Journal articles on the topic 'Snorkeling'

Wisata snorkeling terumbu karang di perairan pulau Gili Labak merupakan salah satu sektor wisata bahari yang sedang dikembangkan oleh pemerintah kebupaten Sumenep Madura sejak tahun 2014 hingga saat ini. Peningkatan jumlah wisatawan yang terjadi pada beberapa tahun terakhir dapat menimbulkan resiko tekanan dan kerusakan ekosistem terumbu karang di area snorkeling secara berkala. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kegiatan wisatawan sebelum, selama dan sesudah snorkeling terhadap ekosistem terumbu karang yang dikaji dengan mengetahui jenis karang yang mendominasi, status persentase tutupan terumbu karang serta potensi Dampak Wisata Bahari (DWB) snorkeling di lokasi wisata snorkeling pulau Gili Labak Sumenep. Persentase penutupan lifeform karang pulau Gili Labak khususnya di area snorkelling didominasi oleh karang hidup sebanyak 74% dan unsur abiotik sebesar 22%. Jenis karang yang mendominasi pulau Gili Labak adalah Acropora Branching sebesar 19,88% dan Coral Foliose sebesar 10,25%. Selama waktu 6 minggu pengamatan terjadi penurunan total karang sebesar 0,64% yang termasuk kategori rusak ringan, dimana sebagian besar kerusakan terjadi pada karang dengan bentuk pertumbahan branching misalnya Acropora Submassive dan Coral Submassive. Penurunan persen tutupan karang yang tinggi terjadi setelah kegiatan snorkeling (after) yang dilakukan oleh wisatawan. Analisa potensi Dampak Wisata Bahari (DWB) snorkeling pada terumbu karang di perairan Gili Labak selama 6 minggu pengamatan masuk dalam kategori rendah yaitu berkisar 0,052% hingga 0,085%. Faktor penyebab kecilnya nilai presentase Dampak Wisata Bahari (DWB) ini diduga karena waktu pengamatan cenderung pendek dan jenis karang yang mendominasi yaitu Acropora. Acropora memiliki kemampuan regenerasi lebih cepat dibandingkan jenis lainnya. The snorkeling activity around coral reefs in the waters of Gili Labak is one of the marine tourism sectors that is being developed by the Sumenep Madura district government since 2014. Increasing number of tourists that occurs in recent years pose a risk of pressure and damage to coral reef ecosystems in the snorkeling area. This study aims to determine the impact of tourist activities before, during and after snorkeling on coral reef ecosystems that are studied by knowing the type of dominated coral, the percentage status of coral cover and the potential Impact of snorkeling at the snorkeling sites of the island of Gili Labak Sumenep. The percentage of coral cover in the island of Gili Labak especially in the snorkelling area is dominated by live coral ( 74%) and abiotic elements by 22%. Coral species that dominate the island of Gili Labak are Acropora Branching at 19.88% and Coral Foliose at 10.25%. During the 6-week observation there was a decrease in live coral cover by 0.64% which was categorized as minor damage, most of the damage occurred to branching Acropora, sub-massive Acropora and Coral Sub-massive. The high percent decrease in coral cover occurred after snorkeling conducted by tourists. Analysis of the potential impact of snorkeling on coral reefs in the waters of Gili Labak for 6 weeks of observation is in the low category, ranging from 0.052% to 0.085%. The factor causing the small impact of Marine Tourism is presumably because the observation time tends to be short and the dominant coral species is Acropora. Acropora has the ability to regenerate faster than other types.

Pantai Dondon, Desa Mertak merupakan salah satu kawasan yang masuk dalam kawasan Teluk Bumbang dan Teluk Awang yang dikenal sebagai salah satu pusat kawasan penangkapan lobster di Pulau Lombok. Larangan penangkapan lobster yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 56 tahun 2016 telah menyebabkan hilangnya mata pencaharian utama masyarakat di Desa ini. Hal ini mendorong untuk diciptakannya mata pencaharian alternatif bagi masyarakat. Kegiatan ini bertujuan agar kelompok masyarakat Desa Mertak memperoleh keterampilan snorkeling dan pengamatan ekosistem bawah laut sebagai modal dalam upaya peningkatan perekonomian melalui kegiatan ekowisata bahari. Kegiatan pengabdian ini diikuti oleh 15 peserta yang merupakan gabungan masyarakat setempat dan anggota karang taruna Desa Mertak. Metode kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah penyuluhan, pelatihan, pendampingan, dan pemberian bantuan peralatan snorkelling. Kegiatan diawali dengan penyampaian materi dan diikuti dengan diskusi. Banyak permasalahan serta harapan yang disampaikan oleh para peserta terkait dengan pengembangan ekowisata di pantai Dondon. Selanjutnya, dilakukan kegiatan pengamatan ekosistem bawah laut yang merupakan kegiatan penerapan teori atau materi yang telah disampaikan sebelumnya dan memberikan gambaran bahwa kawasan ini memerlukan rehabilitasi terumbu karang. Masyarakat juga diberikan bantuan peralatan set snorkeling, pengenalan fungsi peralatan tersebut, serta teknik snorkeling yang baik dan benar. Kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan secara maksimal oleh peserta kegiatan sehingga dapat menjadi alternatif dalam meningkatkan taraf kehidupan perekonomian

Mengelola kepuasan pesnorkel dalam melakukan aktivitas snorkeling merupakan salah satu upaya menjaga keberlanjutan ekosistem terumbu karang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kepuasan pesnorkel saat bersnorkeling pada ekosistem terumbu karang di TNLKpS serta mengidentifikasi atribut yang perlu ditingkatan untuk pengelolaan wisata snorkeling di pada ekosistem terumbu karang di TNLKpS. Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan observasi dan survey dengan distribusi kuisoner pada pesnorkel. Analisis dilakukan dengan menghitung tingkat kepuasan pesnorkel menggunakan importance-satisfaction analysis (ISA) dan indeks kepukasan pengunjung (IKP). Indeks Kepuasan menunjukan bahwa wisata snorkeling 66,82% memuaskan pesnorkel. Artinya pesnorkel merasa sangat puas dengan pengalaman snorkeling di TNLKpS. Dari 18 atribut yang dianalis menggunakan ISA diperoleh perbaikan yang harus dilakukan pada pengelolaan wisata snorkeling yaitu pada atribut perahu aman dan nyaman, peralatan cukup. Pengelola perlu untuk mengontrol kepuasan pesnorkel dalam melakukan aktivitas memberi makan ikan dan foto bawah air, menjaga kepadatan wisatawan dalam melakukan snorkeling dan menjaga kualitas ekosistem terumbu karang.

Abstract The continued evaluation of fish-sampling gears and methods is essential to identify their applicability across environmental conditions and among species. Although limited by visibility, snorkeling has potential advantages relative to other fish-sampling gears in wadeable streams (e.g., minimally intrusive, cost effective, and appropriate in deeper areas). Clear water is common to warm-water streams; however, the use of snorkeling for monitoring stream-fish populations has largely focused on cold-water systems. To assess relative snorkeling efficiency in warm-water streams, we compared standardized single-pass snorkel counts to tow-barge electrofishing abundance estimates for six sunfishes (Centrarchidae) in the Ozark Highlands ecoregion of northwest Oklahoma and southwest Missouri under relatively similar environmental conditions (i.e., clear water, cobble substrates, low-flow conditions). Snorkeling efficiency was variable among sunfishes and consistently low for species with cryptic traits and habitat use. We also did not detect cryptic sunfishes (i.e., a single individual was not encountered) using snorkeling at multiple stream reaches where estimated abundance was > 50 within a 0.5- to 1.0-km stream reach. Our findings indicate that snorkeling has applications for monitoring sunfish populations and assemblages when using an abundance estimator or accounting for imperfect detection; however, it is inappropriate for estimating population size of cryptic sunfishes. We encourage continued research into the applicability of snorkeling to estimate warm-water stream fish abundance.

Lemukutan Island has the potential of coral reefs to be developed into snorkeling and diving destinations. This study aims to (1) Analyze the suitability and carrying capacity of Lemukutan Island Conservation area in the development of snorkeling and diving ecotourism; (2) Formulate a strategy for developing Snorkeling and diving ecotourism in Lemukutan Island. Primary data collection with field observations and structured interviews to 30 respondents on Lemukutan Island. Secondary data is collected by various libraries and related. Based on results of the study, Lemukutan Island's coral reef ecosystem for the purpose of snorkeling and diving tourism was in the appropriate category (S2) with an IKW value of 76.8% and 68.86%. While the Ecological Carrying Capacity of each ± 6,139 people / day and ± 1,008 people / day. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis obtained alternatif strategies (1) Management and utilization of coral reefs optimally by taking into account the sustainability; (2) Increased access to Lemukutan islands, such as speed boats and timely departures; (3) Adding snorkeling and diving equipment, and improving resort services; (4) Arrangement of land and sea space in accordance with its designation so that marine resources can be sustainable; (5) Packaging of unique and environmentally based snorkeling and diving tours; (6) Increasing promotion through digital technology and promotion through tourism events to build partnership networks; (7) Improving skills for the community to open up alternative opportunities for new jobs; (8) Disseminating the importance of protecting coral reefs and making rules for snorkeling and diving tours

Snorkeling adalah salah satu hobu yang sangat digemari saat ini. Snorkeling sering di lakukan untuk refreshing sambil menyegarkan pikiran setelah berkutat dengan aktifitas dan pekerjaan yang menguras pikiran. Piranti atau (peralatan) snorkeling yang paling utama terdiri dari 4 alat yaitu, masker selam, baju selam, snorkel dan kaki katak atau sirip selam. Dalam penerapanya banyak kendala yang dihadapi para penyelam terutama dalam hal memilih piranti masih bersifat manual yaitu para penyelam hanya mendapat informasi dari instruktur snorkeling yang berada di kawasan snorkeling. Keadaan tersebut sudah pasti membuat proses pemilihan menjadi tidak efesien karena keterbatasan informasi yang bisa didapat sehingga perlunya dibuatkan sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan. Fuzzy C-means Clustering (FCM) adalah suatu teknik pengelompokan data yang mana keberadaan tiap-tiap titik dalam suatu cluster ditentukan oleh derajat keanggotaan. Pada penelitian ini akan digunakan metode perhitungan FCM untuk menentukan piranti yang tepat untuk direkomendasikan kepada User. Dengan adanya sistem pendukung keputusan dapat membantu user dalam memilih piranti yang sesuai dengan kriteria yang diinginkanya.

Wisata snorkeling di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa merupakan salah satu sektor wisata yang paling pesat perkembanganya saat ini di Karimunjawa. Semakin meningkatnya wisatawan snorkeling dapat menimbulkan tekanan ekologi terumbu karang pada lokasi snorkeling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kontak langsung wisatawan snorkeling dan operator wisata terhadap kerusakan terumbu karang, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengikuti operator wisata. Kontak fisik yang paling sering dilakukan oleh wisatawan adalah sit stand kneel pada karang, sedangkan untuk operator wisata adalah penambatan perahu, pemberian pakan pada ikan, serta tidak menegur wisatawan. Nilai kontak fisik pada spot Ujung Bintang 0,029 individu per menit, nilai kontak fisik pada spot Maer 0,063 individu per menit, nilai kontak fisik pada spot Karang Sendok 0,038 individu per menit.

Panggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling and diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef. While the most destructive behavior by diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as rubble, scratches on top of coral colony, and crushed coral colony. Based on the tourism impact analysis showed that diverwho has not been licensed gived the greatest damage impact,it was 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling touristwas 5.05% and diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was 2.36%. Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities.Keywords : coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang IslandPanggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling and diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef. While the most destructive behavior by diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as rubble, scratches on top of coral colony, and crushed coral colony. Based on the tourism impact analysis showed that diverwho has not been licensed gived the greatest damage impact,it was 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling touristwas 5.05% and diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was 2.36%. Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities. Keywords : coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang Island

Perairan Tuing mempunyai potensi ekosistem pesisir yaitu ekosistem terumbu karang yang memiliki daya tarik tersendiri sebagai keanekaragaman biota-biota laut. Sehingga memiliki potensi untuk kegiatan wisata bahari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang tingkat kesesuaian wisata snorkeling di Pelabuh Dalam Perairan Tuing Kabupaten Bangka. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan April-Mei 2019 bertempat di Perairan Tuing Kabupaten Bangka. Pengambilan data ikan karang menggunakan metode visual sensus dan pengambilan data terumbu karang menggunakan metode Line Intercept Transect selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata (IKW). Hasil penelitian Indeks Kesesuain Wisata Snorkeling di Pantai Pelabuh Dalam Tuing pada stasiun 1 sampai dengan stasiun 6 masuk dalam kategori cukup sesuai (S2) bila dijadikan lokasi Wisata Snorkeling, dengan nilai stasiun 1 yaitu 73,68 (%), stasiun 2 yaitu 57,89 (%), stasiun 3 yaitu 71,93 (%), stasiun 4 yaitu 66,64 (%), stasiun 5 yaitu 70,18 (%) dan stasiun 6 yaitu 56,1 (%). Nilai Daya Dukung Kawasan (DDK) untuk kegiatan wisata snorkeling di Pantai Pelabuh Dalam Tuing yaitu 134 (orang/hari) dengan luas area pemanfaatan terumbu karang 33.448.037 m².

This study aims to map the bottom of the water substrate and the location of snorkeling tours on Pasumpahan Island, Padang City. This type of research is quantitative descriptive research. The techniques used are image analysis and field surveys. Sampling was done by purposive sampling, based on the type of beach, wave velocity, and depth of water. This study found (1) the basic substrate of pasumpahan island waters in the form of live coral of 25.81%, dead coral of 30.54%, and sand of 43.63%. (2) Snorkeling location on Pasumpahan Island consists of quite suitable categories (S2) with an area of 64,859 m2 and very suitable category (S1) with an area of 117,276 m2.
 Keywords: Location Suitability, Pasumpahan Island, Water Base Substrate, Snorkeling Tourism

Kondisi lingkungan Pulau Gili Ketapang dapat dikatakan buruk dikarenakan kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat yang banyak melakukan penambangan pasir di sekitar pantai untuk dijadikan sebagai bahan bangunan yang pada akhirnya juga mengakibatkan kerusakan di daratan maupun ekosistem laut. Keberadaan obyek wisata snorkeling dapat memperbaiki kondisi lingkungan di Pulau Gili Ketapang serta meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal Pulau Gili Ketapang. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan secara jelas mengenai fakta-fakta yang terjadi di lapangan terkait dengan perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat Pulau Gili Ketapang sebagai dampak adanya obyek wisata snorkeling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari segi sosial, masyarakat Pulau Gili Ketapang telah mengalami kemajuan pola pikir, terbuka, dan inovatif terkait dengan pekerjaan dengan cara memanfaatkan segala potensi yang dimiliki Pulau Gili Ketapang untuk kesejahteraaan masyarakat. Interaksi sosial yang terjadi antara masyarakat dengan para wisatawan menjadikan masyarakat melek akan kemajuan teknologi, ilmu pengetahuan dan pengalaman yang semakin meningkat. Dari segi ekonomi, keberadaan obyek wisata snorkeling memunculkan jenis lapangan pekerjaan baru yang mampu menyerap tenaga kerja dari usaha-usaha yang didirikan oleh masyarakat lokal diantaranya yaitu jasa transportasi perahu, jasa snorkeling, kuliner, dan penjualan souvenir. Hal tersebut membuat pengangguran khususnya para generasi muda Pulau Gili Ketapang dapat berkurang dan pendapatan masyarakat mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan.

Snorkeler behaviors which are not in accordance to snorkeling guidelines are harmful to the coral reefs ecosystem. This research aims to describe the behavior patterns of visitors when they were snorkeling, and classifying snorkeler behavior according to the potential hazard which occur in the coral reefs’ ecosystem in the Kepulauan Seribu Marine National Park. Field observations shown that behavior of visitors when they were snorkeling has the same patterns that are harmful for coral reefs ecosystem when they took photo in underwater and interact with the marine biota. The act to feed fish, stepping or stand up on coral reefs, and hold coral reefs are shown by most of the snorkelers when they were snorkeling in the study location. Grouping of snorkeler behavior shown that more than part of snorkeler respondents had characteristics and perceptions that were at high risk of the possibility of non-environmentally friendly actions. Based on the risk grading matrix of snorkeler behavior, the quantity of respondents who have the potential to pose a risk behavior to the coral reef ecosystem showed 55.56% snorkeler get into a high risk category, 33.33% in the middle risk category, and 11.11% on the low risk category.That’s mean that snorkeler behavior was harmful for coral reefs ecosystem.

Kepulauan Seribu merupakan gugusan pulau di perairan utara Jakarta yang memiliki daya tarik wisata terutama untuk snorkeling dan diving dengan adanya terumbu karang, salah satunya adalah Pulau Sepa. Ekosistem terumbu karang merupakan ekosistem yang rentan mengalami degradasi oleh berbagai faktor. Kegiatan snorkeling menjadi salah satu ancaman yang terjadi pada terumbu karang, oleh karena itu diperlukan pengukuran mengenai kondisi kesehatan ekosistem terumbu karang, khususnya Pulau Sepa kepulauan Seribu, sebagai bentuk integrasi konservasi ekosistem dan pengelolaan wisata. Riset ini dilakukan di Pulau Sepa, Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu pada Bulan Maret-Agustus 2020. Wilayah yang diamati merupakan spot snorkeling pada kedalaman 1-5 m pada 10 stasiun penelitian , dengan mengklasifikasikan warna kesehatan dan juga tipe karang menggunakan klasifikasi dari Coral Watch. Skor warna kesehatan terumbu karang pada zona snorkeling Pulau Sepa, didominasi dengan kondisi kurang sehat pada skor warna 4, dengan dominasi tipe karang branching dan boulder dan sedikit tipe pertumbuhan plate dan soft. Kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang mayoritas berada pada kurang sehat, sedikit sehat dan tidak ditemukan yang tidak sehat. Rincian kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang kurang sehat di temui pada stasiun 1-10 dengan masing masing persentase 92%, 72%, 100%, 94%, 78%, 94%, 100%, 100%, 67%, dan 89%, untuk rincian kriteria kesehatan terumbu karang sehat pada stasiun 1-10 dengan masing-masing persentase 8%, 28%, 0%, 6%, 22%, 6%, 0%, 0%, 33%, 11%. Faktor lingkungan seperti kecerahan yang dipengaruhi oleh sedimentasi serta tekanan antropogenik dari aktivitas manusia mempengaruhi kondisi tutupan karang di pulau ini. The Thousand Islands are a group of islands in the northern waters of Jakarta which have tourist attractions, especially for snorkeling and diving with the presence of coral reefs, one of which is Sepa Island. Coral reef ecosystem is an ecosystem that is prone to degradation by various factors. Snorkeling activities are one of the threats that occur on coral reefs, therefore it is necessary to measure the health condition of coral reef ecosystems, especially Sepa Island, the Thousand Islands, as a form of integration of ecosystem conservation and tourism management. This research was conducted on Sepa Island, Thousand Islands National Park on March - August 2020. The area observed is a snorkeling spot at a depth of 1-5 m at 10 research stations, by classifying the color of health and also the type of coral using the classification from Coral Watch. The coral reef health color score in the Sepa Island snorkeling zone, was dominated by unhealthy conditions at a color score of 4, with a dominance of branching and boulder coral types and few plate and soft growth types. The majority of coral reef health criteria are unhealthy, slightly healthy and not found unhealthy. Details of the health criteria for unhealthy coral reefs were found at stations 1-10 with each percentage of 92%, 72%, 100%, 94%, 78%, 94%, 100%, 100%, 67%, and 89%, respectively. details of health criteria for healthy coral reefs at stations 1-10 with each percentage of 8%, 28%, 0%, 6%, 22%, 6%, 0%, 0%, 33%, 11%. Environmental factors such as clarity which influenced by sedimentation and anthropogenic factors from human activities affect the condition of coral cover on this island.

Pulau Tikus merupakan pulau kecil yang terletak di sebelah Barat Kota Bengulu. Dengan jarak sekitar 10 km dari pusat kota. Pulau Tikus memiliki potensi ekowisata bahari terumbu karang dengan perairan yang jernih dan bersih sehingga keindahannya menjadi daya tarik tersendiri bagi pengunjung. Terumbu karang yang ada di Pulau Tikus bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai objek ekowisata yaitu ekowisata bahari kategori diving dan snorkeling. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi potensi ekosistem terumbu karang di Pulau Tikus dan menganalisis kesesuaian kawasan ekowisata bahari kategori diving dan snorkeling. Kualitas air terdiri atas kecerahan, suhu, kecepatan arus, dan kedalaman. Analisis kondisi penutupan karang menggunakan Line intecept transec, analisis ikan karang menggunakan Underwater Visual Census dan analisis kesesuaian menggunkan indeks kesesuaian kawasan. Rata-rata tutupan ekosistem terumbu karang yang ada di Pulau Tikus yaitu 37,59% masuk kategori (sedang). Rata-rata kesesuaian ekowisata bahari kategori diving yaitu 60,4% masuk dalam kategori S2 (sesuai) dan rata-rata kesesuaian ekowisata bahari kategori Snorkeling yaitu 46,33% masuk dalam kategori S3 (sesuai bersyarat).

The challenge for planning in small island is to ensure efficient use of limited land resources, ensure balanced regional development and balanced use of resources, including natural resources and landscape resources. Based on carrying capacity and small island destination, spatial planning of tourism in Sapeken archipelago which contaian several small island, done by suitability analyze Sapeken archipelago for several tourism. Furthermore,carrying capacity calculated referring Yuliandaetal(2010) to assess how much tourism can commodate without causing disruption the nature. The result suggest Sapeken archipelago have suitable area for dive tourism (164.42 ha); snorkeling (361.56 ha); fishing tourism (1493.38 ha), mangrove tourism (3927.09 ha) dan beach tourism (39.77 ha). Carrying capacity for tourism activities,Sapeken archipelago can commodate 4260 person/day for dive tourism; 3590person/dayfor snorkelling; 14 900people/day for fishing tourism; 321. 000people/day formangrovetoursm;and 199 people/day for beach tourism.

Tulamben village located in the district of Kubu, Karangasem regency, has developed into one of the maritime destination, especially diving and snorkeling. Based on data from the Department of Culture and Tourism of Bali, the average number of tourists coming to Tulamben in 2012-2014 reached 94,253 tourists. This condition makes the tourism has grown into a major economic support local communities in the Tulamben. Economic growth without being accompanied by an appropriate management plan will certainly produce a negative impact on coastal and marine resources to be a major asset for the growth. Various forms of management that allows to be applied has been identified in an effort to support the sustainability of the ecological, economic and socio-cultural community. This study was conducted to analyze the suitability of diving and snorkeling, coral identification were examined using LIT (Line Intercept Transect) methods while the abundance of reef fish species assessed using visual underwater cencus (UVC). Analysis of the data used is the analysis of the potential reef and suitability. Determination of the suitability of the area as a tourist diving and snorkeling analysis using matrix parameters to consider the appropriateness of the ecological conditions and water quality conditions of the four classifications. Cover of live coral communities ranged between 16.26% -52.48% with a diversity of reef fish species ranged between 11-44 types. Travel suitability index (IKW) category snorkeling and diving are included in the category is not appropriate (N) and the corresponding (S2).

<p>Pulau Gili dan Pulau Noko adalah pulau kecil yang terletak di sebelah timur Kepulauan Bawean, Kabupaten Gresik. Perairan Pulau Gili dan Pulau Noko mempunyai potensi terumbu karang yang bagus untuk wisata snorkeling. Potensi tersebut belum dikelola dan dikembangkan secara optimal. Hal ini disebabkan karena kurang perhatian pemerintah. Dalam upaya kelola dan pengembangan dengan mempertahankan prinsip-prinsip kelestarian lingkungan, diperlukan pengetahuan yang baik tentang sumber daya alam, kondisi lingkungan, keadaan sosial ekonomi masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis parameter oseanografi dan menentukan lokasi yang sesuai untuk wisata snorkeling. metode penelitian menggabungkan Citra Landsat 8 dengan parameter oseanografi dan untuk menentukan kesesuaian menggunakan perhitungan IKW. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa lokasi yang sesuai untuk wisata snorkeling di Kawasan Pulau Gili dan Pulau Noko adalah stasiun 2,3, dan 4 dengan Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata 68,42% dengan luas area 8,525ha; 77,63% dengan luas area 5,357ha; dan 69,74% dengan luas area 30,15ha , sedangkan berkategori kurang sesuai terdapat pada stasiun 1 dengan nilai IKW 36,84% dan luas area 37,941ha.</p>

Aim: To produce valves to be used with full-face snorkeling masks for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) procedure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials & methods: ISINNOVA’s Charlotte valves for full-face snorkeling masks used for NIV procedures were redesigned, produced by selective laser sintering additive manufacturing, and submitted to air leakage tests. Results: The final model assembly did not present air leakage during the NIV procedure on human models, minimizing risks of air contamination. Conclusion: This study shows the feasibility of using additive manufactured valves with snorkel facial masks to support health systems during COVID-19 and possible future pandemics.

The purpose of the study was to assess the carrying capacity of East Beach of Bulukumba Regency for tourism activities. East Beach was obtained three marine tourism activities namely beach tourism of recreation, snorkeling and diving. Coastal tonamelyurism/recreation categories according to the total length area that utilized around 1.696 m can accommodate 68 people/day, snorkeling tourism around 71.605 m² can accommodate 286 people/day and diving tourism around 98.534 m² is able to accommodate 394 people/day. Thus the total tourist that can fit to the overall tourism activity around 748 people/day. Keywords : carrying capacity, marine tourism, east beach, Bulukumba regency

<p class="JudulABSInd"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p class="abstrak">Pulau Pasumpahan terletak di Kecamatan Bungus Teluk Kabung, Kota Padang merupakan salah satu tempat tujuan wisata kepulauan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menginventarisasi potensi sumber daya pesisir dan mengkaji kesesuaian kawasan dalam mendukung ekowisata Pulau Pasumpahan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian berupa pemetaan dan analisis kesesuaian kawasan ekowisata yang dilakukan dengan perhitungan skor dan bobot parameter yang digunakan. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah indeks kesesuaian ekowisata tertinggi terdapat pada potensi wisata pantai (rekreasi) yaitu sebesar 79,91% (sangat sesuai). Dari 9 sampel pengukuran yang tersebar di sekeliling pulau, 8 di antaranya menunjukkan nilai sangat sesuai, hanya satu titik yang menunjukkan sesuai bersyarat karena banyak sampah bertebaran di pantai dan perairan keruh. Untuk kesesuaian wisata <em>snorkeling</em> sebesar 51-68,13% (cukup sesuai) dan kesesuaian wisata selam sebesar 50-68,83% (cukup sesuai). Namun satu titik di sekitar pengukuran sebelah barat laut, sangat berpotensi dikembangkan untuk wisata selam menjadi lebih baik karena kondisi <em>soft coral</em> yang sangat indah berada pada kedalaman sekitar 6 m dengan dasar <em>slope</em>, cocok digunakan sebagai objek penyelaman. Sedangkan untuk wisata <em>snorkeling</em> pada lokasi barat laut tersebut tidak cocok, namun berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di sepanjang pulau yang memiliki pantai, melihat cukup lebar dan luasnya hamparan karang. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh adalah ekowisata bahari cukup potensi dikembangkan di Pulau Pasumpahan, di antaranya wisata pantai (rekreasi) (sebesar 79,91%/sangat sesuai), wisata selam, dan wisata <em>snorkeling</em>.</p><p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong> ekowisata bahari, kesesuaian kawasan, wisata pantai, wisata selam, wisata <em>snorkeling</em>, Pulau Pasumpahan - Kota Padang</p><p class="judulABS"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p class="Abstrakeng">Pasumpahan Island is located in the Bungus Teluk Kabung District, Padang City is one of the archipelago tourist destinations. The objective of the research is to inventory the potential of coastal resources and assess the regional suitability in supporting ecotourism of Pasumpahan Island. The method used in the study is the mapping and analysis of the suitability of ecotourism is done by calculating a score and weighting parameters used. The results obtained are the highest suitability index contained on coastal tourism potentials (recreation) is 79.91% (very suitable). 8 samples among 9 measurement points are around the island shows very suitable value, only one point showing the suitable conditional because a lot of trash were scattered on the beach and muddy waters. To suitability snorkeling by 51-68.13% (suitable enough) and diving by 50-68.83% (suitable enough). But one point around the northwest measurement is very likely to be developed for diving to be better because the conditions were very beautiful soft corals and a basic profile at a depth of 6 m started slope, suitable for use as a dive attraction. As for the snorkeling at the northwest location is not suitable, but has the potential to be developed along the island which has a coastal, looking quite a width and breadth of the reef flat. The conclusion are enough potential for marine ecotourism developed in Pasumpahan Island, such as coastal tourism (recreational) (amounting to 79.91% / very appropriate), diving and snorkeling ecotourism.</p><p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>marine ecotourism regional suitability</em>, <em>beach tourism</em>, <em>snorkeling</em>, <em>diving, Pasumpahan Island</em>, <em>Padang City</em></p>

Pulau Tunda memiliki sumberdaya alam pulau dan laut yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan wisata bahari. Sesuai rencana zonasi 2017, kajian mengenai potensi sumberdaya Pulau Tunda diperlukan untuk mengetahui kesesuaian dan daya dukung untuk kegiatan wisata pulau yang berbasis konservasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian dan daya dukung Pulau Tunda sebagai kawasan wisata pantai, mangrove, diving dan snorekling. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis spasial. Hasil analisis kesesuaian dan daya dukung menunjukan bahwa Pulau Tunda memiliki kategori sesuai (S2) peruntukan untuk wisata pantai, mangrove, diving dan snorkeling dengan nilai untuk wisata pantai sebesar 2.14, wisata mangrove 2, wisata diving 2.25 dan wisata snorkeling 2.43. Nilai total daya dukung untuk kawasan sebesar 1669 orang/hari.

<p><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Panggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">and </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">.</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> While the most destructive behavior </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">by </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">rubble, scratches</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> on top of coral colony</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">, and crushed coral </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">colony</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Based on the </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">tourism </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">impact analysis showed that </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">diver</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">who</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> has not been licensed </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">gived </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">the greatest damage impact</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">,</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">it was</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> tourist</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">was</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> 5.05% and </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">2.36%</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">. Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities.</span></em></p><p><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"><br /></span></em></p><p><strong><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Keywords :</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US"> coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang Island</span></em></p><pre style="text-align: justify;"><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">Panggang Island is one of the snorkeling and diving area in the Seribu Islands. Number of tourists increase every year in line with the improving of tourism infrastructure such as tourist boat and dive shops. Tourism activities not only provide economic benefits but also give negative impact on coral reef ecosystem. The results of direct observations showed that there was destructive impact from snorkeling and diving. The most destructive behavior done by snorkeling </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">and </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">diver who has license was stepping on the coral reef</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US"> While the most destructive behavior </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">by </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">diver who has no license was holding the coral reef. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">The continued effect of tourist destructive behaviour grouped into three categories such as </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">rubble, scratches</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> on top of coral colony</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">, and crushed coral </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN;">colony</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">. </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">Based on the </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tourism </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">impact analysis showed that </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diver</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">who</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> has not been licensed </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">gived </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">the greatest damage impact</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">it was</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> 13.55% per year of the ecological potential. While the impact of snorkeling</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> tourist</span></em><em></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">was</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US"> 5.05% and </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diver who has license gived the smallest effect, it was </span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121; mso-fareast-language: IN;" lang="EN-US">2.36%</span></em><em><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; color: #212121;" lang="EN-US">. Comparison of coral reef data between 2010 and 2016 showed no significant changes to the coral reef, it means that until now coral reefs of Panggang Island still tolerate any disturbances including impact of tourism activities.</span></em><em></em></pre><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.0pt; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US"> </span></em></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; line-height: normal;"><strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US">Keywords :</span></em></strong><em><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';" lang="EN-US"> coral reef, diving, snorkeling, tourism, Panggang Island</span></em></p>

Kondang Merak Beach is one of the beaches that has the potential for marine ecotourism which has various kinds of tourist activities with an increasing number of visitors. Therefore it is necessary to analyze its physical carrying capacity so that the preservation of natural resources in Kondang Merak can support ecotourism activities in a sustainable. This study aims to analyze the physical carrying capacity of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems at Kondang Merak Beach. This study used the observation method with semi-structured interview techniques. Physical carrying capacity data analysis is shown descriptively in tabular form. The results showed that tourism activities utilizing the aquatic ecosystem consisted of diving and snorkeling activities. The value of the physical carrying capacity of the diving activity is 3 people / day and the physical carrying capacity for snorkeling is 40 people / day. In addition, terrestrial tourism has a physical carrying capacity of 1000 people / day. However, the number of visitors can exceed the physical carrying capacity so that it is necessary to limit the number of visitors so that the sustainability of the ecosystem in it can be maintained.
 Keywords: ecotourism, kondang merak, physical carrying capasity
 ABSTRAK
 Pantai Kondang Merak merupakan salah satu pantai yang memiliki potensi ekowisata bahari yang memiliki berbagai macam kegiatan wisata dengan jumlah pengunjung yang terus mengalami peningkatan. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan analisis daya dukung fisiknya sehingga kelestarian sumber daya alam di Kondang Merak dapat mendukung aktivitas ekowisata secara berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya dukung fisik ekosistem akuatik dan terestrial di Pantai Kondang Merak. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasi dengan teknik wawancara semi terstruktur. Analisis data daya dukung fisik ditampilkan secara deskriptif dalam bentuk tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata dengan memanfaatkan ekosistem akuatik terdiri dari kegiatan selam dan snorkeling. Nilai daya dukung fisik kegiatan selam yaitu 3 orang/hari dan daya dukung fisik untuk kegiatan snorkeling yaitu sebanyak 40 orang/hari. Selain itu wisata terrestrial memiliki nilai daya dukung fisik sebanyak 1000 orang/hari. Namun, jumlah pengunjung dapat melebihi kapasitas daya dukung fisik sehingga diperlukan pembatasan jumlah pengunjung agar kelestarian ekosistem didalamnya dapat terjaga.
 Kata kunci: daya dukung fisik, ekowisata, kondang merak

This study aims to determine the suistability and carrying capacity of marine tourism in Mangkian island of the Anambas Islands Marine Tourism Park. The survey was conducted in Mangkian Island, Batu Belah Village, East Siantan District, July to September 2017. Environmental parameters of coral cover (life form), and some aquatic biota strongly support marine tourism activities in this area. The results showed that The level of suitability of maritime tourism is at IKW value for coastal tourism category is very suitable, category diving tour accordingly, and snorkeling tour category according to conditional. The carrying capacity of the area in every tourism activity that is beach tourism 101 people / day, dive tourism 123 people / day and snorkeling tourism is recommended need rehabilitation first. Public perceptions on the management and development of marine tourism, especially in the ecological, economic and socio-cultural aspects of local communities.

Kawasan pesisir pulau Sayafi dan Liwo memiliki potensi sumberdaya alam hayati yang tergolong masih cukup tinggi. Potensi sumberdaya alam yang dimiliki kedua pulau ini dapat dilihat pada ekosistem terumbu karang, ikan karang, ikan hias, padang lamun dan perikanan. Selain memiliki fungsi ekologis, ekosistem ini juga memiliki nilai estetika yang tinggi untuk pengembangan wisata bahari (marine tourism). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan kelas kesesuaian dan daya dukung ekowisata bahari untuk jenis kegiatan diving dan snorkeling yang dapat di manfaatkan di pulau Sayafi dan Liwo Kecamatan Patani Utara Kabupaten Halmahera Tengah Provinsi Maluku Utara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelas kesesuaian ekowisata bahari pulau Sayafi dan Liwo berada dalam kategori sesuai dan sangat sesuai, dengan daya tampung untuk jenis kegiatan wisata diving sebanyak 260 orang/ hari dengan area pemanfaatan sebesar 18.07 ha, dan untuk wisata snorkeling dengan area pemanfaatan sebesar 16.01 ha, mampu menampung wisatawan sebanyak 231 orang/ hari. Dengan demikian total wisatawan yang dapat ditampung kedua jenis kegiatan wisata sebesar 491 orang/hari.

Kima merupakan biota yang dilindungi oleh Appendix II CITES. Selain fungsinya sebagai stok di alam, kima juga memiliki potensi sebagai wisata bahari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi kima yang merupakan bagian dari ekosistem terumbu karang sebagai alternatif pengelolaan ekowisata selam dan snorkeling wisata kima di Morella. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis populasi kima adalah 1) kepadatan kima Di= ni/A ; 2)indeks keragaman H’= -(∑ni(ln(ni/N)) ; 3) indeks dominansi D=∑[Ni/N]2, dan metode analisis IKW= ∑[Ni/Nmax] x 100%. Pada seluruh area penelitian ditemukan lima jenis kima yaitu Tridacna maxima, T. squamosa, T. gigas, T. crocea dan Hippopus hippopus. Frekuensi kehadiran kima tertinggi yaitu T. maxima yang kemunculannya ditemukan pada setiap stasiun penelitian dan frekuensi kehadiran terendah yaitu H. Hippopus. Kesesuaian kima sebagai objek wisata bahari kegiatan snorkeling ditemukan sangat sesuai (S1) pada stasiun I dan III dan sesuai (S2) pada stasiun II dan IV. Sedangkan untuk kegiatan selam ditemukan sangat sesuai (S1) pada stasiun I, II dan III dan sesuai (S2) pada stasiun IV.

Coral reefs are one of the most productive and diverse ecosystems on earth and provide ecosystem services. One of the islands of the Seribu Islands that has a coral reef ecosystem is Tidung Island. It is strategic and developing location makes this island used as a residential area, conservation area, and tourist destination. But the utilization has an impact on the damage of coral reefs through environmental and anthropogenic pressures. This study aims to determine coral diversity by identifying the coral genus Scleractinia and the factors that affect coral diversity. Observations were done on three different stations include 2 snorkeling areas and 1 natural area. The method used is LIT (Line Intercept Transect) and coral genus identification with Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pacific 3.0. The results of identification obtained 16 coral genera namely genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, with the value of Diversity Index (H') in the waters of Tidung Island ranges from 0.94 – 2.34 in the category of low to moderate diversity. The parameters of water quality in Tidung Island, temperature, salinity, and acidity (pH) are relatively good for coral growth, but brightness is still relatively poor for coral growth. The impact of human activities such as snorkeling, ship anchors, fishing with destroyers, oil and waste pollution, and rock mining are factors that affect coral growth and diversity.Keywords: Coral Scleractinia; Limiting Factors; Coral Finder; Tidung IslandAbstrakTerumbu karang adalah salah satu ekosistem yang paling produktif dan beragam di bumi serta menyediakan jasa ekosistem. Salah satu pulau dari gugusan Kepulauan Seribu yang memiliki ekosistem terumbu karang yaitu Pulau Tidung. Letaknya yang strategis dan berkembang menjadikan pulau ini dimanfaatkan sebagai kawasan permukiman, daerah konservasi, dan kawasan tujuan wisata. Namun dari pemanfaatan tersebut memberikan dampak terhadap kerusakan pada terumbu karang melalui tekanan-tekanan lingkungan maupun antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman karang dengan mengidentifikasi genus karang Scleractinia dan faktor yang mempengaruhi keanekaragaman karang. Pengamatan di tiga stasiun berbeda yaitu di antaranya 2 kawasan wisata snorkeling, dan 1 kawasan yang masih alami. Metode yang digunakan yaitu LIT (Line Intercept Transect) dan identifikasi genus karang dengan Coral Finder Toolkit Indo Pasific 3.0. Hasil identifikasi didapatkan 16 genus karang yaitu genus Acropora, Montipora, Isopora, Favites, Leptastrea, Favia, Goniastrea, Montastrea, Platygyra, Echinopora, Porites, Pocillopora, Stylophora, Ctenactis, Pavona, dan Symphyllia, dengan nilai Indeks Keanekaragaman (H’) di perairan Pulau Tidung berkisar 0,94 – 2,34 berada pada kategori keanekaragaman rendah hingga sedang. Parameter kualitas perairan di Pulau Tidung, suhu, salinitas, dan derajat keasaman (pH) tergolong baik bagi pertumbuhan karang, namun kecerahan masih tergolong kurang baik bagi pertumbuhan karang. Dampak aktivitas manusia seperti snorkeling, jangkar kapal, penangkapan ikan dengan alat perusak, pencemaran minyak dan sampah, serta penambangan batu karang menjadi faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan keanekaragaman karang.

The study will analyze the impact of tourism by the type of special interest tourism to the environment. Impact on the coast and islands, the impact on vegetation, the impact wildlife, and the impact on urban areas and rural areas. Positive impact on the coast and the island is the effort for preservation and conservation of coral reefs, reef fish, giant clams and turtles, and encouraged to make environmentallyfriendly tourism activities. The negative impact is a damage to coral reefs from snorkeling activities, and the loss of traditional land allotment to the beach. The positive impact on vegetation is their attempt to biodiversity and conservation of vegetation typical of Publications, and reforestation activities is to replant mangrove. Negative impacts on vegetation is illegal logging and the clearing of trees to increase tourist attraction as supporters of the main activities. commercialization of the plant for souvenirs. Positive impact on wildlife is their conservation, preservation, and biodiversity, the breeding of animals and relocating the animals to their natural habitat. The negative impact is going hunting animals as souvenirs and tourist consumption, harassment of wildlife photography, animal exploitation for pertujukan, changes in animal instincts, and the migration of animals. Positive impact on urban areas and rural areas is happening arrangement karimunjawa towns and villages, and their empowerment. The negative impact of pressure on the land for the opening of a new tourist attraction, there are exchange in the function of residential land into commercial land, and the occurrence of traffic congestion, noise pollution, air pollution, and pollution aesthetics. 
 Keywords: Environmental Impact, Tourism, Snorkeling

Due to the special conditions of the Arctic climate, ocean observation buoys long-term work in harsh environments, such as seawater corrosion, temperature, pressure and other factors to buoy a higher sealing requirements, ocean snorkeling standard sealing system status monitoring and fault diagnosis mechanism analysis using autoregressive-moving average ARMA model for pressure measurement error problem buoy mathematical modeling can be applied to solve the pressure seal failure buoy measurement problems caused errors.

ABSTRAK Pantai Tanjung Lesung merupakan kawasan wisata pantai yang terletak di desa Tanjung Jaya, Pandeglang. Pantai ini merupakan kawasan dalam proses pengembangan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi potensi wisata, menganalisa karakteristik dari kegiatan wisata, menganalisa daya dukung kawasan (DDK) dan mengidentifikasi Indeks Keseuaian Wisata (IKW). Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli – September 2016. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif untuk menghitung IKW dan DDK dan metode deskriptif dengan menyebar kuisioner kepada 30 responden masyarakat dan pengunjung menggunakan teknik sampling purposive sampling untuk mengetahui potensi, persepsi dan daya tarik. Potensi Pantai Tanjung Lesung yaitu memiliki keadaan pasir putih dengan panjang pantai 50 meter. Daya tarik yang diberikan kawasan pantai adalah keindahan pemandangan pantai yang bersih dan masih alami. Vegetasi tumbuhan yang berada di kawasan pantai adalah pohon Kelapa, Gebang dan Trembesi yang digunakan untuk penghijauan lahan dan pelindung dari angin pantai. Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata Pantai Tanjung Lesung dengan di ketiga stasiun termasuk dalam kategori S1 atau sangat sesuai dengan nilai IKW 96%. Daya Dukung Kawasan pantai Tanjung Lesung untuk kegiatan berenang memiliki daya tampung sebanyak 199 orang, kegiatan snorkeling 90 orang, dan bananaboat 75 orang. Kegiatan wisata pantai tidak melebihi kapasitas DDK. Kesesuaian kegiatan di pantai Tanjung Lesung untuk kegiatan wisata berenang tergolong sangat sesuai dengan nilai IKW 96% untuk kegiatan snorkeling 70% dan bananaboat 72% tergolong sesuai bersyarat karena memiliki kedalaman dan kecerahan yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan. Kata Kunci: Potensi Wisata, Indeks Kesesuaian Wisata, Daya Dukung Kawasan, Pantai Tanjung Lesung ABSTRACT Tanjung Lesung beach is a coastal tourist area located in the village of Tanjung Jaya, Pandeglang, that still in development process. The aims were to identify the tourism potentials, to analyse the characteristics of the tourism activities, to analyse carrying capacity (CC) of the area and to identify the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI). The study was conducted from July to September 2016. The research used quantitative method to count TSI and CC and descriptive method by spreading questionnaires to 30 respondents of community and visitors using purposive sampling technique to know the potential, perception and tourism attractiveness. The potency of Tanjung Lesung is full of white sand along of 50 meters. Vegetation in the area of the beach a coconut tree, “Gebang” and “Trembesi” used for reforestation and protection of the wind beach. The attraction of beach area is its beautiful view with clean and unspoiled water. The TSI of Tanjung Lesung Beach in three stations are in S1 category or very suitable with value of 96%. The CC of Tanjung Lesung Beach for swimming is 199 person, snorkeling is 90 person, and bananaboat is 75 person. Suitability activities in Tanjung Lesung beach for swimming activities is classified as very suitable with TSI value of 96% for snorkeling activities 70% and bananaboat 72% are classified in conditional because of depth and brightness that do not comply with the standard Keywords: Tourism Potential, Tourism Suitability Index, Carrying Capacity, Tanjung Lesung Beach

Weda Bay is a bay area which several resources likes renewable resources and unrenewable resources. This condition makes to develop Weda Bay as potential area, need zonation to arrange and make sustainable development. Water ecotourism as sustainable development is one of activity which can combine ecology and economic aspect. Based on this fact to development water ecotourism in Weda Bay, need to estimating suitablity area. Referring to Yulianda et. al (2010), suitabilty analysis for water ecotourism has done.Result showed Weda bay has suitable area for diving tourism as 488,8427 Ha; snorkeling tourism as 551,3737 Ha; beach tourism as 151,1329 Ha; mangrove tourism as 620,1251 Ha and seaweed tourism as 32,1399 Ha.Weda Bay is a bay area which several resources likes renewable resources and unrenewable resources. This condition makes to develop Weda Bay as potential area, need zonation to arrange and make sustainable development. Water ecotourism as sustainable development is one of activity which can combine ecology and economic aspect. Based on this fact to development water ecotourism in Weda Bay, need to estimating suitablity area. Referring to Yulianda et. al (2010), suitabilty analysis for water ecotourism has done.Result showed Weda bay has suitable area for diving tourism as 488,8427 Ha; snorkeling tourism as 551,3737 Ha; beach tourism as 151,1329 Ha; mangrove tourism as 620,1251 Ha and seaweed tourism as 32,1399 Ha.