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1
Howell, Tiffani Josey, Clifford Warwick, and Pauleen C. Bennett. "Self-reported snake management practices among owners in Victoria, Australia." Veterinary Record 187, no. 3 (2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105409.
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BackgroundA large number of snakes are kept as pets in Western societies. Few studies have been undertaken to assess keeping practices of snakes by private owners in Australia. Therefore, there is concern that some owners may not understand even basic husbandry requirements. The aim of this preliminary study was to identify the most common practices used by snake owners in Victoria, Australia.MethodAn online survey asked 251 snake owners to describe ways in which they attempt to meet their snake’s environmental, behavioural, dietary, social and health needs.ResultsFewer than half of participants had an enclosure large enough for the snake to fully stretch out, and just over half had an enclosure large enough to meet the requirements in the Victorian Code of Practice. Only 60 per cent of owners correctly identified their snake’s activity patterns based on information about wild snakes of the same species.ConclusionEducational campaigns may help improve outcomes for snakes in the future, but more research is needed about captive snake husbandry, to provide an evidence base for informing snake management recommendations.
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Gomes, Cícera Maria, Karen de Morais-Zani, Stephen Lu, et al. "Differential transcript profile of inhibitors with potential anti-venom role in the liver of juvenile and adultBothrops jararacasnake." PeerJ 5 (April 27, 2017): e3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3203.
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BackgroundSnakes belonging to theBothropsgenus are vastly distributed in Central and South America and are responsible for most cases of reported snake bites in Latin America. The clinical manifestations of the envenomation caused by this genus are due to three major activities—proteolytic, hemorrhagic and coagulant—mediated by metalloproteinases, serine proteinases, phospholipases A2and other toxic compounds present in snake venom. Interestingly, it was observed that snakes are resistant to the toxic effects of its own and other snake’s venoms. This natural immunity may occur due the absence of toxin target or the presence of molecules in the snake plasma able to neutralize such toxins.MethodsIn order to identify anti-venom molecules, we construct a cDNA library from the liver ofB. jararacasnakes. Moreover, we analyzed the expression profile of four molecules—the already known anti-hemorrhagic factor Bj46a, one gamma-phospholipase A2inhibitor, one inter-alpha inhibitor and one C1 plasma protease inhibitor—in the liver of juvenile and adult snakes by qPCR.ResultsThe results revealed a 30-fold increase of gamma-phospholipase A2inhibitor and a minor increase of the inter-alpha inhibitor (5-fold) and of the C1 inhibitor (3-fold) in adults. However, the Bj46a factor seems to be equally transcribed in adults and juveniles.DiscussionThe results suggest the up-regulation of different inhibitors observed in the adult snakes might be a physiological adaptation to the recurrent contact with their own and even other snake’s venoms throughout its lifespan. This is the first comparative analysis of ontogenetic variation of expression profiles of plasmatic proteins with potential anti-venom activities of the venomous snakeB. jararaca. Furthermore, the present data contributes to the understanding of the natural resistance described in these snakes.
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Klenina, Anastasia A. "Differences in Features of External Morphology Traits of Young and Adult Snakes of the Family Colubridae (Reptilia)." Current Studies in Herpetology 20, no. 3/4 (2020): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1814-6090-2020-20-3-4-116-127.
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Characteristics of the meristic features of the external morphology of young and adult snakes (the Colubridae family) of three species, namely, the grass snake Natrix natrix, the dice snake N. tessellata and the Pallas’ coluber Elaphe dione, living in the Samara region, are described. For the first time, a comparative analysis was carried out of a number of morphological characters of uneven-aged snakes, namely: newborns obtained in laboratory conditions, juvenile specimens, and adult snakes captured in nature. It was revealed that those morphological features which remained unchanged during the snake's life (the number of Ventr., Scd., Lab. and Temp. scales) significantly differred in specimens of laboratory and natural origin. Statistically significant differences were also found between young and adult specimens of the dice snake from nature.
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Titcomb, Georgia C., David W. Kikuchi, and David W. Pfennig. "More than mimicry? Evaluating scope for flicker-fusion as a defensive strategy in coral snake mimics." Current Zoology 60, no. 1 (2014): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/60.1.123.
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Abstract Coral snakes and their mimics often have brightly colored banded patterns, generally associated with warning coloration or mimicry. However, such color patterns have also been hypothesized to aid snakes in escaping predators through a “flicker-fusion” effect. According to this hypothesis, banded color patterns confuse potential predators when a snake transitions from resting to moving because its bands blur together to form a different color. To produce this motion blur, a moving snake’s bands must transition faster than the critical flicker-fusion rate at which a predator’s photoreceptors can refresh. It is unknown if coral snakes or their mimics meet this requirement. We tested this hypothesis by measuring the movement speed and color patterns of two coral snake mimics, Lampropeltis triangulum campbelli and L. elapsoides, and comparing the frequency of color transitions to the photoreceptor activity of the avian eye. We found that snakes often produced a motion blur, but moving snakes created a blurring effect more often in darker conditions, such as sunrise, sunset, and nighttime when these snakes are often active. Thus, at least two species of coral snake mimics are capable of achieving flicker-fiision, indicating that their color patterns may confer an additional defense aside from mimicry.
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Mochida, Koji, and Akira Mori. "Antipredator behavior of newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) against snakes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (2021): e0258218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258218.
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Newts and salamanders show remarkable diversity in antipredator behavior, developed to enhance their chemical defenses and/or aposematism. The present study reports on the antipredator behavior of newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster) in response to snakes. Newts displayed a significant amount of tail-wagging and tail-undulation in response to a contact stimulus from the snake’s tongue, which is a snake-specific predator stimulus, as compared to a control stimulus (behavioral scores: tongue, 1.05 ± 0.41; control, 0.15 ± 0.15). Newts that were kept in warm temperature conditions, 20°C (at which snakes are active in nature), performed tail displays more frequently than newts kept in low-temperature conditions, 4°C (at which snakes are inactive in nature). Our results suggest that the tail displays of C. pyrrhogaster could function as an antipredator defense; they direct a snake’s attention to its tail to prevent the snake from attacking more vulnerable body parts. We also discussed the reason for inter-populational variation in the tendency of newts to perform tail displays.
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Kabir, Ashraful. "Biography of a snake charmer in Saidpur, Bangladesh." MOJ Biology and Medicine 3, no. 4 (2018): 151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2018.03.00090.
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Though Saidpur Upazila under Nilphamari district is very small but here pigeonry, goat rearing, herbal treatments, circus team, monkey charmer, horse race and snake charmers are available. Snake charmers are not living well in this modern era. Their kids are not safe at home for snake rearing. In Savar, Dhaka there is a snake market where some tribal people buy it as food. People who are engaged with snake catching and snake-based superstitions go to that market. They support medical science and are waiting to get a good job. Who take snakes as food they say its meat is very hot. Depending on body size its price varies from 1000 to 2000 taka of a poisonous snake. People of the circus team, zoo committee and intersex people collects snakes from the snake charmer. Tradition of snake charming in Bangladesh is very ancient. Once upon a time most of the villagers liked it. Some peoples were considered as bede or tribal people who caught snakes from the jungle. Though Bangladesh is a small country but its 80 species of snakes are remarkable. Within these only cobras, kraits and sea snakes are poisonous and most of the cobras are bicellate type. Common vine snakes, tree snake and rat snakes are very common and nonpoisonous snakes of Bangladesh. After catching a snake, the charmer cuts the poison sac or rubs both fangs of the snakes. As poison of the snakes are digestive juice so that those snakes can suffer digestive ailments and ultimately die. The temperature of Rangpur division of Bangladesh is 350-370F which is suitable for snakes’ survival. There were 30.77% poisonous and 69.23% non poisonous snakes’ in Bangladesh in three families.1 In Bangladesh out of 82 species 28 are venomous and 12 are sea snakes.2 Estimates indicate ˃5 million bites annually by venomous snakes worldwide where ˃12500 deaths.3,4 Some research work have completed on snakes taxonomy, status, distribution and epidemiology of snake bite.5‒7 India has the highest number of snake bites in the world with 35000-50000 annually according to World Health Organization.8,9 In Bangladesh this is 4.3per 100000 an annual incidence and case fatality is 20%.10
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Durso, A. M., I. Bolon, A. R. Kleinhesselink, et al. "Crowdsourcing snake identification with online communities of professional herpetologists and avocational snake enthusiasts." Royal Society Open Science 8, no. 1 (2021): 201273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201273.
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Species identification can be challenging for biologists, healthcare practitioners and members of the general public. Snakes are no exception, and the potential medical consequences of venomous snake misidentification can be significant. Here, we collected data on identification of 100 snake species by building a week-long online citizen science challenge which attracted more than 1000 participants from around the world. We show that a large community including both professional herpetologists and skilled avocational snake enthusiasts with the potential to quickly (less than 2 min) and accurately (69–90%; see text) identify snakes is active online around the clock, but that only a small fraction of community members are proficient at identifying snakes to the species level, even when provided with the snake's geographical origin. Nevertheless, participants showed great enthusiasm and engagement, and our study provides evidence that innovative citizen science/crowdsourcing approaches can play significant roles in training and building capacity. Although identification by an expert familiar with the local snake fauna will always be the gold standard, we suggest that healthcare workers, clinicians, epidemiologists and other parties interested in snakebite could become more connected to these communities, and that professional herpetologists and skilled avocational snake enthusiasts could organize ways to help connect medical professionals to crowdsourcing platforms. Involving skilled avocational snake enthusiasts in decision making could build the capacity of healthcare workers to identify snakes more quickly, specifically and accurately, and ultimately improve snakebite treatment data and outcomes.
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Manjarrez, Javier, Martha Pacheco-Tinoco, and Crystian S. Venegas-Barrera. "Intraspecific variation in the diet of the Mexican garter snakeThamnophis eques." PeerJ 5 (November 14, 2017): e4036. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4036.
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The Mexican Garter Snake (Thamnophis eques)is a terrestrial-aquatic generalist that feeds on both aquatic and terrestrial prey. We describe size-related variation and sexual variation in the diet ofT. equesthrough analysis of 262 samples of identifiable stomach contents in snakes from 23 locations on the Mexican Plateau. The snakeT. equeswe studied consumed mostly fish, followed in lesser amounts by leeches, earthworms, frogs, and tadpoles. Correspondence analysis suggested that the frequency of consumption of various prey items differed between the categories of age but not between sex of snakes, and the general pattern was a reduction of prey item diversity with size of snake. Snake length was correlated positively with mass of ingested prey. Large snakes consumed large prey and continued to consume smaller prey. In general, no differences were found between the prey taxa of male and female snakes, although males ate two times more tadpoles than females. Males and females did not differ in the mass of leeches, earthworms, fishes, frogs and tadpoles that they ate, and males and females that ate each prey taxon were similar in length. We discuss proximate and functional determinants of diet and suggest that the observed intraspecific variation inT. equescould be explored by temporal variation in prey availability, proportions of snake size classes and possible sexual dimorphism in head traits and prey dimensions to assess the role of intersexual resource competition.
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Ayunda Pratiska, I. Gusti Putu, Ida Bagus Made Suaskara, Joko Wiryatno, and I. Gede Agus Pradana Putra. "INVENTARISASI JENIS – JENIS ULAR YANG DITEMUKAN DI SEKITAR PANTAI MERTA SARI DAN PADANG GALAK." SIMBIOSIS Journal of Biological Sciences 5, no. 2 (2017): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jsimbiosis.2017.v05.i02.p07.
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Sea snakes have a strong venom and when they bite can be fatal for humans, whereas snakes found in mangrove areas are weak venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes (McKay, 2006). The low understanding public aboutthe snakes has led to the assumption that any snakes found are dangerous, so research needs to be done in order to provide information on the types of venomous and non-venomous snakes present in coastal areas and around mangrove forest areas. This research was conducted from early January to the end of January located around Merta Sari Beach to Padang Galak. The method used is the method of cruising method is done by determining the habitat that is likely suitable for snake habitat (Asad et al., 2011). Data collected in the morning and at night, by capturing and identifying snakes found in situ refers to the snake identification titled '107+ Ular Indonesia' (Riza Marlon, 2014), and the book 'Reptiles and Amphibians in Bali 'By Mckay (2006). Based on the results of the study, snakes found around Merta Sari Beach and Padang Galak Beach numbered 61 individual snakes with two different families namely Colubridae and Elapidae. Snake species of the Colubridae family found are Dog-faced Water Snake (Cerberus rynchops) and the Elapidae family is the Erabu/Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) snake
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Khoerunisa, Ira, Mirza Dikari Kusrini, and Ani Mardiasturi. "DIVERSITY OF SNAKE RESCUED FROM RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN GREATER JAKARTA METROPOLITAN AREA, INDONESIA." Media Konservasi 26, no. 3 (2022): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/medkon.26.3.231-238.
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Development and habitat loss in Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Area affected snakes and forced them to adapt in urban areas. Snakes in residential areas might increase encounter rate with humans which lead to human-snake conflict. The objectives of this research were to identify the diversity of snakes in residential areas based on rescue effort and to documents effort of those organizations on how to mitigate human-snake conflict through snake relocation. From 2015-2019, 37 snake species were reported found around residential areas in Jakarta Metropolitan Area. Javan spitting cobra Naja sputatrix and reticulated python Malayopython reticulatus are the most encountered snakes in residential areas. Jakarta has the highest total encounter of snakes compared to other area but Bogor has the highest diversity of snake species. Snake found in residential areas are sometimes “rescued” by snake reptile enthusiasts who formed a group. Most of these group does not have standard operating procedure when rescuing snake. Human-snake conflict can be mitigated by relocation of snakes, education, and translocation, although the impact of translocation should be evaluated further.
 
 Key words: Jakarta Metropolitan Area, human-snake conflict, Urban area, snake rescue
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A. S. Jadhav, R. K. Chittora, and N. C. Upreti. "Diversity and Distribution of Snakes in and around Solapur District of Maharashtra." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, Suppl. (2024): S537—S542. https://doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i06s.077.
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Snakes are one of the widest spread vertebrates on the globe, mostly they prefer arid zone of the globe in terms of diversity. Collected data are based on reports from volunteers, snake friends and rescuers for the period of two years which is from 2018-2020 and 20 species of snakes reported from in and around Solapur district of Maharashtra, of that 6 species were venomous and 14 were semi-venomous and non-venomous from 6 families namely Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae, Natricidae, Erycidae and Sibynophiidae were found. Major five venomous species, i.e. Spectacled Cobra, Russell’s viper, Common Krait, Slender Coral Snake and Saw Scaled Viper were noticed. Occurrence of Albino spectacled cobra in the residential area of Solapur city away from main natural habitats was a remarkable finding of this study. Snake species named Indian Spectacled Cobra, Common Krait, Indian Rat snake, Checkered keel back, Common Sand Boa, Common trinket, Common wolf snake, Common Kukri found throughout year in all seasons whereas Russell’s Viper and Saw scaled viper mostly found during June to October as they are most active during this period and species named Indian Smooth Snake, Green Keel-back, Red Sand Boa, Green Vine Snake, Common cat snake found during monsoon season (June to September). The juvenile and young snakes also found during monsoon season. Need of snake’s conservation to balance the ecosystem and to protect the food chain is a main challenge identified. Continuous monitoring on snake species diversity of the region is suggested.
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Marvi, Hamidreza, Jacob Bridges, and David L. Hu. "Snakes mimic earthworms: propulsion using rectilinear travelling waves." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 84 (2013): 20130188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0188.
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In rectilinear locomotion, snakes propel themselves using unidirectional travelling waves of muscular contraction, in a style similar to earthworms. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we film rectilinear locomotion of three species of snakes, including red-tailed boa constrictors, Dumeril's boas and Gaboon vipers. The kinematics of a snake's extension–contraction travelling wave are characterized by wave frequency, amplitude and speed. We find wave frequency increases with increasing body size, an opposite trend than that for legged animals. We predict body speed with 73–97% accuracy using a mathematical model of a one-dimensional n -linked crawler that uses friction as the dominant propulsive force. We apply our model to show snakes have optimal wave frequencies: higher values increase Froude number causing the snake to slip; smaller values decrease thrust and so body speed. Other choices of kinematic variables, such as wave amplitude, are suboptimal and appear to be limited by anatomical constraints. Our model also shows that local body lifting increases a snake's speed by 31 per cent, demonstrating that rectilinear locomotion benefits from vertical motion similar to walking.
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Rayhani, Fahira Salima, Herlina Agustin, and Gumgum Gumilar. "Perspectives of Snake Owners in Indonesia on Understanding Information about Snakes and Snakebites." JURNAL LENSA MUTIARA KOMUNIKASI 8, no. 2 (2024): 117–28. https://doi.org/10.51544/jlmk.v8i2.5602.
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This study uses a mixed-methods approach to examine the perspectives of snake owners in Indonesia regarding snakes, venomous species, and snakebite management. A survey was distributed to 1,109 respondents, with 109 participants) forming the core group for analysis. The research aims to assess snake owners’ knowledge about venomous snakes, handling snakebites, and myths surrounding these reptiles. Findings indicate that while the public generally fears snakes, many reptile enthusiasts in Indonesia keep snakes as pets for reasons such as hobby, conservation, and education. However, a significant gap in knowledge exists regarding the identification of venomous versus non-venomous snakes, with some respondents unable to distinguish between them accurately. Additionally, while most respondents recognized the importance of immobilization following a snake bite, some still believed in outdated and dangerous practices, such as suctioning or cutting the wound. The study also uncovered that while most participants view snakes as ordinary creatures, a small portion still holds superstitions, such as believing snakes are evil spirits. This perpetuates fear and misunderstanding of snakes. In conclusion, the research highlights the need for better education on snake identification, proper bite management, and debunking myths to improve the safety of snake keeping in Indonesia. Increased public awareness and accurate information can help mitigate the risks of keeping snakes as pets and foster a more informed and responsible approach to reptile care.
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R, Roshnath. "SNAKE RESCUES; A CONSERVATION EFFORT IN KANNUR DISTRICT." Kongunadu Research Journal 4, no. 1 (2017): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj193.
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Snakes can be found near human habitation because of different reasons of which abundance of prey (rodents) is the major fact. This draws conflict between snakes and humans. Even though snakes are protected with Indian Wildlife Act of 1972, they are generally regarded dangerous creatures to man and whenever spotted deserve no mercy. Hence, recues of the snake is an important factor for conserving the species. Trends in the population of snakes are difficult to monitor due to its sporadic distribution and secretive nature of snakes. Lack of knowledge about the population concerns any conservational plans. Thisdata attempt to document the diversity, population and seasonality of the snakes rescued in Kannur by Rapid response team from October 2011 to October 2014 in Kannur district. A total of 1427 snakes comprising 16 species were rescued in Kannur district of which 65% were venomous snakes. Indian Spectacled Cobra (Naja naja; 44.1%) were found to be common venomous snake encountered in the district. Russell’s Viper (Daboia russelii; 14.8%), Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus; 3.4%), King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah;2.5%) and few cases of Malabar Pit-Viper (Trimeresurus malabaricus;0.1%), Common Cat Snake ( Boiga trigonata;0.2%) and Forsten’s Cat snake (Boiga forsteni;0.1%) are the other venomous species.. Indian Rock Python (Python molurus; 30.1%) was the commonly rescued non-venomous snake in Kannur. Other non-venomous snakes were Rat snake (Ptyas mucosa; 1.8%), Common Trinket snake (Coelognathus helena; 1.3%), Wolf snake (Lycodon aulicus; 0.4%), Common Kukri (Oligodon arnensis; 0.1%), Common sand boa (Eryx conicus; 0.3%) and Red sand boa (Eryx johnii; 0.5%). Seasonal variations in the number of rescued snakes were discussed. Knowledge of activity pattern of the snake in the district can be used for successful management and conservational plans. Waste management, rodent control, reducing hideout places etc were suggested to decrease the number of snakes entering into house compound. Promoting awareness about the local snake among the public is as important as rescue activities. The increase in rescue call by 40% in 2013 can be taken as one of the successes of the awareness programs conducted across the district.
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Salim, Anika, Jarred Williams, Jose R. Almeida, et al. "Challenges in rescuing snakes to protect human lives and promote snake conservation in Tamil Nadu, India." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 9 (2024): e0012516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012516.
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Background Human-snake conflicts are common worldwide, often resulting in snakebites. Snakebite envenoming causes over 125,000 deaths and 400,000 permanent disabilities worldwide every year. India alone accounts for an average of ~58,000 annual snakebite-induced deaths. As human developments rapidly expand into suburban and rural areas, snakes are being displaced and incidences of residents finding snakes within their dwellings are increasing. Most people have an innate fear of snakes, compounded by centuries of negative influence from culture and mythology manifesting in people often attempting to kill snakes. Snake rescuers are volunteers who remove and relocate snakes to safe areas. This is a risky job that poses potentially fatal implications if bitten. These volunteers mostly receive no financial compensation for their time or transportation costs, but they choose to do it for their love of snakes, conservation, and for the altruistic nature of helping others. Snake rescuers often receive no formal training and are unfunded resulting in removing snakes improperly without adequate safety equipment or the required skill set to safely complete the task. Therefore, it is critical to determine their challenges and requirements to promote the safe rescue of snakes while protecting human lives. Methodology/Principal findings In this study, we developed an online questionnaire and interviewed 152 snake rescuers in Tamil Nadu, India following written informed consent to determine their challenges and needs for rescuing snakes safely. The results demonstrate that most rescuers are males, and they conduct snake rescues for varying lengths of time. They mostly receive no formal training and are bitten by snakes. They spend their own money on the purchase of snake-handling equipment and on treatments if bitten or injured during a rescue. Conclusions/Significance The rescuers highlighted the urgent need for formal training, safety equipment and standard protocols for rescuing snakes in Tamil Nadu. Overall, this study demonstrates that snake rescuing should be appropriately regulated by the authorities, in particular the Wildlife Division of State Forest Departments in India, and formal training along with necessary equipment, medical insurance and appropriate recognition should be provided to them to safely remove snakes from human dwellings and manage the safety of both snakes and humans. They can also act as educators to disseminate information about the preventive and first aid measures for snakebites as well as the ecological importance of snakes.
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Roshnath, Ramesh. "Solving species quandary: why awareness programs are pivotal in snake conservation." Herpetological Journal, Volume 29, Number 4 (January 1, 2019): 214–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/29.4.214218.
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Snakes are feared but largely misunderstood by the public. In India, a country with ancient cultures and traditions, snakes were historically worshiped and their habitats were protected as sacred. However, over time these values have shifted to non-conservative approaches, even with people killing snakes on encountering them. This attitudinal change is an indication of knowledge erosion. A closed-ended survey was conducted for 300 randomly selected people in Kerala, India in the age range of 21-55 years to discern their skills in identifying common snake species, and evaluate their attitudes and knowledge about the importance of snakes in the environment. The study showed a lack of knowledge among the responders regarding snakes. Common snakes were not familiar, venomous and non-venomous snakes were mis-classified, and a lack of knowledge about post-bite treatment was observed. Therefore, there is an urgent need for planned conservation education and awareness programmes to build a snake-friendly society. A better understanding of snakes will supplement conservation in the future, and can minimise human-snake conflicts.
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Lashgari, Mojtaba, Abhirup Banerjee, and Hossein Rabbani. "Splitting and Merging for Active Contours: Plug-and-Play." Mathematics 13, no. 6 (2025): 991. https://doi.org/10.3390/math13060991.
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This study tackles the challenge of splitting and merging in parametric active contours or snakes. The proposed method comprises three stages: (1) fully 4-connected interpolation, (2) snake splitting, and (3) snakes merging. For this purpose, first, the coordinates of snake points are separated into two corrupted 1D signals, with missing X/Y samples in the signals representing missing snakes’ coordinates. These missing X/Y samples are estimated using a constrained Tikhonov regularisation model, ensuring fully 4-connected snakes. Next, crossing points are identified by plotting snake points onto a raster matrix, detecting overlaps where multiple snake points occupy the same raster cell. Finally, snakes are split or merged by extracting snake points between crossing snake points that form a loop using a heuristic approach. Experimental results on the boundary detection of enamel in Micro-CT images and coronary arteries’ lumen in CT images demonstrate the proposed method’s ability to handle contour splitting and merging effectively.
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Butler, H., B. Malone, and N. Clemann. "Activity patterns and habitat preferences of translocated and resident tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban landscape." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04027.
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Translocation of snakes is a common practice for managing human–snake conflict in many parts of Australia. The impact of this management on individual snakes is not known. Differences between translocated and non-translocated snakes in terms of their activity patterns and habitat use are likely to indicate an impact on individual snakes from this procedure. We investigated these issues in a suburban parkland close to Melbourne for one of the most familiar of these snakes, the tiger snake (Notechis scutatus). This parkland is frequently used by licenced snake controllers to release snakes that have been removed from nearby private properties at the owner’s request. We used two techniques to assess activity patterns and habitat preferences of resident and translocated snakes: direct observations of tiger snakes that were resident in the park, and radiotelemetry to compare a subset of resident snakes with translocated conspecifics. The size of our transmitters dictated that we only use telemetry for large snakes (≥750 mm snout–vent length), even though the resident population consisted mainly of intermediate-sized females (560–760 mm snout–vent length). Non-telemetred resident snakes were readily observed during spring, but rarely observed in summer and early autumn. Translocated snakes travelled greater distances than resident telemetred snakes, although there was no difference in the frequency of movements. For both groups the degree of cloud cover and maximum daily temperature had a significant influence on daily activity, with snakes being more likely to be active on relatively cool, sunny days. Relative humidity, wind speed and rainfall did not exert a significant influence on activity. Snakes exhibited bimodal peaks in daily activity, avoiding the hottest part of the day. Both resident and translocated snakes showed a preference for grassy woodlands associated with hills, but avoided escarpment woodlands and open plains. Floodplain riparian woodland was avoided by resident snakes, but used in proportion to its availability by translocated snakes. Because translocated snakes released at the study site moved larger distances and showed different habitat preferences to resident snakes we conclude that this practice influences individual snakes. Until the implications of translocation for both snakes and humans are fully understood, we recommend caution in the use of this management practice.
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S.T., Bhong, Pathan T.S., and Kudale S.R. "Study of Ophio Fauna in and Around Indapur of Pune District, Maharashtra, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 663–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.080.
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One of the most widely distributed vertebrates on the planet, snakes tend to prefer arid regions due to their diversity. The present paper deals with geographical, ecological distribution and biodiversity of snakes in the area of Indapur tehsil district Pune, India. The present investigation was undertaken to study the diversity of Ophio fauna from Indapur tehsil Pune district. In this study there was 15 species of snakes belonging to 14 genera, 5 families. In which Colubridae is most diverse snakes family from Indapur tehsil. The findings indicated that there are 15 species of snakes from 5 families present in the Indapur tehsil; Eight genera and eight species belonging to the family Colubridae, including the rat snake, water snake, grass snake, banded racer, wolf snake, Trinket, Kukri, and cat snake; two genus and two species of elapids- Common krait and Indian cobra. Viper and saw scaled viper are two species belonging tothe family Viperidae.
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Stefano, Bovero, and Trovò Paola Viviana. "Into the Deep: Diving Record for the Dice Snake Natrix tessellata (Laurenti, 1768) in Lake Orta, NW Italy." IgMin Research 2, no. 5 (2024): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.61927/igmin179.
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Many snakes live close to water, with several groups displaying morphological, physiological, or behavioral adaptions to aquatic environments. Although marine snakes have been found at depths beyond 200 m, freshwater snakes are rarely reported at depths larger than a few meters. Here we report freshwater depth records for the dice snake Natrix tessellata, an aquatic snake belonging to the family Natricidae. Dice snake was observed at depths down to 17 m, including in habitats below the thermocline, in Lake Orta (Northern Italy). These observations open new perspectives related to the biology and physiology of Palearctic freshwater snakes belonging to the family Natricidae.
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Storniolo, Federico, Sacha Menichelli, and Marco A. L. Zuffi. "A long-term study of a snake community in north-western Tuscany (central Italy): population structure and density patterns." Herpetozoa 32 (May 22, 2019): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35574.
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We analysed a snake species community of a Mediterranean 0.2 ha ecotonal area during a 21 year time span, monitoring two colubrid and one viperid snake species. We carried out analyses in seven years (1997, 1999, 2002, 2004–2005, 2016–2017) that had similar sampling efforts and, in the last two years of short-term monitoring, we applied a recently proposed monitoring protocol of the Italian Environment Ministry. In total, we captured 172 distinct individuals, 61 whip snakes (Hierophisviridiflavus), 26 barred grass snakes (Natrixhelvetica) and 85 asp vipers (Viperaaspis). Regarding the long-term monitoring period, whip snakes were captured on average about nine times per year, grass snakes were captured four times per year and asp vipers were found 12 times per year. Captures decreased in whip snakes, while increased in grass snakes and remained constant in asp vipers. In 2016 and 2017, we captured 10 whip snakes, 19 grass snakes and 31 asp vipers. Density estimates of snake species (0.5 H.viridiflavus/ha, 0.3 N.helvetica/ha and 0.7 V.aspis/ha) differ, to a certain extent, from published results for some other areas of central, northern and western Europe, perhaps depending on the approach applied for habitat suitability estimation. The average body size between two years differed neither for whip snakes nor for grass snakes, but it decreased significantly in asp vipers.
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Storniolo, Federico, Sacha Menichelli, and Marco A.L. Zuffi. "A long-term study of a snake community in north-western Tuscany (central Italy): population structure and density patterns." Herpetozoa 32, no. () (2019): 101–7. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.32.e35574.
Full textAbstract:
We analysed a snake species community of a Mediterranean 0.2 ha ecotonal area during a 21 year time span, monitoring two colubrid and one viperid snake species. We carried out analyses in seven years (1997, 1999, 2002, 2004–2005, 2016–2017) that had similar sampling efforts and, in the last two years of short-term monitoring, we applied a recently proposed monitoring protocol of the Italian Environment Ministry. In total, we captured 172 distinct individuals, 61 whip snakes (Hierophis viridiflavus), 26 barred grass snakes (Natrix helvetica) and 85 asp vipers (Vipera aspis). Regarding the long-term monitoring period, whip snakes were captured on average about nine times per year, grass snakes were captured four times per year and asp vipers were found 12 times per year. Captures decreased in whip snakes, while increased in grass snakes and remained constant in asp vipers. In 2016 and 2017, we captured 10 whip snakes, 19 grass snakes and 31 asp vipers. Density estimates of snake species (0.5 H. viridiflavus/ha, 0.3 N. helvetica/ha and 0.7 V. aspis/ha) differ, to a certain extent, from published results for some other areas of central, northern and western Europe, perhaps depending on the approach applied for habitat suitability estimation. The average body size between two years differed neither for whip snakes nor for grass snakes, but it decreased significantly in asp vipers.
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Butler, H., B. Malone, and N. Clemann. "The effects of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban landscape." Wildlife Research 32, no. 2 (2005): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04020.
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In many suburban parts of Australia the removal of snakes from private property by licenced snake catchers is employed to mitigate perceived risks to humans and their pets. The number of snakes translocated around greater Melbourne, Victoria, each year can be very high (at least many hundreds). However, the effects of translocation on the behaviour and welfare of individual snakes, and the impact on existing snake populations at release sites are unknown. We used radio-telemetry of ‘resident’ and translocated snakes to investigate the consequences of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban parkland near Melbourne. Fourteen snakes (two female and four male residents, and four female and four male translocated snakes) implanted with radio-transmitters were tracked between spring 2002 and autumn 2003. Translocated snakes exhibited home ranges ~6 times larger than those of residents, although each group maintained core ranges of similar size. Translocated snakes travelled longer distances and were often located in residential areas adjacent to the park, whereas resident snakes were never located outside of the park.
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Cabido, Carlos, Adega Gonzalo, Pedro Galán, José Martín, and Pilar López. "Chemosensory predator recognition induces defensive behavior in the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 82, no. 3 (2004): 510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z04-023.
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Many antipredator adaptations are induced or mediated by the ability of the prey to recognize chemical cues from the predator. This ability is particularly advantageous for organisms whose environment precludes the effective use of other sensory systems, such as fossorial lizards. We tested the ability of the slow-worm, Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758, a semifossorial legless lizard, to detect and discriminate chemical stimuli arising from potential predators. We compared rates of tongue-flicks to swabs impregnated with scents from the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca Laurenti, 1768), a sympatric predator, the grass snake (Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758)), a sympatric but non-saurophagous predator, and the three-toed skink (Chalcides striatus (Cuvier, 1829)), a sympatric insectivorous, and thus innocuous, skink. Differential tongue-flick rates suggest that scents of smooth snakes were recognized by slow-worms. Moreover, scents of smooth snakes were quickly avoided and elicited defensive behaviors much more often than any other scent, suggesting that chemical cues are a reliable means of assessing the snake's presence. These chemosensory capacities would be evolutionarily advantageous to avoid predation by snakes and are likely to represent a component of the suite of adaptations associated with low-visibility habitats.
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Bringsøe, Henrik, and Niels Poul Dreyer. "Kleptoparasitism in Micrurus mipartitus (Squamata, Elapidae) competing for the same Caecilia sp. (Gymnophiona, Caeciliidae) in western Colombia." Herpetozoa 37 (March 22, 2024): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e112716.
Full textAbstract:
Kleptoparasitism, or food theft, is seldom reported in wild populations of snakes. Here, we describe as case where two Red-tailed Coral Snakes, Micrurus mipartitus, were observed competing for the same caecilian prey, either Caecilia leucocephala or C. perdita. This took place at night in a rainforest habitat in Valle del Cauca Department, western Colombia. Upon our arrival, the battle had already started as the two coral snakes kept bite-holds on the caecilian. They continued biting the prey at different places on the anterior parts and tugging in opposite directions. The snakes also made rotations along the longitudinal axis as they maintained their bite-holds. Surprisingly, one snake also bit the body of the other snake once. After 17 minutes of observation, the losing coral snake released its bite-hold on the caecilian. The winner then moved away from the losing snake which did not follow. It is well-known that M. mipartitus and other coral snakes eat caecilians, but this is the first observation of kleptoparasitism in elapid snakes in the wild. It is considered likely that they rely on chemoreception when detecting caecilians, notably in this case as two coral snakes detected the same prey item. In general, kleptoparasitism may occur more frequently amongst snakes than indicated by the very few published cases considering that numerous cases from captivity are known.
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Audini, Inggarsetya Syah, Lucia Tri Suwanti, Setiawan Koesdarto, and Emmanuel Djoko Poetranto. "Acanthocephalan in Xenochrophis piscator Snake in Sidoarjo Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1102.
Full textAbstract:
Xenochrophis piscator is a snake that often found in Indonesia, particularly in Java Island. Xenochrophis piscator is a non-venomous snake and often used for food, traditional medicine and as pets in Indonesia. Snakes can be infected by different types of parasites which are zoonotic. One of the zoonotic helminth infect snakes is acanthocephalan. Acanthocephalan can be transmitted to humans by ingesting snake products. We investigate the incidence of helminthiasis in X. piscator from snakes collector in Tulangan district, Sidoarjo, East Java. Parasites were collected from X. piscator organs. Identification of parasites was in carmine stain using light microscope for examination. Sixty snakes were observed and sixteen snakes were positively infected by adult acanthocephalan (26.67%). Acanthocephalan was found in mesenterium and fascia of X. piscator. Keyword : Xenochrophis piscator, acanthocephalan, helminthiasis, zoonosis.
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Smetona, Marius. "Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour." Lietuvių kalba, no. 8 (December 22, 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2014.22651.
Full textAbstract:

 Scholarly works on snake euphemisms have not been numerous, yet it is worth mentioning a recent article “Euphemistic snake names” by B. Jasiūnaitė and M. Smetona (2013). This publication deals with euphemistic words that refer to a snake, the motivation of which is based on a snake’s appearance. The article “Euphemistic names of a snake based on its habitat and behaviour” may be considered as a further study on euphemistic snake names adding further knowledge to the above-mentioned publication. The present article relies on the definitions of euphemisms provided in the works by V. Želvis and J. Frazer and aims at classifying, analysing and describing 66 euphemistic snake names which appeared on the basis of the habitats snakes like to live in, their supposed or actual traits and behaviour. With respect to function, the majority of snake euphemisms are enigmatic (serving the functional purpose of disguise) and only a small part constitutes the class of complimentary euphemisms. Both enigmatic and complimentary euphemisms most often are suffixal derivatives. It is common that the motivating factors for such euphemisms to occur are physical reality related to snakes. In other words, once people have encountered a snake and got familiar with its environment, they have ascribed certain behavioural traits to it and noted in which areas it is usually known to occur. Euphemisms the base word of which refers to mystical beliefs (skraiduõlė and skraiduõlinė paskraiduõlinė) or euphemisms that are based on words the meaning of which presumably has nothing in common to snakes which are used in order to flatter them (e.g., čilbùtė, čiulbùtė ) are not common.
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Scribner, Stephen J., and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "Locomotion and antipredator behaviour in three species of semi-aquatic snakes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, no. 2 (1995): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-036.
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For temperate-zone ectotherms, a potential cost of an aquatic lifestyle may be impaired locomotor performance, due to rapid cooling of the body when in cold water. Contrary to the hypothesis that more-aquatic species should be better adapted for locomotion at low temperatures, the decline in swimming performance with temperature was similar for three species of snakes (the northern water snake (Nerodia sipedon), eastern ribbon snake (Thamnophis sauritus) and common garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis)) that varied in their association with aquatic habitats. The effect of temperature on antipredator behaviour was also similar for the three species; at lower body temperatures, snakes relied more on alternative defensive behaviours. However, antipredator behaviour was used less by water snakes than by garter and ribbon snakes. Except for the smallest individuals, all snakes crawled more slowly than they swam, and the difference in performance was greatest for the largest snakes. When crawling, all three species relied more on alternative defensive behaviours than when swimming. In the field, water snakes fled at greater distances from human "predators" than did garter and ribbon snakes, which tended to rely on crypsis. The greater dependence on flight as the primary antipredator behaviour by water snakes, and on other tactics such as crypsis by garter and ribbon snakes, does not conform to the generalization that a species' antipredator behaviour is related to its characteristic dorsal pigmentation pattern. Species differences in antipredator behaviour appear to be more strongly related to habitat use.
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Poran, Naomie S., and Richard G. Coss. "Development of Antisnake Defenses in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus Beecheyi): I. Behavioral and Immunological Relationships." Behaviour 112, no. 3-4 (1990): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00211.
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AbstractThe development of antisnake behavioral and immunological defenses was investigated in laboratory born California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) from an area in California where Northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis oreganus) and Pacific gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus catenifer) are abundant. Previous studies have shown that adult ground squirrels from this area possess innate physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom while pups are highly vulnerable to predation from snakes. Pups from other areas are known to exhibit snake recognition and adult-like antisnake behaviors on first encounter, a finding that prompted further study of pups from this area. The present study had four objectives: 1) to determine if inexperienced pups can distinguish rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, 2) to determine what role mothers play in shaping their pups' behavior during their first encounters with snakes, 3) to determine if maturational factors affect the expression of antisnake behaviors, and 4) to determine if maturational factors affect rattlesnake venom resistance, especially during the first weeks of life. Two groups of 63-70 day-old pups were studied during their first encounters with both a rattlesnake and a gopher snake. The snakes were presented separately in a wire-screened compartment positioned in the center of the experiment room containing sand substratum. Pups in this setting were either alone or with their mothers during 5-min encounters with the snakes, which were video taped from an overhead mirror. Two years later, pups which had previously engaged the snakes with their mothers were retested with the same snakes as adults and their behavior was compared to that of the earlier group of pups encountering the snakes alone. In another group of pups, radioimmunoassays of serum-to-venom binding examined changes in venom resistance at 14, 30, 48, and 80 days of age. The results indicated that pups do indeed differentiate rattlesnakes from gopher snakes irrespective of whether the mother is present or absent as inferred from the greater time that they spent near the rattlesnake. When the mothers were present, pups spent much less time investigating the rattlesnake or gopher snake closely as compared with the condition in which pups were alone. Except for displacing pups interacting with the snakes at close range, which could theoretically reduce the probability of pup injury, mothers exhibited very little overt protection of pups. Pups and adults behaved similarly when they engaged the snakes as evinced by their close-range investigative behavior, substrate throwing, and tail-flagging activity with the exception that adults were less vigilant in monitoring the snake's activity from anywhere in the experiment room. Analysis of developmental changes in venom resistance revealed that serum-to-venom binding achieves adult levels at 30 days of age which is about 15 days prior to burrow emergence. Despite adult serum-to-venom binding levels, pups are vulnerable to envenomation due to their reduced body mass and serum volume available to neutralize rattlesnake venom. From an over-all perspective, recently emerged ground squirrel pups from a population in which adults are highly resistant to rattlesnake venom are vulnerable to snake predation. Yet, enigmatically, they exhibit adult-like patterns of antisnake behaviors that are very risky, such as close-range investigation and substrate throwing. Tail flagging at the pup stage of development is more easily interpretable as providing some protection from snakes because it attracts the mother's attention and that of nearby adults who are likely to intervene. We interpret the early appearance in pups of risky adult-like investigative and snake-harassment behaviors as a by-product of epigenetic processes aimed at older, less vulnerable stages of development in which these behaviors are likely to have greater defensive utility.
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Coombs, Gareth. "Quantifying predation pressure and the protective role of sheltered basking sites for small snakes in South Africa." Phyllomedusa: Journal of Herpetology 15, no. 2 (2016): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v15i2p155-162.
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Small snakes are frequent prey of predatory birds, reptiles, and mammals. The resulting mortality rate is difficult to quantify given the low likelihood of observing such predation events. However, studies using plasticine snake models have shown that small snakes may experience relatively high rates of predation. Model snakes constructed from slow-drying clay (as a substitute to plasticine) were used to assess the predation rate on small snakes in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The model snakes were used to test whether snakes basking in semi-shaded positions, with at least half of the body covered by overhanging vegetation are detected by bird and mammal predators. There were relatively high rates of predation, with half of the unconcealed snake models experiencing attacks. The predation rate on partially concealed models is lower than on unconcealed models, but the difference is not statistically significant. Thus, basking in sheltered areas may offer snakes protection against predators; however, predation attempts on concealed models suggests that predators actively seek out areas where prey might hide. This is the first quantification of predation on small snakes in South Africa, and the results generate numerous questions relating to the behavioral ecology of the diverse snake fauna found in this country
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Bringsøe, Henrik, and Niels Poul Dreyer. "Kleptoparasitism in Micrurus mipartitus (Squamata, Elapidae) competing for the same Caecilia sp. (Gymnophiona, Caeciliidae) in western Colombia." Herpetozoa 37, no. () (2024): 77–84. https://doi.org/10.3897/herpetozoa.37.e112716.
Full textAbstract:
Kleptoparasitism, or food theft, is seldom reported in wild populations of snakes. Here, we describe as case where two Red-tailed Coral Snakes, <i>Micrurus mipartitus</i>, were observed competing for the same caecilian prey, either <i>Caecilia leucocephala</i> or <i>C. perdita</i>. This took place at night in a rainforest habitat in Valle del Cauca Department, western Colombia. Upon our arrival, the battle had already started as the two coral snakes kept bite-holds on the caecilian. They continued biting the prey at different places on the anterior parts and tugging in opposite directions. The snakes also made rotations along the longitudinal axis as they maintained their bite-holds. Surprisingly, one snake also bit the body of the other snake once. After 17 minutes of observation, the losing coral snake released its bite-hold on the caecilian. The winner then moved away from the losing snake which did not follow. It is well-known that <i>M. mipartitus</i> and other coral snakes eat caecilians, but this is the first observation of kleptoparasitism in elapid snakes in the wild. It is considered likely that they rely on chemoreception when detecting caecilians, notably in this case as two coral snakes detected the same prey item. In general, kleptoparasitism may occur more frequently amongst snakes than indicated by the very few published cases considering that numerous cases from captivity are known.
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Hossain, Md Sakhawat, Md Abu Saeed, Md Farid Ahsan, et al. "Present Status, Challenges and Prospects of Snake Farming in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 50, no. 1 (2022): 121–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v50i1.60096.
Full textAbstract:
Venomous snakes are one of the most dreadful animals globally that kill their victims by injecting venoms (toxic substances) using fangs. However, snakes are being used for numerous vital life-saving purposes, including antivenom and traditional medicines, pain killers, cancer treatment, cardiac arrest, paralysis, arthritis, anti-ageing, and cosmetics to leather products, foods, display and research. This study was conducted to investigate the current status, challenges and prospects of snake farming in Bangladesh using self-structured questionnaires surveys. In this study, in total, 281 snakes belonging to 12 species i.e., common krait Bungarus caeruleus, banded krait B. fasciatus, greater black krait Bungarus niger, monocled cobra Naja kaouthia, spectacled cobra Naja naja, king cobra Ophiophagus hannah, russell's viper Daboia russelii, indian python Python molurus, common sand boa Eryx conicus, common cat snake Boiga trigonata, common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus and rat snake Ptyas mucosa were observed. This study also showed that the largest snake farm was at Patuakhali, where about 231 venomous snake individuals were reared, while 35 snakes were reared in Rajshahi farm, eight and seven snakes were reared in Rajbari and Gazipur farms, respectively. These snakes were collected from snake catchers/charmers and rescued from several places and nature. Snakes were fed on natural feeds (toad, frog, rat, and snake) and chickens. These farms had small to medium tin-shed building infrastructure with minimal facilities and used tanks, cages, and vivaria for snake rearing, breeding, and displaying. Snake farmers had not received any training, but some skilled snake handlers operated these farms. These snake farms did not keep managemental activities records and lack of proper design. These were not collected and preserved snake venom and were mainly involved in snake displaying. Although this study did not explore much information but snake farming may have great potential in Bangladesh; thus, more research is warranted on proper snake farming facilities. However, the government could be initiated the establishment of a modern and sophisticated snake farm for research, development, conservation, and venom collection including antivenom production and pharmaceutical purposes. Hence, the existing snake resources and skilled professionals may assist the government in snake farming activities. Bangladesh J. Zool. 50 (1): 121-133, 2022
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Öhman, Arne, and Susan Mineka. "The Malicious Serpent." Current Directions in Psychological Science 12, no. 1 (2003): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.01211.
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As reptiles, snakes may have signified deadly threats in the environment of early mammals. We review findings suggesting that snakes remain special stimuli for humans. Intense snake fear is prevalent in both humans and other primates. Humans and monkeys learn snake fear more easily than fear of most other stimuli through direct or vicarious conditioning. Neither the elicitation nor the conditioning of snake fear in humans requires that snakes be consciously perceived; rather, both processes can occur with masked stimuli. Humans tend to perceive illusory correlations between snakes and aversive stimuli, and their attention is automatically captured by snakes in complex visual displays. Together, these and other findings delineate an evolved fear module in the brain. This module is selectively and automatically activated by once-threatening stimuli, is relatively encapsulated from cognition, and derives from specialized neural circuitry.
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Chandrachood, Mandar V., and Snehal P. Chavhan. "Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite among students of industrial training institute in tribal area of Maharashtra." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 5 (2020): 1936. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20202009.
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Background: Snake bite is an important public health issue and an occupational hazard in India often faced by farmers and villagers. Most vulnerable are people in rural and tribal area but they are poorly informed about the snake bite. This study was undertaken with objective of assessing the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite among students of Industrial Training Institute (ITI) in tribal area. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in all students of the institute to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding snakes and snake bite. Data was collected in a predesigned and pretested proforma by oral questionnaire method and was analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests of significance.Results: Knowledge about identification of snakes was low. Most correctly identified snake was spectacled cobra (92.3%). Snakes are fond of milk was the most prevailing myth (60%). There was inadequate knowledge about proper first aid and treatment measures of snake bite. Participants from urban area and having higher secondary education had significantly higher knowledge, (p=0.015, p=0.025 respectively). Conclusions: Participants had inadequate knowledge about identification of snakes with various prevailing myths. Most of the participants were not aware of proper first aid measures but all knew that the patient should be taken to a hospital. There is a need to educate rural and tribal population about snakes and about first aid and treatment measures for snake bite.
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Rowe, Matthew, Donald Owings, Diane McKernon, Patricia Arrowood, and Richard Coss. "SNAKE-DIRECTED ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR OF ROCK SQUIRRELS (SPERMOPHILUS VARIEGATUS): POPULATION DIFFERENCES AND SNAKE-SPECIES DISCRIMINATION." Behaviour 138, no. 5 (2001): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853901316924485.
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AbstractThe purposes of this study were: (1) to describe the snake-directed antipredator behavior of rock squirrels; (2) to assess whether rock squirrels distinguish nonvenomous gopher snakes from venomous rattlesnakes; (3) to compare antisnake behavior in a snake-rare urban site and a snake-abundant wilderness site as a means of assessing whether natural selection or experience has generated population differences in behavior; (4) to assess snake densities in the two study sites; (5) to compare the antisnake behavior of rock squirrels with that of their closest relatives, California ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), a species that appears to differ from rock squirrels in exhibiting marked sexual-size dimorphism; and (6) to gather additional data on sexual size dimorphism in these two ground squirrel species. We tethered nonvenomous gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus) and venomous western diamondback rattlesnakes (Crotalus atrox) in the field near burrows of marked squirrels and videotaped the ensuing interactions. Rock squirrels from both urban and wilderness populations confronted snakes while waving their fluffed tails from side to side, throwing substrate at the snakes, and even attacking snakes on occasion. Survey data confirmed large differences in snake densities between the two sites. Squirrels from the snake-abundant wilderness site distinguished rattlesnakes from gopher snakes, but squirrels from the snake-rare urban site did not. Since these squirrels show similar evidence of selection from snakes, as revealed by their equivalent physiological resistance to rattlesnake venom, we attributed these behavioral differences to the effects of snake experience. Rock squirrel antisnake behavior was very similar to that of California ground squirrels. Where the two species' behavior was dissimilar, the differences may be due in part to the interspecies variation in sexual size dimorphism confirmed in this study, and to the greater number of rattlesnake species that rock squirrels encounter.
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Yi, Hongyu, and Mark A. Norell. "The burrowing origin of modern snakes." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (2015): e1500743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500743.
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Modern snakes probably originated as habitat specialists, but it controversial unclear whether they were ancestrally terrestrial burrowers or marine swimmers. We used x-ray virtual models of the inner ear to predict the habit ofDinilysia patagonica, a stem snake closely related to the origin of modern snakes. Previous work has shown that modern snakes perceive substrate vibrations via their inner ear. Our data show thatD. patagonicaand modern burrowing squamates share a unique spherical vestibule in the inner ear, as compared with swimmers and habitat generalists. We built predictive models for snake habit based on their vestibular shape, which estimatedD. patagonicaand the hypothetical ancestor of crown snakes as burrowers with high probabilities. This study provides an extensive comparative data set to test fossoriality quantitatively in stem snakes, and it shows that burrowing was predominant in the lineages leading to modern crown snakes.
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Fuentes Magallón, Rogemif, Melquiades Castillo, Edmundo Belton, Eduardo Zambrano, Helio Quintero-Arrieta, and Abel Batista. "Dead snake! A strategy for survival: Thanatosis in some Panamanian snakes with a review of death-feigning in American snakes." Reptiles & Amphibians 28, no. 3 (2021): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/randa.v28i3.15753.
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Thanatosis (pretending to be dead), sometimes called letisimulation, is widely used as an anti-predator strategy by snakes. Herein we report six cases of death-feigning in six species of Panamanian snakes (Dark-headed Red Falseboa, Pseudoboa neuwiedii; Double-banded False Coralsnake, Erythrolamprus bizona; Forest Flamesnake, Oxyrhopus petolarius; Rufous-headed Snake, Amastridium veliferum; Colombian Long-tailed Snake, Enuliophis sclateri; and Pacific Banded Coffee Snake, Ninia maculata). We also present a literature review of thanatosis in American snakes and discuss the terminology associated with this behavior.
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Pathak, Ishan, and Chandra Metgud. "Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding snakes and snake bite among rural adult of Belagavi, Karnataka." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 12 (2017): 4527. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20175324.
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Background: India is home to over 270 species of snakes, including 60 venomous. Belagavi, set in foothills of Western Ghats, is home to four major venomous snakes viz. Russell’ s viper, spectacled cobra, common krait and saw scaled viper. Surveys suggest that around half of the snake bite related deaths take place in India and are largely avoidable and treatable. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding Snakes and Snake bite among adult in a rural area of Belagavi, Karnataka.Methods: This community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults who were permanent residents of Kinaye village located in the field practice area of JN Medical College, Belagavi. A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice after taking written informed consent. Results: Most of the study participants when shown different photographs could differentiate between venomous and non-venomous snakes and their bite marks. 100% of the study participants knew that medical treatment was available for snakebite and would rush to a health facility in an event of snakebite. Most common venomous Snake to be identified was Spectacled Cobra (72%) while Common Krait was the least identified (24%). About 75% of study subjects correctly differentiated between the pictures of venomous and non-venomous Snake bite marks. Nearly 90.5% believed that Snakes bite for self-defence. Conclusions: In the present study majority of the participants had basic knowledge about Snake identification and snakebite. Most correctly identified venomous and non-venomous Snakes was Spectacled Cobra and Green Vine Snake respectively, while most incorrectly identified venomous Snake was common Krait. All the participants knew that there is medical treatment available for snakebite and most of them were in favour of not killing Snakes.
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Aust, Patrick W., Ngo Van Tri, Daniel J. D. Natusch, and Graham J. Alexander. "Asian snake farms: conservation curse or sustainable enterprise?" Oryx 51, no. 3 (2016): 498–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531600034x.
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AbstractSnake farming in Asia has increased over the past decade, and conservationists have expressed concerns that farms may foster overexploitation of wild populations and create legal conduits for illegally harvested wild individuals. We conducted face-to-face interviews with snake farmers in Viet Nam and China, with the aim of describing the basic models under which snakes are farmed for meat. We synthesized this information to assess the feasibility of farming snakes for human consumption, drawing conclusions about the impact of this industry on the conservation of wild snake populations. The most commonly farmed snakes include the monocled cobra Naja kaouthia, the Chinese cobra Naja atra, the oriental rat snake Ptyas mucosus and the king cobra Ophiophagus hannah. These species have life histories that are compatible with the demands of intensive livestock production, including early maturity, rapid growth rates, high reproductive output, efficient food assimilation rates and undemanding space requirements. Snake farmers appear to be capitalizing on the unique energy-efficiency of snakes to produce meat for human consumption. We conclude that the ease and profitability of farming snakes in China and Viet Nam make farming a viable substitute for harvesting wild snakes, with apparently minimal threat to wild populations. Snake farming offers a range of novel agricultural opportunities and has the potential to play a pivotal role in sustainable development.
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Dr, Nripendra Singh1 Dr Apoorva Verma2 Dr. Diksha Lade3. "Symptomatology and Treatment of Snake Bites in Animals." Trends In Agriculture Science 2, no. 2 (2023): 127–28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7674973.
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snake bites are common in domesticated animals, and deaths occur due to venom or wound infection. During the bite, fangs inject venom. Fang marks on the skin are an indication of venomous snake bites. These are made up of a row of small punctures with two huge punctures outside of them. Non-venomous snakes only puncture the skin in two rows. The two most common groups of snakes are <strong>Viperine</strong> which causes hemorrhage, arteriolar thrombosis, and necrosis whereas <strong>Elapine</strong> snakes cause flaccid paralysis, mydriasis, and respiratory paresis. Venoms are most toxic to horses and can be lethal to dogs. Elapidae include coral snakes, cobras, kraits, and mombus, while rattle snakes, pit vipers, and water moceasins are very venomous.
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Naumovski, Marko, Ivamaria Jovanovska, Kakja Popovska, Vesna Velikj Stefanovska, and Gordana Mirchevska. "Identification of the microflora from the oral cavity of exotic snakes kepth as pets." Archives of Public Health 12, no. 2 (2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/aph.2020.5272.
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In recent years, snakes have become suitable pets for people with little spare time. By buying these animals people ignore the fact that they carry many microorganisms that are pathogenic for humans. The idea of this study was to identify the microorganisms from the oral cavity of exotic snakes kept as pets in the Republic of North Macedonia, which can help in the treatment of bite infections if they occur. The study comprised 30 snakes of 9 species, from 3 families of non-venomous snakes: Pythonidae, Boidae and Colubridae. Snakes are part of the 5 largest collections of exotic snakes in the Republic of North Macedonia. Only one swab from the oral cavity was taken from each snake. The brushes were cultured and microscopically analyzed at the Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology at the Faculty of Medicine in Skopje. From 59 isolated microorganisms from the oral cavity of 30 exotic snakes, 37.3% were Gram-positive bacteria, 61.01% were Gram-negative bacteria and 1.69% were fungi. Of the total number of microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was predominant with 27.11%, Providencia rettgeri / Proteus vulgaris with 18.64% and KONS / Micrococcus luteus with 16.94%. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was present in all three snake families, with 62.5% of the snake in the fam. Pythonidae; 50% in the fam. Boidae and 50% in the fam. Colubridae. The isolate Providencia rettgeri / Proteus vulgaris was most frequently found in the fam. Colubridae with 71.43%, followed by fam. Pythonidae with 12.5%, but was not isolated in any specimen of the fam. Boidae. The microbiome of the non-venomous snakes is composed of Gram-positive bacteria in healthy snakes, but also in snakes kept in inadequate hygienic conditions. Gram-negative bacteria were predominant, of which the most significant was the presence of multiple drug resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Snakes as pets require proper knowledge of terms and conditions.
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Van Waeyenberge, J., J. Aerts, T. Hellebuyck, F. Pasmans, and A. Martel. "Stress in wild and captive snakes: quantification, effects and the importance of management." Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 87, no. 2 (2018): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v87i2.16082.
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As in other animals, distress and impaired welfare have a deleterious effect on the mental, physical and behavioral health of snakes in the wild and in captivity. Besides anthropogenic disturbance, the availability of food and shelter, the presence of predators, and environmental factors, such as seasonality and climatological changes, are important factors that affect the stress level and subsequent welfare in wild snake populations. In captive snakes, inappropriate management is the most prominent cause of chronic stress and impaired welfare. Chronic stress can be assumed by looking at the snake’s behavior, but there is need for a standardized quantification method to pin-point more accurately (chronic) stress levels. The biomarker suitable in this framework is the level of corticosterone in plasma, feces and shed skin.
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Robertson, Ian C., and Patrick J. Weatherhead. "The role of temperature in microhabitat selection by northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 3 (1992): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-063.
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Using field observations and laboratory experiments we examined the role of temperature in microhabitat selection by an eastern Ontario population of northern water snakes (Nerodia sipedon). From 1349 random transects through a marsh we found that basking activity peaked at 09:00 and then declined steadily until 14:00 before increasing again. Our ability to detect snakes depended upon the microhabitat they occupied, and to the time of day when the snakes were encountered in water. In the field, temperatures of basking snakes averaged (±SE) 26.3 ± 0.7 °C (n = 36), while captive snakes in a thermal gradient showed a narrower selectivity, averaging 27.7 ± 0.4 °C (n = 21). The temperatures of basking snakes never exceeded 33 °C, even though a model snake placed in the sun reached 48 °C, suggesting that the snakes were thermoregulating to prevent overheating. In both the field and enclosures, water snakes basked more frequently as the temperature of the air increased relative to the water. Experimental manipulation of water temperature relative to air temperature revealed that temperature influenced microhabitat selection independently of circadian patterns. Finally, when in water, snakes tended to frequent habitats where leopard frogs (Rana pipiens), a common prey species, were most abundant, suggesting that prey distribution may also be an important component of water snake habitat selection.
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Mikaella M.G., Lock. "pdf 02.Detectability of reptiles in standardised surveys: a test using grass snake Natrix helvetica models." Herpetological Journal 32, no. 4 (2022): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33256/32.4.183189.
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The ability to detect snakes in the field may be influenced by phenotypic and morphological variables attributable to the target species. These variables include body size, colouration, and body posture. To test what effect these variables had on detectability by surveyors, plasticine model grass snakes were distributed along a predetermined transect in reptile habitat. Detections of different types of snake models along the transect were compared between two groups of inexperienced students and those of a single experienced observer. The experienced surveyor detected 72 % of all the snake models, compared to 53 % and 58 % by the inexperienced groups. All groups detected more larger snakes than smaller snakes, and more uncoiled snakes than coiled snakes. The presence of a yellow/black collar did not influence the detection of the snakes. The results demonstrate the observer bias that may be inherent in surveys of snakes due to variation in size and posture of the target animals. Accounting for such biases in the design of reptile surveys and providing appropriate training and experience for volunteers may improve the validity and interpretation of data collected within citizen science programmes. Keywords: population assessment, imperfect detection, citizen science, survey protocol
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M. Engeman, Richard, Daniel S. Vice, Danny V. Rodriguez, Kenneth S. Gruver, William S. Santos, and Mikel E. Pitzler. "Effectiveness of the detector dogs used for deterring the dispersal of Brown Tree Snakes." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980256.
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The accidental introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis to Guam has resulted in the extirpation of most of the island's native terrestrial vertebrates, has created a health hazard to infants and children, and has resulted in economic losses. Cargo inspections using teams of handlers and their detector dogs form a last line of defense for preventing Brown Tree Snake dispersal from Guam. To assess the efficacy of the teams of handlers and their dogs for locating stowed Brown Tree Snakes, we planted Brown Tree Snakes (in escape-proof containers) in cargo without the knowledge of the handlers inspecting the cargo. We found that when an observer attended the inspection to monitor procedures, 80% of the planted snakes were located. Without an attending observer present, 70% of the planted snakes were discovered, but only after such plantings had become a routine procedure. Prior to the routine planting of snakes, efficacy was nearly 50% less (38%). The reasons some planted snakes were missed by the dog teams were split between: an insufficient search pattern by the handler, or the dog giving no discernable indication that a snake was present.
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Özel, Murat, Pavol Prokop, and Muhammet Uşak. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of Student Attitudes toward Snakes." Society & Animals 17, no. 3 (2009): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853009x445398.
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AbstractThere is an increasing amount of research focusing on the origin of the human fear of animals. However, other dimensions of human views of frightening animals have been largely neglected. This study investigated attitudes toward snakes. The Snake Attitude Questionnaire (SAQ), which consisted of 58 Likert-type items (Cronbach's α = 0.91), was administered in a sample of students from two countries (Turkey and Slovakia). Students showed negative attitudes toward snakes, especially within the Negativistic and Naturalistic dimensions. Turkish students showed more positive Scientistic and Naturalistic attitudes than Slovakian students, and females showed more negative attitudes toward snakes than males. Although biology majors had more positive attitudes, compared with nonbiology majors, knowledge of snakes and beliefs about untrue myths were similar between these two subgroups. Our research indicates that fear of snakes negatively influences other attitudinal dimensions (especially naturalistic and scientific attitudes) although no students had been injured by a snake. Keeping various pets at home was associated with less fear of snakes. Nature protection actions should combine direct contact with these controversial animals with interventions against belief in untrue myths about snakes.
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Alshammari, Ahmed Mohajja, and Salem Mahfoudh Busais. "Distribution of Snakes in Ha’il Province, Saudi Arabia, with an Identification Key to the Species." Russian Journal of Herpetology 27, no. 1 (2020): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30906/1026-2296-2020-27-1-5-10.
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This study provides the occurrence and distribution of snakes in Ha’il from previous literature and supporting fieldwork, and updates the checklist of snake fauna in the area of study. The recent study reveals 12 species of snakes belonging to five families (Boidae, Colubridae, Lamprophiidae, Elapidae, and Viperidae). However, four registers from the previous record are inaccurate, and accordingly were removed from the list of Ha’il snakes. In addition, an identification key to the snake species of Ha’il is presented.
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Gregory, Patrick T., and Kari J. Nelson. "Predation on fish and intersite variation in the diet of common garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis, on Vancouver Island." Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, no. 4 (1991): 988–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-143.
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Diets of garter snakes (Thamnophis) often vary in space or time in response to variations in prey abundance. We compared the diet of the common garter snake (T. sirtalis) on Vancouver Island at fish-rearing facilities (hatcheries) and at nearby natural sites where fish were present but less abundant. Snakes of all sizes fed on fish at hatcheries, but fish were rarely eaten at natural sites, where amphibians or earthworms were the major prey types. Any particular characterization of the diet of this species therefore must be site specific. Although snakes exhibited intersite variation in diet, there was no evidence of temporal variation in diet at any site. The proportion of snakes with food in their stomachs varied among sites (perhaps indicating differences in frequency of feeding among sites) and was correlated with mean relative body mass of snakes. This suggests that some sites are more productive than others for snakes, but rigorous tests of whether snake populations are food-limited have not been done.
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Ahmad, Syed Farhan, Worapong Singchat, Thitipong Panthum, and Kornsorn Srikulnath. "Impact of Repetitive DNA Elements on Snake Genome Biology and Evolution." Cells 10, no. 7 (2021): 1707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10071707.
Full textAbstract:
The distinctive biology and unique evolutionary features of snakes make them fascinating model systems to elucidate how genomes evolve and how variation at the genomic level is interlinked with phenotypic-level evolution. Similar to other eukaryotic genomes, large proportions of snake genomes contain repetitive DNA, including transposable elements (TEs) and satellite repeats. The importance of repetitive DNA and its structural and functional role in the snake genome, remain unclear. This review highlights the major types of repeats and their proportions in snake genomes, reflecting the high diversity and composition of snake repeats. We present snakes as an emerging and important model system for the study of repetitive DNA under the impact of sex and microchromosome evolution. We assemble evidence to show that certain repetitive elements in snakes are transcriptionally active and demonstrate highly dynamic lineage-specific patterns as repeat sequences. We hypothesize that particular TEs can trigger different genomic mechanisms that might contribute to driving adaptive evolution in snakes. Finally, we review emerging approaches that may be used to study the expression of repetitive elements in complex genomes, such as snakes. The specific aspects presented here will stimulate further discussion on the role of genomic repeats in shaping snake evolution.
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Elvandari, Milliyantri, and Eka Andriani. "Media Edutaiment Meningkatkan Sikap dan Pratik Siswa dalam Pemilihan Jajanan Sehat pada Sekolah Dasar di Karawang." Jurnal Gizi dan Kuliner 1, no. 1 (2020): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35706/giziku.v1i1.3629.
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Food snacks are potentially contaminated with lead and heavy metals due to wind on the streets and dust carrying bacteria that pollute food and other hazards derived from the food material itself if not hygienic. Increasing attitudes and healthy practices in children can be done with nutrition counseling methods. Nutrition counseling method in this study was given through edutaiment media, one of which is snakes and ladders. Snakes and ladders is one of the games that are liked by elementary school children. This study aims to determine students' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding healthy snacks at SDN Karawang Wetan 1. This research is a quantitative study with a Pre-Experimental design with One Group Pre-test Post Test Design. The sample consisted of 40 fifth grade students obtained by purposive sampling technique. Data collection using a questionnaire and data analysis using nonparametric 2 sample test methods related to McNemar test. The results showed that the influence of the snake ladder game media could increase students' attitudes and practices about healthy snack selection, namely p value (0,000) <? (0.05). Keywords: ladder snake, attitude, practice, healthy snacks