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Journal articles on the topic 'Snow particles'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Rastello, Marie, Fabrice Rastello, Hervé Bellot, Frédéric Ousset, François Dufour, and Lorenz Meier. "Size of snow particles in a powder-snow avalanche." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 201 (2011): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311795306637.

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AbstractLittle quantitative information is available concerning the size of ice particles in the turbulent clouds of powder-snow avalanches. To quantify particle size distributions, we have developed an experimental device that collects particles in real-scale powder avalanches. The device was placed on the concrete bunker of the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne avalanche dynamics test site. On 31 January 2003, a large powder-snow avalanche struck the bunker and we were able to collect particle samples. The collected particles have been photographed and the pictures digitized. An image analysis tool

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2

Huang, N., and Z. Wang. "A 3-D simulation of drifting snow in the turbulent boundary layer." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 1 (2015): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-301-2015.

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Abstract. The drifting snow is one of the most important factors that affect the global ice mass balance and hydrological balance. Current models of drifting snow are usually one- or two-dimensional, focusing on the macroscopic quantities of drifting snow under temporal average flow. In this paper, we take the coupling effects between wind and snow particles into account and present a 3-D model of drifting snow with mixed grain size in the turbulent boundary layer. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method is used for simulating the turbulent boundary layer of the wind field and the 3-D trajector

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3

Yin, Mengtao, and Cheng Yuan. "Exploring the Environmental Conditions of Snow Particles Using Spaceborne Triple-Frequency Radar Measurements over Ocean." Remote Sensing 14, no. 21 (2022): 5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14215512.

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The environmental conditions of snow particles with different particle sizes and bulk effective densities over the ocean are explored using a coincidence dataset of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) and Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR). Observed triple-frequency radar signatures for snow particles over the ocean are firstly derived. Based on modeled triple-frequency signatures for various snow particles, DFR Ku/Ka and the ratio of DFR Ku/Ka to DFR Ku/W from observations are selected to indicate t

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4

Yuter, Sandra E., David E. Kingsmill, Louisa B. Nance, and Martin Löffler-Mang. "Observations of Precipitation Size and Fall Speed Characteristics within Coexisting Rain and Wet Snow." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 45, no. 10 (2006): 1450–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2406.1.

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Abstract Ground-based measurements of particle size and fall speed distributions using a Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL) disdrometer are compared among samples obtained in mixed precipitation (rain and wet snow) and rain in the Oregon Cascade Mountains and in dry snow in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Coexisting rain and snow particles are distinguished using a classification method based on their size and fall speed properties. The bimodal distribution of the particles’ joint fall speed–size characteristics at air temperatures from 0.5° to 0°C suggests that wet-snow particles quickly

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5

Shevchenko, Vladimir P., Sergey N. Vorobyev, Ivan V. Krickov, et al. "Insoluble Particles in the Snowpack of the Ob River Basin (Western Siberia) a 2800 km Submeridional Profile." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (2020): 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111184.

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Snowpack exhibits properties that make it a unique natural archive of airborne pollution. The data on insoluble particles in the Ob River catchment (Western Siberia) snowpack are limited. Insoluble particles in the snowpack of Western Siberia were studied at 36 sites on a 2800 km submeridional profile from the city of Barnaul to Salekhard in February 2020. Snow samples were collected over the full depth of the snow core, from the surface of the snow cover to the boundary with soil, except for the lower 1–2 cm. After the filtration of melted snow through a 0.45-µm membrane, the particle composi

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6

ITO, YOICHI, FLORENCE NAAIM-BOUVET, KOUICHI NISHIMURA, et al. "Measurement of snow particle size and velocity in avalanche powder clouds." Journal of Glaciology 63, no. 238 (2017): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2016.130.

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ABSTRACTParticle size, particle speed and airflow speed have been measured in the powder snow clouds of avalanches to investigate the suspension and transportation processes of snow particles. The avalanches were artificially triggered at the Lautaret full-scale avalanche test-site (French Alps) where an ultrasonic anemometer and a snow particle counter were setup in an avalanche track for measurements. Relatively large particles were observed during passage of the avalanche head and then the size of the particles slightly decreased as the core of the avalanche passed the measurement station.

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7

Heintzenberg, Jost, and Markku Rummukainen. "Airborne particles in snow." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015896.

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Abstract In a pilot experiment, airborne particles were shown to exist in snow. In newly deposited snow they could be traced down to 17 cm below the surface. With our particle sensor, the snow was ventilated on the level of expected natural ventilation velocities. We show with a simple deposition model that air/snow exchange of airborne particles must be considered in the interpretation of impurities in snow and glacier ice. However, the relative magnitude of ventilation velocity compared to dry-deposition velocities at the surface is of crucial importance for determining total deposition. In

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8

Heintzenberg, Jost, and Markku Rummukainen. "Airborne particles in snow." Journal of Glaciology 39, no. 132 (1993): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000015896.

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AbstractIn a pilot experiment, airborne particles were shown to exist in snow. In newly deposited snow they could be traced down to 17 cm below the surface. With our particle sensor, the snow was ventilated on the level of expected natural ventilation velocities. We show with a simple deposition model that air/snow exchange of airborne particles must be considered in the interpretation of impurities in snow and glacier ice. However, the relative magnitude of ventilation velocity compared to dry-deposition velocities at the surface is of crucial importance for determining total deposition. In p

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9

SAITOH, K., K. SERA, and K. HIRANO. "CHARACTERIZATION OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE (TSP) IN A MOUNTAINOUS REGION IN NORTHERN JAPAN." International Journal of PIXE 11, no. 01n02 (2001): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083501000037.

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Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected at the west-facing slope (altitude 700 m) of Mt. Moriyoshi in northern Japan, from 24 – 27 June (non-snow-clad period) and 11 – 14 December (snow-clad period) in 1996, with a one-hour sampling interval. The elemental composition and particle shape of TSP samples were determined and/or observed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In the hourly TSP samples collected during the non-snow-clad period, 27 elements were determined. Na, Mg, Al, Si,

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10

Omiya, Satoshi, Atsushi Sato, Kenji Kosugi, and Shigeto Mochizuki. "Estimation of the electrostatic charge of individual blowing-snow particles by wind tunnel experiment." Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 58 (2011): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411797252167.

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AbstarctThere are some reports on the measurement of the charge-to-mass ratio of blowing-snow particles, but there are few studies concerned with individual snow-particle charge. We measured the charge-to-mass ratios using snow particles selected according to size, and discussed individual charges. Experiments were conducted in a cryogenic wind tunnel. Charge-to-mass ratios measured in our experiment were all negative and their absolute values tended to increase with a decrease in particle diameter. Individual snow-particle charges were calculated from the average of particle diameter distribu

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11

Zhao, Wei, Zheng Li, Hua Zhang, et al. "An Experimental Investigation on the Size Distribution of Snow Particles during Artificial Snow Making." Energies 16, no. 21 (2023): 7276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16217276.

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For artificial snowfall, snow particle size can have a direct impact on snow quality. The operating conditions of the snow-makers and environmental factors will influence the atomization and crystallization processes of artificial snow making, which consequently affect snow particle size. This paper investigates the size distribution of snow particles during artificial snow making under different operating conditions and environmental parameters. For this purpose, an environmental chamber is designed and structured. The laser scattering method was used to measure the size distribution of snow

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12

Zhang, Jie, and Ning Huang. "Simulation of Snow Drift and the Effects of Snow Particles on Wind." Modelling and Simulation in Engineering 2008 (2008): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/408075.

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Coupled equations between wind and saltating particles are presented for a stable wind blowing over an infinite plane bed and the equations are solved for a simplified particle-bed impact process. The calculated results show that the saltating snow particles strongly affect the velocity distribution of the wind, causing a deviation from a logarithmically distributed wind velocity profile. The average height and length of saltating snow particle trajectories exponentially increase as the friction velocity increases; the ejected snow number flux and the streamwise snow transport rate also increa

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13

FILHOL, SIMON, and MATTHEW STURM. "The smoothing of landscapes during snowfall with no wind." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 250 (2019): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2018.104.

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ABSTRACTEvery winter, snowy landscapes are smoothed by snow deposition in calm conditions (no wind). In this study, we investigated how vertically falling snow attenuates topographic relief at horizontal scales less than or approximately equal to snow depth (e.g., 0.1–10 m). In a set of three experiments under natural snowfall, we observed the particle-scale mechanisms by which smoothing is achieved, and we examined the cumulative effect at the snowpack scale. The experiments consisted of (a) a strobe-light box for tracking the trajectories of snowflakes at deposition, (b) allowing snow to fal

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14

Kuo, Kwo-Sen, William S. Olson, Benjamin T. Johnson, et al. "The Microwave Radiative Properties of Falling Snow Derived from Nonspherical Ice Particle Models. Part I: An Extensive Database of Simulated Pristine Crystals and Aggregate Particles, and Their Scattering Properties." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 3 (2016): 691–708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0130.1.

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AbstractA 3D growth model is used to simulate pristine ice crystals, which are aggregated using a collection algorithm to create larger, multicrystal particles. The simulated crystals and aggregates have mass-versus-size and fractal properties that are consistent with field observations. The growth/collection model is used to generate a large database of snow particles, and the single-scattering properties of each particle are computed using the discrete dipole approximation to account for the nonspherical geometries of the particles. At 13.6 and 35.5 GHz, the bulk radar reflectivities of nons

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15

Schnaiter, Martin, Claudia Linke, Inas Ibrahim, et al. "Specifying the light-absorbing properties of aerosol particles in fresh snow samples, collected at the Environmental Research Station Schneefernerhaus (UFS), Zugspitze." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 16 (2019): 10829–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-10829-2019.

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Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles like mineral dust, volcanic ash and combustion particles can reduce Earth's snow and ice albedo considerably even by very small amounts of deposited particle mass. In this study, a new laboratory method is applied to measure the spectral light absorption coefficient of airborne particles that are released from fresh snow samples by an efficient nebulizing system. Three-wavelength photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy is combined with refractory black carbon (BC) mass analysis to determine the snow mass-specific and BC mass-specific absorption cross secti

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16

You, Yuanhong, Chunlin Huang, Zuo Wang, Jinliang Hou, Ying Zhang, and Peipei Xu. "A genetic particle filter scheme for univariate snow cover assimilation into Noah-MP model across snow climates." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 27, no. 15 (2023): 2919–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-2919-2023.

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Abstract. Accurate snowpack simulations are critical for regional hydrological predictions, snow avalanche prevention, water resource management, and agricultural production, particularly during the snow ablation period. Data assimilation methodologies are increasingly being applied for operational purposes to reduce the uncertainty in snowpack simulations and to enhance their predictive capabilities. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using a genetic particle filter (GPF) as a snow data assimilation scheme designed to assimilate ground-based snow depth (SD) measurements across

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17

Pirazzini, R., P. Räisänen, T. Vihma, M. Johansson, and E. M. Tastula. "Measurements and modelling of snow particle size and shortwave infrared albedo over a melting Antarctic ice sheet." Cryosphere 9, no. 6 (2015): 2357–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-2357-2015.

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Abstract. The albedo of a snowpack depends on the single-scattering properties of individual snow crystals, which have a variety of shapes and sizes, and are often bounded in clusters. From the point of view of optical modelling, it is essential to identify the geometric dimensions of the population of snow particles that synthesize the scattering properties of the snowpack surface. This involves challenges related to the complexity of modelling the radiative transfer in such an irregular medium, and to the difficulty of measuring microphysical snow properties. In this paper, we illustrate a m

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18

Pirazzini, R., P. Räisänen, T. Vihma, M. Johansson, and E. M. Tastula. "Measurements and modelling of snow particle size and shortwave infrared albedo over a melting Antarctic ice sheet." Cryosphere Discussions 9, no. 3 (2015): 3405–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-9-3405-2015.

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Abstract. The albedo of a snowpack depends on the single-scattering properties of individual snow crystals, which have a variety of shapes and sizes, and are often bounded in clusters. From the point of view of optical modelling, it is essential to identify the geometric dimensions of the population of snow particles that synthetize the scattering properties of the snowpack surface. This involves challenges related to the complexity of modelling the radiative transfer in such an irregular medium, and to the difficulty of measuring microphysical snow properties. In this paper, we illustrate a m

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19

Olson, William S., Lin Tian, Mircea Grecu, et al. "The Microwave Radiative Properties of Falling Snow Derived from Nonspherical Ice Particle Models. Part II: Initial Testing Using Radar, Radiometer and In Situ Observations." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 55, no. 3 (2016): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-15-0131.1.

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AbstractIn this study, two different particle models describing the structure and electromagnetic properties of snow are developed and evaluated for potential use in satellite combined radar–radiometer precipitation estimation algorithms. In the first model, snow particles are assumed to be homogeneous ice–air spheres with single-scattering properties derived from Mie theory. In the second model, snow particles are created by simulating the self-collection of pristine ice crystals into aggregate particles of different sizes, using different numbers and habits of the collected component crystal

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20

Sukovich, Ellen M., David E. Kingsmill, and Sandra E. Yuter. "Variability of Graupel and Snow Observed in Tropical Oceanic Convection by Aircraft during TRMM KWAJEX." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 48, no. 2 (2009): 185–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jamc1940.1.

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Abstract Empirical characterization of graupel and snow in precipitating tropical convective clouds is important for refining satellite precipitation retrieval algorithms and cloud-resolving and radiative transfer models. Microphysics data for this analysis were collected by the University of North Dakota (UND) Citation and the National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) DC-8 aircraft during the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX) in the western tropical Pacific Ocean. An ice particle identification algorithm was applied to two-dimensional optical array pr

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21

Uematsu, Takahiko. "Numerical study on snow transport and drift formation." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011393.

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A three-dimensional, numerical simulation model for snow transport and drift formation is proposed in which saltation as well as suspension are considered as dynamic behavioral factors of moving snow particles. The procedure for simulation is as follows: (1) Air flow field is simulated solving the Reynolds equations and the continuity equation. (2) Using the result of the air field flow simulation, the blown-snow density field is simulated using the diffusion equations in which the fall velocity of blown snow particles is considered. In the boundary conditions, the particle movement of saltati

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22

Uematsu, Takahiko. "Numerical study on snow transport and drift formation." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011393.

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A three-dimensional, numerical simulation model for snow transport and drift formation is proposed in which saltation as well as suspension are considered as dynamic behavioral factors of moving snow particles. The procedure for simulation is as follows: (1) Air flow field is simulated solving the Reynolds equations and the continuity equation. (2) Using the result of the air field flow simulation, the blown-snow density field is simulated using the diffusion equations in which the fall velocity of blown snow particles is considered. In the boundary conditions, the particle movement of saltati

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23

Zhang, Shuzhi, Afang Jin, Bin Zheng, and Hao Peng. "The Particle Generation Method Utilizing an Arbitrary 2D Model for Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Modeling and Its Application in the Field of Snowdrift." Water 15, no. 21 (2023): 3763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15213763.

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This paper uses the SPH method to study snow disasters, including the snow flow model of a vertical water diffusion equation and heat balance equation. The advantage of the SPH method is that it can capture particles’ positions, which can be used to track the initial position distribution of hazardous particles. At the same time, a particle modeling method based on pixel value is proposed, which has certain advantages in dealing with the boundary modeling of different materials. In addition, snow disaster prevention and the control of classic embankment and cutting procedures were carried out.

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24

Wahl, Sonja, Benjamin Walter, Franziska Aemisegger, Luca Bianchi, and Michael Lehning. "Identifying airborne snow metamorphism with stable water isotopes." Cryosphere 18, no. 9 (2024): 4493–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-18-4493-2024.

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Abstract. Wind-blown snow is a frequent phenomenon in high-elevation and polar regions which impacts the surface energy and mass balance of these areas. Loose surface snow gets eroded and transported by wind, which influences the snow particles' physical properties (size, shape, optical properties) that determine the characteristics of the emerging wind-impacted snowpack layer. During airborne snow transport, the governing processes happen on the micro-scale while the particles are transported over long distances. The unfolding processes and the evolution of the particles' physical properties

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25

Wang, Jiabin, Guangjun Gao, Yan Zhang, Kan He, and Jie Zhang. "Anti-snow performance of snow shields designed for brake calipers of a high-speed train." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 2 (2018): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718783327.

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When high-speed trains run on a snowy railway line in cold weather, a large amount of snow and ice will accumulate on the brake calipers, which can lead to huge safety problems. In this paper, to solve this issue, a numerical method based on the detached eddy simulation was used to explore the flow features of a high-speed train running in cold weather. The accuracy of mesh resolution and methodology of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was validated against the wind tunnel tests. A discrete phase model was used to investigate the process of snow accumulation on the brake calipers by analysin

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26

Takahashi, Sbuhei. "Characteristics of Drifting Snow at Mizuho Station, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1985aog6-1-71-75.

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Observations of drifting snow were carried out at Mizuho Station (70°42'S, 44°20'E, 2230 m above sea level), East Antarctica, in 1982. Drift flux was proportional to about the 8th power of wind velocity above 1 m and about the 4th power below 0.1 m, while snow drift transport rate was proportional to about the 5th power. For drift flux at 1 m height, the power had a temperature dependence, decreasing above -20 °C. Visibility was proportional to about the -8th power of wind velocity; this is explained by the power relation between drift flux and wind velocity. The repose angle of drifting snow

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27

Takahashi, Sbuhei. "Characteristics of Drifting Snow at Mizuho Station, Antarctica." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010028.

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Observations of drifting snow were carried out at Mizuho Station (70°42'S, 44°20'E, 2230 m above sea level), East Antarctica, in 1982. Drift flux was proportional to about the 8th power of wind velocity above 1mand about the 4th power below 0.1 m, while snow drift transport rate was proportional to about the 5th power. For drift flux at 1 m height, the power had a temperature dependence, decreasing above -20 °C. Visibility was proportional to about the -8th power of wind velocity; this is explained by the power relation between drift flux and wind velocity. The repose angle of drifting snow pa

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28

SHEN, YI-JUN, and MUH-RONG WANG. "MECHANISM AND PERFORMANCE OF CO2 SNOW JET IN CO-AXIAL TYPE INJECTION SYSTEMS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 19 (January 2012): 250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512008823.

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This paper describes the characteristics of CO 2 snow formation with co-axial type injection systems. The injection of CO 2 snow flow is controlled by a co-axial type nitrogen auxiliary nozzle. Five cases of co-axial nitrogen nozzle with different diameters and injection types of auxiliary nitrogen are presented. Flow field visualization and spray characteristics are performed by the particle image velocimetry (PIV). Result shows that the CO 2 snow particles would collide with each other and generate lager particles in the recirculation zone of the formation chamber. Results also show that the

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29

Schmidt, D. S., J. D. Dent, and R. A. Schmidt. "Charge-to-mass ratio of individual blowing-snow particles." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014828.

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Determining the electrostatic force acting on saltating snow particles requires knowledge of the electric field in the saltation region and the charge on the particle. To date, measurements of average charge-to-mass ratios for blowing-snow samples have been made but Schmidt and Schmidt (1993) have indicated these may underestimate charge-to-mass ratios for individual particles due to a mixture of positive and negative charge in the samples. This paper reports on measurements of charge-to-mass ratio for individual blowing-snow particles during a moderate blowing-snow storm in southwestern Wyomi

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Figueroa-Villanueva, Luis, Lina Castro, Tomás R. Bolaño-Ortiz, Raúl P. Flores, Diego Pacheco-Ferrada, and Francisco Cereceda-Balic. "Changes in Snow Surface Albedo and Radiative Forcing in the Chilean Central Andes Measured by In Situ and Remote Sensing Data." Water 15, no. 18 (2023): 3198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15183198.

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Snow-covered regions are the main source of reflection of incident shortwave radiation on the Earth’s surface. The deposition of light-absorbing particles on these regions increases the capacity of snow to absorb radiation and decreases surface snow albedo, which intensifies the radiative forcing, leading to accelerated snowmelt and modifications of the hydrologic cycle. In this work, the changes in surface snow albedo and radiative forcing were investigated, induced by light-absorbing particles in the Upper Aconcagua River Basin (Chilean Central Andes) using remote sensing satellite data (MOD

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SAITOH, KATSUMI, YOSHIHIRO IWATA, KOICHIRO SERA, and KOICHIRO HIRANO. "CHARACTERIZATION OF ATMOSPHERIC TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE (TSP) IN A MIDSIZE CITY IN NORTHERN JAPAN: NON-SNOW-CLAD PERIOD TO SNOW-CLAD PERIOD COMPARISON." International Journal of PIXE 13, no. 01n02 (2003): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083503000105.

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Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected from three areas (commercial, residential and agricultural) in and near Akita City in northern Japan, from May – June 1996 (non-snow-clad period) and January – February 1997 (snow-clad period), over three days with a one-hour sampling interval for each area. The elemental composition and particle shape of TSP samples were determined and/or observed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In the hourly TSP samples collected during the non-snow

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32

Hagenmuller, Pascal, Frederic Flin, Marie Dumont, et al. "Motion of dust particles in dry snow under temperature gradient metamorphism." Cryosphere 13, no. 9 (2019): 2345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-13-2345-2019.

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Abstract. The deposition of light-absorbing particles (LAPs) such as mineral dust and black carbon on snow is responsible for a highly effective climate forcing, through darkening of the snow surface and associated feedbacks. The interplay between post-depositional snow transformation (metamorphism) and the dynamics of LAPs in snow remains largely unknown. We obtained time series of X-ray tomography images of dust-contaminated samples undergoing dry snow metamorphism at around −2 ∘C. They provide the first observational evidence that temperature gradient metamorphism induces dust particle moti

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33

Vázquez-Martín, Sandra, Thomas Kuhn, and Salomon Eliasson. "Shape dependence of snow crystal fall speed." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 10 (2021): 7545–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-7545-2021.

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Abstract. Improved snowfall predictions require accurate knowledge of the properties of ice crystals and snow particles, such as their size, cross-sectional area, shape, and fall speed. The fall speed of ice particles is a critical parameter for the representation of ice clouds and snow in atmospheric numerical models, as it determines the rate of removal of ice from the modelled clouds. Fall speed is also required for snowfall predictions alongside other properties such as ice particle size, cross-sectional area, and shape. For example, shape is important as it strongly influences the scatter

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34

Ida, Shigeru, Tristan Guillot, Ryuki Hyodo, Satoshi Okuzumi, and Andrew N. Youdin. "Planetesimal formation around the snow line." Astronomy & Astrophysics 646 (February 2021): A13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039705.

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Context.The formation of rocky planetesimals is a long-standing problem in planet formation theory. One of the possibilities is that it results from gravitational instability as a result of the pile-up of small silicate dust particles released from sublimating icy pebbles that pass the snow line.Aims.We want to understand and quantify the role of the water snow line for the formation of rock-rich and ice-rich planetesimals. In this paper, we focus on the formation of rock-rich planetesimals. A companion paper examines the combined formation of both rock-rich and ice-rich planetesimals.Methods.

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Hashimoto, S., S. Zhou, M. Nakawo, M. Shimizu, and N. Ishikawa. "Temporal isotope changes in wet snow layers in association with mass exchange between snow particles and liquid water in between the particles." Annals of Glaciology 40 (2005): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813492.

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AbstractWe carried out snow-pit observations at Nagaoka, Niigata prefecture, Japan, where the snow layers were at the melting point. It was observed that the water content in the snowpack was nearly constant at approximately 10%, and the coarsening rate of snow particles was about 0.4×10–3mm3 h–1, which was in the range between the rate for dry snow and that for snow soaked in water. The isotope change of snow particles by melting and freezing in a closed system under isothermal conditions at 0˚C was modeled. The temporal change in isotope concentration was calculated for wet snow layers, base

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Schmidt, D. S., J. D. Dent, and R. A. Schmidt. "Charge-to-mass ratio of individual blowing-snow particles." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-207-211.

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Determining the electrostatic force acting on saltating snow particles requires knowledge of the electric field in the saltation region and the charge on the particle. To date, measurements of average charge-to-mass ratios for blowing-snow samples have been made but Schmidt and Schmidt (1993) have indicated these may underestimate charge-to-mass ratios for individual particles due to a mixture of positive and negative charge in the samples. This paper reports on measurements of charge-to-mass ratio for individual blowing-snow particles during a moderate blowing-snow storm in southwestern Wyomi

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Hu, Shengbo, Zhijun Li, Peng Lu, Qingkai Wang, Jie Wei, and Qiuming Zhao. "Experimental Study on the Morphology of Snow Crystal Particles and Its Influence on Compacted Snow Hardness." Water 16, no. 4 (2024): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16040613.

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In their natural state, snow crystals are influenced by the atmosphere during formation and multiple factors after landing, resulting in varying particle sizes and unstable particle morphologies that are challenging to quantify. The current research mainly focuses on the relationship between the porosity of compacted snow samples or qualitatively describes snow crystals and their macroscopic physical properties, ignoring that the significant differences in the morphology of snow crystals also affect their physical properties. To quantitatively evaluate the morphology of snow crystals, we emplo

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Biegalski, S. R., L. A. Currie, R. A. Fletcher, G. A. Klouda, and Rolland Weissenbök. "AMS and Microprobe Analysis of Combusted Particles in Ice and Snow." Radiocarbon 40, no. 1 (1997): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200017811.

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Ice cores and snow pits of the cryosphere contain particles that detail the history of past atmospheric air compositions. Some of these particles result from combustion processes and have undergone long-range transport to arrive in the Arctic. Recent research has focused on the separation of particulate matter from ice and snow, as well as the subsequent analysis of the separated particles for 14C with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and for individual particle compositions with laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA). The very low particulate concentrations in Arctic samples make these mea

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SAITOH, K., Y. IWATA, and K. HIRANO. "CHARACTERIZATION OF INSOLUBLE COMPONENTS IN FRESH SURFACE SNOW ON MOUNTAINS IN JAPAN." International Journal of PIXE 08, no. 02n03 (1998): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083598000182.

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Fresh surface snow samples were collected at the summit or near the summit (700 - 1500 m altitude) of five mountains in Akita Pref., Japan. The elemental composition and particle shape of insoluble material in these snow samples was determined and/or observed by Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE), a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. 21 kinds of elements for each mountain snow sample were determined by PIXE. Na , Mg , Al , Si , P , S , Cl , K , Ca , Ti and Fe were the major components in each of the mountain snow samples, and those in r

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Itagaki, K., and G. E. Lemieux. "Connectivity of snow particles." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500011174.

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An optical system, potentially suitable for quantitative characterization of snow, was conceived and tested. The system uses a laser beam to scan a thick section of snow impregnated with an opaque medium and observes light transmission through the slab.

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Itagaki, K., and G. E. Lemieux. "Connectivity of snow particles." Annals of Glaciology 18 (1993): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500011174.

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An optical system, potentially suitable for quantitative characterization of snow, was conceived and tested. The system uses a laser beam to scan a thick section of snow impregnated with an opaque medium and observes light transmission through the slab.

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Chen, Qianjie, Jessica A. Mirrielees, Sham Thanekar, et al. "Atmospheric particle abundance and sea salt aerosol observations in the springtime Arctic: a focus on blowing snow and leads." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 23 (2022): 15263–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-15263-2022.

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Abstract. Sea salt aerosols play an important role in the radiation budget and atmospheric composition over the Arctic, where the climate is rapidly changing. Previous observational studies have shown that Arctic sea ice leads are an important source of sea salt aerosols, and modeling efforts have also proposed blowing snow sublimation as a source. In this study, size-resolved atmospheric particle number concentrations and chemical composition were measured at the Arctic coastal tundra site of Utqiaġvik, Alaska, during spring (3 April–7 May 2016). Blowing snow conditions were observed during 2

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Issler, Dieter. "Modelling of snow entrainment and deposition in powder-snow avalanches." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1998aog26-1-253-258.

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Following Norem’s description of powder-snow avalanche formation and structure, we propose a mathematical model that consists of a suspension layer and a so-called saltation layer. The latter is only a few meters deep and is modelled by depth-averaged mass and momentum balances. In the suspension layer, the mass and momentum balance equations for the mixture are supplemented by the snow mass balance and the transport equations for turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. Mass and momentum exchange between the two layers is determined by particle settling, turbulent diffusion against the conce

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Issler, Dieter. "Modelling of snow entrainment and deposition in powder-snow avalanches." Annals of Glaciology 26 (1998): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500014919.

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Following Norem’s description of powder-snow avalanche formation and structure, we propose a mathematical model that consists of a suspension layer and a so-called saltation layer. The latter is only a few meters deep and is modelled by depth-averaged mass and momentum balances. In the suspension layer, the mass and momentum balance equations for the mixture are supplemented by the snow mass balance and the transport equations for turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation. Mass and momentum exchange between the two layers is determined by particle settling, turbulent diffusion against the conce

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Pettersen, Claire, Mark S. Kulie, Larry F. Bliven, et al. "A Composite Analysis of Snowfall Modes from Four Winter Seasons in Marquette, Michigan." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 59, no. 1 (2020): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-19-0099.1.

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AbstractPresented are four winter seasons of data from an enhanced precipitation instrument suite based at the National Weather Service (NWS) Office in Marquette (MQT), Michigan (250–500 cm of annual snow accumulation). In 2014 the site was augmented with a Micro Rain Radar (MRR) and a Precipitation Imaging Package (PIP). MRR observations are utilized to partition large-scale synoptically driven (deep) and surface-forced (shallow) snow events. Coincident PIP and NWS MQT meteorological surface observations illustrate different characteristics with respect to snow event category. Shallow snow ev

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Yamaguchi, Satoru, Atsushi Sato, and Michael Lehning. "Application of the numerical snowpack model (SNOWPACK) to the wet-snow region in Japan." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815239.

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AbstractThe snow-cover model SNOWPACK was applied to the wet-snow areas of Japan. Simulated variations of snow type, snow depth and weight, profiles of snow density, temperature and liquid-water content were compared with snow-pit measurements. The snow-depth simulation during early winter agreed with the measurements, but the differences between the simulation and the measurements increased during the course of the melt season. These differences were caused by underestimation of the energy balance at the snow surface, mainly that regarding sensible-heat flux during the melt season. The undere

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Takeuchi, Masao, and Yoshifumi Fukuzawa. "Light Attentuation and Visibility in Blowing Snow." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 311–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010752.

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Visibility in blowing snow was investigated by measurements of visibility using optical targets, light attenuation of parallel beam and snow concentration and mass flux of airborne snow particles. Visibility is thought to be inversely proportional to extinction coefficient of light according to Koschmeider’s equation of visibility. However, visually observed values are not in accordance with those calculated from extinction coefficient of light when visibility is at a very low range. The extinction coefficient of light is proportional to the total cross section of airborne snow particles in a

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Maeno, N., R. Naruse, K. Nishimura, et al. "Wind-Tunnel Experiments on Blowing Snow." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/1985aog6-1-63-67.

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Blowing snow was produced artificially in a cold wind-tunnel, and various measurements were conducted including particle diameters, concentrations, saltation lengths heat transport and electric charge. The mean diameter of blowing snow particles decreased only slightly with increasing height; in the saltation layer, standard deviation was large and velocities were scattered in a wide range, suggesting the complex dynamic process on taking-off. The mean saltation length ranged from a few cm to 40 cm increasing with wind velocity.When wind blew without snow drifting, the static air pressure on t

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Maeno, N., R. Naruse, K. Nishimura, et al. "Wind-Tunnel Experiments on Blowing Snow." Annals of Glaciology 6 (1985): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500010004.

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Blowing snow was produced artificially in a cold wind-tunnel, and various measurements were conducted including particle diameters, concentrations, saltation lengths heat transport and electric charge. The mean diameter of blowing snow particles decreased only slightly with increasing height; in the saltation layer, standard deviation was large and velocities were scattered in a wide range, suggesting the complex dynamic process on taking-off. The mean saltation length ranged from a few cm to 40 cm increasing with wind velocity.When wind blew without snow drifting, the static air pressure on t

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Bintanja, Richard. "Buoyancy effects induced by drifting snow particles." Annals of Glaciology 32 (2001): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756401781819346.

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AbstractSnowdrift is one of the many manifestations of two-phase flows in which the inherently stably stratified drift-density profile acts to destroy turbulence. This can be quantified by using an appropriate “particle” Richardson number, equivalent to thermally stratified flow. This Richardson number is proportional to the mean fall velocity of the particles (averaged over the particle-size spectrum) and the drift density and therefore depends strongly on height above the surface. It exhibits a maximum close to the surface, where drift densities are largest. It then decreases to minimum valu

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