Relevant bibliographies by topics / Snow loads

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Snow loads'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Snow loads"

1

Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.
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Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Companion-action load combinations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-086.

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The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper presents the calibration of these factors, based on statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load, which are summarized in a companion paper. A target reliability index of approximately 3 for a design life of 50 years was adopted for consistency with the 1995 NBCC. The load combinations and load factors for strength and stability checks recommended for the 2005 NBCC were based on preliminary values from reliability analysis that were subsequently revised slightly to address major inconsistencies with past practice. The recommended load combinations and factors generally give factored load effects similar to those in the 1995 NBCC, but are up to 10% more severe for the combination of dead load plus snow load and are generally less severe for the combination of dead load, snow load, and live load due to use and occupancy. Load factors less than one are recommended for checking serviceability limit states involving specified snow and wind loads. Importance factors for various classifications of structure are also presented. Revisions to the commentaries of the NBCC are recommended that will provide guidance on dead load allowances for architectural and mechanical superimposed dead loads and cast-in-place cover slabs and toppings.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.
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Newark, M. J., L. E. Welsh, R. J. Morris, and W. V. Dnes. "Revised ground snow loads for the 1990 National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-052.

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The last systematic recalculation of ground snow loads in the Supplement to the National Building Code of Canada was made in 1977 and used data up to 1975. Data from three times as many stations are now available and there is also an additional 10 years of record. Using this expanded data base, ground snow loads have been recalculated for the 1990 Supplement.Several changes in methods have been utilized, the most significant of which is the use of an objective technique to estimate ground snow loads at Code (or other) locations. It explicitly incorporates an assumed dependence of the snow load on topographical elevation, and accounts for the magnitude of errors at snow depth observation sites. Other differences include (a) the use of the method of moments to fit the Gumbel extreme value distribution for the purpose of estimating the 30-year return period snow depth; (b) the use of geographically varying snow pack densities; and (c) using probabilistic rain components of the total snow load and estimating this component by use of a snow pack model.Results show an average national decrease of 6.6% in the 1990 loads compared with those in the 1985 Supplement. A regional exception is in the Northwest Territories where the use of a greater snow density has led to an average increase of about 16% in the loads. A reduction in the standard deviation about the mean load suggests a more spatially consistent set of values for the 1990 Supplement. Key words: snow, loads, building, code.
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Taylor, Donald A. "Snow on two-level flat roofs — measured vs. 1990 NBC loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-006.

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Between 1967 and 1982, depths and specific gravities of snow were recorded on 44 single- and multi-level flat-roofed buildings between Halifax and Edmonton. The average density of snow in the drifts where the roofs change elevation was about 3.0 kN/m3, the value used consequently in the 1990 National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This is some 25% higher than the value used in the 1985 NBC. Data on drift geometry and maximum loads in the drifts are presented and compared with provisions in the 1990 NBC. As well, the paper presents measured values of average and maximum roof-to-ground load ratios for upper level roofs and for lower roofs away from the drifts. These compare favourably with those recommended in the 1985 and 1990 NBC. The statistical variabilities of snow loads and densities are given, since these are required to establish load factors used for limit states design in the NBC. Further research needs are identified. Key words: snow loads, snow drifts, uniform snow, flat roofs, snow density, snow load variability, snow load survey.
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Hirashima, Hiroyuki, Tsutomu Iyobe, Katsuhisa Kawashima, and Hiroaki Sano. "Development of a Snow Load Alert System, “YukioroSignal” for Aiding Roof Snow Removal Decisions in Snowy Areas in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2020): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0688.

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This study developed a snow load alert system, known as the “YukioroSignal”; this system aims to provide a widespread area for assessing snow load distribution and the information necessary for aiding house roof snow removal decisions in snowy areas of Japan. The system was released in January 2018 in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and later, it was expanded to Yamagata and Toyama prefectures in January 2019. The YukioroSignal contains two elements: the “Quasi-Real-Time Snow Depth Monitoring System,” which collects snow depth data, and the numerical model known as SNOWPACK, which can calculate the snow water equivalent (SWE). The snow load per unit area is estimated to be equivalent to SWE. Based on the house damage risk level, snow load distribution was indicated by colors following the ISO 22324. The system can also calculate post-snow removal snow loads. The calculated snow load was validated by using the data collected through snow pillows. The simulated snow load had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 21.3%, which was relative to the observed snow load. With regard to residential areas during the snow accumulation period, the RMSE was 13.2%. YukioroSignal received more than 56,000 pageviews in the snowheavy 2018 period and 26,000 pageviews in the less snow-heavy 2019 period.
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O’Rourke, Michael, Jan Potac, and Thomas Thiis. "Windward Snow Drift Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 5 (May 2018): 04018033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002032.

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Pichugin, S. F. "STATISTICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF SNOW LOAD STANDARDS ON BUILDING STRUCTURES." Modern structures of metal and wood, no. 25 (August 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-3068-2021-25-103-118.

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Ensuring the reliability and safety of buildings and structures largely depends on a proper understanding of nature and quantitative description and rationing of loads on building structures, including snow loads. These loads on structures have a very complex physical nature and changeable nature, requiring knowledge of thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere and soil, physical properties of snow, methods of meteorological observations and climatological description of the terrain, variability of loads, the nature of snow deposition on buildings and structures. Such features are to some extent reflected in the sections of design standards of building structures that contain standards for snow load. Most parameters of snow load norms are probabilistic in nature and require the use of statistical methods to justify them. These methods are constantly changing and evolving along with the regular review of building design codes. Analysis of the evolution of domestic snow load codes together with their statistical substantiation is an urgent task. Materials on snow load have been published in various scientific and technical journals, collections of articles, conference proceedings. Access to these publications is difficult, and published reviews of the development of snow load rationing are incomplete and do not include the results of research over the past 15 – 20 years. The article contains a systematic review of publications in leading scientific and technical journals on the problem of snow load over the 80-year period from the 40s of the twentieth century to the present. The main attention is paid to the analysis of tendencies of development of designing codes concerning changes of territorial zoning and design coefficients, appointment of normative and design values of snow load and involvement in it of experimental statistical data. There is a high scientific level of domestic code DBN B.1.2-2006 "Loads and loadings", which have a modern probabilistic basis and are associated with the codes of Eurocode. Scientific results that can be included in subsequent editions of snow load standards are highlighted.
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O'rourke, Michael, and Evelyn Wood. "Improved relationship for drift loads on buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-099.

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In terms of structural failure, drift loads at changes in roof elevation are the most important snow load. In this paper, present building code provisions and recent research results are reviewed. The mechanics of snow drift formation as well as the parameters that influence these drifts are discussed in depth. Finally, a new empirical relationship for peak drift height and drift load is presented. The input parameters for the new empirical relationship are the width, length, and height of the upper level roof, the elevation difference between the upper level roof and snow on the lower level roof, and the ground snow load. Comparisons with case history measurements indicate that the new empirical relationship is a marked improvement over existing relationships. Key words: snow, loads, roof, drift, fluid mechanics, building codes.
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Lehtonen, Ilari, Matti Kämäräinen, Hilppa Gregow, Ari Venäläinen, and Heli Peltola. "Heavy snow loads in Finnish forests respond regionally asymmetrically to projected climate change." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2259-2016.

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Abstract. This study examined the impacts of projected climate change on heavy snow loads on Finnish forests, where snow-induced forest damage occurs frequently. For snow-load calculations, we used daily data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using a quantile-mapping method. Our results suggest that projected climate warming results in regionally asymmetric response on heavy snow loads in Finnish forests. In eastern and northern Finland, the annual maximum snow loads on tree crowns were projected to increase during the present century, as opposed to southern and western parts of the country. The change was rather similar both for heavy rime loads and wet snow loads, as well as for frozen snow loads. Only the heaviest dry snow loads were projected to decrease over almost the whole of Finland. Our results are aligned with previous snowfall projections, typically indicating increasing heavy snowfalls over the areas with mean temperature below −8 °C. In spite of some uncertainties related to our results, we conclude that the risk for snow-induced forest damage is likely to increase in the future in the eastern and northern parts of Finland, i.e. in the areas experiencing the coldest winters in the country. The increase is partly due to the increase in wet snow hazards but also due to more favourable conditions for rime accumulation in a future climate that is more humid but still cold enough.
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Irwin, P. A., S. L. Gamble, and D. A. Taylor. "Effects of roof size, heat transfer, and climate on snow loads: studies for the 1995 NBC." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-087.

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As roof sizes increase, the ability of the wind to reduce the uniform snow loads is diminished, thus resulting in higher uniform loads. Results of recent research into this size effect and the influence of heat loss through roofs in four Canadian cities (St. John's, Montreal, Saskatoon, and Edmonton) using the finite area element method are described and snow load formulae for uniform loads on large roofs are proposed. Also, the drift loading on lower roofs adjacent to large area upper roofs has been studied using similar techniques, and revised formulae for the peak loading in the drift at the step are put forward taking into account the size of the upper roof and the presence of parapets. The snow load provisions developed in this paper have been proposed for the 1995 edition of the National Building Code. Key words: snow loads, drift loads, uniform loads, large flat roofs, size effect, heat loss, finite area element method, computational fluid dynamics.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Snow loads"

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Hao, Nguyen Anh. "Parallel lamella dome under wind and snow loads." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101117.

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A well structured computer program has been developed to perform geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of space trusses and to study the sensitivity of parallel lamella dome under wind and snow loads. The modified Riks/Wempner method is used to perform the prebuckling and postbuckling analysis. The European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS code) is used as the code of practice for design wind pressures on domes. Failures of domes have occurred during snow storms and have attributed to heavy local snow concentrations. Most codes of practice do not provide design wind and snow loads for domes, and a few international codes do show significant differences in the distributions of design wind pressure for domes. Moreover, current design practices for domes do not reflect the possibility of heavy local snow concentrations. Since wind load data is widely varied among the codes, and specific information on local snow concentrations is not available, the study of the behavior of a full-size lamella dome under different wind pressures and various snow distributions will be carried out with the finite element analysis, and critical load combinations will be obtained with the aid of stability boundary. The proposed study is expected to provide guidelines for the determination of critical wind and snow load conditions.
M.S.
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Browning, Stephen E. "Computer Program for the Analysis of Loads on Buildings Using the ASCE 7-93 Standard Minimum Design Loads on Buildings and Other Structures." Master's thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37170.

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A computer program for the analysis of loads on buildings is developed. The program determines wind loads, earthquake loads, and snow loads according to the ASCE 7-93 Standard Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-93). The program is developed using the object-oriented programming methodology and runs on the Microsoft Windows 95 graphical environment. It is a valuable and useful tool for determining loads on buildings.
Master of Engineering
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Cook, Byron Lloyd. "An investigation of an existing aluminum lattice dome under snow loads." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08042009-040245/.

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Murcia, A. J. (Armando J. ). "Analytical modelling of the performance of a snow deposit under plate loading." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64057.

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Molloy, Sean J. "Finite Element Analysis of a Pair of Leaning Pressurized Arch-Shells Under Snow and Wind Loads." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36608.

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A structure comprised of two arches that lean against each other at the apex is considered. The arches are thin shells with internal pressure. This type of structure with solid arches has been used in bridges, such as the Gateway Arch Bridge in Columbus, Indiana, U.S.A., the Monongahela River Bridge in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., and a pedestrian bridge at the Pacific Tower in Paris, France. A series of leaning arches was incorporated in the frame of the Museum of the Moving Image, a temporary structure in London, England, during 1992-1994. Pressurized arch-shells made of a flexible material have been utilized as part of the framework for some transportable tent-like structures.

The behavior of a pair of pressurized leaning arch-shells with various tilt angles, boundary conditions, and loads is investigated numerically. Several types of loads are considered, including uniformly-distributed vertical loads applied over all or half of the structure (representing snow), and wind loads on the structure. The arches are pinned or fixed to the ground. Deflections, vibrations, and stability of the structures are investigated using the finite element method. The effect of the tilt angle on the response is examined, and buckling may occur for some tilt angles under vertical loading. This type of structure has not been used widely, but may be effective for various applications.
Master of Science

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Bengtsson, Marcus, and Sofie Reinholdsson. "Avhjälpande åtgärder vid snölaster på låglutande industritak med långa spännvidder." Thesis, Jönköping University, JTH, Byggnadsteknik och belysningsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-53970.

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Purpose: When introducing new construction standards arises some uncertainties due to overlapping with the old construction standards. Because of these uncertainties’ roofs have collapsed due to excessive snow loads. To ensure a safe workplace for companies responsible for snow removal, accepted means in connection with snow removal and the work environment will be studied. The final goal is to find and study new methods to make the work safer and more efficient. Method: The work contains both qualitative and quantitative data. The method is a case study with the data collection techniques measurement, observation, personal communication and document and literature study. All of these are necessary to be able to answer the questions and achieve the goal. Findings: The techniques used today regarding snow removal give a good result, but the majority are very time-consuming and risky for the employers who perform the work on the roofs. Several new techniques and means have been described that would be able to perform the same work in a more efficient and sustainable way seen from a work environment point of view. Implications: To limit the time spent on the roof would contribute to a safer workplace. Today there are several means and techniques that after being installed, can operate, and remove snow on its own. This would be safe and efficient. The only danger for the staff is when installing and maintenance. Limitations: The report is limited by the fact that not all types of roofs have been examined. The study focuses on roofs that are within a snow zone of 2.5 kN/m2 or lower. Keywords: Snow removal, working environment, low-sloping roofs, handle snow loads.
Syfte: Överlappningar när nya konstruktionsregler tagits fram har skapat osäkerhet kring dimensioneringar och tyvärr lett till att takras uppstår på grund av allt för stora snölaster. För att skapa en tryggare arbetsplats för företag som ansvarar för snöröjning kommer vedertagna hjälpmedel och tekniker i samband med snöröjning och hur arbetsmiljön ser ut vid pågående arbete studeras. Slutligen är målet att studera nya metoder som bidrar till ett effektivare och säkrare arbete. Metod: Arbetet består av både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data. Metoden som användas är fallstudie med datainsamlingsteknikerna mätning, observation, personlig kommunikation och litteraturstudie. Alla datainsamlingsteknikerna är nödvändiga för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna och uppnå målet. Resultat: Teknikerna som är vedertagna idag gällande snöröjning ger ett bra resultat men majoriteten är mycket tidskrävande och riskfyllda för personer som utför arbetet. Främst när det gäller arbetsmomenten som utförs uppe på tak. Flera nya tekniker och hjälpmedel har redovisats som skulle bidra till att företag kan utföra samma arbete på ett sätt som anses betydligt effektivare och mer hållbart ur arbetsmiljösynpunkt. Konsekvenser: Ett minskat arbete på tak skulle bidra till en säkrare arbetsplats. Det finns flertalet tekniker och hjälpmedel ute på marknaden som efter viss installation skulle kunna utföra snöröjningen på egen hand, vilket innebär en effektivisering. Detta innebär också att den enda risken som finns för personal är vid installation och underhåll och därmed är arbetsmiljön så säker som är möjligt. Begränsningar: Rapporten begränsas av att inte alla typer av tak undersökts. Studien fokuserar på tak som finns inom snözon 2,5 kN/m2 eller lägre. Nyckelord: Snöröjning, arbetsmiljö, låglutande tak, hantering snölaster.
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Landi, Filippo [Verfasser], Hermann G. [Akademischer Betreuer] Matthies, and Pietro [Akademischer Betreuer] Croce. "A general methodology for the assessment of the impact of climate change – evaluation of snow loads / Filippo Landi ; Hermann G. Matthies, Pietro Croce." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1225038243/34.

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Jigander, Max. "Strategic considerations at expansion - Economical and design consequences by snow load regulation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Medie- och Informationsteknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-95241.

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Because of the new introduced snow loads a higher demand is applied on buildings in Jonkoping area. The reason that the value has increased is partly because new load combinations that is applied on dimension equations but also because of the intensified precipitation. Additional reasons to the updated standards are that several roofs with large spans have in recent years collapsed in Sweden. When using design equations on existing constructions, new standards must be applied, whether if the structure is further back designed with older standards. Due to the case, the new standards result in an increased dimension value; therefore strategic considerations must be done in case of reconstruction. The purpose of the report is to highlight the differences that occur when calculating loads and design. In case of reconstruction of an old construction, basically two options can be done. Either carry through the reconstruction and possibly enhance the strength of the construction at large costs or choose not to perform the extension. If the latter option is made it may result in; annual costs of clearing snow of roofs, the risk of roof collapse or even denied access rights to all, or parts of the building. These options must be analysed with consideration to strength and costs to result in a good solution.
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Bean, Brennan L. "Interval-Valued Kriging Models with Applications in Design Ground Snow Load Prediction." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7579.

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One critical consideration in the design of buildings constructed in the western United States is the weight of settled snow on the roof of the structure. Engineers are tasked with selecting a design snow load that ensures that the building is safe and reliable, without making the construction overly expensive. Western states use historical snow records at weather stations scattered throughout the region to estimate appropriate design snow loads. Various mapping techniques are then used to predict design snow loads between the weather stations. Each state uses different mapping techniques to create their snow load requirements, yet these different techniques have never been compared. In addition, none of the current mapping techniques can account for the uncertainty in the design snow load estimates. We address both issues by formally comparing the existing mapping techniques, as well as creating a new mapping technique that allows the estimated design snow loads to be represented as an interval of values, rather than a single value. In the process, we have improved upon existing methods for creating design snow load requirements and have produced a new tool capable of handling uncertain climate data.
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Goh, Julian Kok Seng. "Analysis of Pressurized Arch-Shells." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35576.

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A pressurized arch-shell structural component made of flexible material is considered. The component is inflated with high internal pressure. The behavior of similar types of structures, such as a pair of leaning pressurized arches and pressurized arch-supported membrane shelters, has been investigated in the past. More recently, several types of pressurized structures have been incorporated as part of the framework for a variety of structural systems. Particularly, the U.S. Army has been investigating the use of large lightweight and transportable pressurized arch-shell structures to be used as maintenance shelters for vehicles, helicopters, and airplanes. The formulated equations using thin shell theory are applied to a pressurized arch-shell component. A numerical investigation based on the Rayleigh-Ritz method is utilized to determine the behavior of arch-shells under various types of loading. The types of loading include a uniformly distributed vertical load representing snow, a wind load, and a horizontal side load distributed along the arc length. Deflections, stress resultants, and moments at various locations are computed for two types of shapes: circular and non-circular arch-shells.
Master of Science
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Books on the topic "Snow loads"

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Leslie, Lynn D. Snow loads in Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska (707 A St., Anchorage 99501): Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, 1987.

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O'Rourke, Michael J. Snow loads: Guide to the snow load provisions of ASCE 7-05. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007.

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International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documents. Working Commission W81, ed. Actions on structures snow loads. [Rotterdam]: CIB, 1991.

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International Council for Building Research Studies and Documentation. Working Commission W81. Actions on structures: Snow loads. Rotterdam: CIB, 1991.

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American Society of Civil Engineers, ed. Snow loads: Guide to the snow load provisions of ASCE 7-10. Reston: ASCE Press, 2010.

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Michael, O'Rourke, ed. Snow Loads on Solar-Paneled Roofs. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016.

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Żurański, Jerzy Antoni. Obcia̜żenie śniegiem w Polsce: Snow loads in Poland. Warszawa: Wydawn. Inst. Techniki Budowlanej, 2009.

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Azuma, David L. Estimating snow load in Calfornia for three recurrence intervals. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.

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Azuma, David L. Estimating snow load in California for three recurrence intervals. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.

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Azuma, David L. Estimating snow load in California for three recurrence intervals. Berkeley, Calif: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Snow loads"

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Hadžović, Rašid, and Bakir Krajinović. "Map of Characteristic Snow Loads on the Ground of Bosnia and Herzegovina." In New Technologies, Development and Application II, 772–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18072-0_88.

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Poryvaev, Ilya, Aleksandr Semenov, and Marat Safiullin. "Aerodynamic Research of Wind and Snow Loads on the Cylinder Tank Roofs." In Design, Fabrication and Economy of Metal Structures, 537–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36691-8_81.

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Singh, A. K. "Snow Load." In Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 1060. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_683.

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Croce, P., P. Formichi, F. Landi, F. Marsili, and N. Friedman. "Effect of Climate Change on Snow Load on Ground: Bayesian Approach for Snow Map Refinement." In 14th International Probabilistic Workshop, 231–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47886-9_16.

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Høibø, H. "Form factors for snow load on gable roofs: Extending use of snow load data from inland districts to wind exposed areas." In Agricultural Engineering, 1159–64. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003211471-51.

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Hadžović, Rašid, and Vahid Redžić. "Reliability of Steel Hall in Zenica Loaded by Snow Load." In New Technologies, Development and Application II, 245–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18072-0_28.

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Hadžović, Rašid, and Bakir Krajinović. "Problem of Characteristic Snow Load in the Eastern Part of Bosnia and Herzegovina." In New Technologies, Development and Application III, 821–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46817-0_93.

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"Unbalanced Loads." In Snow Loads, 45–55. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784407257.ch06.

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"Partial Loads." In Snow Loads, 31–42. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784408575.ch05.

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"Unbalanced Loads." In Snow Loads, 43–56. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784408575.ch06.

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Conference papers on the topic "Snow loads"

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McCauley, Abigail J., Kevin Knuuti, and Paul F. Mlakar. "Ground Snow Loads Revisited." In 16th International Conference on Cold Regions Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479315.029.

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Naqvi, Dawar, Eric Wey, and Michael O'Rourke. "Snow Loads on Non-Building Structures." In Structures Congress 2012. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.129.

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Ratakonda, Rahul. "Snow Loads on Air Supported Structures." In Eighth Congress on Forensic Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482018.074.

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Irwin, Peter A. "Wind and Snow Loads—An International Perspective." In Structures Congress 2010. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41130(369)194.

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Dale, Jan, Chris Oreskovic, and Megan Dicks. "Refinement of Snow Loads Using Model Studies." In Structures Congress 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482896.045.

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Cocca, John, and Michael O'Rourke. "Mathematical Simulation of 50-Year Snow Drift Loads." In Structures Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41016(314)150.

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Croce, Pietro, Paolo Formichi, and Filippo Landi. "Reliability of Roof Structures Subjected to Snow Loads." In Proceedings of the 29th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-14-8593-0_4456-cd.

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Sopper, Regina, Claude Daley, Bruce Colbourne, and Stephen Bruneau. "The Influence of External Boundary Conditions on Ice Loads in Ice-Structure Interactions." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54277.

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Design ice loads are generally derived from field measurements or laboratory experiments. The latter commonly neglect the circumstance that most ice-structure interactions occur underwater, despite the fact that studies report higher ice loads if water is present. Other than a few studies on ice extrusion processes, most investigations on ice loads also do not specifically consider the presence of snow or granular ice at the ice-structure interface. To elucidate the influence of water, snow and crushed ice, as external boundary conditions, on ice load magnitude, 71 small-scale laboratory tests were carried out. Testing involved a hydraulic material testing system (MTS machine) located in a cold room at −7°C. Ice specimens were conical shaped with 25 cm in diameter and with 20° and 30° cone angles. Those were impacted with a flat indentation plate at 1 mm/s, 10mm/s and 100 mm/s indentation rates. Time-penetration and time-force histories from the MTS machine, as well as qualitative contact area and local pressure measurements from tactile pressure sensors were collected. Tests were also recorded with a high speed camera and monitored with still photos. The effect of submergence was most evident at high indentation rate, yielding high ice loads. Snow and granular ice caused comparably high ice loads at the high indentation rate. Moreover, the snow and granular ice conditions also significantly increased loads at the low indentation rate. In all cases, higher ice loads were associated with increased effective contact areas.
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Hochstenbach, F. M., P. A. Irwin, and S. L. Gamble. "Parametric Studies of Unbalanced Snow Loads on Arched Roofs." In Structures Congress 2004. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40700(2004)55.

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Gokdemir, Hande. "FATIGUE FAILURE OF STEEL SPACE TRUSS SYSTEMS FROM SNOW LOADS." In 4th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgemsocial2017/52/s21.058.

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Reports on the topic "Snow loads"

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Tobiasson, Wayne, James Buska, Alan Greatorex, Jeff Tirey, and Joel Fisher. Ground Snow Loads for New Hampshire. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399953.

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Tobiasson, Wayne, James Buska, Alan Greatorex, Jeff Tirey, Joel Fisher, and Steve Johnson. Developing Ground Snow Loads for New Hampshire. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada434930.

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Buska, James, Alan Greatorex, and Wayne Tobiasson. Site-specific case studies for determining ground snow loads in the United States : case study spreadsheet. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/37574.

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Azuma, David L. Estimating snow load in California for three recurrence intervals. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-rn-379.

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Venäläinen, Ari, Sanna Luhtala, Mikko Laapas, Otto Hyvärinen, Hilppa Gregow, Mikko Strahlendorff, Mikko Peltoniemi, et al. Sää- ja ilmastotiedot sekä uudet palvelut auttavat metsäbiotaloutta sopeutumaan ilmastonmuutokseen. Finnish Meteorological Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361317.

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Climate change will increase weather induced risks to forests, and thus effective adaptation measures are needed. In Säätyö project funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, we have summarized the data that facilitate adaptation measures, developed weather and climate services that benefit forestry, and mapped what kind of new weather and climate services are needed in forestry. In addition, we have recorded key further development needs to promote adaptation. The Säätyö project developed a service product describing the harvesting conditions of trees based on the soil moisture assessment. The output includes an analysis of the current situation and a 10-day forecast. In the project we also tested the usefulness of long forecasts beyond three months. The weather forecasting service is sidelined and supplemented by another co-operation project between the Finnish Meteorological Institute and Metsäteho called HarvesterSeasons (https://harvesterseasons.com/). The HarvesterSeasons service utilizes long-term forecasts of up to 6 months to assess terrain bearing conditions. A test version of a wind damage risk tool was developed in cooperation with the Department of Forest Sciences of the University of Eastern Finland and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. It can be used to calculate the wind speeds required in a forest area for wind damage (falling trees). It is currently only suitable for researcher use. In the Säätyö project the possibility of locating the most severe wind damage areas immediately after a storm was also tested. The method is based on the spatial interpolation of wind observations. The method was used to analyze storms that caused forest damages in the summer and fall of 2020. The produced maps were considered illustrative and useful to those responsible for compiling the situational picture. The accumulation of snow on tree branches, can be modeled using weather data such as rainfall, temperature, air humidity, and wind speed. In the Säätyö project, the snow damage risk assessment model was further developed in such a way that, in addition to the accumulated snow load amount, the characteristics of the stand and the variations in terrain height were also taken into account. According to the verification performed, the importance of abiotic factors increased under extreme snow load conditions (winter 2017-2018). In ordinary winters, the importance of biotic factors was emphasized. According to the comparison, the actual snow damage could be explained well with the tested model. In the interviews and workshop, the uses of information products, their benefits, the conditions for their introduction and development opportunities were mapped. According to the results, diverse uses and benefits of information products and services were seen. Information products would make it possible to develop proactive forest management, which would reduce the economic costs caused by wind and snow damages. A more up-to-date understanding of harvesting conditions, enabled by information products, would enhance the implementation of harvesting and harvesting operations and the management of timber stocks, as well as reduce terrain, trunk and root damage. According to the study, the introduction of information is particularly affected by the availability of timeliness. Although the interviewees were not currently willing to pay for the information products developed in the project, the interviews highlighted several suggestions for the development of information products, which could make it possible to commercialize them.
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Desiderati, Christopher. Carli Creek Regional Water Quality Project: Assessing Water Quality Improvement at an Urban Stormwater Constructed Wetland. Portland State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/mem.78.

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Stormwater management is an ongoing challenge in the United States and the world at-large. As state and municipal agencies grapple with conflicting interests like encouraging land development, complying with permits to control stormwater discharges, “urban stream syndrome” effects, and charges to steward natural resources for the long-term, some agencies may turn to constructed wetlands (CWs) as aesthetically pleasing and functional natural analogs for attenuating pollution delivered by stormwater runoff to rivers and streams. Constructed wetlands retain pollutants via common physical, physicochemical, and biological principles such as settling, adsorption, or plant and algae uptake. The efficacy of constructed wetlands for pollutant attenuation varies depending on many factors such as flow rate, pollutant loading, maintenance practices, and design features. In 2018, the culmination of efforts by Clackamas Water Environment Services and others led to the opening of the Carli Creek Water Quality Project, a 15-acre constructed wetland adjacent to Carli Creek, a small, 3500-ft tributary of the Clackamas River in Clackamas County, OR. The combined creek and constructed wetland drain an industrialized, 438-acre, impervious catchment. The wetland consists of a linear series of a detention pond and three bioretention treatment cells, contributing a combined 1.8 acres of treatment area (a 1:243 ratio with the catchment) and 3.3 acre-feet of total runoff storage. In this study, raw pollutant concentrations in runoff were evaluated against International Stormwater BMP database benchmarks and Oregon Water Quality Criteria. Concentration and mass-based reductions were calculated for 10 specific pollutants and compared to daily precipitation totals from a nearby precipitation station. Mass-based reductions were generally higher for all pollutants, largely due to runoff volume reduction on the treatment terrace. Concentration-based reductions were highly variable, and suggested export of certain pollutants (e.g., ammonia), even when reporting on a mass-basis. Mass load reductions on the terrace for total dissolved solids, nitrate+nitrite, dissolved lead, and dissolved copper were 43.3 ± 10%, 41.9 ± 10%, 36.6 ± 13%, and 43.2 ± 16%, respectively. E. coli saw log-reductions ranging from -1.3 — 3.0 on the terrace, and -1.0 — 1.8 in the creek. Oregon Water Quality Criteria were consistently met at the two in-stream sites on Carli Creek for E. coli with one exception, and for dissolved cadmium, lead, zinc, and copper (with one exception for copper). However, dissolved total solids at the downstream Carli Creek site was above the Willamette River guidance value 100 mg/L roughly 71% of the time. The precipitation record during the study was useful for explaining certain pollutant reductions, as several mechanisms are driven by physical processes, however it was not definitive. The historic rain/snow/ice event in mid-February 2021 appeared to impact mass-based reductions for all metals. Qualitatively, precipitation seemed to have the largest effect on nutrient dynamics, specifically ammonia-nitrogen. Determining exact mechanisms of pollutant removals was outside the scope of this study. An improved flow record, more targeted storm sampling, or more comprehensive nutrient profiles could aid in answering important questions on dominant mechanisms of this new constructed wetland. This study is useful in establishing a framework and baseline for understanding this one-of-a-kind regional stormwater treatment project and pursuing further questions in the future.
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