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Journal articles on the topic 'Smoldering'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Mistry, Dr Chetna J., Dr Mamta Shah, Dr Moumita Sengupta, and Dr Piyush Solanki. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." International Journal of Scientific Research 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2012): 125–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/sep2012/45.

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2

Bakhman, N. N. "Smoldering wave propagation mechanism. II. Smoldering velocity and temperature in smoldering zone." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 29, no. 1 (1993): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00755322.

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3

Danesh, John. "Smoldering Arteries?" JAMA 282, no. 22 (December 8, 1999): 2169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.22.2169.

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4

Arnheim, Katharina. "Smoldering Myelom." Onkologische Welt 10, no. 05 (November 2019): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0972-6725.

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Patienten mit Smoldering Myelom (SM) profitieren vom präventiven Einsatz von Lenalidomid: Das immunmodulatorisch wirksame Arzneimittel (IMiD®) reduziert das Risiko für eine Progression zum symptomatischen multiplen Myelom (MM) um 72 %.

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5

Lu, Chang, Hui Hui Li, Yan Min Zheng, and Yuan Qing Liang. "Experimental Study on Effect of Heating Time on Polyurethane Foam Smoldering Propagation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 174-177 (May 2012): 651–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.174-177.651.

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Polyurethane foam is an important branch of building insulation materials, but its poor fire performance easily to lead to smoldering. This is conducted under condition of natural convection and heating time change of smoldering experiments on the smoldering experimental compartment. Use the thermocouple to measure the temperature changes inside the material. The results shows that, the heating time is shorter, smoldering into flame combustion is less complete, when time is short enough, smoldering extinguished; and in the vertical smoldering propagation, as time is shortened, smoldering into open fire’s position is upward. Experiment and analysis can be nicely displayed the effect of heating time on smoldering process.

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6

Lust, John A., and Kathleen A. Donovan. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Emerging Cancer Therapeutics 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2010): 261–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5003/2151-4194.1.2.261.

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7

ElGhammaz, Amr. "Redefining Smoldering Myeloma." Egyptian Journal of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation 3, no. 3 (May 1, 2016): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejhbmt.2016.19697.

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8

Gao, Minjie, Guang Yang, Yuanyuan Kong, Xiaosong Wu, and Jumei Shi. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/623254.

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Smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic precursor stage of multiple myeloma (MM) characterized by clonal bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) ≥ 10% and/or M protein level ≥ 30 g/L in the absence of end organ damage. It represents an intermediate stage between monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and symptomatic MM. The risk of progression to symptomatic MM is not uniform, and several parameters have been reported to predict the risk of progression. These include the level of M protein and the percentage of BMPC, the proportion of immunophenotypically aberrant plasma cells, and the presence of immunoparesis, free light-chain (FLC) ratio, peripheral blood plasma cells (PBPC), pattern of serum M protein evolution, abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cytogenetic abnormalities, IgA isotype, and Bence Jones proteinuria. So far treatment is still not recommended for SMM, because several trials suggested that patients with SMM do not benefit from early treatment. However, the Mateos et al. trial showed a survival benefit after early treatment with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone in patients with high-risk SMM. This trial has prompted a reevaluation of early treatment in an asymptomatic patient population.

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9

Mikalsen, R. F., B. C. Hagen, and V. Frette. "Synchronized smoldering combustion." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 121, no. 5 (March 1, 2018): 50002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/121/50002.

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10

Carlson, Robert H. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Oncology Times 35, no. 9 (May 2013): 25–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000430607.78287.d3.

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11

Rajkumar, S. Vincent, Ola Landgren, and María-Victoria Mateos. "Smoldering multiple myeloma." Blood 125, no. 20 (May 14, 2015): 3069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-09-568899.

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AbstractSmoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic clonal plasma cell disorder. SMM is distinguished from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance by a much higher risk of progression to multiple myeloma (MM). There have been major advances in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of SMM in the last few years. These include a revised disease definition, identification of several new prognostic factors, a classification based on underlying cytogenetic changes, and new treatment options. Importantly, a subset of patients previously considered SMM is now reclassified as MM on the basis of biomarkers identifying patients with an ≥80% risk of progression within 2 years. SMM has assumed greater significance on the basis of recent trials showing that early therapy can be potentially beneficial to patients. As a result, there is a need to accurately diagnose and risk-stratify patients with SMM, including routine incorporation of modern imaging and laboratory techniques. In this review, we outline current concepts in diagnosis and risk stratification of SMM, and provide specific recommendations on the management of SMM.

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12

Kapoor, Prashant, and S. Vincent Rajkumar. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Cancer Journal 25, no. 1 (2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0000000000000350.

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13

Mateos, M. V., and J. San Miguel. "Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." Clinical Lymphoma Myeloma and Leukemia 15 (September 2015): e34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clml.2015.08.067.

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14

Mejia Saldarriaga, Mateo, and Adriana Rossi. "Smoldering Myeloma Treatment." Cancer Journal 27, no. 3 (May 2021): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ppo.0000000000000528.

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15

Xu, Zhanyang, Wenhe Liu, Tieliang Wang, Yikui Bai, Wei Yu, Yuqing Zhang, and Li Zhang. "The Simulation and Validation of Smoldering in a Burning Cave." Transactions of the ASABE 62, no. 5 (2019): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13459.

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Abstract. In this study, simulations of forward and opposed smoldering in a burning cave were carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The fuel in the burning cave was considered a multiphase porous medium with uniform heating. The heat release rates for forward and opposed smoldering in the burning cave were also calculated with an inverse method based on the CFD model. Experiments were conducted to validate the accuracy of the simulation model and the heating performance of the burning cave. The results showed that the model accurately predicted the temperature distributions in the burning cave with an error of 5% to 10% compared to the experimental results. Calculations showed that the heat release rate was 850 W m-3 for forward smoldering and 500 W m-3 for opposed smoldering with an air inlet velocity of 0.1 m s-1. When the air inlet velocity was increased to 0.3 m s-1, the heat release rate increased from 850 to 2,000 W m-3 for forward smoldering and from 500 to 1,000 W m-3 for opposed smoldering. Forward smoldering produced rapid heating in the burning cave but caused uneven temperature distribution on the roof. Conversely, opposed smoldering heated the burning cave at a slower rate, but the temperature distribution on the roof was uniform. Keywords: Burning cave, CFD simulation, Multiphase porous media, Smoldering.

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16

HILEMAN, BETTE. "Smoldering aspartame controversy reignites." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 48 (November 25, 1996): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n048.p010.

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17

Gupta et al, P. C. "SMOLDERING ENCEPHALITIS IN CHILDREN." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 4, no. 3 (May 1985): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198505000-00042.

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18

Mateos, María-Victoria, and Jesús San Miguel. "V. Smoldering multiple myeloma." Hematological Oncology 33 (June 2015): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hon.2213.

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19

Fuerst, Mark. "High-Risk Smoldering Myeloma." Oncology Times 37, no. 3 (February 2015): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000461133.69794.e4.

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20

Schmidt, Karen T., Paolo Gattuso, Harry Messmore, M. A. Shrit, Mary Massa, and Sophia Welykyj. "Scleredema and smoldering myeloma." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 26, no. 2 (February 1992): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0190-9622(92)70045-h.

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21

Dosanjh, Sudip S., Patrick J. Pagni, and A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello. "Forced cocurrent smoldering combustion." Combustion and Flame 68, no. 2 (May 1987): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(87)90052-6.

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22

Guansheng, Qi, Lu Wei, Qi Xuyao, Zhong Xiaoxing, Cheng Weimin, and Liu Fangming. "Differences in smoldering characteristics of coal piles with different smoldering propagation directions." Fire Safety Journal 102 (December 2018): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.11.004.

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23

Попов, Алексей Викторович, Алексей Васильевич Казаков, Дмитрий Викторович Бухтояров, Денис Владимирович Полтавец, and Светлана Юрьевна Хатунцева. "Extinguishing the smoldering combustion of sawdust." Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, no. 2(99) (June 18, 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.2020.99.2.006.

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Проанализированы теоретические и известные экспериментальные исследования по тлеющему горению опилок. Разработана методика определения характеристик очагов тлеющего горения. Экспериментально обоснован модельный очаг тлеющего горения. Показано изменение скорости тлеющего горения, массы опилок в зависимости от их дисперсности. Разработана лабораторная методика определения эффективности тушения различными огнетушащими веществами тлеющего горения опилок. Получены экспериментальные результаты по тушению опилок газовыми огнетушащими веществами (ГОТВ), тонкораспыленной водой, а также огнетушащим порошком. The analysis of existing theoretical and experimental studies on smoldering combustion of sawdust is carried out. There are considered the types of smoldering combustion. Practically, there is observed the implementation of three types of smoldering combustion. The first type is the process of oil-carbon sludge smoldering in the final phase of wood burning. The second type is smoldering combustion in dispersed, layered or fibrous carbon-containing materials. The third type of smoldering combustion is typical for carbonaceous materials that do not contain volatile components such as activated carbon. The method for determining the characteristics of seats of smoldering combustion is developed. Wood sawdust of coniferous species of different fractions was used for research. Experimental seats were cylindrical containers with a wall thickness of 1 mm: d = 66 mm, h = 100 mm; d = 72 mm, h = 80 mm; d = 54 mm, h = 100 mm; d = 65 mm, h = 115; d = 100 mm, h = 40 mm; d = 85 mm, h = 85 mm; d = 100 mm, h = 125 mm (d - diameter, h - height of the seat). Smoldering combustion model seat is experimentally proved. Based on the tests performed, a model seat with the height of 85 mm and the diameter of 85 mm was selected for further research (the criterion for seat selecting was the optimal degree of sawdust burnout), in which thermocouples were placed, according to Fig.1. There were used sawdust fractions of less than 0,1 mm, 0,1-0,2 mm, 0,2-0,4 mm and 0,4-1 mm. Sawdust moisture content w = 5 %. Tests were conducted to determine the rate of sawdust smoldering combustion and the maximum temperature of smoldering combustion. There is shown the change both of smoldering combustion rate and the sawdust mass depending on its dispersion. A laboratory method for determining the extinguishing effectiveness of sawdust smoldering combustion with various fire extinguishing agents was developed. The seat was placed into the conventionally sealed chamber of 1 m x 1 m x 1 m at the distance of 0,5 m from the walls. The chamber has lines for supplying bulk fire extinguishing agents, as well as devices for supplying fire extinguishing powders. There are obtained experimental results for extinguishing sawdust with gas fire extinguishing agents, dispersed water as well as with fire extinguishing powder

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24

Shrivastava, Poorva, Chakshu Baweja, Herambraj Nalawade, A. Vinoth Kumar, Vikram Ramanan, and Vinayak Malhotra. "An Experimental Insight into the Smoldering-Flaming Transition Phenomenon." Journal of Combustion 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4062945.

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Transitional phenomena of smoldering combustion over thin solid fuels are investigated. An experimental setup was upraised and implications of both smoldering and flaming external heat sources are estimated. Incense sticks were used as potential fuel and external smoldering heat source along with a fixed candle flame. The role of key controlling parameters, namely, separation distance and number of external heat sources in horizontal and vertical direction, was extensively examined. The surfacing issues of enclosure effect and the external heat sources orientation are addressed. The study primarily aims at understanding the feasibility and spontaneity of transition owing to external heat sources (both flaming and smoldering). Forward heat transfer significantly deviates qualitatively and quantitatively with varying separation distance in both directions. Number of external heat sources intensifies the transition phenomenon in smoldering combustion. With practical considerations, external heat sources arrangement and orientation have substantial effect on the combustion process.

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25

Reardon, James, Gary Curcio, and Roberta Bartlette. "Soil moisture dynamics and smoldering combustion limits of pocosin soils in North Carolina, USA." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 3 (2009): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08085.

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Smoldering combustion of wetland organic soils in the south-eastern USA is a serious management concern. Previous studies have reported smoldering was sensitive to a wide range of moisture contents, but studies of soil moisture dynamics and changing smoldering combustion potential in wetland communities are limited. Linking soil moisture measurements with estimates of the sustained smoldering limits of organic soils will improve our understanding of changes in ground fire potential over time. Seasonal soil moisture trends were monitored in six North Carolina coastal plain pocosin sites from January 2005 to November 2007. Measurements of the root-mat upper soil horizons were sampled at 2-week intervals while measurements of lower horizon muck (sapric) soil moisture contents and watertable depths were made with automated data logging equipment. The watertable and soil moisture responses were influenced by seasonal and yearly differences in precipitation and hydrologic factors. The maximum estimated probabilities of sustained smoldering were highest in the fall of 2007 and lowest in 2006. Watertable depth was not a consistent predictor of the smoldering combustion potential in the upper organic soil horizons. Maximum Keetch–Byram Drought Index values on all sites were between 500 and 662 during 2005 and 2007 and these values were not consistent with measured soil moistures.

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26

Ihrig, Arthur M., and Shirley L. Smith. "The Role of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ions in Cellulosic Smoldering." Journal of Fire Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 1994): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419401200402.

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27

Mateos, María-Victoria, and Jesús F. San Miguel. "Asymptomatic (smoldering) myeloma: treatment strategy." International Journal of Hematologic Oncology 2, no. 6 (December 2013): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ijh.13.56.

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28

Rajkumar, S. Vincent, Dirk Larson, and Robert A. Kyle. "Diagnosis of Smoldering Multiple Myeloma." New England Journal of Medicine 365, no. 5 (August 4, 2011): 474–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1106428.

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29

Kumar, Shaji K. "Early Intervention in Smoldering Myeloma." Oncology & Hematology Review (US) 15, no. 1 (2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/ohr.2019.15.1.14.

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30

Figueiredo, Pedro C., Pedro Pinto-Marques, Paula Borralho, and João Freitas. "Unusual Cause for Smoldering Dysphagia." Dysphagia 29, no. 2 (August 28, 2013): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00455-013-9489-2.

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31

Figueiredo, Pedro, Corinna Lohmann, and Henrique Santos. "P0271 SMOLDERING MULTIPLE MYELOMA (SMM)." European Journal of Internal Medicine 20 (May 2009): S94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(09)60291-0.

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32

Silawy, A., G. Lavie, S. Perek, D. Zisman, G. Weber, M. Preis, and S. Cohen. "Septic arthritis and smoldering myeloma." QJM 108, no. 12 (April 9, 2015): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcv080.

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33

Rostami, Ali, Jayathi Murthy, and Mohammad Hajaligol. "Modeling of a smoldering cigarette." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 66, no. 1-2 (January 2003): 281–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(02)00117-1.

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34

Frandsen, WH. "Heat Evolved From Smoldering Peat." International Journal of Wildland Fire 1, no. 3 (1991): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9910197.

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Smoldering ground fires can raise mineral soil temperatures above 300�C for several hours with peak temperatures near 600�C. Such temperatures can result in the decomposition of organic material and kill important soil organisms. The heat evolved per unit organic mass was investigated by monitoring the mass of oxygen consumed during smoldering. Organic bulk densities of laboratory samples were comparable to field observa tions and ranged from 90 to 180 kg m-3. Moisture and inorganic contents were expressed as mass ratios relative to the organic mass. Moisture ratios ranged from zero to 0.8 and inorganic ratios from near zero (natural peat inorganic ratio) to 4.0. Heat evolved per unit organic mass was independent of organic bulk density and inor ganic ratio, and changed little with moisture ratio within the limits of combustion. The average value for all observations (N= 190) was 14.2 MJ kg-1with an error less than 4.5%.

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35

Rajkumar, S. Vincent, and Robert A. Kyle. "Treatment of smoldering multiple myeloma." Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 10, no. 10 (September 3, 2013): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.160.

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36

Gozzetti, Alessandro, Marzia Defina, and Monica Bocchia. "Treatment of smoldering multiple myeloma." Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 10, no. 12 (November 19, 2013): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2013.160-c1.

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37

Ohlemiller, T. J. "Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 11, no. 4 (January 1985): 277–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1285(85)90004-8.

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38

Chirag, K. M., K. Vijay, V. Raghavan, and A. S. Rangwala. "Smoldering Combustion of Biomass Particles." Journal of Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 1, 2011): 1862–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2011.1862.1866.

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39

Dosanjh, S., J. Peterson, A. C. Fernandez-Pello, and P. J. Pagni. "Buoyancy effects on smoldering combustion." Acta Astronautica 13, no. 11-12 (November 1986): 689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(86)90019-6.

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40

Gratkowski, M. T., N. A. Dembsey, and C. L. Beyler. "Radiant smoldering ignition of plywood." Fire Safety Journal 41, no. 6 (September 2006): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.03.006.

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41

Mateos, María-Victoria, and Jesús F. San Miguel. "New Approaches to Smoldering Myeloma." Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports 8, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11899-013-0174-1.

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42

Lu, Chang, Die Meng, and Ming Gao Yu. "Study on Material Parameters Effects on Smoldering and Transition from Smoldering to Flaming Combustion." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.571.

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The polyurethane foam is a most common fuel in smoldering fire. A small scale experimental compartment was built. The width, thickness and density of polyurethane foam material were changed several times in the experiments. Temperature histories measurement and analysis gaseous were used to explore the transition’s mechanism. The results show that with the width increased, the surface area and the air flow rate which access to the inside of material have also increased, and the quantity of oxygen is sufficient, heat release quantity by carbon oxidation is increased. When the width reaches a certain value, polyurethane foam material transformed easier from smoldering to flaming combustion. The polyurethane foam transforms to the flaming combustion not only depends on the length, width size but also relates to the thickness closely. When thickness reached a certain size, the temperature also reaches a whole jump. And the material transforms to the flaming combustion finally. The oxidation of larger density polyurethane foam material produces more heat, and then accumulates heat in the polyurethane foam center to reach the required temperature of gas phase reaction and ultimately transforms to flaming combustion from smoldering.

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43

Lin, Gao Hua, Hai Bing Hu, Qi Xing Zhang, Yao Dong Li, Feng Wang, and Yong Ming Zhang. "Effects of Environment Temperature and Humidity on Size Distribution of Smolder Microparticles." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.759.

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The smoke particle size distribution of cotton rope smoldering fire were measured with DMS500 Fast Particulate Spectrometer under different temperature and humidity. Through the experiments, we prove that the temperature and humidity of environment have a great influence on cotton rope smoldering smoke particle size distribution. Cotton rope smoldering smoke particle size distribution at an elevated temperature will migrate to small size. Nevertheless, the effect of humidity is more complicated that need a more depth research. Additionally, Fire smoke aerosol is a non-steady-state.

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44

Frandsen, William H. "The influence of moisture and mineral soil on the combustion limits of smoldering forest duff." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 1540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-236.

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Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate how both mineral soil and moisture content affect the smoldering combustion in forest duff. Peat was used to represent the fermentation and humus horizons (Oe and Oa soil horizons) of a coniferous forest floor nominally called duff. Although moisture content is traditionally considered to be a major factor limiting the combustion of duff, inorganic content from mineral soil also limits combustion. Results show that the peat moss selected sustained smoldering up to the range 93 to 103% moisture content in its natural state of 3.7% inorganic content (both relative to the dry organic mass). Adding inorganic material in the form of finely divided mineral soil (clay to silty clay) depressed the moisture limit that previously permitted smoldering. Smoldering is not sustained when the inorganic to organic ratio reaches 4.3 (430%) in the absence of moisture. Between these two extremes, there is an approximate linear decrease in the moisture limit with increasing inorganic content. A comparison with the limits of smoldering for duff (fermentation) samples collected from under an inland Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco) canopy shows a similar dependence on moisture and inorganic content.

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45

Mailankody, Sham, Dickran Kazandjian, Neha Korde, Mark Roschewski, Elisabet Manasanch, Manisha Bhutani, Nishant Tageja, et al. "Baseline mutational patterns and sustained MRD negativity in patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma." Blood Advances 1, no. 22 (September 29, 2017): 1911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2017005934.

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Key Points Patients with high-risk smoldering myeloma treated with 3-drug combinations have deep and durable responses with 63% MRD negativity. Baseline mutations in high-risk smoldering myeloma and newly diagnosed myeloma are different, which suggests treatment-responsive biology.

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46

Parsons, Benjamin, Polewski Peter, Ronald S. Go, Andrew Borgert, Mamatha Gaddam, and Swapna Narayana. "Confirming the Presence of a Smoldering T and B PLL Associated with Improved 5 Year OS: Using the National Cancer Data Base." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 5543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-120178.

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Abstract Background: Prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) is a rare cancer with incidence of 0.48/1,000,000. It is comprised of 2 subtypes, T or B cell. It generally is associated with a poor median OS of 1-3 years. However, some patients have an initial smoldering course not requiring treatment. Limited population data exists describing the outcomes of PLL. We studied PLL patients who met a definition of smoldering, not requiring treatment within 180 days of diagnosis, using the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). Methods: Patient level data were obtained from the NCDB Participant User File. The NCDB collects hospital cancer registry data representing 70% of newly diagnosed cancer cases in the US population. We identified PLL patients (ICD-O: 9832 PLL, NOS, ICD-O: 9833 B-PLL, and ICD-O: 9834 T-PLL) diagnosed in 2004-2015 for demographics, disease and treatment characteristics. We included patients diagnosed from 2004-2013 in the overall survival (OS) analyses. Patients who received no treatment as part of their first course of treatment and who did not have a subsequent treatment within 180 days were considered smoldering PLL. Results: From 2004-2015, 1606 patients were diagnosed with PLL and 451(28%) were smoldering PLL. Of the 1606 patients, T-PLL represented 781(49%), B-PLL 480(30%), and PLL, NOS 345(21%). Of the 451 smoldering PLL patients observed as T-PLL represented 48%(215), B-PLL 29%(133), and PLL, NOS 23%(103). The median age at diagnosis was 69 [59 - 78] years. There was a male predominance with 60 % males. The median OS for the entire cohort was 20.6 months. The % 5yr overall survival (OS) for smoldering PLL was 40% vs 29%(for non-smoldering). Within the PLL subtypes PLL, NOS and B-PLL were associated with better 5yr OS 38.56% and 35.53%, compared to T-PLL 12.89%. Only 65(4%) patients underwent an early stem cell transplant(SCT). Conclusions: We identified a population of patients not needing treatment within 180 days of diagnosis representing smoldering PLL with a significantly improved OS. Additionally, PLL, NOS and B-PLL were associated with an improved OS. The use of early SCT is low in PLL. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Paiva, Bruno, Luis A. Corchete, Maria-Belen Vidriales, Ramón García-Sanz, Jose J. Perez, Irene Aires-Mejia, Maria-Luz Sanchez, et al. "The cellular origin and malignant transformation of Waldenström macroglobulinemia." Blood 125, no. 15 (April 9, 2015): 2370–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-09-602565.

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Key Points Benign (ie, IgM MGUS and smoldering WM) clonal B cells already harbor the phenotypic and molecular signatures of the malignant WM clone. Multistep transformation from benign (ie, IgM MGUS and smoldering WM) to malignant WM may require specific copy number abnormalities.

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Landgren, Ola. "Shall we treat smoldering multiple myeloma in the near future?" Hematology 2017, no. 1 (December 8, 2017): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2017.1.194.

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Abstract In recent years, several new drugs have been approved for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Many of these newer drugs are highly efficacious and less toxic than older chemotherapy drugs. In 2014, the diagnostic criteria for multiple myeloma were revised. The intent with the new criteria was to identify patients who require therapy at an earlier stage than at manifestation of organ complications. A subset of patients who were previously defined as having high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma was redefined as having multiple myeloma. In this context, it is logical to raise questions regarding the optimal clinical management of patients who are diagnosed with smoldering multiple myeloma in the current era. When is the optimal time to start therapy? Do the clinical trajectories for patients suggest there are distinct sub-entities hidden in the current category of smoldering multiple myeloma? How can we move the field forward from here? This paper reviews and dissects data and models on the topics of clinical features, underlying biology, and early treatment trials in smoldering multiple myeloma. The text highlights assumptions, facts, and gaps in the literature. As indicated in the title of the paper, the recurrent theme of the text is this: shall we treat smoldering multiple myeloma in the near future?

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Miura, K., A. Nagao, and K. Ueyama. "Heat Emission from a Burning Cigarette." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, no. 5 (April 1, 2001): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0711.

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AbstractWe investigated the relationship between the smoldering burn rate and the heat transfer from a burning cigarette by measuring the heat emitted by radiation and convection, separately. The net heat generated and the net heat emitted by a burning cigarette did not vary with a change of the cigarette smoldering burn rate. The total heat emitted from a statically burning cigarette was about 50% of the total combustion heat. About 50% of the heat emitted was released as radiation heat. The smoldering burn rate did not affect the total amount of heat emitted nor the ratio of radiated heat to convected heat.

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Huda, Quamrul, David Lyder, Marty Collins, Dave Schroeder, Dan K. Thompson, Ginny Marshall, Alberto J. Leon, Ken Hidalgo, and Masum Hossain. "Study of Fuel-Smoke Dynamics in a Prescribed Fire of Boreal Black Spruce Forest through Field-Deployable Micro Sensor Systems." Fire 3, no. 3 (July 12, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire3030030.

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Understanding the combustion dynamics of fuels, and the generation and propagation of smoke in a wildland fire, can inform short-range and long-range pollutant transport models, and help address and mitigate air quality concerns in communities. Smoldering smoke can cause health issues in nearby valley bottoms, and can create hazardous road conditions due to low-visibility. We studied near-field smoke dynamics in a prescribed fire of 3.4 hectares of land in a boreal black spruce forest in central Alberta. Smoke generated from the fire was monitored through a network of five field-deployable micro sensor systems. Sensors were placed within 500–1000 m of the fire area at various angles in downwind. Smoke generated from flaming and smoldering combustions showed distinct characteristics. The propagation rates of flaming and smoldering smoke, based on the fine particulate (PM2.5) component, were 0.8 and 0.2 m/s, respectively. The flaming smoke was characterized by sharp rise of PM2.5 in air with concentrations of up to 940 µg/m3, followed by an exponential decay with a half-life of ~10 min. Smoldering combustion related smoke contributed to PM2.5 concentrations above 1000 µg/m3 with slower decay half-life of ~18 min. PM2.5 emissions from the burn area during flaming and smoldering phases, integrated over the combustion duration of 2.5 h, were ~15 and ~16 kilograms, respectively, as estimated by our mass balance model.

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