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Journal articles on the topic 'Snakebot'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Dennis, Robert, and Jon Edwards. "Considering Endoscopic Design: A Snakebot Prototype." IEEE Pulse 4, no. 4 (July 2013): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpul.2013.2262141.

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2

Astley, Henry C. "Long Limbless Locomotors Over Land: The Mechanics and Biology of Elongate, Limbless Vertebrate Locomotion." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa034.

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Synopsis Elongate, limbless body plans are widespread in nature and frequently converged upon (with over two dozen independent convergences in Squamates alone, and many outside of Squamata). Despite their lack of legs, these animals move effectively through a wide range of microhabitats, and have a particular advantage in cluttered or confined environments. This has elicited interest from multiple disciplines in many aspects of their movements, from how and when limbless morphologies evolve to the biomechanics and control of limbless locomotion within and across taxa to its replication in elongate robots. Increasingly powerful tools and technology enable more detailed examinations of limbless locomotor biomechanics, and improved phylogenies have shed increasing light on the origins and evolution of limblessness, as well as the high frequency of convergence. Advances in actuators and control are increasing the capability of “snakebots” to solve real-world problems (e.g., search and rescue), while biological data have proven to be a potent inspiration for improvements in snakebot control. This collection of research brings together prominent researchers on the topic from around the world, including biologists, physicists, and roboticists to offer new perspective on locomotor modes, musculoskeletal mechanisms, locomotor control, and the evolution and diversity of limbless locomotion.
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3

Tanev, Ivan. "Genetic programming incorporating biased mutation for evolution and adaptation of Snakebot." Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 8, no. 1 (August 29, 2006): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10710-006-9008-4.

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4

Mukosaka, Naoki, Yasuto Nishiwaki, Ivan Tanev, and Katsunori Shimohara. "The Effect of Duration of Both Stages of Incremental Genetic Programming on its Efficiency of Evolution of Snakebot." Journal of Robotics, Networking and Artificial Life 2, no. 3 (2015): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/jrnal.2015.2.3.2.

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5

TANEV, Ivan, Thomas RAY, and Katsunori SHIMOHARA. "Exploring the Analogy in the Emergent Properties of Locomotion Gaits of Snakebot Adapted to Challenging Terrain and Partial Damage." Transactions of the Institute of Systems, Control and Information Engineers 19, no. 6 (2006): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5687/iscie.19.220.

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6

Tennesen, Michael. "Snakebit." Scientific American 300, no. 4 (April 2009): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0409-27.

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7

Horgan, John. "Snakebit." Scientific American 259, no. 1 (July 1988): 31–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0788-31.

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8

Noor, Ronny, and Moses Isegawa. "Snakepit." World Literature Today 78, no. 3/4 (2004): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40158510.

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9

Currie, Bart, V. Selvarajah, and Vaughan Williams. "Snakebite?" Thrombosis and Haemostasis 81, no. 03 (1999): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1614508.

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10

Schwartz, Laura A. "Snakebite." JAMA 307, no. 15 (April 18, 2012): 1657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.433.

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11

RICH, JAN. "SNAKEBITE." Nursing 17, no. 6 (June 1987): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198706000-00016.

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12

Timmreck, Thomas C., and David H. Null. "Snakebite." AAOHN Journal 35, no. 6 (June 1987): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507998703500605.

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13

Russell, F. E. "Snakebite." Toxicon 26, no. 8 (January 1988): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0041-0101(88)90291-7.

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14

Fairouz, Faiha, Rumana Rashid, and Abdullah Abu Sayeed. "How Far Scientific is Snakebite Prevention and First Aid Treatment in School Textbook?" Bangladesh Journal of Medicine 31, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v31i1.44753.

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Background: Snakebite is an old health problem in rural areas. In Bangladesh, the snakebite issue is included in school syllabus, in curriculum since long time, so that people can take/get immediate first aid treatment and can prevent snakebite. The success of snakebite treatment depends more on providing first aid treatment immediately after snakebite by learning and by sending the patients quickly to hospital. Snakebite is a preventable health problem indeed. If it can be prevented the rate of snakebite will also decrease. In the recently published snake bite management Guideline by WHO it has been targeted to reduce 50% of mortality & disability due to snakebite by 2030.1 Methods: a. The snakebite topic or issue has been thoroughly reviewed in the secondary and higher secondary school books. b. National Guidelines on snakebite in providing/ giving first aid treatment has been reviewed.2 c. The correlation between the topic to learn the subject and the national guidelines have been reviewed and given taken into account. d. The similarity or correlation between the national guidelines and the topic in the prevention of snakebite in the book have been observed & reviewed. It was a descriptive/narrative research study. Results: In the book of class IV in Primary and Secondary level students, ‘Elementary Science, (‘Prathomiik Bigghan’) page no. 86 and in book of class VIII Home Science (‘Gharjhastha Biggan’) page no. 16 the Snakebite issue/topic is mentioned.2,3 There are 22 information on the first aid/primary treatment of Snakebite among which 5 (five) are nonscientific rather harmful. (Table & Picture) Bangladesh J Medicine Jan 2020; 31(1) : 39-40
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15

Ochoa, Carlos, Isabelle Bolon, Andrew M. Durso, Rafael Ruiz de Castañeda, Gabriel Alcoba, Sara Babo Martins, François Chappuis, and Nicolas Ray. "Assessing the Increase of Snakebite Incidence in Relationship to Flooding Events." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2020 (May 18, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6135149.

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Snakebite envenoming causes up to 138,000 deaths and 400,000 permanently disabled victims worldwide every year. Flooding is one of the many factors that seems to influence the incidence of snakebite. The catastrophic floods from late 2018 in Kerala (India) were widely broadcast and are an example of how flooding events are related to the increased incidence of snakebite. This relationship has been mentioned regularly in scientific and grey literature, but usually quite scarcely in comparison to other topics linked to snakebite. Additionally, web media, mobile communications, and social media have started playing an important role not only in providing access to information on flooding-related snakebite events, but also in snakebite prevention at a larger scale. In order to better understand to what extent the relationship between snakebite incidence and flooding is reported and quantified and appraise the importance of mobile communications and social media in snakebite prevention and management, we performed multiple searches in generic (Google) and specialized (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar) databases. We retrieved 68 scientific articles and 5 reports ranging from 1892 to 2018 mentioning or analyzing flooding and the increased incidence of snakebite. Additionally, we found 68 web media reports linking flooding and snakebite. This review indicates that the increase of snakebite incidence due to flooding has been repeatedly observed all over the world. This phenomenon could be exacerbated because of climate change, which is expected to increase the overall magnitude and frequency of flooding. However, it could also be mitigated by the role the Internet, mobile communications, and social media could play in snakebite prevention and human and animal rescue strategies during flooding.
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16

Sapkota, Sunil, Deb P. Pandey, Guru P. Dhakal, and Dhan B. Gurung. "Knowledge of health workers on snakes and snakebite management and treatment seeking behavior of snakebite victims in Bhutan." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 14, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): e0008793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008793.

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Background Published information on snakebite is rare in Bhutan although remarkably higher number of snakebites and associated deaths are reported from other South Asian countries. Aims and methodology Structured questionnaire was used to collect knowledge of health workers in snakebite management and health seeking behavior of snakebite victims as observed by health workers. Study was conducted in purposively sampled 10 Dzongkhags (district level administrative units) with higher incidence of snakebites. Result Heath workers scored 27–91% (with an average of 63%, SD = 14) for 52 questions related to snake identification and snakebite management. Among 118 health workers interviewed, 23% had adequate knowledge on snakes and snakebite management while 77% had inadequate knowledge. Among 32 Doctors, 63% of them scored above or equal to 75%. Health workers from Sarpang scored higher (76%, SD = 11) than those from other Dzongkhags. Snakebite victim's visit to local (traditional) healers prior to seeking medical help from hospital was observed by 75 (63%) health workers. Fifty one percent of health workers observed patients treated with local methods such as the use of black stone called Jhhar Mauro (believed to absorb snake venom), application of honey, rubbing of green herbal paste made up of Khenpa Shing (Artemisia myriantha Wallich ex Besser var. paleocephala [Pamp] Ling) and consumption of fluid made up of Neem leaf (Azadirachta indica Juss). Use of tight tourniquet as a first aid to snakebite was observed by 80% of the health workers. Conclusion Health workers lack confidence in snakebite management. Snakebite victims are likely to suffer from harmful local practices and traditional beliefs on local treatment practices. Empowering health workers with adequate knowledge on snakebite management and making locals aware in pre-hospital care of snakebites are needed to improve the pre- and in-hospital management of snakebite in Bhutan.
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17

Nagarajan, N. "Effects of Snakebite in India." Journal of Medical Science And clinical Research 05, no. 05 (May 12, 2017): 21752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i5.85.

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18

Devkota, U. N., J. P. Steinmann, and J. B. Kathayat. "Epidemiology of Snakebite A Study from Choharwa Army Camp, Siraha, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 40, no. 138 (April 1, 2003): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.835.

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Snakebite is an occupational health hazard seen mostly among farmers, hunters andherders. In Nepal, 23 districts from terai and inner terai region have been reportingsnakebite case every year. Limited studies have been conducted so far, to understandthe epidemiology of snakebite in Nepal. This study is an attempt to highlight some ofthe aspects of snakebite epidemiology in Nepal.Siraha is one of the districts where an increase in snakebite cases has been observedevery year. Apart from government health institutions, the army camp at Choharwahas been found providing snakebite treatment for civilian population very effectively.This is a retrospective study of 279 cases of suspected snakebite that presented at thecamp for treatment in the year 2000.Incidence of snakebite was slightly higher among males (53%) than females (47%)and more frequent in 15-45 years (67%) age group. The highest incidence occurredduring the monsoon from June to October (76%), with peak in August. Majorities ofthe victims were farmers (73%) and bitten mostly by kraits (27%) on the lowerextremity (58%), especially on the leg (48%). Snakebite victims were mostly bitten indaytime (61%). Outdoor activities had more risk (57%) for snakebite. The high-riskactivities identified were grass cutting (25%) and sleeping (23%) on the ground.Tourniquets were the main first aid measure used by the victims (86%). Mostly, victimswere brought to the camp with in one hour after the bite (61%). The average durationof stay in the camp was 18-24 hours in a non-poisonous bite and 2-3 days in poisonous.
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19

Mukhopadhyay, Partha Pratim, Sulekha Ghosh, and Tapan Kumar Ghosh. "Forensic diagnosis and classification of snakebite (neurotoxic and haemotoxic) from renal changes at autopsy: morphological and histological determinants using a semi-quantitative method." Medicine, Science and the Law 50, no. 3 (July 2010): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010090.

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Mortality due to poisonous snakebite is an emerging public health concern. Of late, snakebite has drawn global attention. Snakebite is a well-known cause of renal pathology especially in the haemotoxic group. Deaths due to renal failure are very common in envenomation due to poisonous snakebite. In this investigation our aim was to devise autopsy-proven diagnostic criteria of snakebite from the renal changes to confirm and classify the type of snakebite in forensic casework. That would be of practical help to the forensic pathologist with access to limited resources. An arbitrary scoring system from histology was adopted for the present semi-quantitative analysis. The scoring system (with scores from 0 to 5) developed by the present study was effective, valid and was able to distinguish between snakebite and control. The score obtained at histology in cases of snakebite was significantly different from the control group (Mann-Whitney U = 71.5; P = 0.011). Using stepwise linear discriminant function (DF) analysis, the score (Mukhopadhyay's score [MS]) was seen to be the only predictor of the type of snakebite. This model (DF = 1.05 × MS–1.78) could correctly classify 93.3% of the cases into neurotoxic and haemotoxic variety of offending snake. This is an effective, cheap and easy semi-quantitative method of distinguishing neurotoxic and haematoxic snakes from the renal changes at autopsy. It would be useful for practical application in centres where sophisticated biochemical or immunological analyses are not available due to limited resources.
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20

Armstrong, Lois J., Sharon Cynthia, Miriam George, and Anand Zachariah. "Comparing community and hospital data of snakebite in North Bihar: a community incidence survey and a parallel hospital-based clinical study." Tropical Doctor 49, no. 4 (July 27, 2019): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475519865036.

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In Bihar, an estimated 4500 snakebite deaths occur per year, but community data are scarce. Using a multi-stage cluster design, 4159 households were interviewed across six Community Development (CD) blocks in North Bihar, identifying 206 snakebites and 254 deaths between the Chhaat festivals of 2014 and 2015. Concurrently, 357 snakebite victims presented to Duncan Hospital from this area. None of the 254 verbal autopsies were attributed to snakebite envenoming. The annual community snakebite incidence was 643/100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 556–730) with peak incidence in women aged 30–39 years at 1323/100,000 person-years (95% CI = 837–1809). Two-thirds of snakebite victims attended traditional healers first for help (95% CI = 59.9–73.2). The community envenomation rate was 24.9/100,000 person-years (95% CI = 7.6–42.2). The hospital envenomation rate was 4.6% (95% CI = 3.5–5.7). Of the hospital snakebite deaths, 91% (10/11) were aged <16 years. Only 4.6% (95% CI = 4.1–5.1) of snakebite victims from this area presented at the local hospital.
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21

Bhattacharjee, Kallol, and Sanjeeb Roy. "The Unwritten Saga of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients of Snakebite – An Observational Study from North Eastern India." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 7, no. 49 (December 7, 2020): 2933–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2020/600.

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BACKGROUND Snakebite is one of the commonest occupational hazards in our country, especially among the rural population. It leads to a multitude of complications starting from localized cellulitis to even death. AKI is a significant as well as an under reported complication in patients of snake bite which has a tremendous impact on the final outcome. The unfavourable outcome in snake envenomation can be predicted early with the development of AKI. We wanted to assess the clinical profile of snakebite patients and determine the incidence of AKI in patients of snakebite. METHODS The study included 92 patients of snakebite admitted in the Department of Medicine, Silchar Medical College & Hospital (SMCH) done over a duration of 24 months. The various data regarding clinical features of the patients, serum creatinine levels, other blood parameters of the patients selected for participation in the study were analysed using simple statistical methods. RESULTS Majority of the snakebite victims were males. The commonest site of snake bite was the lower limbs. 17.4 % (n = 16) of the cases developed AKI. The mortality in patients of snakebite developing AKI was 25 % (n = 4) CONCLUSIONS Snakebite envenomation is associated with a considerable burden of AKI in the developing countries especially among the rural population. Prompt initiation of aggressive treatment improves the final outcome. KEYWORDS Snakebite, Rural Population, AKI, Lower Limbs, Developing Countries
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22

Harrison, Robert A., Nicholas R. Casewell, Stuart A. Ainsworth, and David G. Lalloo. "The time is now: a call for action to translate recent momentum on tackling tropical snakebite into sustained benefit for victims." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 12 (January 21, 2019): 835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try134.

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Abstract Like the other WHO-listed Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs), snakebite primarily affects rural, impoverished tropical communities that lack adequate health resources. The annual 138 000 deaths and 400 000 disabilities suffered by these subsistence farming communities means that snakebite is an additional cause and consequence of tropical poverty. Unlike most of the NTDs, however, snakebite is a medical emergency, and requires rapid treatment in a hospital equipped with effective antivenom, beds and appropriately trained staff. The lack of such facilities in the remote areas most affected by snakebite, and the high treatment costs, explains why most victims, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, consult traditional healers rather than seek hospital care. Whilst affordable, there is no evidence that traditional treatments are effective. The number of snakebite victims that die, unregistered, in the community is threefold higher than hospital-recorded deaths. After decades of inertia, WHO benefitted from advocacy interventions and the support of key agencies, including Médecins Sans Frontières, the Wellcome Trust, the Kofi Annan Foundation and the Global Snakebite Initiative, to recently institute transformative actions for reducing the public health burden of tropical snakebite. It is imperative that WHO and the other stakeholders now gain the support and investment of governments, research funders and donor agencies to ensure that this recent momentum for change is translated into sustained benefit to snakebite victims.
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Khalid, Huda, and Rasha S. Azrag. "Retrospective hospital-based study on snakebite envenomation in Sudan." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 9 (June 8, 2021): 992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab085.

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Abstract Background Snakebite statistics are lacking in Sudan despite the high estimated burden. In this study we aimed to describe the incidence of snakebite envenomation and death in Sudan and to show the state-wise distribution of snakebite episode. Methods We retrospectively analyzed hospital-based data on snakebite for 2014–2018. Data were obtained from the annual health statistical reports of the Ministry of Health. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate the results. Results A total of 63 160 people were envenomed during 2014–2018 with an average of 12 632 cases/year. The death rate between inpatient cases was 2.5%. The annual incidence was 18– 47 cases/100 000 population. Gadarif state recorded the highest incidence (132/100 000 population) of snakebite envenomation in Sudan whereas Northern state had the least incidence (5/100 000 population). The 15–24 y age group experienced the highest risk of snakebite and males were more exposed to snakebites than females. Conclusions Although hospital-based records underestimate the burden of snakebite, they can still provide an insight regarding the actual numbers. Here, we highlight the at-risk states in Sudan to be targeted for further questionnaire-based epidemiological studies and to guide health authorities to reduce the burden of snakebite envenomation by insuring proper antivenom distribution to the highly affected areas.
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Van Vliet, Dennis. "Donʼt get snakebit by routines." Hearing Journal 64, no. 10 (October 2011): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000406779.65874.39.

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Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Sudha Kallakuri, Amanpreet Kaur, Siddhardha Devarapalli, and Mercian Daniel. "Mental health conditions after snakebite: a scoping review." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 11 (November 2020): e004131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004131.

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IntroductionSnakebite is a neglected tropical disease. Snakebite causes at least 120 000 death each year and it is estimated that there are three times as many amputations. Snakebite survivors are known to suffer from long-term physical and psychological sequelae, but not much is known on the mental health manifestations postsnakebite.MethodsWe conducted a scoping review and searched five major electronic databases (Ovid MEDLINE(R), Global Health, APA PsycINFO, EMBASE classic+EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), contacted experts and conducted reference screening to identify primary studies on mental health manifestations after snakebite envenomation. Two reviewers independently conducted titles and abstract screening as well as full-text evaluation for final inclusion decision. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. We extracted data as per a standardised form and conducted narrative synthesis.ResultsWe retrieved 334 studies and finally included 11 studies that met our eligibility criteria. Of the 11 studies reported, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was the most commonly studied mental health condition after snakebite, with five studies reporting it. Estimate of the burden of PTSD after snakebite was available from a modelling study. The other mental health conditions reported were focused around depression, psychosocial impairment of survivors after a snakebite envenomation, hysteria, delusional disorders and acute stress disorders.ConclusionThere is a need for more research on understanding the neglected aspect of psychological morbidity of snakebite envenomation, particularly in countries with high burden. From the limited evidence available, depression and PTSD are major mental health manifestations in snakebite survivors.
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Norris, Robert L. "Snakebite Scenario." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 10, no. 1 (March 1999): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(1999)010[0055:ltte]2.3.co;2.

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Weiss, Rick. "Snakebite Succor." Science News 138, no. 23 (December 8, 1990): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3974904.

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Herman, Richard S. "Nonvenomous snakebite." Annals of Emergency Medicine 17, no. 11 (November 1988): 1262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(88)80101-x.

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Bawaskar, Himmatrao Saluba, and Pramodini Himmatrao Bawaskar. "Snakebite envenoming." Lancet 393, no. 10167 (January 2019): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32745-4.

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Hunter, Christian John, Karl-Heinz Piechazek, Peter Mokua Nyarang'o, and Timothy Rennie. "Snakebite envenoming." Lancet 393, no. 10167 (January 2019): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32762-4.

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MATTSON, DAVID S., and STEVE RICHTER. "SNAKEBITE CONTROVERSY." Nursing 17, no. 10 (October 1987): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198710000-00005.

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RICHTER, STEVE, and JAN RICH. "SNAKEBITE CONTROVERSY." Nursing 17, no. 10 (October 1987): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-198710000-00006.

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Garcia, Antonina. "American Snakepit." Journal of Psychodrama, Sociometry, and Group Psychotherapy 66, no. 1 (March 2018): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.12926/18-00022.1.

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Wolfe, Peter. "Snakepit (review)." Prairie Schooner 79, no. 3 (2005): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2005.0142.

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BROWN, HEATHER. "Venomous snakebite." Nursing 35, no. 5 (May 2005): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200505000-00059.

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Steinhorst, Jonathan, Leslie Mawuli Aglanu, Sofanne J. Ravensbergen, Chrisantus Danaah Dari, Kabiru Mohammed Abass, Samuel Osei Mireku, Joseph Ken Adu Poku, et al. "‘The medicine is not for sale’: Practices of traditional healers in snakebite envenoming in Ghana." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0009298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009298.

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Background Snakebite envenoming is a medical emergency which is common in many tropical lower- and middle-income countries. Traditional healers are frequently consulted as primary care-givers for snakebite victims in distress. Traditional healers therefore present a valuable source of information about how snakebite is perceived and handled at the community level, an understanding of which is critical to improve and extend snakebite-related healthcare. Method The study was approached from the interpretive paradigm with phenomenology as a methodology. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 traditional healers who treat snakebite patients in two rural settings in Ghana. From the Ashanti and Upper West regions respectively, 11 and 8 healers were purposively sampled. Interview data was coded, collated and analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti 8 software. Demographic statistics were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Findings Snakebite was reportedly a frequent occurrence, perceived as dangerous and often deadly by healers. Healers felt optimistic in establishing a diagnosis of snakebite using a multitude of methods, ranging from herbal applications to spiritual consultations. They were equally confident about their therapies; encompassing the administration of plant and animal-based concoctions and manipulations of bite wounds. Traditional healers were consulted for both physical and spiritual manifestations of snakebite or after insufficient pain control and lack of antivenom at hospitals; referrals by healers to hospitals were primarily done to receive antivenom and care for wound complications. Most healers welcomed opportunities to engage more productively with hospitals and clinical staff. Conclusions The fact that traditional healers did sometimes refer victims to hospitals indicates that improvement of antivenom stocks, pain management and wound care can potentially improve health seeking at hospitals. Our results emphasize the need to explore future avenues for communication and collaboration with traditional healers to improve health seeking behaviour and the delivery of much-needed healthcare to snakebite victims.
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Bulfone, Tommaso C., Stephen P. Samuel, Philip E. Bickler, and Matthew R. Lewin. "Developing Small Molecule Therapeutics for the Initial and Adjunctive Treatment of Snakebite." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2018 (July 30, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4320175.

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The World Health Organization (WHO) recently added snakebite envenoming to the priority list of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). It is thought that ~75% of mortality following snakebite occurs outside the hospital setting, making the temporal gap between a bite and antivenom administration a major therapeutic challenge. Small molecule therapeutics (SMTs) have been proposed as potential prereferral treatments for snakebite to help address this gap. Herein, we discuss the characteristics, potential uses, and development of SMTs as potential treatments for snakebite envenomation. We focus on SMTs that are secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitors with brief exploration of other potential drug targets on venom molecules.
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Ahmed, Sayem, Guibehi B. Koudou, Maïwenn Bagot, François Drabo, Windtaré R. Bougma, Caisey Pulford, Moses Bockarie, and Robert A. Harrison. "Health and economic burden estimates of snakebite management upon health facilities in three regions of southern Burkina Faso." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): e0009464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009464.

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Background Snakebite has become better recognized as a significant cause of death and disability in Sub-Saharan Africa, but the health economic consequences to victims and health infrastructures serving them remain poorly understood. This information gap is important as it provides an evidence-base guiding national and international health policy decision making on the most cost-effective interventions to better manage snakebite. Here, we assessed hospital-based data to estimate the health economic burden of snakebite in three regions of Burkina Faso (Centre-Ouest, Hauts Bassins and Sud-Ouest). Methodology Primary data of snakebite victims admitted to regional and district health facilities (eg, number of admissions, mortality, hospital bed days occupied) was collected in three regions over 17 months in 2013/14. The health burden of snakebite was assessed using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) calculations based upon hospitalisation, mortality and disability data from admitted patients amongst other inputs from secondary sources (eg, populations, life-expectancy and age-weighting constants). An activity-based costing approach to determine the direct cost of snake envenoming included unit costs of clinical staff wages, antivenom, supportive care and equipment extracted from context-relevant literature. Findings The 10,165 snakebite victims admitted to hospital occupied 28,164 hospital bed days over 17 months. The annual rate of hospitalisation and mortality of admitted snakebite victims was 173 and 1.39/100,000 population, respectively. The estimated annual (i) DALYs lost was 2,153 (0.52/1,000) and (ii) cost to hospitals was USD 506,413 (USD 49/hospitalisation) in these three regions of Burkina Faso. These costs appeared to be influenced by the number of patients receiving antivenom (10.90% in total) in each area (highest in Sud-Ouest) and the type of health facility. Conclusion The economic burden of snake envenoming is primarily shouldered by the rural health centres closest to snakebite victims–facilities that are typically least well equipped or resourced to manage this burden. Our study highlights the need for more research in other regions/countries to demonstrate the burden of snakebite and the socioeconomic benefits of its management. This evidence can guide the most cost-effective intervention from government and development partners to meet the snakebite-management needs of rural communities and their health centres.
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Shrestha, Binod M. "SNAKEBITE POISONING IN CHILDREN." Journal of Nepal Medical Association 41, no. 144 (January 1, 2003): 463–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31729/jnma.686.

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Snakebite Poisoning is a common paediatric emergency especially during the monsoonseason in the terai and inner terai regions of Nepal. There is hardly any study conductedso far in Nepal to highlight different aspects of snakebite poisoning in children. Thisretrospective study was therefore conducted basically to find out the clinicoepidemiologicalfeatures, case fatality rate and risk factors for death in childrenadmitted in Lumbini Zonal Hospital (LZH) with features of snakebite poisoning.The study showed the highest incidence of snakebite poisoning among children agedabove 10 years. The peak incidence of poisoning was seen during July-August. Thesemonths correspond with the monsoon season in Nepal. Most of the victims had bitesby unidentified snakes (75%), mostly on the fingers & hands (nearly 50%). Nearly47% of the children had respiratory distress, and a large majority of them requiredrespiratory support therapy. Case fatality rate (CFR) was nearly 29%. The relativerisk factors for death due to snakebite poisoning were: age above 5 years, male sex,bites on the finger & hand and bites by Kraits. Mortality and morbidity due to snakebitecan be reduced by early & judicious use of anti-snake venom (ASV).Key Words: Snakebite, Poisoning, Children, Case fatality rate, Nepal
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GÜRBÜZ, Hüseyin, and Hülya ÇİÇEK. "A TRADITIONAL MEDICINE PRACTICE IN SNAKEBITE." Euroasia Journal of Mathematics, Engineering, Natural & Medical Sciences 8, no. 17 (September 25, 2021): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.38065/euroasiaorg.625.

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Snakebite is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in Turkey, especially in rural areas. There are 41 snake species living in Turkey, 28 of which are non-poisonous and 13 are venomous. Of these 13 venomous snakes, 10 species are from the Viperidae family, 2 species from the Colubridae and 1 species from the Elapidae (Cobras) family and can be lethal with the venom they inject when they bite. The venom has mostly hematotoxic rarely neurotoxic effects. In addition to these effects, it also has cardiotoxic, myotoxic and nephrotoxic properties. A 50-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department 30-40 minutes after her left hand was bitten by a snake bite from the second finger. The patient, who was conscious, agitated and restless, had ecchymosis, widespread edema, pain and tenderness at the wound site. The wound area was cleaned with an antiseptic solution, 80 mg Prednisolone, 20 snake antiserum, 100 mg ulcer and tetanus prophylaxis were administered in the emergency room. The patient was absorbed 80-90 cc of fluid and blood absorption from three different areas on the left hand using the cupping vacuum method, then a splint was taken and elevation was performed. In the examination of the patient 20 hours after the application, edema in the hand decreased, swelling decreased, limitation of movement disappeared and the patient had minimal pain. The blood parameters of the patient were checked and evaluated as normal. The patient was discharged in a healthy way after 40 hours of admission to the hospital, following control and follow-up. As in our case, it should not be forgotten that besides all modern medical practices, cupping absorption therapy, which is a traditional medical treatment, is also very important in terms of supportive treatment and local tissue.
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van Oirschot, Janneke, Gaby I. Ooms, Dorothy J. Okemo, Benjamin Waldmann, and Tim Reed. "An exploratory focus group study on experiences with snakebites: health-seeking behaviour and challenges in rural communities of Kenya." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 115, no. 6 (April 9, 2021): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trab059.

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Abstract Background Snakebite envenoming is a long-hidden public health threat in the rural communities of Kenya. This study aimed to shed light on the health-seeking behaviour of people bitten by snakes, views on prevention measures and community needs and the consequences for snakebite patients in these areas. Methods Six focus group interviews were conducted in communities in the Kajiado (n=3) and Kilifi (n=3) counties. Results Traditional first-aid practices such as the use of a tourniquet and/or cutting the wound, use of a black stone and a variety of other traditional remedies were common. Challenges with transportation to health facilities and inadequately resourced facilities complicated accessing medical care. Community members voiced a need to improve access to trained healthcare workers and snakebite treatments at health facilities. Conclusion While communities had high trust in evidence-based medical care, traditional treatment was often sought, causing delays in timely medical attention. Traditional practices were often used in the home environment and these were not usually administered by a traditional healer. The findings illustrate the need to combine improving the availability of effective snakebite treatment and healthcare worker training on snakebite with community education to reduce the impact of snakebite.
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Le Geyt, Jacqueline, Sophie Pach, José María Gutiérrez, Abdulrazaq Garba Habib, Kalana Prasad Maduwage, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Roger Hernández Diaz, et al. "Paediatric snakebite envenoming: recognition and management of cases." Archives of Disease in Childhood 106, no. 1 (October 28, 2020): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319428.

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Snakebite in children can often be severe or potentially fatal, owing to the lower volume of distribution relative to the amount of venom injected, and there is potential for long-term sequelae. In the second of a two paper series, we describe the pathophysiology of snakebite envenoming including the local and systemic effects. We also describe the diagnosis and management of snakebite envenoming including prehospital first aid and definitive medical and surgical care.
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Whitaker, Romulus. "Snakebite Mitigation Project of the Madras Crocodile Bank/Centre for Herpetology, India: background and a brief summary of activities." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 818–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/try130.

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Abstract Snakebite is a serious problem in rural India where several highly venomous species are commonly found in and around agricultural areas where prey such as rodents and amphibians are abundant. Four snake species, referred to as the Big Four, are responsible for the most serious and fatal bites: spectacled cobra (Naja naja), Russell’s viper (Daboia russelii), common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus). A polyvalent antivenom is made to treat these bites but public awareness and distribution of this life-saving drug is inadequate. The Madras Crocodile Bank and its partners are conducting a snakebite project which includes venom sampling and research, snake and snakebite treatment centre mapping, and a nationwide awareness campaign for snakebite mitigation.
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Yasri, Sora, and Viroj Wiwanitki. "Sonography of snakebite." Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 8, no. 2 (2015): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1755-6783.157293.

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White, Julian, Vaughan Williams, and Bruce Duncan. "LYMPHOPENIA AFTER SNAKEBITE." Lancet 334, no. 8677 (December 1989): 1448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92053-9.

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OTTEN, EDWARD. "Scenario 7: snakebite." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 9, no. 2 (June 1998): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1080-6032(14)70012-2.

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HAAGNER, G. V., C. R. TILBURY, G. V. HAAGNER, G. V. HAAGNER, G. CARPENTER, and M. L. McMAHON. "VENOMS AND SNAKEBITE." Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 37, no. 1 (May 1990): 58–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04416651.1990.9650267.

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BRANCH, WILLIAM R., G. V. HAAGNER, D. R. MORGAN, LEO O. LANOIE, and WILLIAM R. BRANCH. "VENOMS AND SNAKEBITE." Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 39, no. 1 (October 1991): 28–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04416651.1991.9650299.

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DURRANT, S., and G. V. HAAGNER. "VENOMS AND SNAKEBITE." Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 41, no. 1 (December 1992): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04416651.1992.9650359.

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EMMRICH, D. "VENOMS AND SNAKEBITE." Journal of the Herpetological Association of Africa 42, no. 1 (September 1993): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/04416651.1993.9650372.

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