Relevant bibliographies by topics / Snow loads / Journal articles
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Snow loads.

Journal articles on the topic 'Snow loads'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Snow loads.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Statistics of loads and load effects." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-087.

Full text
Abstract:
The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper summarizes statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load that have been adopted for calibration, and a companion paper presents the calibration itself. A new survey of typical construction tolerances indicates that statistics for dead load widely adopted for building code calibration are adequate unless the dead load is dominated by thin, cast-in-place concrete toppings. Unique statistics for live load due to use and occupancy are derived that pertain specifically to the live load reduction factor equation used in the NBCC. Statistics for snow and wind loads are normalized using the 50 year values that will be specified in the 2005 NBCC. New statistics are determined for the factors that transform wind speeds and ground snow depths into wind and snow loads on structures.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Bartlett, F. M., H. P. Hong, and W. Zhou. "Load factor calibration for the proposed 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada: Companion-action load combinations." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-086.

Full text
Abstract:
The 2005 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) will adopt a companion-action format for load combinations and specify wind and snow loads based on their 50 year return period values. This paper presents the calibration of these factors, based on statistics for dead load, live load due to use and occupancy, snow load, and wind load, which are summarized in a companion paper. A target reliability index of approximately 3 for a design life of 50 years was adopted for consistency with the 1995 NBCC. The load combinations and load factors for strength and stability checks recommended for the 2005 NBCC were based on preliminary values from reliability analysis that were subsequently revised slightly to address major inconsistencies with past practice. The recommended load combinations and factors generally give factored load effects similar to those in the 1995 NBCC, but are up to 10% more severe for the combination of dead load plus snow load and are generally less severe for the combination of dead load, snow load, and live load due to use and occupancy. Load factors less than one are recommended for checking serviceability limit states involving specified snow and wind loads. Importance factors for various classifications of structure are also presented. Revisions to the commentaries of the NBCC are recommended that will provide guidance on dead load allowances for architectural and mechanical superimposed dead loads and cast-in-place cover slabs and toppings.Key words: buildings, code calibration, companion action, dead loads, live loads, load combinations, load factors, reliability, safety, snow loads, wind loads.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Newark, M. J., L. E. Welsh, R. J. Morris, and W. V. Dnes. "Revised ground snow loads for the 1990 National Building Code of Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 3 (June 1, 1989): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-052.

Full text
Abstract:
The last systematic recalculation of ground snow loads in the Supplement to the National Building Code of Canada was made in 1977 and used data up to 1975. Data from three times as many stations are now available and there is also an additional 10 years of record. Using this expanded data base, ground snow loads have been recalculated for the 1990 Supplement.Several changes in methods have been utilized, the most significant of which is the use of an objective technique to estimate ground snow loads at Code (or other) locations. It explicitly incorporates an assumed dependence of the snow load on topographical elevation, and accounts for the magnitude of errors at snow depth observation sites. Other differences include (a) the use of the method of moments to fit the Gumbel extreme value distribution for the purpose of estimating the 30-year return period snow depth; (b) the use of geographically varying snow pack densities; and (c) using probabilistic rain components of the total snow load and estimating this component by use of a snow pack model.Results show an average national decrease of 6.6% in the 1990 loads compared with those in the 1985 Supplement. A regional exception is in the Northwest Territories where the use of a greater snow density has led to an average increase of about 16% in the loads. A reduction in the standard deviation about the mean load suggests a more spatially consistent set of values for the 1990 Supplement. Key words: snow, loads, building, code.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Taylor, Donald A. "Snow on two-level flat roofs — measured vs. 1990 NBC loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-006.

Full text
Abstract:
Between 1967 and 1982, depths and specific gravities of snow were recorded on 44 single- and multi-level flat-roofed buildings between Halifax and Edmonton. The average density of snow in the drifts where the roofs change elevation was about 3.0 kN/m3, the value used consequently in the 1990 National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This is some 25% higher than the value used in the 1985 NBC. Data on drift geometry and maximum loads in the drifts are presented and compared with provisions in the 1990 NBC. As well, the paper presents measured values of average and maximum roof-to-ground load ratios for upper level roofs and for lower roofs away from the drifts. These compare favourably with those recommended in the 1985 and 1990 NBC. The statistical variabilities of snow loads and densities are given, since these are required to establish load factors used for limit states design in the NBC. Further research needs are identified. Key words: snow loads, snow drifts, uniform snow, flat roofs, snow density, snow load variability, snow load survey.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Hirashima, Hiroyuki, Tsutomu Iyobe, Katsuhisa Kawashima, and Hiroaki Sano. "Development of a Snow Load Alert System, “YukioroSignal” for Aiding Roof Snow Removal Decisions in Snowy Areas in Japan." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 6 (October 1, 2020): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0688.

Full text
Abstract:
This study developed a snow load alert system, known as the “YukioroSignal”; this system aims to provide a widespread area for assessing snow load distribution and the information necessary for aiding house roof snow removal decisions in snowy areas of Japan. The system was released in January 2018 in Niigata Prefecture, Japan, and later, it was expanded to Yamagata and Toyama prefectures in January 2019. The YukioroSignal contains two elements: the “Quasi-Real-Time Snow Depth Monitoring System,” which collects snow depth data, and the numerical model known as SNOWPACK, which can calculate the snow water equivalent (SWE). The snow load per unit area is estimated to be equivalent to SWE. Based on the house damage risk level, snow load distribution was indicated by colors following the ISO 22324. The system can also calculate post-snow removal snow loads. The calculated snow load was validated by using the data collected through snow pillows. The simulated snow load had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 21.3%, which was relative to the observed snow load. With regard to residential areas during the snow accumulation period, the RMSE was 13.2%. YukioroSignal received more than 56,000 pageviews in the snowheavy 2018 period and 26,000 pageviews in the less snow-heavy 2019 period.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

O’Rourke, Michael, Jan Potac, and Thomas Thiis. "Windward Snow Drift Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 5 (May 2018): 04018033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002032.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Pichugin, S. F. "STATISTICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF SNOW LOAD STANDARDS ON BUILDING STRUCTURES." Modern structures of metal and wood, no. 25 (August 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-3068-2021-25-103-118.

Full text
Abstract:
Ensuring the reliability and safety of buildings and structures largely depends on a proper understanding of nature and quantitative description and rationing of loads on building structures, including snow loads. These loads on structures have a very complex physical nature and changeable nature, requiring knowledge of thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere and soil, physical properties of snow, methods of meteorological observations and climatological description of the terrain, variability of loads, the nature of snow deposition on buildings and structures. Such features are to some extent reflected in the sections of design standards of building structures that contain standards for snow load. Most parameters of snow load norms are probabilistic in nature and require the use of statistical methods to justify them. These methods are constantly changing and evolving along with the regular review of building design codes. Analysis of the evolution of domestic snow load codes together with their statistical substantiation is an urgent task. Materials on snow load have been published in various scientific and technical journals, collections of articles, conference proceedings. Access to these publications is difficult, and published reviews of the development of snow load rationing are incomplete and do not include the results of research over the past 15 – 20 years. The article contains a systematic review of publications in leading scientific and technical journals on the problem of snow load over the 80-year period from the 40s of the twentieth century to the present. The main attention is paid to the analysis of tendencies of development of designing codes concerning changes of territorial zoning and design coefficients, appointment of normative and design values of snow load and involvement in it of experimental statistical data. There is a high scientific level of domestic code DBN B.1.2-2006 "Loads and loadings", which have a modern probabilistic basis and are associated with the codes of Eurocode. Scientific results that can be included in subsequent editions of snow load standards are highlighted.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

O'rourke, Michael, and Evelyn Wood. "Improved relationship for drift loads on buildings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 6 (December 1, 1986): 647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-099.

Full text
Abstract:
In terms of structural failure, drift loads at changes in roof elevation are the most important snow load. In this paper, present building code provisions and recent research results are reviewed. The mechanics of snow drift formation as well as the parameters that influence these drifts are discussed in depth. Finally, a new empirical relationship for peak drift height and drift load is presented. The input parameters for the new empirical relationship are the width, length, and height of the upper level roof, the elevation difference between the upper level roof and snow on the lower level roof, and the ground snow load. Comparisons with case history measurements indicate that the new empirical relationship is a marked improvement over existing relationships. Key words: snow, loads, roof, drift, fluid mechanics, building codes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Lehtonen, Ilari, Matti Kämäräinen, Hilppa Gregow, Ari Venäläinen, and Heli Peltola. "Heavy snow loads in Finnish forests respond regionally asymmetrically to projected climate change." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 10 (October 17, 2016): 2259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2259-2016.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. This study examined the impacts of projected climate change on heavy snow loads on Finnish forests, where snow-induced forest damage occurs frequently. For snow-load calculations, we used daily data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using a quantile-mapping method. Our results suggest that projected climate warming results in regionally asymmetric response on heavy snow loads in Finnish forests. In eastern and northern Finland, the annual maximum snow loads on tree crowns were projected to increase during the present century, as opposed to southern and western parts of the country. The change was rather similar both for heavy rime loads and wet snow loads, as well as for frozen snow loads. Only the heaviest dry snow loads were projected to decrease over almost the whole of Finland. Our results are aligned with previous snowfall projections, typically indicating increasing heavy snowfalls over the areas with mean temperature below −8 °C. In spite of some uncertainties related to our results, we conclude that the risk for snow-induced forest damage is likely to increase in the future in the eastern and northern parts of Finland, i.e. in the areas experiencing the coldest winters in the country. The increase is partly due to the increase in wet snow hazards but also due to more favourable conditions for rime accumulation in a future climate that is more humid but still cold enough.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Irwin, P. A., S. L. Gamble, and D. A. Taylor. "Effects of roof size, heat transfer, and climate on snow loads: studies for the 1995 NBC." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-087.

Full text
Abstract:
As roof sizes increase, the ability of the wind to reduce the uniform snow loads is diminished, thus resulting in higher uniform loads. Results of recent research into this size effect and the influence of heat loss through roofs in four Canadian cities (St. John's, Montreal, Saskatoon, and Edmonton) using the finite area element method are described and snow load formulae for uniform loads on large roofs are proposed. Also, the drift loading on lower roofs adjacent to large area upper roofs has been studied using similar techniques, and revised formulae for the peak loading in the drift at the step are put forward taking into account the size of the upper roof and the presence of parapets. The snow load provisions developed in this paper have been proposed for the 1995 edition of the National Building Code. Key words: snow loads, drift loads, uniform loads, large flat roofs, size effect, heat loss, finite area element method, computational fluid dynamics.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
11

Strasser, U. "Snow loads in a changing climate: new risks?" Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 9, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-1-2008.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. In January/February 2006, heavy snowfalls in Bavaria (Germany) lead to a series of infrastructural damage of catastrophic nature. Since on many collapsed roofs the total snow load was not exceptional, serious engineering deficiencies in roof construction and a sudden rise in the total snow load were considered to be the trigger of the events. An analysis of the then meteorological conditions reveals, that the early winter of 2005/2006 was characterised by an exceptional continuous snow cover, temperatures remained around the freezing point and no significant snowmelt was evident. The frequent freezing/thawing cycles were followed by a general compaction of the snow load. This resulted in a re-distribution and a new concentration of the snow load on specific locations on roofs. With respect to climate change, the question arises as to whether the risks relating to snow loads will increase. The future probability of a continuous snow cover occurrence with frequent freezing/thawing cycles will probably decline due to predicted higher temperatures. However, where temperatures remain low, an increase in winter precipitation will result in increased snow loads. Furthermore, the variability of extremes is predicted to increase. If heavy snowfall events are more frequent, the risk of a trigger event will likely increase. Finally, an attempt will be made here in this paper to outline a concept for an operational warning system for the Bavarian region. This system envisages to predict the development and risk of critical snow loads for a 3-day time period, utilising a combination of climate and snow modelling data and using this together with a snow pillow device (located on roofs) and the results of which.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
12

Lobkina, V. A., I. A. Kononov, and A. A. Potapov. "Remote monitoring of the snow loads on a roof of buildings." Ice and Snow 56, no. 2 (May 11, 2016): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15356/2076-6734-2016-2-246-252.

Full text
Abstract:
Obtaining actual data on a change in the value of snow load for a snowfall is an important task the solution of which is usually neglected. The purpose of the work was to obtain a data on dynamics of the snow load change on a roof for a snowfall. A system for remote monitoring of the snow load was developed for this purpose. This system allows continuous gathering and transmission of the data on the snow load change from a unit of area. Obtaining this information gives an indication of the size of snow loading and dynamics of the snow accumulation during snowfall. The developed system provides continuous collection and transmission of data about the changing snow load per unit area. This information makes possible judging values of the snow load and its dynamics during a snowfall. Using of this system allows monitoring of snow accumulation during a snowfall. Discreteness of the system is 1 minute, and the sensitivity to the load change is 50 g. The platform is designed for a load less than 100 kg. When a snowfall ends the platform should be cleaned. In 2015, the system has been just tested, but in future we plan to use the system without cleaning for the whole snow season. In this connection, the more powerful sensors will be used. The system consists of a rectangular platform with an area of 1 m2, and it is equipped with four load cells «TOQUES» BBA at the corners. It was used for two months from late January to mid-March. In total, nine snowfalls were observed. In the winter season of 2014/15, increases of snow loads changed within the range of 10–100 kg/m2. Analysis of the data shows that the maximum snow load exerted on the roof takes place at a snowfall peak, after that it decreases under the influence of external factors. Three main factors influencing formation of the snow loads on a flat roof are as follows: the quantity of solid precipitation, the snow melting, and redistribution of snow by wind. Using of the system allows obtaining actual values of snow load on roofs of buildings instead of data calculated from the snow weight on the ground. These values can be then used to correct standards for the snow loads.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
13

Cao, Ying Chun, Ming Liu, Yuan Qing Wang, and Yan Nian Zhang. "Reliability Assessment under Combinations of Snow Load Effect: The Lightweight Steel Structures with Gabled Frames and Components Designs." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1954.

Full text
Abstract:
Purpose: to assess reliability factor of Gable Framed Lightweight Steel Structural and Components, under combination of load effect of permanent loads and snow loads. Method: JC method is adopted in the calculations. From reliability of geometrical meaning, transform the solving of reliability problem into the finding of minimum constraints, and calculate reliability indicators by using a non-linear programming called ‘Lingo’ software. Results: based on dead load plus snow load, and combination of dead load plus snow load and wind load, to calculate reliability indicator of structural components under axial tension, axial compression, and eccentric compression. Conclusion: when combined with snow load, reliability indicator (of Gable Framed Lightweight Steel Structures and Components) is less than the standard permitted reliability indicator, which is beta=3.2.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
14

Davydov, E. Yu. "Analysis of Regulatory Documents for Determining Loads for Buildings and Structures." Science & Technique 21, no. 5 (October 7, 2022): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2227-1031-2022-21-5-386-391.

Full text
Abstract:
The calculation of building structures begins with the determination of loads and effects. The correctness of determining the values of loads and impacts, and in particular their calculated values, largely determines the reliability of structural forms, their durability and economic efficiency. The paper considers the regulatory documents for determining snow, wind and crane loads, as well as loads due to their own weight of load-bearing and enclosing structures. In most cases, changing the values of snow loads in the direction of their increase is labor- and material-intensive, since after this, it is required to examine all the supporting structures that perceive snow loads, recalculation them, and quite often, strengthen them. It is proposed to review snow loads no more than once every 20–25 years. Wind speed increases with height increases. This is confirmed by statistical data obtained at many weather stations located in the Republic of Belarus and foreign countries. Failure to take into account the change in wind pressure along the height leads to significant increase in the efforts from the wind load by 2-3 times. The increase in the efforts from the wind load, as well as from the snow load, entails the need for a mass survey of buildings and structures and, as a rule, expensive work to strengthen the supporting structures. Determination of loads from overhead cranes in the current regulatory documents is completely focused on the characteristics of European hoisting mechanisms, which largely does not correspond to the characteristics of cranes used in the Republic of Belarus. It is proposed to determine crane loads according to SP [Sanitary Regulations] CYbG20.133330.2011 “Loads and impacts” (updated edition of SNiP [Construction Standards and Regulations] 2.01.07–85*). When determining the design loads from the own mass of structural forms, the reliability factor for loads is used. The values of these coefficients in the current regulatory documents are unreasonably high, especially for metal structures.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
15

Schellander, Harald, Michael Winkler, and Tobias Hell. "Towards a reproducible snow load map – an example for Austria." Advances in Science and Research 18 (August 5, 2021): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-18-135-2021.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. The European Committee for Standardization defines zonings and calculation criteria for different European regions to assign snow loads for structural design. In the Alpine region these defaults are quite coarse; countries therefore use their own products, and inconsistencies at national borders are a common problem. A new methodology to derive a snow load map for Austria is presented, which is reproducible and could be used across borders. It is based on (i) modeling snow loads with the specially developed Δsnow model at 897 sophistically quality controlled snow depth series in Austria and neighboring countries and (ii) a generalized additive model where covariates and their combinations are represented by penalized regression splines, fitted to series of yearly snow load maxima derived in the first step. This results in spatially modeled snow load extremes. The new approach outperforms a standard smooth model and is much more accurate than the currently used Austrian snow load map when compared to the RMSE of the 50-year snow load return values through a cross-validation procedure. No zoning is necessary, and the new map's RMSE of station-wise estimated 50-year generalized extreme value (GEV) return levels gradually rises to 2.2 kN m−2 at an elevation of 2000 m. The bias is 0.18 kN m−2 and positive across all elevations. When restricting the range of validity of the new map to 2000 m elevation, negative bias values that significantly underestimate 50-year snow loads at a very small number of stations are the only objective problem that has to be solved before the new map can be proposed as a successor of the current Austrian snow load map.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
16

O'Rourke, Michael, and Michael Auren. "Snow Loads on Gable Roofs." Journal of Structural Engineering 123, no. 12 (December 1997): 1645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1997)123:12(1645).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
17

Tobiasson, Wayne, Michael O'Rourke, and Michael Auren. "Snow Loads on Gable Roofs." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 4 (April 1999): 470–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:4(470).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
18

Sack, R. L. "Snow Loads on Sloped Roofs." Journal of Structural Engineering 114, no. 3 (March 1988): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1988)114:3(501).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
19

Sack, Ronald L. "Designing Structures for Snow Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 115, no. 2 (February 1989): 303–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1989)115:2(303).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
20

Sack, R. L., and D. Arnholtz. "Simulating uniform roof snow loads." Computers & Structures 30, no. 3 (January 1988): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-7949(88)90283-0.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
21

DeBock, D. Jared, Abbie B. Liel, James R. Harris, Bruce R. Ellingwood, and Jeannette M. Torrents. "Reliability-Based Design Snow Loads. I: Site-Specific Probability Models for Ground Snow Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 7 (July 2017): 04017046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001731.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
22

Milošević, Vuk S., and Biserka Lj Marković. "Comparison of Point and Snow Load Deflections in Design and Analysis of Tensile Membrane Structures." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (December 7, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8810085.

Full text
Abstract:
Tensile membrane structures are often used as protective structures in order to provide cover from snow, rain, and direct sunlight. They are widely popular because of their advanced structural and architectural properties. Currently, their application is common at sport stadia and public spaces. There are several types of loads acting on tensile membrane structures, most importantly prestress, snow load, and wind load. However, concentrated loads also act on these structures, but they are frequently neglected during the structural analysis. There is yet no European standard on designing tensile membrane structures that would give guidance on structural analysis and incorporation of point load actions in the analysis. In addition, there is little scientific knowledge on how point loads affect tensile membrane structures. This research aims at revealing whether point loads can produce significant membrane deflections and in such way cause damage to the structure or to the objects underneath the membrane. In order to evaluate their importance, point load deflections are compared to deflections induced by snow load. This was done on a large number of numerical models differing in several parameters. Models represent typical geometries of hypar membrane structures on a square base. Obtained results show that, in many cases, point loads can produce larger membrane deflections compared to the snow load. This finding will have an impact on including the point load actions into standardization of design and analysis procedures of tensile membrane structures in Europe.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
23

Belostotsky, Alexander, Nikita Britikov, and Oleg Goryachevsky. "COMPARISON OF DETERMINATION OF SNOW LOADS FOR ROOFS IN BUILDING CODES OF VARIOUS COUNTRIES." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 17, no. 3 (September 29, 2021): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-17-3-39-47.

Full text
Abstract:
The article compares the requirements for calculating the snow load on the coatings of buildings and structures in accordance with the regulations of technically developed countries and associations – Russia, the European Union, Canada and the United States. It was revealed that in these norms the general approaches, the subtleties of calculating the coefficients, the set of standard coatings and the schemes of the form coefficient proposed for them differ significantly. This situation reflects the general problem of determining snow loads – at the moment there is no recognized unified scientifically grounded approach to determining snow loads on coatings of even the simplest form. The difference in the normative schemes of snow loads is clearly demonstrated by the example of a three-level roof.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
24

Żurański, J. A., and A. Sobolewski. "An Analysis of Snow and Wind Loads Combinations Based on Meteorological Data." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 205–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0117.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present a probabilistic method of analyzing the combinations of snow and wind loads using meteorological data and to determine their combination factors. Calculations are based on data measured at twelve Polish meteorological stations operated by the Institute for Meteorology and Water Management. Data provided are from the years 1966 - 2010. Five combinations of snow load and 10-minute mean wind velocity pressure have been considered. Gumbel probability distribution has been used to fit the empirical distributions of the data. As a result, the interdependence between wind velocity pressure and snow load on the ground for a return period of 50 years has been provided, and the values of the combination factors for snow loads and wind actions are proposed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
25

Mensah, Kwesi, and Jong Min Choi. "Peak and Annual Snow Load Pattern for Effective Snow Melting System Design in Republic of Korea." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 23, no. 04 (December 2015): 1550031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010132515500315.

Full text
Abstract:
Snowstorm, slippery pedestrian walkways, ice and snow on pavement and roofs of structures continue to serve as a threat to life and infrastructure in many low temperature nations. Owing to these menaces coupled with an increase in the demand and cost of energy globally, engineers and planners are tasked to design effective and efficient green technologies to counterbalance these demands. Snow melting systems are gradually gaining widespread application in the areas of bridge, pavements and roofs of buildings. Snow melting loads are an integral part in the design of snow melting systems. This paper developed snow melting and roof snow building load for the Republic of Korea. Annual averages and frequency distribution methods were used in the analysis of a 10-year period weather data. Monthly total as well as peak snowfall rate values were used to generate annual and peak snow melting load values, respectively. It was observed that the annual-average approach is more conservative for most climatic conditions than the frequency analysis method. Minimum flat roof snow building loads were presented to aid in the structural analysis of structures within the Republic of Korea. The developed database in this paper will provide the database for designing a snow melting system and for analyzing the building structural interpretation considering snow weight.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
26

Li, Fang Hui, Ming Gu, Zhen Hua Ni, and Shi Zhao Shen. "Method of the Snow Load for Design of the Low Rise Roof Structures in the Different Country Codes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 1220–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.1220.

Full text
Abstract:
Snow load is very important for the design of the large span roof structures in the cold region. The determine of the snow loads are influenced by many factors, such as wind, shape of the roof , terrain categories and so on, therefore comprehensive consideration of the transport and drift by the strong wind for design of the roof is very complex. Compared with other countries load codes, the China load code don’t detailed consider wind and snow interaction effect, the method of snow load for design has some further improved terms.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
27

Kennedy, Timothy H. R., D. J. Laurie Kennedy, James G. MacGregor, and Donald A. Taylor. "Snow loads in the 1985 National Building Code of Canada: Curved roofs." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-051.

Full text
Abstract:
In the 1985 edition of the National Building Code of Canada (NBCC) the intensity of the specified snow load at any location on a roof is obtained by multiplying the ground snow load for the building locale by a series of factors. These factors reflect the overall reduction in average snow loads on roofs as compared with that on the ground, the effect of exposure to wind, the effect of roof slope, and the effect of drifting, sliding, creep, and drainage.The four loading cases for the design of curved roofs suggested in the Commentary on snow loads accompanying the 1980 NBCC were examined by determining, for roofs of circular cross section, the variation across the span of load intensity, shear force, and bending moment for a wide range of spans, ground snow loads, and roof edge slopes. The purpose of the examination was to fully describe known inconsistencies arising from these loading cases.A new case for drift loading was developed (case III) that, when used with "full" or "uniform" loading and with the unbalanced loading developed for the 1977 NBCC (case II), eliminates or at least reduces the inconsistencies. With this new loading case and the derivation of a formula to define when to switch from loading case II to the new case III the designer now has to consider only one unbalanced loading condition rather than three as before.A simplified method for establishing specified load intensities, shear forces, and bending moments, suitable at least for preliminary design, is also presented. Key words: bending moments, curved roofs, drifts, load intensity, shear force, snow load factors, wind.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
28

Gallego, Eutiquio, Jose María Fuentes, Alvaro Ramírez-Gómez, and Francisco Ayuga. "Effects of different snow load arrangements on steel silo roof structures." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 16 (November 20, 2017): 2507–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217742526.

Full text
Abstract:
Large diameter steel silos usually require a beam structure to support rooftop inspection gangways and resist loads derived from the snow and wind actions. The existence of localized overloads caused by drifted snow on roofs as a consequence of the wind action has been reported in the literature. European standard EN 1991-1-3 also considers the need of taking into account asymmetric patterns for snow loads calculation. However, conical roofs are not included in the specific list of cases considered by this standard. The present work compares the normal stresses and displacements produced in a conical steel silo roof structure by applying balanced loads distributed on the whole roof and unbalanced loads applied on a roof sector. Experimental measurements and a three-dimensional beam model developed by the authors have been used to predict the stresses and vertical displacements of a metal silo roof structure measuring 18.34 m in diameter. The results show that the existence of an asymmetric load pattern produces higher normal stresses (up to 23%) and vertical displacements (up to 50%) than those derived from balanced loads, for any similar load per beam considered.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
29

O'Rourke, Michael J., Robert S. Speck, and Ulrich Stiefel. "Drift Snow Loads on Multilevel Roofs." Journal of Structural Engineering 111, no. 2 (February 1985): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1985)111:2(290).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
30

Sack, Ronald L., De Ann Arnholtz, and Jess S. Haldeman. "Sloped Roof Snow Loads Using Simulation." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 8 (August 1987): 1820–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:8(1820).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
31

Schmidlin, Thomas W., Dennis J. Edgell, and Molly A. Delaney. "Design Ground Snow Loads for Ohio." Journal of Applied Meteorology 31, no. 6 (June 1992): 622–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0622:dgslfo>2.0.co;2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
32

Yazdani, S., R. Henrichs, and R. Osten. "Retrofitting Building Frames for Snow Loads." Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 7, no. 3 (August 2002): 122–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(2002)7:3(122).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
33

Giever, Paul M., and R. L. Sack. "Similitude considerations for roof snow loads." Cold Regions Science and Technology 19, no. 1 (December 1990): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-232x(90)90018-r.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
34

Suvanto, Susanne, Aleksi Lehtonen, Seppo Nevalainen, Ilari Lehtonen, Heli Viiri, Mikael Strandström, and Mikko Peltoniemi. "Mapping the probability of forest snow disturbances in Finland." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0254876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254876.

Full text
Abstract:
The changing forest disturbance regimes emphasize the need for improved damage risk information. Here, our aim was to (1) improve the current understanding of snow damage risks by assessing the importance of abiotic factors, particularly the modelled snow load on trees, versus forest properties in predicting the probability of snow damage, (2) produce a snow damage probability map for Finland. We also compared the results for winters with typical snow load conditions and a winter with exceptionally heavy snow loads. To do this, we used damage observations from the Finnish national forest inventory (NFI) to create a statistical snow damage occurrence model, spatial data layers from different sources to use the model to predict the damage probability for the whole country in 16 x 16 m resolution. Snow damage reports from forest owners were used for testing the final map. Our results showed that best results were obtained when both abiotic and forest variables were included in the model. However, in the case of the high snow load winter, the model with only abiotic predictors performed nearly as well as the full model and the ability of the models to identify the snow damaged stands was higher than in other years. The results showed patterns of forest adaptation to high snow loads, as spruce stands in the north were less susceptible to damage than in southern areas and long-term snow load reduced the damage probability. The model and the derived wall-to-wall map were able to discriminate damage from no-damage cases on a good level (AUC > 0.7). The damage probability mapping approach identifies the drivers of snow disturbances across forest landscapes and can be used to spatially estimate the current and future disturbance probabilities in forests, informing practical forestry and decision-making and supporting the adaptation to the changing disturbance regimes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
35

Ducloux, H., and B. E. Nygaard. "50 years return period wet-snow load estimation based on weather station data for overhead line design purpose." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 8 (August 14, 2014): 5139–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-5139-2014.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. Historically, as far as wet-snow loads were concerned, overhead line design was often based on experience or on long-term applications with positive results. New standards like CENELEC EN 50341-1 (2012) take into account for the overhead line design characteristic loads, i.e. 50 years return period loads. This article proposes a method to estimate characteristic wet-snow loads based on meteorological data recorded at weather stations. The model used to calculate those loads is mainly inspired by a recent article written by Nygaard et al. (2013a) in which a new parameterization is proposed for the classical cylindrical wet-snow accretion model as described in ISO 12494 annex C. After a complete description of the model and its parameterization adapted to French wet-snow events, the statistical issues are examined. Then, the model is used with the meteorological data of 87 weather stations in order to calculate wet-snow loads whose relevance has been positively tested according to real damages recorded in a complete wet-snow event database. At last, the characteristic loads of those 87 stations have been determined according to all the loads generated by the model and processed by a POT (Peak Over Threshold) method.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
36

LEBEDEVA, I. V., M. I. FARFEL, D. Yu KONYASHIN, and M. M. BEREZIN. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SNOW LOAD DISTRIBUTION ON A SHELL OF THE GRAND SPORTS ARENA OF LUZHNIKI OLYMPIC COMPLEX." Bulletin of Science and Research Center of Construction 35, no. 4 (January 22, 2023): 40–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2022-4(35)-40-61.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction. The mechanism of the formation of snow deposits on the shell of the Luzhniki GSA and their redistribution in winter were established on the basis of the data obtained during the monitoring of the snow load for over 20 years.Aim. In this article, the mechanism of the formation of snow deposits and their distribution on the shell of the Luzhniki GSA were determined, along with the numerical values of the form factor μ characterizing the transition from the ground snow load to the snow load on the shell.Materials and methods. The measurements of the load and density of snow deposits on the shell of the Luzhniki GSA were carried out from 1998 to 2019. The obtained results were compared with the parallel measurements of ground snow load (GSL) in Luzhniki. In addition, the snow load, as well as statistical data analysis on the maximum annual values of the GSL, were analyzed using the hydrometeorological data of decadic snow surveys in Moscow, performed by the V.A. Mikhelson Meteorological Observatory following the dates of field measurements. The graphs of the repeatability of wind directions for the month preceding the observation dates were plotted.Results. The maximum values of the form factor μ for each section of the shell were obtained. The areas characterized by increased snow deposition on the shell during various periods of snow accumulation andthe dependence of their formation on wind speeds and directions in winter were revealed. Graphs depicting the distribution of snow load on the surface by observation years were plotted. It was established that the values of snow loads on the GSA shell during the observation period generally lay within the design values, except for local zones near the internal contour during the installation of the canopy.Conclusion. It was shown that the formation, accumulation, and redistribution of snow deposits on the shell comprise a complex and uneven process, varying from winter to winter. When selecting the analytical models of snow loads for calculating unique load-bearing structures, it is necessary to account for the most unfavorable wind flow directions, at which an uneven snow deposition pattern occurs, as well as the physical properties of the shell and field observations.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
37

Belostotsky, Alexander, Oleg Goryachevsky, and Nikita Britikov. "CRITICAL REVIEW OF PHYSICAL MODELLING OF SNOW ACCUMULATION ON ROOFS WITH ARBITRARY GEOMETRY." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-17-4-22-39.

Full text
Abstract:
A review of the most significant domestic and, due to numerical superiority, foreign works on physical modelling of snow transport and snow accumulation processes, in particular, for the purpose of determining snow loads on roofs with arbitrary geometry, is presented. The existing practice of development of recommendations on assignment of snow loads in Russian laboratories is considered and critically evaluated. Comparison of do-mesticworks with scientific articles in the advanced world scientific journals and foreign regulatory documents leads to unfavorable conclusions. Recommendations on assigning snow loads, issued by Russian laboratories on the basisof extremely outdated and poorly substantiated methodology, bear a serious risk for evaluating mechan-ical safety of modern structures, for which such recommendations are developed. Recommendations are offered to remedy this current dangerous practice. The article also gives some suggestions on forming a basis for field observations of snow loads on existing roofs.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
38

Croce, Pietro, Paolo Formichi, and Filippo Landi. "Extreme Ground Snow Loads in Europe from 1951 to 2100." Climate 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9090133.

Full text
Abstract:
Lightweight roofs are extremely sensitive to extreme snow loads, as confirmed by recently occurring failures all over Europe. Obviously, the problem is further emphasized in warmer climatic areas, where low design values are generally foreseen for snow loads. Like other climatic actions, representative values of snow loads provided in structural codes are usually derived by means of suitable elaborations of extreme statistics, assuming climate stationarity over time. As climate change impacts are becoming more and more evident over time, that hypothesis is becoming controversial, so that suitable adaptation strategies aiming to define climate resilient design loads need to be implemented. In the paper, past and future trends of ground snow load in Europe are assessed for the period 1950–2100, starting from high-resolution climate simulations, recently issued by the CORDEX program. Maps of representative values of snow loads adopted for structural design, associated with an annual probability of exceedance p = 2%, are elaborated for Europe. Referring to the historical period, the obtained maps are critically compared with the current European maps based on observations. Factors of change maps, referred to subsequent time windows are presented considering RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission trajectories, corresponding to medium and maximum greenhouse gas concentration scenarios. Factors of change are thus evaluated considering suitably selected weather stations in Switzerland and Germany, for which high quality point measurements, sufficiently extended over time are available. Focusing on the investigated weather stations, the study demonstrates that climate models can appropriately reproduce historical trends and that a decrease of characteristic values of the snow loads is expected over time. However, it must be remarked that, if on one hand the mean value of the annual maxima tends to reduce, on the other hand, its standard deviation tends to increase, locally leading to an increase of the extreme values, which should be duly considered in the evaluation of structural reliability over time.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
39

Ducloux, H., and B. E. Nygaard. "50-year return-period wet-snow load estimation based on weather station data for overhead line design in France." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 11 (November 19, 2014): 3031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-3031-2014.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract. Historically, as far as wet-snow loads were concerned, overhead line design was often based on experience or long-term applications with positive results. New standard like CENELEC EN 50341-1 (2012) take into account characteristic loads, i.e. 50-year return-period loads, for the overhead line design. This article proposes a method to estimate characteristic wet-snow loads based on meteorological data recorded at weather stations. The model used to calculate those loads is mainly inspired by a recent article written by Nygaard et al. (2013a) in which a new parameterization is proposed for the classical cylindrical wet-snow accretion model, as described in ISO 12494 standard (2001), annex C. After a complete description of the model and its parameterization adapted to French wet-snow events, the statistical issues are examined. Then, the model is used with the meteorological data of 87 weather stations in order to calculate wet-snow loads whose relevance has been positively tested according to real damages recorded in a complete wet-snow event database. At last, the characteristic loads of those 87 stations have been determined according to all the loads generated by the model and processed by a peak-over-threshold (POT) method. A practical method to determine the 90% confidence intervals of those characteristic values is given. As it is demonstrated that there is only one value of the ice class (IC) masses proposed by ISO 12494 in each confidence interval, characteristic loads can be easily expressed in terms of ICs. That method shows that ICs ranging from R1 (0.5 kg m−1) to R5 (5 kg m−1) could be used for overhead line design in France.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
40

Tamura, Moriaki. "An automatic system for controlling snow on roofs." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011356.

Full text
Abstract:
In Honshu Island, Japan, tremendous amounts of snow falls over a vast area facing the Sea of Japan. The depth of deposited snow sometimes exceeds 2 m, even in urban areas. The weight of snow on roofs can damage conventional wooden houses. It is of great importance, therefore, to monitor and control roof snow loads. A model system has been developed for controlling snow on roofs. A precipitation detector capable of differentiating between solid and liquid precipitation and a water gauge for detecting the meltwater from a roof are combined to estimate the roof snow load. When the calculated load exceeds a critical value, an electric heater on the roof is energized to melt a portion of the snow. The whole system is controlled by a personal computer. The system was tested for about a month in 1990 with satisfactory results.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
41

Meng, Fan, Fang Hui Li, Ming Gu, and Shi Zhao Shen. "Practical Design Method of the Snow Load for the Low Rise Roof Structures." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.791.

Full text
Abstract:
The large span roof structures need to be designed to withstand wind and snow loads. This paper presents practical design method of snow load for low rise roof structures in GB 50009-2001(China), ASCE 7-10, AIJ 2006, NBCC 2005 and Euro code 2003, and discusses approaches to improving consistency and uniformity of methods by comparison of the differences and similarities of wind and snow provisions in the codes of various countries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
42

Guan, Xiaoshu, Huipin Chen, Jian He, and Xiaodan Sun. "Investigation of Snow Load Effects on Modal Parameters of a Steel Structure Roof." Shock and Vibration 2018 (September 13, 2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7018325.

Full text
Abstract:
Snowfall is one of the environmental factors that can cause effects on the identification of structural modal parameters. For the steel structure roof of the Harbin Railway Station, effects of snow load to the modal parameters were investigated. A single-span simply supported beam was analysed from the theoretical perspective to study the principles. FEM-based analyses were conducted for the steel structure roof to illustrate the significance of the snow load effects to modal parameters. Uniformly and nonuniformly distributed snow loads were regarded as the essential factors influencing modal frequencies and mode shapes. Monitoring response data are collected and analysed to confirm the accuracy of analytical results. It is concluded that snowfall-induced variations on structural stiffness and mass matrices reduce the modal parameters and alter the mode shapes. The differences between the change regulations of the various modes are closely related to the distributions of snow loads. The theoretical and numerical analytical results are validated to be feasible and credible using temperature, axial strain, and acceleration measurements from the Harbin Railway Station field monitoring system.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
43

Poddaeva, Olga. "EXPERIMENTAL MODELING OF SNOW ACTION ON UNIQUE CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-2-45-51.

Full text
Abstract:
Introduction: In modern civil engineering, repetitive architecture gives way to unique buildings. However, the available laws and regulations do not provide any recommendations for setting loads on unique construction facilities. The foregoing is fully true for snow loads as well. The Regulations “Loads and Actions” include a method to calculate snow loads for standard roof shapes. Methods: This paper proposes a method of experimental modeling for snowdrifts and snow deposits on complex roof shapes that differ from the standard shapes described in the Regulations, using wind tunnels of architectural and construction type. This method provides clear recommendations on experimental studies with the use of wind tunnels. Results: It was tried and tested in the building of a sports center under design. During the study, patterns of snowdrifts and snow deposits formation were also obtained.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
44

Taylor, D. A. "Snow loads on sloping roofs: two pilot studies in the Ottawa area." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-036.

Full text
Abstract:
The results of two pilot studies are presented: one concerning snow on farm roofs in the Ottawa area carried out in 1966, and the other an eight-winter investigation of the influence of surface roughness and slope on snow accumulation on nine 2.4 m × 2.4 m unheated, north-facing experimental roofs built in a sheltered woods at the National Research Council Canada in Ottawa. The results indicate a trend towards reduced snow density as slopes increase and a smaller accumulation of snow on smooth (metal) surfaces than on rough shingled roofs as slopes increase. More data on full-sized roofs across Canada are required to verify this. It is suggested that a less conservative slope-reduction relation might be considered for smooth roofs in the Ottawa area and for other areas with similar climate. Key words: snow loads, sliding snow, sloping roofs, snow depths, snow densities, surface roughness, pilot survey.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
45

O'Rourke, Michael, Wayne Tobiasson, and Evelyn Wood. "Proposed Code Provisions for Drifted Snow Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 112, no. 9 (September 1986): 2080–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1986)112:9(2080).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
46

Sack, Ronald L., and Paul M. Giever. "Predicting Roof Snow Loads on Gabled Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 10 (October 1990): 2763–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:10(2763).

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
47

Cannell, M. G. R., and J. Morgan. "Branch breakage under snow and ice loads." Tree Physiology 5, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/5.3.307.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
48

Bean, Brennan, Marc Maguire, and Yan Sun. "Predicting Utah Ground Snow Loads with PRISM." Journal of Structural Engineering 143, no. 9 (September 2017): 04017126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0001870.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
49

Ellingwood, Bruce, and Michael O'Rourke. "Probabilistic models of snow loads on structures." Structural Safety 2, no. 4 (January 1985): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4730(85)90015-3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
50

Pytka, Jarosław. "Determination of snow stresses under vehicle loads." Cold Regions Science and Technology 60, no. 2 (February 2010): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.10.002.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the bibliographies on the topic 'Snow loads' for other source types:
Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography