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Journal articles on the topic 'Snakes as pets'
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1
Howell, Tiffani Josey, Clifford Warwick, and Pauleen C. Bennett. "Self-reported snake management practices among owners in Victoria, Australia." Veterinary Record 187, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105409.
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BackgroundA large number of snakes are kept as pets in Western societies. Few studies have been undertaken to assess keeping practices of snakes by private owners in Australia. Therefore, there is concern that some owners may not understand even basic husbandry requirements. The aim of this preliminary study was to identify the most common practices used by snake owners in Victoria, Australia.MethodAn online survey asked 251 snake owners to describe ways in which they attempt to meet their snake’s environmental, behavioural, dietary, social and health needs.ResultsFewer than half of participants had an enclosure large enough for the snake to fully stretch out, and just over half had an enclosure large enough to meet the requirements in the Victorian Code of Practice. Only 60 per cent of owners correctly identified their snake’s activity patterns based on information about wild snakes of the same species.ConclusionEducational campaigns may help improve outcomes for snakes in the future, but more research is needed about captive snake husbandry, to provide an evidence base for informing snake management recommendations.
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Naumovski, Marko, Ivamaria Jovanovska, Kakja Popovska, Vesna Velikj Stefanovska, and Gordana Mirchevska. "Identification of the microflora from the oral cavity of exotic snakes kepth as pets." Archives of Public Health 12, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/aph.2020.5272.
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In recent years, snakes have become suitable pets for people with little spare time. By buying these animals people ignore the fact that they carry many microorganisms that are pathogenic for humans. The idea of this study was to identify the microorganisms from the oral cavity of exotic snakes kept as pets in the Republic of North Macedonia, which can help in the treatment of bite infections if they occur. The study comprised 30 snakes of 9 species, from 3 families of non-venomous snakes: Pythonidae, Boidae and Colubridae. Snakes are part of the 5 largest collections of exotic snakes in the Republic of North Macedonia. Only one swab from the oral cavity was taken from each snake. The brushes were cultured and microscopically analyzed at the Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. From 59 isolated microorganisms from the oral cavity of 30 exotic snakes, 37.3% were Gram-positive bacteria, 61.01% were Gram-negative bacteria and 1.69% were fungi. Of the total number of microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was predominant with 27.11%, Providencia rettgeri / Proteus vulgaris with 18.64% and KONS / Micrococcus luteus with 16.94%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in all three snake families, with 62.5% of the snake in the fam. Pythonidae; 50% in the fam. Boidae and 50% in the fam. Colubridae. The isolate Providencia rettgeri / Proteus vulgaris was most frequently found in the fam. Colubridae with 71.43%, followed by fam. Pythonidae with 12.5%, but was not isolated in any specimen of the fam. Boidae. The microbiome of the non-venomous snakes is composed of Gram-positive bacteria in healthy snakes, but also in snakes kept in inadequate hygienic conditions. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, of which the most significant was the presence of multiple drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Snakes as pets require proper knowledge of terms and conditions.
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Audini, Inggarsetya Syah, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Setiawan Koesdarto, and Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto. "Acanthocephalan in Xenochrophis piscator Snake in Sidoarjo Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1102.
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Xenochrophis piscator is a snake that often found in Indonesia, particularly in Java Island. Xenochrophis piscator is a non-venomous snake and often used for food, traditional medicine and as pets in Indonesia. Snakes can be infected by different types of parasites which are zoonotic. One of the zoonotic helminth infect snakes is acanthocephalan. Acanthocephalan can be transmitted to humans by ingesting snake products. We investigate the incidence of helminthiasis in X. piscator from snakes collector in Tulangan district, Sidoarjo, East Java. Parasites were collected from X. piscator organs. Identification of parasites was in carmine stain using light microscope for examination. Sixty snakes were observed and sixteen snakes were positively infected by adult acanthocephalan (26.67%). Acanthocephalan was found in mesenterium and fascia of X. piscator. Keyword : Xenochrophis piscator, acanthocephalan, helminthiasis, zoonosis.
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Butler, H., B. Malone, and N. Clemann. "The effects of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban landscape." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04020.
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In many suburban parts of Australia the removal of snakes from private property by licenced snake catchers is employed to mitigate perceived risks to humans and their pets. The number of snakes translocated around greater Melbourne, Victoria, each year can be very high (at least many hundreds). However, the effects of translocation on the behaviour and welfare of individual snakes, and the impact on existing snake populations at release sites are unknown. We used radio-telemetry of ‘resident’ and translocated snakes to investigate the consequences of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban parkland near Melbourne. Fourteen snakes (two female and four male residents, and four female and four male translocated snakes) implanted with radio-transmitters were tracked between spring 2002 and autumn 2003. Translocated snakes exhibited home ranges ~6 times larger than those of residents, although each group maintained core ranges of similar size. Translocated snakes travelled longer distances and were often located in residential areas adjacent to the park, whereas resident snakes were never located outside of the park.
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Özel, Murat, Pavol Prokop, and Muhammet Uşak. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of Student Attitudes toward Snakes." Society & Animals 17, no. 3 (2009): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853009x445398.
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AbstractThere is an increasing amount of research focusing on the origin of the human fear of animals. However, other dimensions of human views of frightening animals have been largely neglected. This study investigated attitudes toward snakes. The Snake Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ), which consisted of 58 Likert-type items (Cronbach's α = 0.91), was administered in a sample of students from two countries (Turkey and Slovakia). Students showed negative attitudes toward snakes, especially within the Negativistic and Naturalistic dimensions. Turkish students showed more positive Scientistic and Naturalistic attitudes than Slovakian students, and females showed more negative attitudes toward snakes than males. Although biology majors had more positive attitudes, compared with nonbiology majors, knowledge of snakes and beliefs about untrue myths were similar between these two subgroups. Our research indicates that fear of snakes negatively influences other attitudinal dimensions (especially naturalistic and scientific attitudes) although no students had been injured by a snake. Keeping various pets at home was associated with less fear of snakes. Nature protection actions should combine direct contact with these controversial animals with interventions against belief in untrue myths about snakes.
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Yudhana, Aditya, Elma Salsabila Putri, Ragil Angga Prastiya, Maya Nurwartanti Yunita, Bodhi Agustono, and Prima Ayu Wibawati. "First report of Ophidascaris spp. (Class: Nematode) Infection in Wild-Caught Javanese Keelback Water Snake (Fowlea melanzostus) in Banyuwangi District." Journal of Parasite Science 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2024): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jops.v8i1.54578.
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The javanese keelback water snake (Fowlea melanzostus) is a semi-aquatic reptile that often found in Indonesia and endemic to Java island. Water tiger snakes are usually kept as exotic pets. Wild caught javanese keelback water snakes have risks of spreading several disease agents that can be zoonotic, which is nematodiasis caused by Ophidascaris spp. This study aims to determine the prevalence level of Ophidascaris spp. infections in javanese keelback water snakes from Banyuwangi district. This study used a descriptive method with accidental sampling. The total sample in this study was 33 wild-caught javanese keelback water snakes. The identification method used is snake samples that have been collected are then euthanized and necropsied to check for nematode infections in the subcutan, muscular, and visceral part. The result showed that 28 samples were positive for nematode infection and 5 samples were negative with a prevalence rate of 84.84%. The nematodes that have been identified come from the genus Ophidascaris spp. Therefore, further research is needed to determine the incidence of nematode transmission in other wild caught snakes in Indonesia.
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Fearn, S., B. Robinson, J. Sambono, and R. Shine. "Pythons in the pergola: the ecology of 'nuisance' carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) from suburban habitats in south-eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 28, no. 6 (2001): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00106.
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Carpet pythons (Morelia spilota) are large (to >4 m, 11 kg) non-venomous snakes that are widely distributed across mainland Australia. In many parts of their range, viable populations persist even in highly disturbed urban and suburban habitats. Over a six-year period, we collected 258 ‘nuisance’ pythons from two cities (Brisbane and Ipswich) in south-eastern Queensland. Most of these snakes were reported by members of the general public, often after the snakes had consumed domestic pets or cage-birds. We provide data on seasonal activity patterns, body sizes, sexual size dimorphism, reproduction and food habits of these snakes. Snakes were active and fed year-round, primarily on domestic and commensal birds and mammals. Dietary composition shifted with body size: one small snake consumed a lizard, intermediate-sized snakes took mostly mice, rats and parrots, and large snakes fed on larger items such as cats, brushtail possums and poultry. Adult male pythons engaged in combat bouts during the breeding season, and (perhaps as an adaptation to enhance success in such bouts) grew larger and were more heavy-bodied than conspecific females.
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Pranashinta, Garindra Tiara, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Setiawan Koesdarto, and Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto. "Spirometra in Ptyas mucosus Snake in Sidoarjo, Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (December 3, 2017): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1104.
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Currently snake is not only limited as performing animals, medicine, food and raw materials factories but also as pets. One of the famous snakes found in Indonesia is Ptyas mucosus. Snake is a port of the various parasitic zoonoses and unzoonoses. In P. mucosus also frequently reported cases of occurrence sparganosis. Sparganosis is a parasitic infection caused by the larvae spirometra or called spargana. The aim of this reasearch to study of the morphology of Spirometra in P. Mucosus snake from snakes collector in Sidoarjo, East Java. Identification adult worm and larvae in wet prepararat using a stereo microscope. Identification with Carmine staining and clearing with Glycerin using a light microscope with a magnification of 40x and 100x. The result found that P. mucosus was infected by larva of Spirometra. Sixty snakes were observed and 41 snakes were positively infected by the spargana (68%). Spargana found in musculus and subcutaneous snake P. Mucosus. Spargana are flat and thin white worms. They were like a ribbon. They are often found in groups in almost all parts of subcutaneous and musculus.The average length is 10cm, with average body width is 0,3cm. This is the first case report of sparganosis infection in P. mucosus in Indonesia. The discovery of P. mucosus sparganosis is a warning to the public to be more careful and aware in consuming snake because Spirometra sp. is one of parasitic zoonoses.Key Word: Spirometra, Ptyas mucosus, sparganosis.
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Yudhana, Aditya, Ratih Novita Praja, and Arif Supriyanto. "The medical relevance of Spirometra tapeworm infection in Indonesian Bronzeback snakes (Dendrelaphis pictus): A neglected zoonotic disease." Veterinary World 12, no. 6 (June 2019): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.844-848.
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Aim: Spirometra parasites cause sparganosis, a zoonotic disease, especially in reptiles and humans. This study aimed to report on the prevalence and effects of Spirometra parasites infection on public health and provide a scientific foundation for its prevention. Materials and Methods: A total of 378 living Indonesian wild-caught and captive-bred Bronzeback snakes (Dendrelaphis pictus) were selected. The snakes were euthanized using ethyl ether anesthesia before checking for Spirometra parasites. The numbers of Spirometra located in the muscle tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and coelom (including the viscera) were each counted to investigate the distribution of Spirometra inside the snake body cavity. Results: The total prevalence in the sample was 50.85%. The prevalence values in wild-caught and captive-bred snakes were 70.7% and 48.7%, respectively. More than half (56.6%) of the Spirometra parasites were located in the muscular tissue, while 29.5% were in the subcutaneous tissue and 13.8% were in the coelomic cavity. Conclusion: Wild-caught Indonesian Bronzeback snakes, which are sold as food in markets, and captive-bred snakes, which are collected as exotic pets in Indonesia, have similar opportunities to transmit the Spirometra parasite and cause global health problems due to their high prevalence.
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Okulewicz, A., M. Kaźmierczak, and K. Zdrzalik. "Endoparasites of exotic snakes (Ophidia)." Helminthologia 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0205-z.
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Abstract Exotic reptiles, among them snakes, are a novelty in the world of pets. A total of 28 snakes housed in the City Zoological Garden in Wrocław and 23 snakes from zoological wholesale were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Both parasitological sections of dead reptiles and coprological examination were done. Endoparasites were detected in a total of 13.7 % of snakes, including 21.7 % of those coming from the zoological wholesale and 7.1 % of the zoo-kept snakes. Two groups of protozoa were detected: Choleoeimeria sp. and Ciliata, as well as nematodes: Kalicephalus sp., Dioctowittidae and a pinworm (Oxyurida). The zoo snakes were also found to carry pseudoparasites.
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Freire, B. C., V. C. Garcia, A. E. Quadrini, and H. D. L. Bentubo. "Cutaneous mycobiota of boid snakes kept in captivity." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 71, no. 4 (August 2019): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-1099.
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ABSTRACT Boids are large, constrictor snakes that feed mostly on mammals, reptiles, and birds. These animals are commonly raised as pets, and their improper handling can favor the emergence of fungal infections, which can lead to dermatological diseases that are undiagnosed in nature. Here, we isolate and identify the filamentous fungi that compose the mycobiota of the scales of boid snakes kept in captivity at the Biological Museum of the Butantan Institute. Thirty individuals of four species were evaluated: four Eunectes murinus, twelve Boa constrictor constrictor, seven Corallus hortulanus, and seven Epicrates crassus. Microbiological samples were collected by rubbing small square carpets on the snake scales. We isolated five genera of fungi: Penicillium sp. (30%), Aspergillus sp. (25%), Mucor sp. (25%), Acremonium sp. (10%), and Scopulariopsis sp. (10%). Approximately half of the snakes evaluated had filamentous fungi on the scales, but only 12% of the individuals were colonized by more than one fungal genus. We found no dermatophytes in the evaluated species. Our results provide an overview of the fungal mycobiota of the population of boids kept in the Biological Museum, allowing the identification of possible pathogens.
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MORÉ, GASTÓN, NIKOLA PANTCHEV, DALAND C. HERRMANN, MAJDA GLOBOKAR VRHOVEC, SABINE ÖFNER, FRANZ J. CONRATHS, and GEREON SCHARES. "Molecular identification ofSarcocystisspp. helped to define the origin of green pythons (Morelia viridis) confiscated in Germany." Parasitology 141, no. 5 (December 5, 2013): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001960.
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SUMMARYSarcocystisspp. represent apicomplexan parasites. They usually have a heteroxenous life cycle. Around 200 species have been described, affecting a wide range of animals worldwide, including reptiles. In recent years, large numbers of reptiles have been imported into Europe as pets and, as a consequence, animal welfare and species protection issues emerged. A sample of pooled feces from four confiscated green pythons (Morelia viridis) containingSarcocystisspp. sporocysts was investigated. These snakes were imported for the pet trade and declared as being captive-bred. Full length 18S rRNA genes were amplified, cloned into plasmids and sequenced. Two differentSarcocystisspp. sequences were identified and registered asSarcocystissp. fromM. viridisin GenBank. Both showed a 95–97% sequence identity with the 18S rRNA gene ofSarcocystis singaporensis.Phylogenetic analysis positioned these sequences together with otherSarcocystisspp. from snakes and rodents as definitive and intermediate hosts (IH), respectively. Sequence data and also the results of clinical and parasitological examinations suggest that the snakes were definitive hosts forSarcocystisspp. that circulate in wild IH. Thus, it seems unlikely that the infected snakes had been legally bred. Our research shows that information on the infection of snakes withSarcocystisspp. may be used to assess compliance with regulations on the trade with wildlife species.
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Chang, Shi-Kuo, Wen-Hui Chen, Wen-Chyi Lin, and Christopher Lee Thomas. "Application of Slow Intelligence Framework for Smart Pet Care System Design." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 25, no. 09n10 (November 2015): 1429–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194015400264.
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This article presents the design of a smart pet care system based on the slow intelligence framework for providing pets with suitable living conditions that closely mirror their natural habitat. By integrating heterogeneous information from various sensing data, the smart environment-aware pet care system can adaptively adjust the setting of temperature and humidity that best fits the pet through iterative slow intelligence computation. Simulations of two case studies were provided to illustrate the application of the proposed system for pets such as snakes and dogs. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach to the design of smart pet care systems.
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Herzig, Volker. "Animal Venoms—Curse or Cure?" Biomedicines 9, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9040413.
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An estimated 15% of animals are venomous, with representatives spread across the majority of animal lineages. Animals use venoms for various purposes, such as prey capture and predator deterrence. Humans have always been fascinated by venomous animals in a Janus-faced way. On the one hand, humans have a deeply rooted fear of venomous animals. This is boosted by their largely negative image in public media and the fact that snakes alone cause an annual global death toll in the hundreds of thousands, with even more people being left disabled or disfigured. Consequently, snake envenomation has recently been reclassified by the World Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease. On the other hand, there has been a growth in recent decades in the global scene of enthusiasts keeping venomous snakes, spiders, scorpions, and centipedes in captivity as pets. Recent scientific research has focussed on utilising animal venoms and toxins for the benefit of humanity in the form of molecular research tools, novel diagnostics and therapeutics, biopesticides, or anti-parasitic treatments. Continued research into developing efficient and safe antivenoms and promising discoveries of beneficial effects of animal toxins is further tipping the scales in favour of the “cure” rather than the “curse” prospect of venoms.
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Hadi, Syamsu. "Jual Beli Hewan Peliharaan di Kota Jambi Perspektif Hukum Islam." Wajah Hukum 7, no. 1 (April 5, 2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/wjh.v7i1.1197.
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At present, the practice of buying and selling pets in the city of Jambi in increasing. Animals such as dogs, cats, rabbits, hamsters, birds, fish, even some who keep snakes as pets. People’s interest in pets is usually because pets can become human substitutes (as friends and family), as house keepers or protectors, and as a self-reflection (hobby). In connection with the practice of buying and selling pets that occur in the community lately, as a Muslim, we should care about these issues, especially in the matter of buying and selling because objects that are traded and sometimes do not get treatment as it should, other than that animals that are traded also sometimes are animals which is forbidden in Islamic law. By using the approach of social science and Islamic law, the authors can conclude that in the city of Jambi, especially in the Subdistrict of Telanaipura and Pasar Kota Jambi, there is a pet trade activity with an online store system and online stores. Factors that cause pet trade are usually due to economic factors and opportunities. Meanwhile, there are two points according to Islam regarding the law of pet trade, which is permissible if the animal is benign and not harmful; and should not be if the animal is wild and dangerous.
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Kopecký, Oldřich, Anna Bílková, Veronika Hamatová, Dominika Kňazovická, Lucie Konrádová, Barbora Kunzová, Jana Slaměníková, Ondřej Slanina, Tereza Šmídová, and Tereza Zemancová. "Potential Invasion Risk of Pet Traded Lizards, Snakes, Crocodiles, and Tuatara in the EU on the Basis of a Risk Assessment Model (RAM) and Aquatic Species Invasiveness Screening Kit (AS-ISK)." Diversity 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2019): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11090164.
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Because biological invasions can cause many negative impacts, accurate predictions are necessary for implementing effective restrictions aimed at specific high-risk taxa. The pet trade in recent years became the most important pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species of reptiles worldwide. Therefore, we decided to determine the most common species of lizards, snakes, and crocodiles traded as pets on the basis of market surveys in the Czech Republic, which is an export hub for ornamental animals in the European Union (EU). Subsequently, the establishment and invasion potential for the entire EU was determined for 308 species using proven risk assessment models (RAM, AS-ISK). Species with high establishment potential (determined by RAM) and at the same time with high potential to significantly harm native ecosystems (determined by AS-ISK) included the snakes Thamnophis sirtalis (Colubridae), Morelia spilota (Pythonidae) and also the lizards Tiliqua scincoides (Scincidae) and Intellagama lesueurii (Agamidae).
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Green, Jennah, Emma Coulthard, David Megson, John Norrey, Laura Norrey, Jennifer K. Rowntree, Jodie Bates, Becky Dharmpaul, Mark Auliya, and Neil D’Cruze. "Blind Trading: A Literature Review of Research Addressing the Welfare of Ball Pythons in the Exotic Pet Trade." Animals 10, no. 2 (January 22, 2020): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10020193.
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Extensive numbers of Ball pythons are caught, bred, traded and subsequently kept in captivity across the world as part of the exotic pet industry. Despite their widespread availability as pets, relatively little is known about the potential welfare challenges affecting them. We reviewed the literature for research focused on the health and welfare of Ball pythons in the international pet trade. From a total of 88 articles returned from the search criteria, our analysis showed that very few actually focused on trade (10%) or animal welfare (17%). Instead, the majority (64%) of articles focused on veterinary science. There was a considerable bias towards physical health, with most studies neglecting the four other domains of animal welfare (behaviour, nutrition, environment and mental health). Furthermore, very few studies considered Ball pythons prior to resulting pet ownership, during wild capture and transportation or captive breeding operations. Our review demonstrates that our current understanding of welfare for Ball pythons traded as exotic pets is limited. We recommend that future research should focus on aspects of the industry that are currently overlooked, including the potential consequences of genetic selection during captive-breeding and the conditions provided for snakes prior to and during international transportation.
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Ostović, Mario, Ivana Sabolek, Aneta Piplica, Ivona Žura Žaja, Sven Menčik, Srebrenka Nejedli, and Željka Mesić. "A Survey Study of Veterinary Student Opinions and Knowledge about Pet Reptiles and Their Welfare." Animals 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): 3185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11113185.
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Exotic pet medicine is rapidly evolving, with reptiles becoming increasingly popular pet animals. Yet, there are only a few literature reports on veterinary perception of reptiles kept as pets. The aim of the study was to assess opinions and knowledge of the Croatian veterinarians-to-be about pet reptiles and their welfare. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the academic year 2019–2020 and included students of all six years of the integrated undergraduate and graduate study at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb. First-year students were surveyed twice, before and after having attended the compulsory course on animal welfare. Questionnaire statements were 5-point Likert scale questions, requiring the students to express their opinions about turtles, lizards and snakes as pets, issues related to their welfare, risks they pose to the health and safety of humans, other animals and the environment, and their self-reported knowledge about pet reptiles. Although expressing higher opinions after having attended the course on animal welfare, first-year student responses remained neutral to most of the statements. Such a trend continued until the end of the study. Student responses revealed that they were uncertain about their knowledge of reptiles as pets, considering different educational areas observed. Study results emphasised the need of alterations in veterinary curriculum and additional student education in reptile medicine. The results obtained have broad implications involving not only the welfare of pet reptiles in clinical practice and elsewhere but also the health and safety of humans and other animals, as well as environmental protection.
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Rodríguez-Cabrera, Tomás M., Ernesto Morell Savall, Sheila Rodríguez-Machado, and Javier Torres. "Trophic Ecology of the Cuban Boa, Chilabothrus angulifer (Boidae)." Reptiles & Amphibians 27, no. 2 (July 18, 2020): 169–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v27i2.14176.
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The Cuban Boa (Chilabothrus angulifer) is a top terrestrial predator in Cuba. References to prey species consumed by this boa date to when the first Europeans arrived in the region more than 500 years ago. However, long-term studies on its trophic ecology do not exist. The scarce and scattered records on its feeding habits indicate that this boa preys on a variety of native and domestic animals. Based on dietary information collected in the field and from the literature, we characterized the diet of this snake and tested four different hypotheses: (1) The Cuban Boa is a generalist predator; (2) the diets of boas in natural and anthropogenic habitats differ; (3) an ontogenetic shift in diet occurs; and (4) foraging strategies used in natural and anthropogenic habitats differ. We identified 49 prey species from 351 prey items obtained from 218 snakes, including 71 items (31 snakes) from the literature. Mammals represented 55% of total prey items consumed, followed by birds (41%) and ectotherms (4%). Chilabothrus angulifer exhibited a narrow niche breadth. However, rather than a trophic specialist, we consider this boa an opportunistic generalist predator, capable of adjusting its diet and foraging behavior according to prey availability and abundance. The diet of Ch. angulifer changed dramatically from mostly native mammals and birds in natural habitats to mostly livestock, pets, and human commensals in human-altered habitats. Also, mammals were consumed more frequently in natural habitats, whereas birds dominated the diet of boas associated with anthropogenic habitats. Few ectotherms were consumed in either type of habitat. We observed an ontogenetic shift in diet, but this primarily reflected a trend of consuming larger prey rather than a shift from ectotherms to endotherms as reported for some other boids. In natural habitats, Ch. angulifer used both ambush and active-foraging modes by day and night, whereas in anthropogenic situations, most boas used an active-foraging strategy at night. The frequent consumption of domestic animals by Cuban Boas might be the principal reason for the historical human-wildlife conflict involving this species in rural areas of Cuba.
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D'Cruze, Neil, Lauren A. Harrington, Délagnon Assou, Jennah Green, David W. Macdonald, Delphine Ronfot, Gabriel Hoinsoudé Segniagbeto, and Mark Auliya. "Betting the farm: A review of Ball Python and other reptile trade from Togo, West Africa." Nature Conservation 40 (July 1, 2020): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.40.48046.
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Our review of the CITES trade database confirmed that the ball python is the most exported species by Togo; with 1,657,814 live individuals – comprising 60% of all live reptiles – reported by importing countries since 1978 (almost 55,000 annually since 1992). In total, 99% of the ball pythons legally exported from Togo under CITES were intended for commercial use, presumably as exotic pets. Since the turn of the century, wild-sourced snakes exported from Togo have been largely replaced with ranched snakes, to the extent that in the last 10 years 95% of these live exports were recorded using CITES source code “R” with the majority destined for the USA. We found discrepancies in the CITES trade database that suggest ball python exports were consistently underestimated by Togo and that both ranched and wild-sourced ball python annual quotas have been exceeded on multiple occasions including as recently as 2017. Furthermore, our field visits to seven of these “python farms” revealed that they are also involved in the commercial trade in at least 46 other reptile species, including eight that are already involved in formal CITES trade reviews due to concerns regarding their sustainability and legality. Ranching operations in West Africa were once thought to provide a degree of protection for the ball python; however, in light of recent research, there is growing concern that ranching may not confer any significant net conservation benefits. Further scrutiny and research are required to ensure the long-term survival of wild ball python and other reptile species populations in Togo.
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Tomastikova, Z., S. Barazorda Romero, Z. Knotek, and R. Karpiskova. "Prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella species isolated from captive reptiles in the Czech Republic." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 8 (August 24, 2017): 456–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/44/2017-vetmed.
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This study was aimed at determining the prevalence and characterising the strains of Salmonella species in various captive reptiles in the Czech Republic. A total of 211 samples of cloacal swabs from lizards, chelonians and snakes, and 14 swabs from terraria surfaces were collected between November 2014 and July 2015. After isolation according to the reference method (EN ISO), Salmonella spp. isolates were characterised using serotyping and macrorestriction analysis followed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Altogether, 39 isolates were obtained from 29 (19%) reptiles and from terraria surfaces. Among the different reptilian species, Salmonella spp. were found in 22 (25.6%) lizards, three (17.6%) snakes and four (8%) chelonians with 31 isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and eight isolates classified as Salmonella enterica subsp. salamae. In total, 14 different serotypes were detected, with the most frequent serotypes being Salmonella Oranienburg, S. Fluntern, S. Tennessee and S. Cotham. Resistance to one antimicrobial agent (ampicillin, tetracycline or streptomycin) was detected in five isolates. The results of the macrorestriction analysis within the serotype groups showed varying level of heterogeneity. This study confirms that reptiles kept as pets can be both carriers and reservoirs of Salmonella spp., and that they can harbour various serotypes with intermittent excretion of the bacteria in faeces. Half of the detected serotypes have been involved in human reptile-associated salmonellosis cases in the past. S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:1,13,23;H:z29;H:1,5, monophasic S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:40;H:g,t;H:– and its biphasic form (S. enterica subsp. salamae serotype O:40;H:g,t;H:1,5) have apparently been isolated from reptiles for the first time in this study.
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Ramos, Carolina Pantuzza, Jordana Almeida Santana, Fernanda Morcatti Coura, Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier, Carlos Augusto Gomes Leal, Carlos Augusto Oliveira Junior, Marcos Bryan Heinemann, Andrey Pereira Lage, Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato, and Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva. "Identification and Characterization ofEscherichia coli,SalmonellaSpp.,Clostridium perfringens, andC. difficileIsolates from Reptiles in Brazil." BioMed Research International 2019 (May 27, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9530732.
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Considering the increasing popularity of reptiles as pets and their possible role as reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms, the aim of this study was to isolateEscherichia coli, Salmonellaspp., Clostridium perfringens, andC. difficilestrains from reptiles in Brazil and to characterize the isolated strains. The characterization was based on phylogenetic typing ofE. coli, identification of virulence genes ofE. coli, C. perfringens,andC. difficile, serotyping ofSalmonellaspp., ribotyping and MLST ofC. difficileand antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogenic strains. Cloacal swabs were collected from 76 reptiles, of which 15 were lizards, 16 chelonians, and 45 snakes, either living in captivity, in the wild, or as companion animals.E. coliwas isolated from 52 (68.4%) reptiles, of which 46 (88.4%) were characterized as phylogroup B1. The virulence factor CNF1 ofE. coliwas found in seven (9.2%) sampled animals, whereas the gene of EAST1 was found in isolates from two (2.6%) reptiles. Three isolates positive for CNF1 were resistant to cephalothin, one of which was also resistant to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, being then classified as multidrug resistant strain (MDR).Salmonella entericawas identified in 26 (34.2%) reptiles, of which 13 belonged to the subspeciesenterica.Serotypes such asS.Mbandaka,S.Panama,S. Infantis,S.Heidelberg, andS.Anatum were identified. One isolate ofS. entericasubsp.houtenaewas resistant to cephalothin and ciprofloxacin.C. perfringenstype A was isolated from six (7.8%) animals.C. difficilewas isolated from three (3.9%) reptiles. Two of these isolates were toxigenic and classified into ribotypes/MLST 081/ST9 and 106/ST42, which have been previously reported to infect humans. In conclusion, reptiles in Brazil can harbor toxigenicC. difficileand potentially pathogenicE. coliandSalmonella entericasubsp.enterica, thus representing a risk to human and animal health.
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Dec, Marta, Dagmara Stepien-Pysniak, Klaudiusz Szczepaniak, Barbara Turchi, and Renata Urban-Chmiel. "Virulence Profiles and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Strains from Pet Reptiles." Pathogens 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020127.
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Exotic reptiles are increasingly being bred as pets in many countries around the world, including Poland. However, the close contact between reptiles and their owners provides favourable conditions for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. In this work, we examined E. coli isolates from 67 captive reptiles regarding their virulence, antibiotic susceptibility, phylogenetic affiliation, and genetic diversity. The incidence of E. coli was highest in snakes (51.6%, 16 isolates/31 samples), and slightly lower in turtles (44.4%, 8/18) and lizards (44.4%, 8/18). Genes encoding virulence factors were confirmed in 50% of isolates and the most common were the traT (37.5%, n = 12), fyuA (21.87%, n = 7), and irp-2 (15.62%, n = 5). The majority (71.87%, n = 23) of E. coli isolates were susceptible to all of the antimicrobial substances used in the study. Streptomycin resistance (21.87%, n = 7) was the most frequent, while resistance to other antimicrobial substances was sporadic. One strain (3.12%) was classified as multidrug-resistant. The presence of resistance genes (aadA, tetA, tetB, tetM, and blaTEM) was confirmed in 12.5% (n = 4) of the isolates. The majority (65.6%, n = 21) of E. coli isolates represented the B1 phylogenetic group. (GTG)5-PCR fingerprinting showed considerable genetic variation in the pool of tested isolates. The frequency of E. coli in reptiles is much lower than in mammals or birds. Due to the presence of virulence genes, characteristic of both intestinal pathogenic E. coli (IPEC) and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), reptilian strains of E. coli have pathogenic potential, and therefore people in contact with these animals should follow good hygiene practices.
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García, Gabriela, Fernando Ramos, Rodrigo Gutiérrez Pérez, Jorge Yañez, Mónica Salmerón Estrada, Lilian Hernández Mendoza, Fernando Martinez-Hernandez, and Paul Gaytán. "Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of Entamoeba species in a chelonian collection." Journal of Medical Microbiology 63, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.061820-0.
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Veterinary medicine has focused recently on reptiles, due to the existence of captive collections in zoos and an increase in the acquisition of reptiles as pets. The protozoan parasite, Entamoeba can cause amoebiasis in various animal species and humans. Although amoebiasis disease is remarkably rare in most species of chelonians and crocodiles, these species may serve as Entamoeba species carriers that transmit parasites to susceptible reptile species, such as snakes and lizards, which can become sick and die. In this study, we identified the Entamoeba species in a population of healthy (disease-free) chelonians, and evaluated their diversity through the amplification and sequencing of a small subunit rDNA region. Using this procedure, three Entamoeba species were identified: Entamoeba invadens in 4.76 % of chelonians, Entamoeba moshkovskii in 3.96 % and Entamoeba terrapinae in 50 %. We did not detect mixed Entamoeba infections. Comparative analysis of the amplified region allowed us to determine the intra-species variations. The E. invadens and E. moshkovskii strains isolated in this study did not exhibit marked differences with respect to the sequences reported in GenBank. The analysis of the E. terrapinae isolates revealed three different subgroups (A, B and C). Although subgroups A and C were very similar, subgroup B showed a relatively marked difference with respect to subgroups A and C (F st = 0.984 and F st = 1.000, respectively; 10–14 % nucleotide variation, as determined by blast) and with respect to the sequences reported in GenBank. These results suggested that E. terrapinae subgroup B may be either in a process of speciation or belong to a different lineage. However, additional research is necessary to support this statement conclusively.
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Sharina, Omar, Ho Shao Jian, and Che-Amat Azlan. "Bacterial Stomatitis in Wild Reticulated Pythons (Malayopython reticulatus) in Malaysia." World's Veterinary Journal 13, no. 3 (September 25, 2023): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2023.wvj45.
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Bacterial stomatitis is a common clinical form of upper alimentary tract disease in reptiles. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the common aerobes in the oral cavities of wild reticulated pythons and to profile their antimicrobial susceptibility. The need to conduct the current research was deemed in parallel with the increasing demand for snakes as pets and the growing emergence of multiple-drug-resistant organisms. A total of 40 fresh carcasses of the wild-caught reticulated pythons were assessed for the presence or absence of stomatitis. Oral swabs were obtained and cultured on blood and MacConkey agar media. The colony and cellular morphologies of the isolates were evaluated, followed by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against selected antibiotics, namely gentamicin (GEN), amoxicillin (AMX), cephalexin (LEX), azithromycin (AZM), tetracycline (TET), and ciprofloxacin (CIP), commonly used to treat bacterial infection in reptiles. Results indicated that the prevalence of stomatitis was 77.5%. Among 153 isolates identified, 76.47% of bacteria were identified from pythons with stomatitis lesions, while 23.53% of bacteria were identified from pythons without stomatitis. Of 153 isolates, Gram-negative bacteria were shown to be predominant (94.77%). The three most isolated bacterial species were Aeromonas spp. (14.38%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.76%), and Alcaligenes faecalis (8.5%). Meanwhile, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (4.58%) and Corynebacterium spp. (0.66%) were the only isolated Gram-positive aerobes. Most isolates were observed to be equally susceptible to GEN and CIP (at 95.8%) but highly resistant to AMX (83.3%) and LEX (75.0%). In conclusion, bacterial stomatitis in wild-caught reticulated pythons was highly prevalent and often seen as a mixed bacterial infection (96.8%). The isolated bacteria consistently show susceptibility towards GEN and CIP and thus could be considered the primary line of antibiotics in treating this disease.
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M. Engeman, R., and D. S. Vice. "A direct comparison of trapping and spotlight searches for capturing Brown Tree Snakes on Guam." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 1 (2001): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010004.
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Brown Tree Snake populations on Guam are controlled in the vicinities of cargo staging and transport areas to prevent their dispersal from Guam, and their populations are controlled in areas where endangered species are to be reintroduced. Trapping and night-time spotlight searches of fences are the two primary Brown Tree Snake population reduction methods used on Guam. We conducted a three month study comparing Brown Tree Snake captures by spotlighting fences to captures by trapping. Traps were placed either on the edge of the forest paralleling the fences, or they were hung on the fences. Applications of each capture method followed the standard practices used within the operational programme charged with deterring the spread of Brown Tree Snakes from Guam. We found captures by trapping to exceed those by spotlighting each month, but the captures by trapping decreased substantially over time, while those by spotlighting did not. We detected no differences statistically between numbers of captures taken by traps hung on the forest edge versus those hung on the fences. We found no differences in sizes of Brown Tree Snakes captured by spotlighting and trapping, based on average snout-vent length (SVL) or the distribution of SVLs. We feel that the two capture methods complement each other in an integrated pest management programme.
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Dolorosa, Roger. "Notes on Mangrove Snake Boiga dendrophila multicincta (Boulenger, 1896) in Iwahig River, Puerto Princesa City." Palawan Scientist 6 (June 2014): 39–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.69721/tps.j.2014.6.1.04.
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The genus Boiga is composed of about 20-30 species (Rodda et al. 1999) and widespread throughout low elevation and coastal habitats of the Philippines and other Asian countries. A sub-species, Boiga dendrophila divergens had been reported from the northeastern Luzon including the Babuyan Islands (see Brown et al. 2013). A Palawan endemic sub-species Boiga dendrophila multicincta is locally called ‘binturan’ (Leviton 1970). The species is commonly encountered in a semi-disturbed river in Iwahig, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines. The one shown in the photo (~2m long) was spotted resting on branches of the mangrove tree Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea along the bank of Iwahig River, Puerto Princesa City (Figure 1). Two of the nine transect lines (intended for molluscs) had one mangrove snake at the start; several individuals were subsequently noted resting on branches of mangrove trees along the river banks, suggesting an unusually high population density. The same species is abundant in a semi-disturbed mangrove forest in Sitio Bunuangin, Port Barton, San Vicente (MPG Soniega, pers. comm.) and in a pristine mangrove forest in Puerto Princesa Underground River – one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature. The snake is feared for its tendency to chase intruders (people) once hurt. At night, it feeds on a variety of small vertebrates including birds, frogs, snakes and fishes (Minton & Dunson 1978; Savidge 1988). Boiga spp. are both important in the pharmaceutical industry (e.g. Lumsden et al. 2005; Mackessy et al. 2006) and pet trade (Shepherd et al. 2004; Mendizabal 2011). The mangrove snake is one of the many reptilian fauna in Palawan – the so-called “Philippines’ Last Frontier”. However, mangrove snake and other reptiles are illegally traded from Palawan. In 2011, 25 snakes, including 15 mangrove snakes, 9 vipers and a spitting cobra were seized by officials of the Palawan Conservation for Sustainable Development (PCSD) in El Nido, Palawan (Mendizabal 2011). While record of confiscation is limited, the magnitude of trade could be far higher than this. In addition, the seemingly unabated widespread habitat degradation in Palawan (Ramirez 2012; Tesorio 2013) could also threaten the existence of these species. Population survey and trade along with education and information campaign, and habitat protection and restoration could help conserve the populations of these mangrove snakes.
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Bergamini, Bruno Carvalho da Silva, Elisandro Oliveira dos Santos, Bárbara Schiller Wartchow, Lilian Heck, Luiza Uhrig, Lygia Karla Sanches Francelino, Gisele Guiomara Stein, Gustavo Machado, and Stella De Faria Valle. "Hematologic Variation Values of Captive Red-footed Tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria) in South Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 45, no. 1 (January 16, 2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.79176.
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Background: Reference hematological values for chelonians are uncommon, especially those that take account of seasonal variations. While there exists controversy over how climate influences hematological values in different reptile species, the identification of this influence would help with the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of diseases that affect these species, often kept as pets. Chelonians are ectotherms and, therefore, intrinsic and extrinsic factors may affect physiological and hematological values, affecting the interpretation of clinical information on these species. The aims of this study were to assess the hematological values of captive red-footed tortoises (Chelonoidis carbonaria) and to check their variation according to the cold and warmer seasons of the year.Materials, Methods &Results: Blood samples were collected from nine red-footed tortoises (C. carbonaria) of indeterminate sex and different ages, bred in captivity without control over environmental variables during one year, one each season (summer, fall, winter and spring). A total of 36 samples were considered to study. The colder seasons were collapsed together into one group that holds winter and fall (colds) and the months whit warmer weather spring and summer were grouped as a class called (warm). The complete blood count was performed manually, and medians, maximum values, and minimum values were obtained from the animals in each season of the year. The samples were grouped in “cold” and “warm” classes as above. Repeated measures ANOVA were used in order to compare the influence of climate variation on hematologic variables. For this mater Bonferroni’s test was employed as post-hoc analysis. As results, the erythrocytes total count, hemoglobin value, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, absolute numbers of heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and total plasma proteins varied significantly (P < 0.05) between colder and warmer seasons. Erythrocyte values yielded significantly higher values in warmer seasons than in the other seasons. The seasonality was verified in erythrocytes total count (P < 0.001), hemoglobin value (P < 0.001), hematocrit values (P < 0.001) and differential white blood cell count (P < 0.001).Discussion: The hematological alterations detected in C. carbonaria were similar observed in similar studies in reptiles species and due to the distinct method and management used and different species, it was not possible to compare the statistical results. In previously studies, as a C. carbonaria, the hematological variations between climatic seasons were identified in other reptile species due particular ectothermic metabolism. The variation in total WBC count produced by seasons of the year had already been described in snakes, such as in South American rattlesnakes and in tropical snakes. Changes in metabolic activity may be influence in TPP values in reptiles when season of the year is included as a variable. In hibernating species, the variation in TPP values is attributed to hibernating behavior when the lower food intake led to a decrease in plasma protein levels. In the case of C. carbonaria, which does not hibernate, other variables could influence the difference between seasons. All hematological changes observed in studied animals confirm the influence of climate between cold and hot months, given the peculiar metabolism of chelonians. The results point out the importance is to consider the seasonal climate variations in the interpretation of hematological values of C. carbonaria under uncontrolled environmental conditions.
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Moon, BR, and C. Gans. "Kinematics, muscular activity and propulsion in gopher snakes." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 19 (October 1, 1998): 2669–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.19.2669.
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Previous studies have addressed the physical principles and muscular activity patterns underlying terrestrial lateral undulation in snakes, but not the mechanism by which muscular activity produces curvature and propulsion. In this study, we used synchronized electromyography and videography to examine the muscular basis and propulsive mechanism of terrestrial lateral undulation in gopher snakes Pituophis melanoleucus affinis. Specifically, we used patch electrodes to record from the semispinalis, longissimus dorsi and iliocostalis muscles in snakes pushing against one or more pegs. Axial bends propagate posteriorly along the body and contact the pegs at or immediately posterior to an inflection of curvature, which then reverses anterior to the peg. The vertebral column bends broadly around a peg, whereas the body wall bends sharply and asymmetrically around the anterior surface of the peg. The epaxial muscles are always active contralateral to the point of contact with a peg; they are activated slightly before or at the point of maximal convexity and deactivated variably between the inflection point and the point of maximal concavity. This pattern is consistent with muscular shortening and the production of axial bends, although variability in the pattern indicates that other muscles may affect the mechanics of the epaxial muscles. The kinematic and motor patterns in snakes crawling against experimentally increased drag indicated that forces are produced largely by muscles that are active in the axial bend around each peg, rather than by distant muscles from which the forces might be transmitted by connective tissues. At each point of force exertion, the propulsive mechanism of terrestrial lateral undulation may be modeled as a type of cam-follower, in which continuous bending of the trunk around the peg produces translation of the snake.
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M. Engeman, Richard, and Michael A. Linnell. "Trapping strategies for deterring the spread of Brown Tree Snakes from Guam." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 4 (1998): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980348.
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The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has presented a health hazard to infants and children, and also has produced an economic problem. Prevention of its dispersal through Guam's cargo traffic to other Pacific islands has become a high environmental priority. Trapping around ports and other cargo staging areas is central to an integrated pest management programme designed to deter dispersal of the species. In this study, perimeter trapping of forested plots characteristic of those found in port areas was found to be the most effective trap placement strategy, although trap lines cut through the plot interior or placed along a single plot boundary were also effective. Snake removal potentially can be modelled using an exponential decay over time, providing the manager with a planning tool. Population recovery of Brown Tree Snakes in trapped plots was found to be slow in the fragmented forested habitats found around ports.
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Osterbauer, Nancy K., Melissa Lujan, Gary McAninch, S. Lane, and Aaron Trippe. "Evaluating the Efficacy of the Systems Approach at Mitigating Five Common Pests in Oregon Nurseries." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 32, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898.32.1.1.
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In Oregon, the U.S. Nursery Certification (USNCP), Grower Assisted Inspection (GAIP), and Shipping Point Inspection (SPI) programs are used to certify nursery plants as pest free. To compare the programs' effectiveness for mitigating pest risk, potted plants grown within two USNCP, two GAIP, and two SPI nurseries were surveyed for Phytophthora root rot (Phytophthora spp.), Phytophthora foliar blight (Phytophthora spp.), bittercress (Cardamine spp.), snails and slugs (Class Gastropoda), and root weevils (Otiorhynchus spp.). A total of 1,635 plots were surveyed in the nurseries, with one or more pests detected in 1,003 plots. Based on the total percentage of plots found infested with a pest, significantly fewer were detected in the GAIP nurseries (55%) than in the USNCP nurseries (68%). However, bittercress incidence was significantly higher in GAIP nurseries (21%), while snails and slugs incidence was significantly higher in USNCP nurseries (49%), and Phytophthora root rot incidence was significantly higher in SPI nurseries (31%). Also, the plant families grown by the nurseries had a significant impact on pest incidence for two of the target pests, Phytophthora root rot and root weevils. While the GAIP seemed the best at mitigating pest incidence overall, none of the certification programs was consistently the most effective against all five target pests.
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Pertiwi, Meilisha Putri, and Dina Dyah Saputri. "Identification of Secondary Metabolites and Proximate Analysis of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata L.) Meat Extract." Jurnal ILMU DASAR 22, no. 2 (July 12, 2021): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jid.v22i2.18508.
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The growth of golden apple snails is very rapid and causes losses of paddy production. Therefore snails are also called pest, especially agricultural pest. Control of golden apple snails can be done by physical hand sorting and then processed into animal feed. Based on research golden apple snails proven have good nutritional content. Efforts to use golden apples nails pets become useful things such as animal feed is a sustainable conservation. Therefore, this study aims to carry out secondary metabolites identification, proximate testing, and antioxidant content of golden apple snails as an initial reference for the basic ingredients of animal feed manufacturing. The method use is hand sorting of golden apple snails at the research location, then brought to the laboratory to carry out the process of secondary metabolites identification, proximate testing, and antioxidant analysis. The results showed a golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata L.) extract containing active compunds of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and polyphenols, steroids, and glycoside. Proximate analysis showed that golden apple snails extract had a high protein content of 40,83% compared to carbohydrates and fats. These findings suggested that golden apple snailsmeat extract has the potential to be further utilized as an alternative feed for Pangasius sp.Keywords: golden apple snails. Pangasius sp., proximate testing, secondary metabolites.
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L., J. F. "HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS TURN TO SPIRITUAL HEALING." Pediatrics 97, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.97.5.618.
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The psychological and spiritual sides of healing, long poor cousins of mainstream medicine, are finding new support from some institutions with growing power in medical care: health maintenance organizations (HMOs). At a recent conference here, Dr Herbert Benson, President of the Harvard Medical School's Mind/Body Medical Institute, said that his office at Harvard was now getting five or six calls a week from HMOs that were interested in the medical uses of relaxation and other nontraditional treatment methods. The reason, he said, is clear: if such methods succeed reliably in reducing workload, they are "just plain money in the bank for the HMOs." . . . The recent conference in Boston was a milestone in the growth of interest in what is sometimes called behavioral medicine. A few years ago this would have been the farthest fringe of medicine. And even now there was a hint of sideshow. There were snake handlers here, and some recommended the snakes as a way to induce relaxation.
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Swastika, Putu Veri, Ilyasa Pahlevi, Novrizal Ramdhani, Yesaya Putra Dappa Ole, and Muhammad Fakhruddin. "A predator-prey model of rice plant, sparrow, rat, and snake." Desimal: Jurnal Matematika 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/djm.v6i1.16564.
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Rice is one of the most widely consumed food sources in Indonesia. The success of the rice harvest can be influenced by several factors, one of which is plant pests. This can threaten national food security. Predator-prey mathematical model can be constructed to explain the relationship between rice plants with plant pests. The predator prey model consist of ODE system describing 2 predators level one (rats and sparrows), 1 predator level two (snake) and prey (rice plants). In this model, nine equilibrium points are obtained with analysis of the behavior of the model at each of its equilibrium points. We successfully simulated the model using hypothetical parameters and the results are agrees with the analysis behavior. Several factors will make plant pest populations decrease even lost from the population is the natural death and interaction of rice with plant pests
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Burnakov, V. A. "The Image of a Lizard in Folklore and Rituals of the Khakass (Late 19th – Mid 20th Century)." Archaeology and Ethnography 18, no. 5 (2019): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-5-166-177.
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Purpose. The aim of this work is to characterize the image of a lizard (kileski) in folklore and ritual practices of the Khakass people. Based on the goal, the following tasks were set: to analyze folklore and ethnographic information, to identify the key components of this mythological creature and to discover semantic links of the image with natural objects and elements. Chronologically, the framework covers late 19th – mid 20th Centuries. The choice of such time limits is due to the source base available on the research topic. Leading in the study is the principle of historicism, when any cultural phenomenon is considered in its development, taking into account specific situations. The research methodology is based on historical and ethnographic methods: remnants (relic) and semantic analysis. Results. Our analysis has led us to the following conclusions: in the Khakass culture, the lizard played an important role. It is explained by the lizard being plentiful in the nature of Khakassia, and specifically because of its zoological specificity. In the mythological perception of this reptile, it had contradictory dual characteristics and caused ambiguous feelings. People designated the reptile as a creature living in two environments – earth and water, which is steadily associated with the lower world. At the same time, the image is often introduced into mythological and fairy-tale schemes involving other chthonic species, such as frogs and snakes. In the folklore of the Khakass people, the whole life support system of demonic characters of the lower world, which included farming and nutrition, was directly tied to these amphibians. A great importance was attached to the image of the frog and shamanic practice. The lizard had a direct relation both to the spirit-owner of the water – Sug eezi, and to the lord of the underworld – Erlik Khan. The designated specificity of the lizard allowed including it into the set of key spirits, whi were shaman’s assistants. Shamans mediated between the world of the underground spirits and people: among shamanists, the worship of reptiles reached such a high level that the cult of the patron of sheep arose, the external data of which included the features of reptiles and amphibians. Conclusion. The image of the lizard carried out patronizing, protective and therapeutic functions in relation not only to pets, but also to people. The importance of the lizard to the culture of the Khakass people was so great that its image was included into the traditional Khakass calendar “muchel”. The latter was based on a twelve-year animal cycle. In the perception of the people, “kiles chili” – ‘the year of the lizard’ – was considered a good period.
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Vasilieva, S. V., V. N. Zeyruk, M. K. Derevyagina, G. L. Belov, and E. A. Kolesova. "Fighting slugs and snails on potato plantings." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (May 24, 2024): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2024-3-85-89.
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Relevanse. The article presents information about actively spreading potential pests of agricultural crops in the Central region of the Russian Federation – slugs and snails – invertebrates belonging to the genus of gastropods. The harmfulness of these pests is manifested in a decrease in the size of the crop, a decrease in its quality, loss of marketability and fruit keeping. The most seriously affected in this regard are the planting of cabbage, lettuce, peas, turnips, potatoes and cucumbers. Snails and slugs can serve as a source of infectious diseases, various fungal spores, bacteria and parasitic helminths are often carried with the mucus produced by their bodies, which often pose a threat to the health of people and pets.Methods. Visual surveys were carried out to determine the number of pests in the field and in the adjacent territory in the conditions of the Moscow region (Lyubertsy city district). The studies were conducted in accordance with officially approved methods. Data on the species composition of pests are analyzed. The possibility of active harmful activity and potential threat of gastropods in a changing climate and their adaptation in the conditions of the Central region of the Russian Federation is considered.Results. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that in vegetable gardens and private farms, grape snail and arable slug are most often found, in potato plantings – field (arable slug). Recommendations on slug and snail control in the private sector and farms are given.
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Mudrak, O., and I. Slіeptsova. "THE ROLE OF SNAKE VENOM IN THE BIOTIC INTERACTION." Balanced nature using, no. 4 (October 25, 2023): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2310-4678.4.2023.292721.
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It is highlighted the ecological significance of biotic interactions. Biotic relationships can be intra- or interspecific, positive or negative and cover a wide range of interactions, including predation, commensalism, mutualism, competition and parasitism. It is indicated that snake venoms, which are the best studied, attract the greatest attention of researchers. The role of predators in the formation of the structure and functioning of ecosystems is analyzed. It has been established that the predator–prey ecological interaction causes mutual physiological, morphological and behavioral adaptations at the individual, intra- and inter-species levels. It is noted that toxins are important adaptation that arose due to evolution. Representatives of venomous animals are present in every ecosystem, more than 250,000 species of animals use their venom for predation, as well as for defense and survival. Іnformation about the types of poisonous and venomous animals is summarized in the article. The composition of animal venoms and the pathological consequences of their influence are presented. It is noted that the lost of habitats, climate change and biological invasions pose a threat to ecological processes that are associated with the interaction between species. The importance of snakes for ecosystems, their significance for trophic network and regulating pests is highlighted. It was found that from an ecological point of view, snake venom is an important functional trait that mediates biotic interaction between several organisms. Аt the same time it is a stressful biotic factor for other living beings
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Bates, Nicola. "Molluscicide toxicosis in dogs." Companion Animal 27, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2021.0080.
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Slug and snails are important garden pests and intermediate hosts of lungworm, and various products are available for their control. Metaldehyde has long been used in molluscicide products and poisoning in dogs is common, having rapid-onset and prolonged seizure activity. However, these products are to be banned for outdoor use in the UK in spring 2022. This should eventually reduce the incidence of metaldehyde poisoning in pets. Methiocarb, a carbamate pesticide, was also used in slug baits but was banned in 2015. Cases still occasionally occur, characterised by rapid-onset gastrointestinal, respiratory and neurological signs. Ferric phosphate is now commonly found in slug and snail control products. Ingestion generally causes gastrointestinal signs only, because the iron in ferric phosphate has low oral bioavailability. Pets may also be exposed to slug deterrent products, which often contain diatomaceous earth or wool pellets. These generally have low toxicity for dogs. However, diatomaceous earth can cause skin irritation or severe respiratory signs if inhaled, and wool pellets may cause gastrointestinal signs. Management of dogs with mollusicide toxicosis is supportive, based on clinical signs.
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Sharath, K. N., K. S. Jagadish, K. Muralimohan, N. C. Narase Gowda, and Mahabaleshwar Hegde. "Pest spectrum and population dynamics of major pests occurring on snake gourd (Trichosanthes cucumerina var. anguina )." Pest Management in Horticultural Ecosystems 27, no. 1 (2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-4541.2021.00009.6.
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Stanić, Dejana. "The importance mixed cropping vegetable plants in the protection from pests." Biljni lekar 50, no. 5 (2022): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2205363s.
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Vegetable production is one the most intensive and profitable parts of agricultural production, which is manifested in the level of yield per area unit, output, net profit and participation of human work. During the vegetation period, vegetable plants are exposed to the attack of numerous harmful organisms (pests, diseases, weeds, etc.) that can completely compromise vegetable production. Except of insects, which make up the most numerous group of pests, vegetables are damaged by mites, nematodes, snails, rodents and birds. The insects species from different orders: Hemiptera, Thysanoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera, damage above organs and underground parts of vegetable plants, often causing their complete decay, especially if the number of species has increased. In order to preserve the environmental conservation and human health, it is necessary to apply the concept of integrated pest control, which includes the application of chemical measures only when necessary, in a way that preserves natural enemies and pollutes the environment as little as possible. In this regard, the aim is to find different methods and ways of growing vegetables to reduce pest infestation, where mixed cropping or consociations of different vegetables and vegetables together with medicinal plants has many advantages. The most important of that is less exposure and reduced pest attack due to the positive interaction of cultivated plants.
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Haneda, Noor Farikhah, and Mohamad Suheri. "HAMA MANGROVE DI KECAMATAN BATU AMPAR, KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA, KALIMANTAN BARAT Mangrove Pests at Batu Ampar, Kubu Raya, West Kalimantan." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 9, no. 1 (May 4, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.9.1.16-23.
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Mangrove ecosystem is a complex tropical forest ecosystem that is able to live and to adapt in coastal environments.Unfortunatelly, its existence is vulnerable to the environmental change. Unless utilization of mangrove forest is notfollowed by enrichment and rehabilitation, it will lead to degradation of logged-over land such as pest and diseaseinfestation. The pest study was conducted in mangrove stands in PT. Bina Ovivipari Semesta (BIOS), Kubu Raya, WestKalimantan. The result of study consisted of three sample plots obtained from the average of mangrove pest on thecutting area of 2017 (93.33%), attack intensity (28%). Additionally, the average of cutting area of 2012 were at 91.95%and attack intensity (29%) while the protection forest obtained the average of attack at 79.23% and attack intensity(21.87%). The results of pest identification of mangrove arboretum were 9 pests, including pagoda bagworm (Pagodiellaspp.), bagworm (Acanthopsyche sp.), krama / tree climbing crab (Episesarma spp.), nacerdes beetle (Xanthochroa sp.),aphid (Prociphilus tessellatus), barnacles (Balanus amphitrite), snails (Gastropoda Class), cobwebs, leatherleaf slugs(Vaginula bleekeri).Key words: Kubu Raya, Mangrove, Pagodiella spp., PT. BIOS
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Bates, Nicola. "Chocolate toxicosis in pets." Companion Animal 28, no. 12 (December 2, 2023): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2023.0058.
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Chocolate ingestion is very common in pets, particularly dogs, but has also been reported in other animals including cats and rabbits. Most cases occur around Christmas and Easter, when large amounts of chocolate are often present in the home in the form of chocolate bars, snacks, confectionery, Easter eggs and chocolate figurines. Chocolate-covered raisins, nuts and coffee beans present an additional toxicological hazard in dogs. The type of chocolate is defined in law by the percentage of cocoa solids, with dark (plain) chocolate containing more than milk chocolate. The main toxic component of chocolate is theobromine, a methylxanthine, although caffeine, another methylxanthine, is also present. These cause central nervous system stimulation with cardiac and respiratory hyperactivity. Signs include gastrointestinal effects, excitability, hyperactivity, tachycardia, tremors, hypertension and hyperthermia. Signs of toxicosis generally occur within a few hours of ingestion. The mainstays of treatment are decontamination and supportive care with rehydration, control of central nervous system stimulation and arrhythmias as required. Most pets recover fully, and death is uncommon; however, prognosis is more guarded in pets with seizures or arrhythmias.
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Dini, Sayyida Kamila, Nusdianto Triakoso, Amung Logam Saputro, and Aditya Yudhana. "Capillaria spp. in a Reticulated Python (Python reticulatus) in Banyuwangi Reptile Community." Jurnal Medik Veteriner 5, no. 1 (April 22, 2022): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmv.vol5.iss1.2022.119-123.
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Reptiles as exotic pets become more commonly desired by society, one of which is the reticulated python. Pythons kept as pets also have a risk of disease infection including helminthiasis. Worm parasite infects snake by the oral route. Some snake feed including frogs and mice can act as an intermediate host for worm parasites. A male reticulated python was kept by a member of the Banyuwangi reptile community and was presented with healthy and normal eating habits. This case study was to determine the worm parasite in the wild-caught reticulated python kept as an exotic pet. Fresh fecal samples were stored in a container with 70% alcohol added as a preservative. The sample was then evaluated in the laboratory and examined using the native method, floatation method, and simple sedimentation method. As result, under the microscope to be the Capillaria spp. the egg was observed.
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Alfaizal, Hafiz Fauzana, and Desita Salbiah. "UJI BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK UMBI GADUNG (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) TERHADAP HAMA KEONG MAS (Pomacea canaliculata L.)." DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 37, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2021.vol37(1).7712.
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Riau is one of a lowland rice producing provinces. One of the pests that can reduce rice productivity is the golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata L.). The solution for controlling the golden snail (P. canaliculata L.). Pest uses environmentally friendly control techniques, namely botanical pesticides of gadung tubers. This study aims to obtain a concentration of the extract of gadung tuber flour (Dioscorea hispida Dennst) which is effective in controlled the attack of golden snails (P. canaliculata L.) in lowland rice plants. This research was conducted experimentally using completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of five treatments and four replications, in order to obtain 20 experimental units. The treatments consisted of concentrations of gadung tubers extract, namely 0 g.l-1, 25 g.l-1, 50 g.l-1, 75 g.l-1, and 100 g.l-1. Observations included the initial dst time to snail death, lethal time 50 (LT 50), daily total mortality, and behavior changes in behavior. The results showed that the application of 100 g.l concentration of gadung tuber extract treatment caused the highest total mortality of golden snails (P. canaliculata L.) of 74.99%, but it was not effective yet in controlling the golden snail pest because it was not able to kill the golden snail above 80%.
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Simioni, Emanuele, Giampiero Naletto, Gianfranco Forlani, Gabriele Cremonese, Vania Da Deppo, Matteo Massironi, and Elisa Segato. "A New Stereo Algorithm based on Snakes." Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 77, no. 5 (May 1, 2011): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.77.5.495.
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Yojana S., Muniv. "Toxicological Classification of Agricultural Pesticides - An Overview." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.096.
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Chemical pesticides are considered as the most effective and reliable agents to control and to kill the pests from agriculture, residential as well as from the public places. Pests such as algae, bacteria in plants/soil, birds, fungi, insects, mammals (mice, rats and moles), mites and ticks, nematodes, slugs, snails and weeds are effectively controlled by the use of pesticides. Also, they are beneficial to decrease the burden of deadly diseases (malaria) spread or caused by the vectors. Though the pesticides are beneficial for enhance production and yield of agriculture sector, increased food productivity and public health, they have adversely impacted the environment and human health. This review focuses on pesticides with respect to definition and toxicological classification using various criteria. This study recommends practice of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), strict use of pesticides that are labelled for the intended crop and pest, consideration of application site characteristics and location of wells, ponds and other water bodies, measuring accurately the quantity and specified dilutions, maintaining application equipment and calibrating accurately, mixing and loading carefully, preventing back siphoning and spills, considering the impact of weather and irrigation, safe and secure storage and disposal, leaving buffer zones around sensitive areas and to reducing off-target drift.
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Uluputty, Muhammad Riadh. "Pemanfaatan Tumbuhan Penghasil Pestisida Ramah Lingkungan Terhadap Mortalitas Hama Keong Mas (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck) Pada Tanaman Padi Sawah." JURNAL PERTANIAN KEPULAUAN 7, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jpk.2023.7.1.53.
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One of the main pests and many damaging rice plants is gold snails. The damage caused can reach 13.2–96.5%. This pest is difficult to control despite the application of pesticides. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of organic pesticide-producing plants on the mortality of gold snail pests in rice fields. The experiment using Complete Randomized Design consisted of 5 treatments, namely: P0 (control), P1 (tubal root extract), P2 (soursop leaf extract), P3 (lemongrass extract), P4 (papaya leaf extract) and P5 (jatropha leaf extract). The results showed that the highest average consumption rate was found at P1 (70.73%) and the lowest at P0 (1.73%). The highest average mortality rate from this pest was found at P1 (80) and lowest at P0 (0) during the observation period 4 hours after application. While at 8-hour observations the average mortality was highest at P4 and P5 (60) and lowest at P0 (13) after application. The highest average death time velocity was observed at P1 (3) and lowest at P0 (0) in the observation period 4 hours after application, while the highest average death time speed 8 hours after application was found at P4 and P5 (5) and lowest at P0 (2).
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Hoffmann, Ary A., Andrew R. Weeks, Michael A. Nash, G. Peter Mangano, and Paul A. Umina. "The changing status of invertebrate pests and the future of pest management in the Australian grains industry." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 12 (2008): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08185.
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The Australian grains industry is dealing with a shifting complex of invertebrate pests due to evolving management practices and climate change as indicated by an assessment of pest reports over the last 20–30 years. A comparison of pest outbreak reports from the early 1980s to 2006–07 from south-eastern Australia highlights a decrease in the importance of pea weevils and armyworms, while the lucerne flea, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites and Bryobia mites have increased in prominence. In Western Australia, where detailed outbreak records are available from the mid 1990s, the relative incidence of armyworms, aphids and vegetable weevils has recently decreased, while the incidence of pasture cockchafers, Balaustium mites, blue oat mites, redlegged earth mites, the lucerne flea and snails has increased. These changes are the result of several possible drivers. Patterns of pesticide use, farm management responses and changing cropping patterns are likely to have contributed to these shifts. Drier conditions, exacerbated by climate change, have potentially reduced the build-up of migratory species from inland Australia and increased the adoption rate of minimum and no-tillage systems in order to retain soil moisture. The latter has been accompanied by increased pesticide use, accelerating selection pressures for resistance. Other control options will become available once there is an understanding of interactions between pests and beneficial species within a landscape context and a wider choice of ‘softer’ chemicals. Future climate change will directly and indirectly influence pest distributions and outbreaks as well as the potential effectiveness of endemic natural enemies. Genetically modified crops provide new options for control but also present challenges as new pest species are likely to emerge.
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Wan, Kong-Sang, and Wen-Chein Weng. "Eosinophilic meningitis in a child raising snails as pets." Acta Tropica 90, no. 1 (March 2004): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.09.019.
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Fritts, TH. "The common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, a recent colonists of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean." Wildlife Research 20, no. 2 (1993): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930261.
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The discovery of the common wolf snake, Lycodon aulicus capucinus, on Christmas I . in the Indian Ocean suggests that individuals of the species have colonised the island recently. On the basis of biological information for this widespread colubrid snake and for the brown tree snake, Boiga irregularis, a well-documented pest species on Guam, the establishment of the common wolf snake would pose a severe threat to the native fauna and ecology of Christmas I. Immediate research is needed to document the spread of the snake, to evaluate its effects on other fauna, and to control or eradicate the species before it becomes firmly established.