "Investigation of smoldering combustion propagation of dried peat." In RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Proceedings of the International Tropical Renewable Energy Conference (i-TREC) 2016. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4979233.

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IKEDA, KOTA, and MASAYASU MIMURA. "MATHEMATICAL STUDY OF SMOLDERING COMBUSTION UNDER MICRO-GRAVITY." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Nonlinear Analysis. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812709257_0007.

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Reports on the topic "Smoldering"

1

Ohlemiller, T. J. Smoldering combustion. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.85-3294.

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2

Yang, Jiuling, Guillermo Rein, Haixiang Chen, and Mauro Zammarano. Smoldering propensity in upholstered furniture:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.2087.

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3

Zammarano, Mauro, Roland H. Kramer, Szabolcs Matko, Shivani Mehta, Jeffrey W. Gilman, and Rick D. Davis. Factors Influencing the Smoldering Performance of Polyurethane Foam. National Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1747.

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4

Zammarano, Mauro, Szabolcs Matko, and Rick D. Davis. Impact of Test and Foam Design on Smoldering. National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1799.

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5

Nazare, Shonali, William M. Pitts, Szabolcs Matko, and Rick D. Davis. Evaluating Smoldering Behavior of Fire-Blocking Barrier Fabrics. National Institute of Standards and Technology, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1859.

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6

Robbins, Amanda P., and Richard G. Gann. Potential alternate smoldering ignition sources: literature review with analysis. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1710.

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Gann, Richard G., Morgan C. Bruns, Amanda P. Robbins, Edward J. Hnetkovsky, and Michael H. Ladas. Investigation of surrogate smoldering ignition sources for testing soft furnishings. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1872.

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8

Cleary, Thomas G. Improving Smoke Alarm Performance – Justification for New Smoldering and Flaming Test Performance Criteria. National Institute of Standards and Technology, July 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1837.

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9

Ohlemiller, Thomas J. On the criteria for smoldering ignition in the CFR 1632 cigarette test for mattresses. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1601.

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10

A computer model of the smoldering ignition of furniture. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4973.

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