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Oso, Opeyemi G., and Alex B. Odaibo. "Land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters and freshwater snails in Yewa North, Southwestern Nigeria." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 8, 2021): e0246566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246566.
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The management of ecosystem has been a major contributor to the control of diseases that are transmitted by snail intermediate hosts. The ability of freshwater snails to self-fertilize, giving rise to thousands of hatchlings, enables them to contribute immensely to the difficulty in reducing the endemicity of some infections in the world. One of the effects of land use/land cover change (LU/LCC) is deforestation, which, in turn, leads to the creation of suitable habitats for the survival of freshwater snails. This study was aimed at studying the land use/land cover change, physico-chemical parameters of water bodies and to understand the interplay between them and freshwater snails in an environment where a new industrial plant was established. Landsat TM, 1984, Landsat ETM+ 2000 and Operational land Imager (OLI) 2014 imageries of the study area were digitally processed using ERDAS Imagine. The land use classification includes settlement, water bodies, wetlands, vegetation and exposed surface. Dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, total dissolved solids and conductivity were measured with multipurpose digital meters. Snail sampling was done at each site for 30 minutes along the littoral zones, using a long-handled scoop (0.2mm mesh size) net once every month for 24 months. Independent t-test was used to determine the variation between seasons, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to test the relationship between physico-chemical parameters and snail species while regression was used to analyze the relationship between LU/LCC and freshwater snails. Species’ richness, diversity and evenness were examined using Margalef, Shannon Weiner and Equitability indexes. Snail species recovered include: Bulinus globosus, Bulinus jousseaumei, Bulinus camerunensis, Bulinus senegalensis, Bulinus forskalii, Amerianna carinatus, Ferrissia spp., Segmentorbis augustus, Lymnaea natalensis, Melanoides tuberculata, Physa acuta, Gyraulus costulatus, Indoplanorbis exuxtus and Gibbiella species. Out of the total snails recovered, M. tuberculata (2907) was the most abundant, followed by Lymnaea natalensis (1542). The highest number of snail species was recovered from Iho River while the least number of snails was recovered from Euro River. The mean and standard deviation of physico-chemical parameters of the water bodies were DO (2.13±0.9 mg/L), pH (6.80±0.4), TDS (50.58±18.8 mg/L), Temperature (26.2±0.9°C) and Conductivity (74.00±27.5 μS/cm). There was significant positive correlation between pH and B. globosus (r = 0.439; P<0.05). Dissolved oxygen showed significant positive correlation with B. globosus (r = 0.454; P<0.05) and M. tuberculata (r = 0.687; P<0.01). There was a positive significant relationship between LULCC and B. camerunensis (p<0.05). The positive relationship between LULCC and the abundance of B. globosus, B. jousseaumei was not significant. The area covered by water bodies increased from 3.72 to 4.51 kilometers; this indicates that, more suitable habitats were being created for the multiplication of freshwater snails. We therefore conclude that, increase in areas suitable for the survival of freshwater snails could lead to an increase in water-borne diseases caused by the availability of snail intermediate hosts.
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Okon, B., L. A. Ibom, A. Dauda, A. E. Bassey, M. O. Awodiran, and M. O. Etukudo. "Chromosome numbers, evolutionary relationships and divergence among three breeds of giant african land snails in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 44, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v44i4.614.
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A number of studies have been carried out on the reproductive and growth performance of these breeds of giant African land snails, but not much is documented on chromosome, evolutionary relationships and divergence studies. Forty snails and 10 of each breed of giant African land snails Archachatina marginata (AM), Achatina achatina (AA) and Achatina fulica (AF) and two varieties of A. marginata [A. marginata var. saturalis (AMS) and A. marginata var. ovum (AMO)] were used for the chromosomes numbers analyses. Slides for chromosome identification were prepared using the ovotestes and the cells were examined for spread atmetaphase. The haploid (n) chromosome numbers obtained revealed and confirmed that AF, AA, AMS and AMO snails have 27, 30, 28 and 28 chromosomes respectively. Also 13 amino acid sequences were retrieved from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information with accession numbers: ALD09273, AAY62497, ACA 10148 and AKQ 76237 for AM; AKQ 76253, AKQ 76250, CDL 67813, CDL 67813 and AKQ 76249 for AA and SP/P35903, PDB/5CZL, KZM 80032 and YP009049167 for AF snails. The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbour-Joining method. Phylogenetic tree analysis by Neighbour- Joining (NJ) was constructed using 10 out of the 13 amino acid sequences. The reliability of the tree was calculated by boostrap confidence value with 1000 boot strapiterations using MEGA 7 software.The phylogenetic trees showed that these snail breeds are highly divergent. A. achatina was separately related to itself; whereas A. marginata slightly mingled with A. fulica. The degrees of divergence obtained signified that they have evolved from different ancestors. The evolutionary distances were computed with the remaining three amino acid sequences using the Poisson Correction method. Very high and far apart average genetic distances of 0.923±0.018, 0.926±0.018 and 0.926±0.017 were obtained for AA vs AF, AF vs AM and AA vs AM snails respectively, confirming that these snail breeds are genetically far apart between themselves. The results obtained for chromosome numbers, evolutionary relationship and average genetic distances might be apanacea in further selection and molecular classification of giant African land snails (GALS) in Nigeria.
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Whitin, David J., Heidi Mills, and Timothy O'Keefe. "Links to Literature: Exploring Subject Areas with a Counting Book." Teaching Children Mathematics 1, no. 3 (November 1994): 170–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.1.3.0170.
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BRATT, ALBERTUS D., LLOYD V. KNUTSON, WILLIAM L. MURPHY, and ANTHONY A. DANIELS. "Biology, immature stages, and systematics of snail-killing flies of the genus Colobaea (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), with overviews of aspects of the tribe Sciomyzini." Zootaxa 4840, no. 1 (August 31, 2020): 1–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4840.1.1.
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All reared larvae of flies of the genus Colobaea Zetterstedt, 1837 (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), which comprises 15 valid species, kill and consume freshwater nonoperculate pulmonate snails. New data are presented on the geographic distribution, biology, morphology of immature stages, and classification of Colobaea. Life cycle information is provided from field data and laboratory rearings for four of the 11 Palearctic species—C. bifasciella (Fallén), C. deemingi Knutson & Bratt n.sp., C. pectoralis (Zetterstedt), and C. punctata (Lundbeck)—and for one of the three Nearctic species, C. americana Steyskal. Colobaea bifasciella is shown to be one of the most highly specialized parasitoid Sciomyzini, laying eggs on shells of Galba truncatula (O.F. Müller) and Stagnicola palustris (O.F. Müller) in temporary, intermittent, or vernal semiterrestrial situations. Each larva feeds in only one host snail, which is not killed until shortly before the larva completes development. Puparia are strongly modified to fit tightly within the shell of the host. The other reared species are shown to be less specialized than C. bifasciella, with eggs being laid upon vegetation, the larvae behaving as parasitoids-predators-saprophages of exposed aquatic snails, and the puparia of all four species being adapted to a lesser degree than C. bifasciella to fitting within the shell of the host snail. In nature, C. americana attacks Gyraulus parvus (Say) and Physa Draparnaud sp.; C. pectoralis attacks Anisus vortex (L.) and Bathyomphalus contortus (L.); and C. punctata attacks Gyraulus albus O.F. Müller, Lymnaea “peregra,” Planorbarius corneus (L.), and Planorbis planorbis (L.). In the laboratory, these species also attacked and consumed other freshwater nonoperculate snails; C. deemingi was reared on Gyraulus intermixtus (Mousson) and Radix gedrosiana (Say), and an adult fly of the Palearctic C. distincta (Meigen) emerged from a puparium found in the shell of Anisus spirorbis (L.) collected in nature. Described and figured are eggs, larvae of all three instars, and puparia of the five laboratory-reared species. To provide perspective on features of Colobaea, diagnostic features are summarized of the immature stages of the Sciomyzini and the suprageneric categories of Sciomyzidae. The biogeography of the tribe Sciomyzini is presented, along with details of known geographical distribution. The classification and phylogenetic position of Colobaea are discussed. Included are a checklist of all known taxa of Colobaea, maps of geographic distribution, and a key to adults of the 15 valid species.
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Afiukwa, F. N., D. E. Nwele, O. E. Uguru, G. A. Ibiam, C. S. Onwe, A. U. Ikpo, N. B. Agumah, and O. F. Odoemena. "Transmission Dynamics of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in the Rural Community of Ebonyi State, South Eastern Nigeria." Journal of Parasitology Research 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7596069.
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This study accessed the dynamics of urogenital schistosomiasis transmission in Nkalagu Community. A total of 500 mid-day urine samples were collected and transported to Microbiology Laboratory, Ebonyi State University, for analysis. 10ml each of the urine samples was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes. Transmission potential of snail intermediate host of Schistosomes collected from different sampling station at the transmission sites within the study community was equally accessed. The snail species collected were placed individually into a clean beaker with little quantity of water and then subjected to shedding light for 2 hours. Data obtained were entered in excel spread sheet and analyzed using chi square test. The result obtained shows that 205 (41%) out of 500 individuals examined were excreting S. haematobium ova in their urine. The highest prevalence of infection (23%) was found among 11-20-year age groups. Males were more infected (25.4%) than their female counterparts (15.6%), although this was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A total of 283 snails belonging to two Bulinus species (B. globosus and B. truncatus) were collected from the four sites sampled. Bulinus globosus recorded the highest species abundance (177) with the highest occurrence in site A. 52 (18.4%) out of 283 snails collected were infected with cercariae, and the highest cercariae infection (12.0%) was recorded among B. globosus. With prevalence of 41% among the human population and the prevalence of 18.4% patent infection among the snail intermediate hosts, urogenital schistosomiasis is still a public health problem in the study area and falls within the WHO classification of endemic area. Public health campaign is recommended in order to educate the people on the mode of transmission and control of the disease.
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Puillandre, N., T. F. Duda, C. Meyer, B. M. Olivera, and P. Bouchet. "One, four or 100 genera? A new classification of the cone snails." Journal of Molluscan Studies 81, no. 1 (September 5, 2014): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyu055.
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Baker, Frank Collins. "33. The Classification of the Large Planorboid Snails of Europe and America." Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 101, no. 2 (August 21, 2009): 575–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1931.tb01033.x.
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Apostolou, Konstantinos, Alexandra Staikou, Smaragda Sotiraki, and Marianthi Hatziioannou. "An Assessment of Snail-Farm Systems Based on Land Use and Farm Components." Animals 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020272.
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In this study, the structural and management characteristics of snail farms in Greece were analyzed to maximize sustainable food production. Objectives, such as the classification of farming systems and assessing the effects of various annual production parameters, were investigated. Data were collected (2017) via a questionnaire, and sampling was conducted in 29 snail farms dispersed in six different regions (Thrace, Central Macedonia, West Macedonia, Thessaly, Western Greece, and the Attica Islands). Descriptive statistics for continuous variables and frequencies for categorical variables were calculated. The similarity between farms was analyzed using nonmetric multidimensional scaling (nMDS). The average farm operation duration exceeded eight months and the mean annual production was 1597 kg of fresh, live snails. Results recorded five farming systems: elevated sections (7%), net-covered greenhouse (38%), a mixed system with a net-covered greenhouse (10%), open field (38%), and mixed system with an open field (7%). Snail farms differ in the type of substrate, available facilities, and equipment (60% similarity between most of the open field farms). The geographical location of a farms’ settlement affects productivity but also influences the duration of operation, especially in open field farms, due to their operation under a wide assortment of climatic types.
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Sullivan, Robert M. "Phylogenetic relationships among subclades within the Trinity bristle snail species complex, riverine barriers, and re-classification." California Fish and Wildlife Journal, CESA Special Issue (July 6, 2021): 107–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.51492/cfwj.cesasi.6.
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The Trinity bristle snail (Monadenia setosa) is listed as a threatened species under the California Endangered Species Act (CESA). In northern California, populations of this endemic terrestrial gastropod occur in rare, isolated, and highly fragmented locations within the greater Trinity Basin. Since 1952 when it was originally described, the taxonomic status of the Trinity bristle snail has been questioned based on unpublished information limited in geographic scope and sample size, which resulted in the taxon being reduced from species status (M. setosa) to subspecific status (M. i. setosa) within the Redwood sideband (M. infumata) species complex. Primary objectives of the present study were to: 1) use DNA extraction and PCR sequencing to gain insight into patterns of genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships among a larger sample of endemic populations of the Trinity bristle snail; 2) re-evaluate the systematic and taxonomic status of the species using outgroup analysis and references samples from sympatric ecologically co-occurring taxa within the genus Monadenia; and 3) evaluate the potential biogeographic effects of major riverine systems on genetic differentiation among relic and disjunct populations within the Trinity Basin. Results of the DNA sequence analysis using several different tree reconstruction methods revealed that subspecies of the Redwood sideband (M. i. subcarinata), Yellow-based sideband (M. i. ochromphalus), and the Trinity bristle (M. i. setosa) exhibited a phylogenetic signal at > 95% species probability. Except for the Yellow-based sideband, molecular evidence detected the presence of several morphologically cryptic subclades within each species clade formerly undescribed by the scientific community. Syntopic1 ecological relationships between subclades of the Trinity bristle snail and the Redwood sideband occurred in several areas within the geographic range of the Trinity bristle snail, which indicated that these subclades were conservatively differentiated at the subspecific level. A Bayesian coalescent tree showed that genetic variation 1 Syntopy refers to the joint occurrence of two species in the same habitat at the same time, which may result in hybridization between closely related taxa or sister species. In contrast, sympatric species occur together in the same region, but do not necessarily share the same localities as syntopic species do (Futuma 2009). among allopatric subclades of the Trinity bristle snail and the Redwood sideband were congruent with hydrological discontinuities associated with site-specific riparian stream corridors and the primary river systems within the Trinity Basin. Correlation analysis revealed a pattern of area effects, wherein sparsely bristled Trinity bristle snails were generally found to the northwest and more abundantly bristled individuals to the southeast in relation to primary river corridors that bisect the central Trinity Basin. A similar but opposite trend was observed in the directional pattern of banding. Here the most conspicuously banded individuals were found in samples distributed to the northwest while individuals with less conspicuous banding patterns occurred in a more southeasterly direction in relation to primary riverine corridors. These geographic patterns of bristles and bands appeared to reflect shallow clines that were evident in samples of both the Trinity bristle snail and the Redwood sideband. Parsimony character state reconstructions revealed that the presence of bristles and conspicuousness of bands was widespread among genetic samples, but these attributes did not provide a definitive morphological character that could be used to distinguish among co-occurring taxa.
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Stelbrink, Björn, Romy Richter, Frank Köhler, Frank Riedel, Ellen E. Strong, Bert Van Bocxlaer, Christian Albrecht, et al. "Global Diversification Dynamics Since the Jurassic: Low Dispersal and Habitat-Dependent Evolution Explain Hotspots of Diversity and Shell Disparity in River Snails (Viviparidae)." Systematic Biology 69, no. 5 (February 15, 2020): 944–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syaa011.
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Abstract The Viviparidae, commonly known as River Snails, is a dominant group of freshwater snails with a nearly worldwide distribution that reaches its highest taxonomic and morphological diversity in Southeast Asia. The rich fossil record is indicative of a probable Middle Jurassic origin on the Laurasian supercontinent where the group started to diversify during the Cretaceous. However, it remains uncertain when and how the biodiversity hotspot in Southeast Asia was formed. Here, we used a comprehensive genetic data set containing both mitochondrial and nuclear markers and comprising species representing 24 out of 28 genera from throughout the range of the family. To reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of viviparids on a global scale, we reconstructed a fossil-calibrated phylogeny. We further assessed the roles of cladogenetic and anagenetic events in range evolution. Finally, we reconstructed the evolution of shell features by estimating ancestral character states to assess whether the appearance of sculptured shell morphologies was driven by major habitat shifts. The molecular phylogeny supports the monophyly of the three subfamilies, the Bellamyinae, Lioplacinae, and Viviparinae, but challenges the currently accepted genus-level classification in several cases. The almost global distribution of River Snails has been influenced both by comparatively ancient vicariance and more recent founder events. In Southeast Asia, Miocene dispersal was a main factor in shaping the modern species distributions. A recurrent theme across different viviparid taxa is that many species living in lentic waters exhibit sculptured shells, whereas only one strongly sculptured species is known from lotic environments. We show that such shell sculpture is habitat-dependent and indeed evolved several times independently in lentic River Snails. Considerably high transition rates between shell types in lentic habitats probably caused the co-occurrence of morphologically distinct shell types in several lakes. In contrast, directional evolution toward smooth shells in lotic habitats, as identified in the present analyses, explains why sculptured shells are rarely found in these habitats. However, the specific factors that promoted changes in shell morphology require further work. [biogeographical analyses; fossil-calibrated phylogeny; fossil-constrained analyses; Southeast Asia; stochastic character mapping.]
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Mansbach, Rachael, Timothy Travers, Benjamin McMahon, Jeanne Fair, and S. Gnanakaran. "Snails In Silico: A Review of Computational Studies on the Conopeptides." Marine Drugs 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17030145.
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Marine cone snails are carnivorous gastropods that use peptide toxins called conopeptides both as a defense mechanism and as a means to immobilize and kill their prey. These peptide toxins exhibit a large chemical diversity that enables exquisite specificity and potency for target receptor proteins. This diversity arises in terms of variations both in amino acid sequence and length, and in posttranslational modifications, particularly the formation of multiple disulfide linkages. Most of the functionally characterized conopeptides target ion channels of animal nervous systems, which has led to research on their therapeutic applications. Many facets of the underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the specificity and virulence of conopeptides, however, remain poorly understood. In this review, we will explore the chemical diversity of conopeptides from a computational perspective. First, we discuss current approaches used for classifying conopeptides. Next, we review different computational strategies that have been applied to understanding and predicting their structure and function, from machine learning techniques for predictive classification to docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations for molecular-level understanding. We then review recent novel computational approaches for rapid high-throughput screening and chemical design of conopeptides for particular applications. We close with an assessment of the state of the field, emphasizing important questions for future lines of inquiry.
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Демиаскевич, A. Demiaszkiewiz, Мовсесян, S. Movsesyan, ПанайотоваПенчева, M. PanayotovaPencheva, Воронин, and M. Voronin. "Host-based formation of fauna of lung helminths, its biological and taxonomic classification." Russian Journal of Parasitology 3, no. 3 (September 25, 2016): 345–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21659.
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Object of study: Studies of lung helminths from various groups were performed. Elaboration of biological and taxonomic classification of these species has been proposed. Materials and methods: 16 species from families Cervidae, Bovidae, Leporidae and humans were studied for lung helminths in Russia (South and central), Armenia, Bulgaria, Poland. The helminths found were studied using a scope of traditional and elaborated helminthological methods. Results and discussion: In lungs of mammals studied 23 helminth species have been found including 1 of Taeniidae (Echinococcus granulosus), 4 of Dictyocaulidae and 18 of Protostrongylidae. We have divided species composition of these lung helminths into three biological groups. The first biological group included nematodes from Dictyocaulidae family. Life cycles of those helminths are monoxenous (they are geohelminths). The second group includes helminths from family Protostrongylidae. Their life cycles include intermediate hosts — land snails and so they are dixenous (biohelminths). The third group includes an agent of a quite dangerous zoonosis — Echinococcus granulosis larvae. These cestodes also develop per dixenous type, but their intermediate hosts are vertebrates with definitive hosts also vertebrate, mostly carnivores. Taxonomic classification for family Protostrongylidae haelminths is also proposed.
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Farag, Mayada R., Mahmoud Alagawany, Rana M. Bilal, Ahmed G. A. Gewida, Kuldeep Dhama, Hany M. R. Abdel-Latif, Mahmoud S. Amer, et al. "An Overview on the Potential Hazards of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Fish, with Special Emphasis on Cypermethrin Toxicity." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 25, 2021): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071880.
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Pesticides are chemicals used to control pests, such as aquatic weeds, insects, aquatic snails, and plant diseases. They are extensively used in forestry, agriculture, veterinary practices, and of great public health importance. Pesticides can be categorized according to their use into three major types (namely insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides). Water contamination by pesticides is known to induce harmful impacts on the production, reproduction, and survivability of living aquatic organisms, such as algae, aquatic plants, and fish (shellfish and finfish species). The literature and information present in this review article facilitate evaluating the toxic effects from exposure to various fish species to different concentrations of pesticides. Moreover, a brief overview of sources, classification, mechanisms of action, and toxicity signs of pyrethroid insecticides in several fish species will be illustrated with special emphasis on Cypermethrin toxicity.
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Carmel, Yohay, and Liron Stoller-Cavari. "Comparing Environmental and Biological Surrogates for Biodiversity at a Local Scale." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 52, no. 1 (April 12, 2006): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijee.52.1.11.
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A recent debate concerns the relative merit of the two major types of surrogates for biodiversity, biological surrogates and environmental surrogates. Evidence, in the form of direct comparison of these two surrogate types, is scarce. We conducted a direct comparison of the performance of a series of biological and environmental surrogates, at a local scale (300 km2), which is often the relevant scale for land planning and management. Performance was referred to as the degree of surrogate congruence with a spatial pattern of diversity of woody species, of geophytes, and of land snails. "Environmental domains", surrogates based on numerical classification of environmental variables (topography, soil, and vegetation cover), outperformed other environmental surrogates (qualitatively delineated vegetation units and physiographic land types). The environmental domains surrogates were robust to subjective decisions on a number of classes and on input variables that drove the classification. The best biological surrogate was the woody species diversity pattern, with performance similar to that of the environmental domains. Our results support the notion that environmental domains may be reliable and cost-effective surrogates for biodiversity at small scales, particularly in data-poor regions.
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Phung, Chee-Chean, Pooi-San Heng, and Thor-Seng Liew. "Land snails ofLeptopomaPfeiffer, 1847 in Sabah, Northern Borneo (Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoridae): an analysis of molecular phylogeny and geographical variations in shell form." PeerJ 5 (October 31, 2017): e3981. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3981.
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Leptopomais a species rich genus with approximately 100 species documented. Species-level identification in this group has been based on shell morphology and colouration, as well as some anatomical features based on small sample sizes. However, the implications of the inter- and intra-species variations in shell form to the taxonomy ofLeptopomaspecies and the congruency of its current shell based taxonomy with its molecular phylogeny are still unclear. There are fourLeptopomaspecies found in Sabah, Borneo, and their taxonomy status remains uncertain due to substantial variation in shell forms. This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships and geographical variation in shell form of threeLeptopomaspecies from Sabah. The phylogenetic relationship of these species was first estimated by performing Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis based on mitochondrial genes (16S rDNA and COI) and nuclear gene (ITS-1). Then, a total of six quantitative shell characters (i.e., shell height, shell width, aperture height, aperture width, shell spire height, and ratio of shell height to width) and three qualitative shell characters (i.e., shell colour patterns, spiral ridges, and dark apertural band) of the specimens were mapped across the phylogenetic tree and tested for phylogenetic signals. Data on shell characters ofLeptopoma sericatumandLeptopoma pellucidumfrom two different locations (i.e., Balambangan Island and Kinabatangan) where both species occurred sympatrically were then obtained to examine the geographical variations in shell form. The molecular phylogenetic analyses suggested that each of the threeLeptopomaspecies was monophyletic and indicated congruence with only one of the shell characters (i.e., shell spiral ridges) in the current morphological-based classification. Although the geographical variation analyses suggested some of the shell characters indicating inter-species differences between the twoLeptopomaspecies, these also pointed to intra-species differences between populations from different locations. This study onLeptopomaspecies is based on small sample size and the findings appear only applicable toLeptopomaspecies in Sabah. Nevertheless, we anticipate this study to be a starting point for more detailed investigations to include the other still little-known (ca. 100)Leptopomaspecies and highlights a need to assess variations in shell characters before they could be used in species classification.
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Finol-Urdaneta, Rocio K., Aleksandra Belovanovic, Milica Micic-Vicovac, Gemma K. Kinsella, Jeffrey R. McArthur, and Ahmed Al-Sabi. "Marine Toxins Targeting Kv1 Channels: Pharmacological Tools and Therapeutic Scaffolds." Marine Drugs 18, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18030173.
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Toxins from marine animals provide molecular tools for the study of many ion channels, including mammalian voltage-gated potassium channels of the Kv1 family. Selectivity profiling and molecular investigation of these toxins have contributed to the development of novel drug leads with therapeutic potential for the treatment of ion channel-related diseases or channelopathies. Here, we review specific peptide and small-molecule marine toxins modulating Kv1 channels and thus cover recent findings of bioactives found in the venoms of marine Gastropod (cone snails), Cnidarian (sea anemones), and small compounds from cyanobacteria. Furthermore, we discuss pivotal advancements at exploiting the interaction of κM-conotoxin RIIIJ and heteromeric Kv1.1/1.2 channels as prevalent neuronal Kv complex. RIIIJ’s exquisite Kv1 subtype selectivity underpins a novel and facile functional classification of large-diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons. The vast potential of marine toxins warrants further collaborative efforts and high-throughput approaches aimed at the discovery and profiling of Kv1-targeted bioactives, which will greatly accelerate the development of a thorough molecular toolbox and much-needed therapeutics.
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Ignjatović-Ćupina, Aleksandra, and Aleksandar Ivezić. "Trap cropping: Principles and possibilities of application in root vegetable production." Biljni lekar 48, no. 6 (2020): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2006619i.
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Vegetable production is one of the most intensive parts of agricultural production in Serbia. There are several different classifications of vegetable species, but the most common is based on the edible part of the plant. This classification emphasizes root vegetables as a special and very important category. During the entire vegetation period, root vegetables are exposed to numerous pests, which reduce the value and quality of the final product. In addition to insects, which represent the most numerous group of animals, vegetables are also damaged by mites, nematodes, snails, rodents and some species of birds. One of the ecologically acceptable methods in the protection of vegetables is trap cropping, whereby certain plant species, the so-called trap plants are used to attract pests, in order to reduce the damage of the main crop. In modern agricultural production, trap crops are used as a common tool in Integrated Pest Management. Rising interest of agricultural producers for trap cropping is primarily attributed to the public concern about the potential negative effects of pesticides to human and environmental health, as well as to the increasing problem of pest resistance to insecticides. Since root vegetables intended for the market are primarily in fresh condition, an important segment of production is the effective protection of vegetable crops, which implies production of healthy and safe food. In that sense, the consideration of trap crops application in protection of root vegetables is more than justified, because trap cropping represents an environmentally friendly method and an effective alternative to conventional protection of vegetables from economically important pests.
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Fukumori, Hiroaki, Takuya Yahagi, Anders Warén, and Yasunori Kano. "Amended generic classification of the marine gastropod family Phenacolepadidae: transitions from snails to limpets and shallow-water to deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185, no. 3 (January 24, 2019): 636–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly078.
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Damai, Rosaria Ria. "MONITORING CHANGES IN CORAL REEF HABITAT COVER ON BERALAS PASIR ISLAND USING SPOT 4 AND SPOT 7 IMAGERY FROM 2011 AND 2018." International Journal of Remote Sensing and Earth Sciences (IJReSES) 17, no. 2 (March 24, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.30536/j.ijreses.2020.v17.a3428.
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Beralas Pasir is part of the Regional Marine Conservation Area (KKLD), which was established by the Bintan Regency Government with Bintan Regent Decree No. 261 / VIII / 2007. Water tourism activities undertaken by tourists on the island have had an impact on the condition of the coral reefs, as have other factors, such as bauxite, granite and land sand mining activities around the island. This research aims to determine changes in the coral reef habitat cover and the condition of the coral reefs around Beralas Pasir Island with a remote sensing function, using SPOT 4 imagery acquired on June 1, 2011 and SPOT 7 imagery from April 5, 2020. Data collection of environmental parameters related to the coral reefs was also made. The image processing used the Lyzenga algorithm to simplify the image classification process. The percentage of coral live cover around the island ranges from 26% -53%; this has experienced a significant change, from 67,560 hectares in 2011 to 38,338 hectares in 2018, a total decrease in the area of 29,222 hectares. Some of the natural factors found in the research which have caused damage to the reefs were Drupella snails, the abundance of Caulerpa racemosaalgae, and sea urchins. The majority of the coral reef types consist of Non-Acropora: Coral Massive, Coral, Coral Foliose, Coral Encrusting, Acropora: Acropora Tabulate, Acropora Encrusting, and Acropora Digitate
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Veeravechsukij, Nuanpan, Suluck Namchote, Marco T. Neiber, Matthias Glaubrecht, and Duangduen Krailas. "Exploring the evolutionary potential of parasites: Larval stages of pathogen digenic trematodes in their thiarid snail host Tarebia granifera in Thailand." Zoosystematics and Evolution 94, no. 2 (November 8, 2018): 425–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.28793.
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Minute intestinal flukes from several distinct families of endoparasitic platyhelminths are a medically important group of foodborne trematodes prevalent throughout Southeast Asia and Australasia. Their lifecycle is complex, with freshwater snails as primary intermediate hosts, with infecting multiple species of arthropods and fish as second intermediate hosts, and with birds and mammals including humans as definitive hosts. In Southeast Asian countries, the diversity of snail species of the Thiaridae which are frequently parasitized by trematode species is extremely high. Here, the thiarid Tarebiagranifera in Thailand was studied for variation of trematode infections, by collecting the snails every two months for one year from each locality during the years 2004–2009, and during 2014–2016 when snails from the same localities were collected and new localities found. From ninety locations a total of 15,076 T.granifera were collected and examined for trematode infections. With 1,577 infected snails the infection rate was found to be 10.46 %. The cercariae were categorized into fifteen species from eight morphologically distinguishable types representing several distinct families, viz. (i) virgulate xiphidiocercariae (Loxogenoidesbicolor, Loxogenesliberum and Acanthatriumhistaense), (ii) armatae xiphidiocercariae cercariae (Maritreminoidescaridinae and M.obstipus); (iii) parapleurophocercous cercariae (Haplorchispumilio, H.taichui and Stictodoratridactyla); (iv) pleurophocercous cercariae (Centrocestusformosanus); (v) megarulous cercariae (Philophthalmusgralli); (vi) furcocercous cercariae (Cardicolaalseae, Alariamustelae and Transversotremalaruei); as well as (vii) echinostome-type cercariae, and (viii) gymnocephalous-type cercariae. In addition, a phylogenetic marker (internal transcribed spacers 2, ITS2) was employed in generic and infrageneric level classifications of these trematodes, using sequences obtained from shed cercariae isolated from T.granifera specimens of the second study period collected in various regions in Thailand. We obtained ITS2 sequences of cercariae from nine species (of seven types): Loxogenoidesbicolor, Loxogenesliberum, Maritreminoidesobstipus, Haplorchistaichui, Stictodoratridactyla, Centrocestusformosanus, Philophthalmusgralli, as well as from one species each of echinostome cercariae and gymnocephalous cercariae. Thus, this analysis combines the parasites’ data on morphology and geographical occurrence with molecular phylogeny, aiming to provide the groundwork for future studies looking into more details of the parasite-snail evolutionary relationships.
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YAMAZAKI, KAZUNORI, MIDORI YAMAZAKI, and REI UESHIMA. "Systematic review of diplommatinid land snails (Caenogastropoda, Diplommatinidae) endemic to the Palau Islands. (1) Generic classification and revision of Hungerfordia species with highly developed axial ribs." Zootaxa 3743, no. 1 (December 2, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3743.1.1.
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Danilova, I. S. "Content of inorganic elements in snails meat." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 83 (March 2, 2018): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8336.
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Currently, there are several classifications of inorganic elements, although each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The most studied group is macroelements, because they have a significant spread in the body and serve as a function of structural elements. The trace elements perform their functions, being part of the biologically active substances, which makes it difficult to study them, since the same element, depending on the form, can have a toxic effect or be vital. The macroelements include: K, Ca, Mg, Na, S, P, Cl. The trace elements are distributed as follows: Al, B, Br, V, I, Li, Si, As, Rb, Se, F, Sr and heavy metals, namely Zn, Cr, Ge, Fe, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, Sn, Ni, Pb. Macroelements are contained in our body in a significant amount (more than 0.01% of the body weight, in other words, their content in the body of an adult is measured in grams and even in kilograms). The trace elements are involved in all processes of life and are the catalysts of biochemical reactions. Their daily intake is less than 200 mg, and they are contained in the body in small doses (less than 0.001% of body weight). The article presents the results of our own research on the content of inorganic elements in the meat of snails of various species Helix pomatia, Helix aspersa maxima and Helix aspersa muller. It is established that fresh meat of Helix aspersa maxima snails contains the least amount of heavy metals and the highest amount of selenium. Of the 12 inorganic elements that we studied in meat of snails from trace elements, Bromus is most often kept by Helix aspersa muller snails and is 1.91 ± 0.23 mg, Selenium and Manganese from Helix aspersa maxima snails are 0.32 ± 0.01mg and 29.29 ± 0.27 respectively. In the case of heavy metals in the meat of Helix aspersa maxima, there was no evidence of flatulence at all, and the most commonly found zinc in this specimen was 27.64 ± 0.22 mg in accordance. The calcium is the most enriched meat of Snails Helix pomatia and is 12571.25 ± 304.51 mg. As for the vital calcium macroelement, most of all it enriched the meat of the grape snail Helix pomatia. Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that the fresh meat of Helix aspersa maxima snails contains the least amount of heavy metals and can be successfully used in the relevant industries, and especially in the food industry.
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Inkhavilay, Khamla, Chirasak Sutcharit, Ueangfa Bantaowong, Ratmanee Chanabun, Warut Siriwut, Ruttapon Srisonchai, Arthit Pholyotha, Parin Jirapatrasilp, and Somsak Panha. "Annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs from Laos (Mollusca, Gastropoda)." ZooKeys 834 (April 3, 2019): 1–166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.834.28800.
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The land area of Laos is composed of a large variety of undisturbed habitats, such as high mountainous areas, huge limestone karsts and the lower Mekong Basin. Therefore, Laos is expected to have a high species diversity, especially for the land snails. However, with respect to research on malacology, Laos is probably the least well-researched area for land snail diversity in Indochina (including Laos) over the past few centuries. The handful of species lists have never been systematically revised from the colonial period to the present, so these classifications are outdated. Herein we present the first comprehensive annotated checklist with an up-to-date systematic framework of the land snail fauna in Laos based on both field investigations and literature surveys. This annotated checklist is collectively composed of 231 nominal species (62 ‘prosobranch’ and 169 heterobranches), of which 221 nominal species are illustrated. The type specimens of 143 species from several museum collections and/or 144 species of newly collected specimens are illustrated. There are 58 species recorded as new to the malacofauna of the country, and two new replacement names are proposed as Hemiplectalanxangnica Inkhavilay and Panha, nomen novum (Ariophantidae) and Chloritiskhammouanensis Inkhavilay and Panha, nomen novum (Camaenidae). Four recently described species of the genus Amphidromus from Laos, “thakhekensis”, “richgoldbergi”, “attapeuensis” and “phuonglinhae” are synonymized with previously described species. In addition, thirteen nominal species are listed as uncertain records that may or may not occur in Laos. This annotated checklist may inspire malacologists to carry on systematic research in this region.
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Yongsiri, Anchalee, Kozo Funase, Hiroshi Takeuchi, Keiko Shimamoto, and Yasufumi Ohfune. "Classification of GABA receptors in snail neurones." European Journal of Pharmacology 155, no. 3 (October 1988): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(88)90509-2.
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Belbut, M., N. Martins-Ferreira, and N. Alves. "Image-based Descriptors for Snail Classification by Species." Procedia Technology 16 (2014): 1215–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.protcy.2014.10.137.
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Steffen, Eckhard. "Classifications and characterizations of snarks." Discrete Mathematics 188, no. 1-3 (June 1998): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-365x(97)00255-0.
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RIEPPEL, O. "Pattern and process: the early classification of snakes." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 31, no. 4 (August 1987): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1987.tb02000.x.
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Monawati, Ari, Desi Rhomadhoni, and Nur Rokhimah Hanik. "Identifikasi Hama dan Penyakit Pada Tanaman Anggrek Bulan (Phalaenopsis amabilis)." Florea : Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajarannya 8, no. 1 (May 20, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25273/florea.v8i1.9002.
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<pre><em>Orchid is the general name for all types of plants in the family Orchidaceae (family of orchids). This family is one of the largest groups among other flowering plants. It is estimated that worldwide there are around 15,000-20,000 species of orchids with 900 genera (clans) that grow endemic to forests scattered in various countries. Of all orchid species in the world, 5,000 of them are in Indonesia. Broadly speaking, the classification of orchids is divided into 5 subfamilies, 16 tribes (tribes), and 28 subtribes. Phalaenopsis is a genus of orchids which is popular for its diversity and beauty of flowers. The government through presidential decree (Kepres) No. 4 of 1993, on January 9, 1993, designated the moon orchid as a charm flower named Latin Phaleonopsis amabilis, this orchid grows attached to a tree trunk or branch and is one type of orchid endemic to Indonesia. The development of orchid cultivation has never been separated from disease and pest problems. With few disease infections and pest attacks, the beauty will change, of course, the selling price will fall. Orchid plants require extra care to grow with beautiful flowers. Orchid disease can be caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses. Diseases and pests that attack orchid plants can cause death if allowed to continue. Besides that, mishandling can also cause the death of orchids. The purpose of this study was to determine the pests and diseases of the Phalaenopsis amabilis plant.</em></pre><pre><em>This research was conducted on December 2, 2020 and January 13-14, 2021 in Carikan Sukoharjo with 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amabilis plants. The tools needed in this research include writing tools, tables, loops and documentation tools (cellphone cameras). The variables to be observed were diseases and pests that attacked. The methods used were direct observation and interviews, the data obtained were analyzed by qualitative descriptive.</em><em></em></pre><p><em>Research conducted on 10 samples of Phalaenopsis amablis, found 6 pests and 2 diseases. Pests on the Phalaenopsis amabilis Moon Orchid plant are found that very often attack such as ants, snails, grasshoppers, mealybugs, mites and caterpillars. Whereas in the disease of the Moon Orchid plant (Phalaenopsis amabilis) in the search for Sukoharjo, the fungus Fussarium oxyporum and Rhizoctonia solani attack the leaves, stems, roots of Phalaenopsis amabilis. This disease enters the plant tissue through stomata or wounds in plants. In general, the characteristics of a fungal attack include small spots on the leaves, blisters like being scalded, watery, either cloudy or clear.</em></p>
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White, Julian. "The generic classification of the Australian terrestrial elapid snakes." Toxicon 30, no. 8 (August 1992): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(92)90416-3.
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HEDGES, S. BLAIR, ARNAUD COULOUX, and NICOLAS VIDAL. "Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of West Indian racer snakes of the Tribe Alsophiini (Squamata, Dipsadidae, Xenodontinae)." Zootaxa 2067, no. 1 (April 8, 2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2067.1.1.
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Most West Indian snakes of the family Dipsadidae belong to the Subfamily Xenodontinae and Tribe Alsophiini. As recognized here, alsophiine snakes are exclusively West Indian and comprise 43 species distributed throughout the region. These snakes are slender and typically fast-moving (active foraging), diurnal species often called racers. For the last four decades, their classification into six genera was based on a study utilizing hemipenial and external morphology and which concluded that their biogeographic history involved multiple colonizations from the mainland. Although subsequent studies have mostly disagreed with that phylogeny and taxonomy, no major changes in the classification have been proposed until now. Here we present a DNA sequence analysis of five mitochondrial genes and one nuclear gene in 35 species and subspecies of alsophiines. Our results are more consistent with geography than previous classifications based on morphology, and support a reclassification of the species of alsophiines into seven named and three new genera: Alsophis Fitzinger (Lesser Antilles), Arrhyton Günther (Cuba), Borikenophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (Puerto Rican Bank and nearby islands), Caraiba Zaher et al. (Cuba), Cubophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (primarily Cuba but extending throughout the western Caribbean and Bahamas Bank), Haitiophis Hedges & Vidal gen. nov. (Hispaniola), Hypsirhynchus Günther (Hispaniola and Jamaica), Ialtris Cope (Hispaniola), Magliophis Zaher et al. (Puerto Rican Bank), and Uromacer Duméril & Bibron (Hispaniola). Several subspecies are recognized as full species. Three subtribes are recognized within the tribe Alsophiini Fitzinger: Alsophiina Fitzinger (for Alsophis, Borikenophis, Caraiba, Cubophis, Haitiophis, Hypsirhynchus, Ialtris, and Magliophis), Arrhytonina Hedges & Vidal subtribus nov. (for Arrhyton), and Uromacerina Hedges & Vidal subtribus nov. (for Uromacer). Divergence time estimates based on the molecular data indicate a relatively recent (~17–13 million years ago, Ma) origin for alsophiines. A single species apparently dispersed from South America, probably colonizing Hispaniola or Cuba and then later (13–0 Ma) there was dispersal to other islands and subsequent adaptive radiation, mostly in the Pliocene (5.3–1.8 Ma) and Pleistocene (1.8–0.01 Ma). More evidence will be needed to resolve all relationships among the genera and species groups and further details of their biogeographic history.
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McIsaac, Jessie-Lee D., Nicole Ata, and Sara F. L. Kirk. "Describing Food Availability in Schools Using Different Healthy Eating Guidelines: Moving Forward with Simpler Nutrition Recommendations." Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 80, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2018-030.
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Purpose: Internationally, there is debate on whether a nutrient or a food-based approach to policy is more effective. This study describes the food/beverage availability in schools in Nova Scotia through a comparison of a traditional nutrient classification (“Maximum/Moderate/Minimum”), currently used in the provincial school policy and a simplified food-based system (“Core/Extra”). Methods: School food environment audits were conducted in schools (n = 25) to record the food and beverages available. Registered dietitians categorized information using both the nutrient-based and simplified food-based classification systems. Number and percent in each category were described for items. Results: Food and beverage items consisted of breakfast, lunch, snacks, beverages, and vending of which 81% were permissible by the policy, whereas only 54% were categorized as Core. Many snacks and vending items classified as Extra fell within either Moderate (45% and 35%, respectively) or Minimum (29% and 33%, respectively) categories. Conclusions: Dietitians have a role to support interpretation of classification systems for school nutrition policies. The nutrient-based classification used in the policy permitted some items not essential to a healthy diet as defined by the Extra food-based classification. However, the food-based Core/Extra categorization had less detail to classify nutrients.
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Pamungkas, Yoga Widi, Adiwijaya Adiwijaya, and Dody Qori Utama. "Klasifikasi Gambar Gigitan Ular Menggunakan Regionprops dan Algoritma Decision Tree." Jurnal Sistem Komputer dan Informatika (JSON) 1, no. 2 (January 25, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/json.v1i2.1789.
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Indonesia has a high biodiversity of snakes. Snake species that exist throughout Indonesia, consisting of venomous and non-venomous snakes. One of the dangers that can be posed by snakes is the bite of several types of deadly snakes. Snake bite cases recorded in Indonesia are quite high with not a few fatalities. Most of the deaths caused by snakebite occur due to errors in the handling procedure for the bite wound. This problem can be overcome one of them if we know how to classify snake bite wounds, whether venomous or non-venomous. In this study, a classification system for snake bite wound image was built using Regionprops feature extraction and Decision Tree algorithm. Snake bite images are classified as either venomous or non-venomous without knowing the kind of the snake. In Regionprops several features are used to help the process of feature extraction, including the number of centroids, area, distance, and eccentricity. Evaluation of the model that was built was found that the parameters of the number of centroids and the distance between centroids had the most significant influence in helping the classification of images of snakebite wounds with an accuracy of 97.14%, precision 92.85%, recall 91.42%, and F1 score 92.06%.
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LAIDEMITT, MARTINA R., EVA T. ZAWADZKI, SARA V. BRANT, MARTIN W. MUTUKU, GERALD M. MKOJI, and ERIC S. LOKER. "Loads of trematodes: discovering hidden diversity of paramphistomoids in Kenyan ruminants." Parasitology 144, no. 2 (October 20, 2016): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001827.
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SUMMARYParamphistomoids are ubiquitous and widespread digeneans that infect a diverse range of definitive hosts, being particularly speciose in ruminants. We collected adult worms from cattle, goats and sheep from slaughterhouses, and cercariae from freshwater snails from ten localities in Central and West Kenya. We sequencedcox1 (690 bp) and internal transcribed region 2 (ITS2) (385 bp) genes from a small piece of 79 different adult worms and stained and mounted the remaining worm bodies for comparisons with available descriptions. We also sequencedcox1 and ITS2 from 41 cercariae/rediae samples collected from four different genera of planorbid snails. Combining morphological observations, host use information, genetic distance values and phylogenetic methods, we delineated 16 distinct clades of paramphistomoids. For four of the 16 clades, sequences from adult worms and cercariae/rediae matched, providing an independent assessment for their life cycles. Much work is yet to be done to resolve fully the relationships among paramphistomoids, but some correspondence between sequence- and anatomically based classifications were noted. Paramphistomoids of domestic ruminants provide one of the most abundant sources of parasitic flatworm biomass, and because of the predilection of several species useBulinusandBiomphalariasnail hosts, have interesting linkages with the biology of animal and human schistosomes to in Africa.
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Rieppel, O. "A cladistic classification of primitive snakes based on skull structure." Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 17, no. 2 (April 27, 2009): 140–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1979.tb00696.x.
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Kabat, A. R., and Robert Hershler. "The Prosobranch Snail Family Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda: Rissooidea): Review of Classification and Supraspecific Taxa." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 547 (1993): 1–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.547.
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Tripicchio, Gina L., Alexandria Kachurak, Adam Davey, Regan L. Bailey, Lauren J. Dabritz, and Jennifer O. Fisher. "Associations between Snacking and Weight Status among Adolescents 12–19 Years in the United States." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (June 29, 2019): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071486.
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Snacking is a significant contributor to energy intake among adolescents, but its association with weight status is unclear. To elucidate this association, data from 6545 adolescents (12–19 years) in the 2005–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. The mean number of daily snack occasions, mean snack size, and mean snack energy density were examined by weight classification (body mass index (BMI)-for-age percentiles: normal weight (NW) <85th; overweight (OW) ≥85th to <95th; obese (OB) ≥95th). Models included all snacking parameters, mean meal size, demographic characteristics, survey cycle year, and dietary reporting accuracy. Adolescents with NW consumed fewer snacks daily (1.69 (0.02) snacks/day) and smaller snacks per occasion (262.32 (4.41) calories (kcal)/snack) compared to adolescents with OW (1.85 (0.05) snacks/day, p = 0.005; 305.41 (8.84) kcal/snack, p < 0.001), and OB (1.97 (0.05) snacks/day; 339.60 (10.12) kcal/snack, both p < 0.001). Adolescents with OW and OB also consumed more added sugar, saturated fat and sodium from snacks, but had lower mean energy density per snack compared to snacks consumed by NW adolescents. US adolescents with OW and OB consume more snacks daily and more calories at each snacking occasion compared to adolescents with NW. Future studies should examine the prospective associations between snacking and weight status and impact on overall diet quality.
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Araujo, Marina Campos, Diana Barbosa Cunha, Ilana Nogueira Bezerra, Maria Beatriz Trindade de Castro, and Rosely Sichieri. "Quality of food choices of Brazilian adolescents according to individual earnings." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (August 30, 2017): 3145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002099.
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AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the quality of food choices according to adolescent individual earnings in Brazil.DesignAdolescents were classified according to their individual earnings as having or not having spending power for their own expenses. Food records from two non-consecutive days of the Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS 2008–2009) were used to estimate food intake. Quality of food choices was based on two approaches: (i) the NOVA classification, which classifies processed and ultra-processed foods and drinks as unhealthy food groups; and (ii) traditional classification, with beans, milk, fruits and vegetables as healthy food groups, and soft drinks, sweets, snacks and crackers classified as unhealthy. We compared mean food intake (g/kJ or ml/kJ) according to per capita household income (tertiles) and adolescent individual earnings, with adolescent earnings adjusted for household income, using multiple linear regression.SettingBrazilian households (n 13 569).SubjectsAdolescents aged 14–18 years (n 3673).ResultsMales without individual earnings had higher per capita household income than those with individual earnings. Household income was associated with all three food groups of the NOVA classification and seven of the eight groups of the traditional classification. However, only beans and snacks were consumed in significantly greater quantities by adolescents with individual earnings compared with those without earnings.ConclusionsAdolescent individual earnings were not the main driver of food choices; however, per capita household income was associated with food choices. The consumption of both healthy and unhealthy items increased with increasing household income.
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Carlsson, Ralf. "Freshwater snail communities and lake classification. An example from the Åland Islands, southwestern Finland." Limnologica 31, no. 2 (July 2001): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0075-9511(01)80007-4.
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Adetayo, Oluwaseun, Olugbenga Amu, and Sunday Alabi. "Improvement of cement stabilized structural lateritic with pulverized snail shell." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sspjce-2019-0021.
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AbstractThis study investigated the suitability of pulverized snail shell (PSS) as partial replacement of cement stabilized soil in foundation constructions. Preliminary and engineering tests were carried out on the soil samples. The optimum cement content fixed at 11% in correlation to Unified Soil Classification System, the PSS was introduced at varying percentages of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Results revealed that, addition of PSS and 11% cement to lateritic soil caused a reduction in both liquid limits and plasticity index and an increased in plastic limits for all samples. Engineering tests showed the maximum dry density at optimum cement increased from 1493.34 ± 103.58 kg.m−3 to 1632 ± 435.81 kg.m−3 for sample A; 1476.77 ± 367.51 kg.m−3 to 1668 ± 202.58 kg.m−3 for sample B; 1460.77 ± 623.58 kg.m−3 to 1651 ± 135.45 kg.m−3 for sample C. The CBR recorded highest value at 4%PSS optimum cement for all samples. The addition of pulverized snail shell increased the strength of cement stabilized lateritic soil for structural foundation construction.
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Bleiweiss-Sande, Rachel, Jeanne Goldberg, E. Whitney Evans, Kenneth Chui, and Jennifer Sacheck. "Perceptions of Processed Foods Among Low-Income and Immigrant Parents." Health Education & Behavior 47, no. 1 (October 29, 2019): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119885419.
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Background. Parent-aimed guidance on the topic of processed foods may help limit highly processed foods in children’s diets, but little is known about parent understanding and perceptions of these products. Aims. To determine how parent perceptions of processing align with processing classification systems used in research, and to identify opportunities for future research in communicating information about processed foods. Method. Six focus groups with lower income, racial/ethnic minority and immigrant parents of fourth to sixth graders ( n = 37) were conducted. Parents were asked to discuss their views on terminology related to food processing, classification of foods according to their processing level, the healthfulness of select foods, and criteria for choosing snacks for their children. Focus groups were guided by a thematic approach. NVivo 12 (QSR International) was used to facilitate analyses. Results. Thirty mothers and seven fathers participated. Two thirds (62%) were foreign-born; 38% identified as Hispanic. The term “processing” lacked consistent meaning among parents, with variation by immigrant status. Participants associated highly processed foods with convenience, packaging, and added ingredients; “less-processed” versions of foods (e.g., fresh; homemade) were perceived as healthier. Children’s preferences were the main criteria for choosing snacks. Foreign-born parents were more likely to associate processed foods with positive characteristics (e.g., properly cooked). Conclusion. The concept of food processing is an area of misconception among parents, providing an opportunity for education that may be extended to larger audiences. A universally accepted definition of food classification by processing level is necessary to effectively communicate the link between processing and healthfulness.
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Sanahuja, Solange, Manuel Fédou, and Heiko Briesen. "Classification of puffed snacks freshness based on crispiness-related mechanical and acoustical properties." Journal of Food Engineering 226 (June 2018): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.12.013.
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Graf, Carmen T., Dietmar Riedel, Hans Dieter Schmitt, and Reinhard Jahn. "Identification of Functionally Interacting SNAREs by Using Complementary Substitutions in the Conserved `0' Layer." Molecular Biology of the Cell 16, no. 5 (May 2005): 2263–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e04-09-0830.
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Soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes form bundles of four parallel α-helices. The central `0' layer of interacting amino acid side chains is highly conserved and contains one arginine and three glutamines, leading to the classification of SNAREs into R, Qa, Qb, and Qc-SNAREs. Replacing one of the glutamines with arginine in the yeast exocytotic SNARE complex is either lethal or causes a conditional growth defect that is compensated by replacing the R-SNARE arginine with glutamine. Using the yeast SNARE complex mediating traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, we now show that functionally interacting SNAREs can be mapped by systematically exchanging glutamines and arginines in the `0' layer. The Q→ R replacement in the Qb-SNARE Bos1p has the strongest effect and can be alleviated by an Q→ R replacement in the R-SNARE Sec22p. Four Q residues in the central layer caused growth defects above 30°C that were rescued by Q→ R substitutions in the Qa and Qc SNAREs Sed5p and Bet1p, respectively. The sec22(Q)/sed5(R) mutant is temperature sensitive and is rescued by a compensating R→ Q replacement in the R-SNARE Ykt6p. This rescue is attributed to the involvement of Sed5p and Ykt6p in a different SNARE complex that functions in intra-Golgi trafficking.
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Livingstone, Katherine, Carlos Celis-Morales, Santiago Navas-Carretero, Rodrigo San-Cristobal, Hannah Forster, Clara Woolhead, Clare O'Donovan, et al. "Personalized Nutrition Advice Reduces Intake of Discretionary Foods and Beverages: Findings From the Food4Me Randomized Controlled Trial." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_060.
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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to examine changes in intake of discretionary foods and beverages following a personalized nutrition intervention using two national classifications for discretionary foods. Methods Participants were recruited into a 6-month RCT across seven European countries (Food4Me) and were randomized to receive generalized dietary advice (Control) or one of three levels of personalized nutrition advice (based on dietary, phenotypic and genotypic information). Dietary intake from a FFQ was used to determine change between baseline and month 6 in (i) % energy, % contribution to total fat, SFA, total sugars and salt and (ii) contribution (%) made by sweets and snacks to intake of total fat, SFA, sugars and salt from discretionary foods and beverages, defined by Food Standards Scotland (FSS) and the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). Results A total of 1270 adults (40.9 (SD 13.0) years; 57% female) completed the intervention. At month 6, percentage sugars from FSS discretionary items was lower in personalized nutrition vs control (19.0 ± 0.37 vs 21.1 ± 0.65; P = 0.005). Percentage energy (31.2 ± 0.59 vs 32.7 ± 0.59; P = 0.031), % total fat (31.5 ± 0.37 vs 33.3 ± 0.65; P = 0.021), SFA (36.0 ± 0.43 vs 37.8 ± 0.75; P = 0.034) and sugars (31.7 ± 0.44 vs 34.7 ± 0.78; P < 0.001) from ADG discretionary items were lower in personalized nutrition vs control. The % contribution of sugars from sweets and snacks was lower in personalized nutrition vs control (19.1 ± 0.36 vs 21.5 ± 0.63; P < 0.001). At 3 months, effects were consistent for ADG discretionary items, while there was no significant differences in personalized nutrition vs control for FSS discretionary items. Conclusions Compared with generalized dietary advice, personalized nutrition advice achieved greater reductions in intake of discretionary foods and beverages when the classification included all foods high in fat, added sugars and salt. Future personalized nutrition strategies may be used to target intake of discretionary foods and beverages. Funding Sources European Commission Food, Agriculture, Fisheries and Biotechnology Theme of the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development [265494]. KML is supported by a NHMRC Emerging Leadership Fellowship (APP1173803).
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Coz-Rakovac, Rozelindra, Duje Lisicic, Tomislav Smuc, Natalija Topic Popovic, Ivancica Strunjak-Perovic, Margita Jadan, Zoran Tadic, and Jurica Jug Dujakovic. "Classification Modeling of Physiological Stages in Captive Balkan Whip Snakes Using Blood Biochemistry Parameters." Journal of Herpetology 45, no. 4 (December 2011): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/10-234.1.
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Pyron, R., Frank T. Burbrink, and John J. Wiens. "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes." BMC Evolutionary Biology 13, no. 1 (2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-93.
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Vidal, Nicolas, Anne-Sophie Delmas, Patrick David, Corinne Cruaud, Arnaud Couloux, and S. Blair Hedges. "The phylogeny and classification of caenophidian snakes inferred from seven nuclear protein-coding genes." Comptes Rendus Biologies 330, no. 2 (February 2007): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2006.10.001.
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Alshammari, Ahmed M., Eman El-Abd, Massimo Ciccozzi, Alessandra Lo Presti, Marta Giovanetti, and Eleonora Cella. "Single-Gene Versus Double-Gene Tree Analyses in Molecular Classification of Saudi Venomous Snakes." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering 40, no. 1 (November 22, 2014): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13369-014-1491-y.
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O’Halloran, Siobhan A., Kathleen E. Lacy, Julie Woods, Carley A. Grimes, Karen J. Campbell, and Caryl A. Nowson. "The provision of ultra-processed foods and their contribution to sodium availability in Australian long day care centres." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 1 (June 29, 2017): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001700132x.
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AbstractObjectivesTo categorize and assess all foods, beverages and ingredients provided over one week at Australian long day care (LDC) centres according to four levels of food processing and to assess the contribution of Na from each level of processing.DesignCross-sectional.SettingMenus for lunch, morning and afternoon snacks were collected from LDC centres. The level of food processing of all foods, beverages and ingredients was assessed utilizing a four-level food processing classification system: minimally processed (MP), processed culinary ingredients (PCI), processed (P) and ultra-processed (ULP).ResultsA total of thirty-five menus (lunch, n 35; snacks, n 70) provided to 1–5-year-old children were collected from seven LDC centres. Proportions of foodstuffs classified as MP, PCI, P and ULP were 54, 10, 15 and 21 %, respectively. All lunches were classified as MP. ULP foods accounted for 6 % of morning snacks; 41 % of afternoon snacks. Mean daily amount of Na provided per child across all centres was 633 (sd 151) mg. ULP foods provided 40 % of Na, followed by P (35 %), MP (23 %) and PCI (2 %).ConclusionsCentres provided foods resulting in a mean total daily Na content that represented 63 % of the recommended Upper Level of Intake for Na in this age group. A significant proportion of ULP snack foods were included, which were the major contributor to total daily Na intake. Replacement of ULP snack foods with MP lower-Na alternatives is recommended.
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Patel, Anika, Lisa Cheung, Nandini Khatod, Irina Matijosaitiene, Alejandro Arteaga, and Joseph W. Gilkey. "Revealing the Unknown: Real-Time Recognition of Galápagos Snake Species Using Deep Learning." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 806. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050806.
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Real-time identification of wildlife is an upcoming and promising tool for the preservation of wildlife. In this research project, we aimed to use object detection and image classification for the racer snakes of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. The final target of this project was to build an artificial intelligence (AI) platform, in terms of a web or mobile application, which would serve as a real-time decision making and supporting mechanism for the visitors and park rangers of the Galápagos Islands, to correctly identify a snake species from the user’s uploaded image. Using the deep learning and machine learning algorithms and libraries, we modified and successfully implemented four region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) architectures (models for image classification): Inception V2, ResNet, MobileNet, and VGG16. Inception V2, ResNet and VGG16 reached an overall accuracy of 75%.
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Macdonald, Cheryl A., and Daniel R. Brooks. "Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the North American species of Telorchis Luehe, 1899 (Cercomeria: Trematoda: Digenea: Telorchiidae)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 2301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-324.
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Telorchiids are plagiorchiform digeneans inhabiting the intestines of freshwater turtles, snakes, and salamanders. Previous systematic revisions of the group have been problematical because of a lack of information on intraspecific morphological variation. In the present study, examination of substantial numbers of specimens leads to the conclusion that 11 of the 31 nominal species of Telorchis reported from North America are valid. Numerical phylogenetic systematic analysis based on 18 homologous series and 30 total characters resulted in a single tree with a consistency index of 94%, due to two homoplasious characters. To maintain a classification consistent with the phylogenetic tree that is also most similar to previous nomenclature, only one of four previously proposed genera is recognized. The two relatively most plesiomorphic species are found in salamanders, whereas the rest inhabit amniotes (specifically turtles and snakes). Five of the nine species inhabiting amniotes appear to have co-speciated with their hosts. Two of the remaining four species appear to have evolved sympatrically via host switching from turtles to snakes. The remaining two species appear to have evolved sympatrically and without host switching, facilitated by mechanical premating isolation due to the appearance of an apomorphic genital pore position. Using the number of host species inhabited as an index of host specificity, it appears that the more recently evolved the species of Telorchis, the fewer hosts it inhabits.