Academic literature on the topic 'Snowball sampling'

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Journal articles on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Sedgwick, P. "Snowball sampling." BMJ 347, dec20 2 (2013): f7511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f7511.

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Nurdiani, Nina. "Teknik Sampling Snowball dalam Penelitian Lapangan." ComTech: Computer, Mathematics and Engineering Applications 5, no. 2 (2014): 1110. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/comtech.v5i2.2427.

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Field research can be associated with both qualitative and quantitative research methods, depending on the problems faced and the goals to be achieved. The success of data collection in the field research depends on the determination of the appropriate sampling technique, to obtain accurate data, and reliably. In studies that have problems related to specific issues, requiring a non-probability sampling techniques one of which is the snowball sampling technique. This technique is useful for finding, identifying, selecting and taking samples in a network or chain of relationships. Phased implem
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Heckathorn, Douglas D. "Comment: Snowball versus Respondent-Driven Sampling." Sociological Methodology 41, no. 1 (2011): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01244.x.

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OKAMOTO, Yasuharu. "Effects of Biases in Snowball Sampling." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 76 (September 11, 2012): 1EVA20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_1eva20.

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Pasikowski, Sławomir. "Snowball Sampling and Its Non-Trivial Nature." Przegląd Badań Edukacyjnych 2, no. 43 (2024): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/pbe.2023.030.

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Snowball sampling (SS) is one of the popular methods of sampling in social research. The history of the development and implementation of this sampling model sheds light on the conditions of the evolution of the idea of sampling from hidden or hard-to-reach human populations. The seemingly uncomplicated procedure is the source of the method's popularity but also leads to its caricatured forms. This article presents selected elements of the theoretical basis of snowball sampling in its original version and its role in the development of theory related to sampling hard-to-reach populations based
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Heckathorn, Douglas D., and Christopher J. Cameron. "Network Sampling: From Snowball and Multiplicity to Respondent-Driven Sampling." Annual Review of Sociology 43, no. 1 (2017): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053556.

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Noy, Chaim. "Sampling Knowledge: The Hermeneutics of Snowball Sampling in Qualitative Research." International Journal of Social Research Methodology 11, no. 4 (2008): 327–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13645570701401305.

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Handcock, Mark S., and Krista J. Gile. "Comment: On the Concept of Snowball Sampling." Sociological Methodology 41, no. 1 (2011): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01243.x.

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Goodman, Leo A. "Comment: On Respondent-Driven Sampling and Snowball Sampling in Hard-to-Reach Populations and Snowball Sampling Not in Hard-to-Reach Populations." Sociological Methodology 41, no. 1 (2011): 347–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9531.2011.01242.x.

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Emerson, Robert Wall. "Convenience Sampling, Random Sampling, and Snowball Sampling: How Does Sampling Affect the Validity of Research?" Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 109, no. 2 (2015): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1510900215.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Shafie, Termeh. "Design-based estimators for snowball sampling." Stockholms universitet, Statistiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-88948.

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Snowball sampling, where existing study subjects recruit further subjects from amongtheir acquaintances, is a popular approach when sampling from hidden populations.Since people with many in-links are more likely to be selected, there will be a selectionbias in the samples obtained. In order to eliminate this bias, the sample data must beweighted. However, the exact selection probabilities are unknown for snowball samplesand need to be approximated in an appropriate way. This paper proposes differentways of approximating the selection probabilities and develops weighting techniquesusing the in
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Jalca, Angie, Marco Lopez, Fernando Sotelo, and Carlos Raymundo. "Adoption of snowball sampling technique with distance boundaries to assess the productivity issue faced by micro and small cocoa producers in Cusco." Springer Verlag, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656127.

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The food supply chain has gained impulse over the past few years induced by the rising global demand for food; therefore, much emphasis is placed upon examining this class of supply chains. It also faces constant production, storage, and distribution challenges, wherein the key link for proper operation is the farmer, who engages in the agricultural sector, heavily impacted by low crop productivity, which interfer with economic development at a national level. Consequently, it is important to assess those farmers who belong to micro and small enterprises in the agricultural sector. Due to the
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Nyström, Kenn. "Deltagande i fysiska videospelsträffar och dess sociala effekter för individen : En fallstudie av ett IRL-game event." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122913.

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Video games and the social effects that they inflict upon society and the individual have been a highly debated subject. While studies have been made in regards to several social issues and their connection to video games, there was little research in regards to physical game gatherings like LAN-parties, as well as larger game gatherings like Dreamhack, and what the social effects of having physical contact with other people are at these gatherings. The goal with this study was to answer the question: “What are the social effects for the individual when participating in physical video game gat
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Molina, Hinojosa Andrea Milagros, and Morales Katty Andrea Rojas. "Propuesta de un proceso de gestión de calidad adaptado al modelo EFQM mediante herramientas de gestión por procesos con la finalidad de mejorar la productividad de las Mypes del sector Chirimoyo en los Distritos de San Mateo de Otao y Callahuanca." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/628048.

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Es evidente que la pobreza económica es uno de los problemas que presentan los países subdesarrollados, y que su reducción está relacionada con el aumento de la productividad en las PYME, dado el alto impacto que han representado a lo largo del tiempo. Muchas entidades han identificado la importancia de la agricultura en el sector económico del país. Por lo tanto, es necesario un diagnóstico en la zona. El propósito de este diagnóstico es tener una referencia del entorno desde el punto de vista general, en el que se pueden observar todas las interacciones, descripciones, particularidades y pro
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VITALINI, ALBERTO. "L'uso delle reti sociali per la costruzione di campioni probabilistici: possibilità e limiti per lo studio di popolazioni senza lista di campionamento." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/984.

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Il campionamento a valanga è considerato un tipo di campionamento non probabilistico, la cui rappresentatività può essere valutata solo sulla base di considerazioni soggettive. D’altro canto esso risulta spesso il solo praticamente utilizzabile nel caso di popolazioni senza lista di campionamento. La tesi si divide in due parti. La prima, teorica, descrive alcuni tentativi proposti in letteratura di ricondurre le forme di campionamento a valanga nell’alveo dei campionamenti probabilistici; tra questi è degno di nota il Respondent Driven Sampling, un disegno campionario che dovrebbe combinare
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VITALINI, ALBERTO. "L'uso delle reti sociali per la costruzione di campioni probabilistici: possibilità e limiti per lo studio di popolazioni senza lista di campionamento." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/984.

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Il campionamento a valanga è considerato un tipo di campionamento non probabilistico, la cui rappresentatività può essere valutata solo sulla base di considerazioni soggettive. D’altro canto esso risulta spesso il solo praticamente utilizzabile nel caso di popolazioni senza lista di campionamento. La tesi si divide in due parti. La prima, teorica, descrive alcuni tentativi proposti in letteratura di ricondurre le forme di campionamento a valanga nell’alveo dei campionamenti probabilistici; tra questi è degno di nota il Respondent Driven Sampling, un disegno campionario che dovrebbe combinare
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Audemard, Julien. "Influences interpersonnelles : comment les contextes structurent les opinions et les votes." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10040/document.

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« Les gens qui parlent ensemble votent ensemble ». En écrivant ces quelques mots, le sociologue britannique William Miller résumait, à la fin des années 1970, une tradition de recherche déjà ancienne : le vote, en tant qu‟expérience de groupe, se joue d‟abord dans les rapports que les citoyens ordinaires entretiennent avec ceux avec qui ils vivent quotidiennement. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse propose de réinterroger cette hypothèse par l‟intermédiaire d‟une enquête visant à saisir comment le contexte social d‟appartenance – entendu comme l‟entourage relationnel d‟un individu - struc
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Silva-Jerez, Nelson Sebastian [UNESP]. "Comportamento informacional cotidiano de adolescentes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138953.

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Submitted by NELSON SEBASTIAN SILVA JEREZ null (sebastiancso@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-03T15:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diss. 1.0250 q1.1 d1.1.pdf: 1053953 bytes, checksum: dabbaf4b25b2995244595fff57e611b1 (MD5)<br>Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica e sem folha da comissão examinadora. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo apó
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Loy, Brittany Elizabeth. "A Study of The Impact of Employee Engagement and Empowerment on Performance Management in Nonprofit and Community Theater." Franklin University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=frank1627685378575136.

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Pitoňák, Michal. "Queer geografie Česka: Heteronormativita prostoru." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-297171.

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Drawing on rigorous foreign, both Western and non-Western, literature, this thesis introduces sexuality and its connected spatial conceptualizations to Czech geography. In the beginning of the theoretical part, I discuss the framework under which geography studies sexuality. Then, I discuss the crucial terminology while pointing out at some changes in it. After understanding some of the major terminological issues, I delve into a description of the multiple and diverse development of sexuality related geographies. Focusing on queer geography, I delineate the queer standpoint and concentrate on
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Books on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Using Snowball Sampling to Recruit Participants. SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781529667547.

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Newman, Mark. Social networks. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805090.003.0004.

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A discussion of social networks and methods for determining their structure. The chapter starts with a brief description of social networks, broadly defined, and the history of their study. Several methods for measuring social networks are discussed, including survey instruments such as interviews and questionnaires, direct observation, and archival or historical data. Also discussed are Milgram's small-world experiment and snowball sampling techniques.
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Book chapters on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Zhang, Li-Chun. "Snowball sampling." In Graph Sampling. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003203490-5.

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vonHedemann, Nicolena. "38. Sampling." In Critical Physical Geography: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Nature, Power and Politics. Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0418.38.

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Sampling is the selection of a subset of a defined population to investigate and is guided by research questions. Sampling strategies include non-probability methods (i.e., case studies and purposive, convenience, snowball, or quota sampling) most common in qualitative social science and probability methods (i.e., random, systematic, or stratified sampling) where inferential statistics can be used to develop generalizations about the broader population. Careful consideration of sampling strategy selection is necessary to determine the best method to accurately represent the population, minimiz
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Staicu, Daniela. "Identifying Circular Business Models Through Traditional and Snowball Sampling." In Business Revolution in a Digital Era. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59972-0_9.

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Dobrovolskyi, Hennadii, and Nataliya Keberle. "On Convergence of Controlled Snowball Sampling for Scientific Abstracts Collection." In Information and Communication Technologies in Education, Research, and Industrial Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13929-2_2.

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Yoshida, Takashi, and Setsuya Kurahashi. "Snowball Sampling Analysis of Viral Marketing Campaigns Targeting Market Mavens." In Agent-Based Approaches in Economic and Social Complex Systems VIII. Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55236-9_14.

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Dobrovolskyi, Hennadii, Nataliya Keberle, and Olga Todoriko. "Probabilistic Topic Modelling for Controlled Snowball Sampling in Citation Network Collection." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69548-8_7.

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Sandnes, Frode Eika. "BRIDGE: Administering Small Anonymous Longitudinal HCI Studies with Snowball-Type Sampling." In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85610-6_17.

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Navarro, Danielle, and David Foxcroft. "8. Estimating unknown quantities from a sample." In Learning Statistics with jamovi. Open Book Publishers, 2025. https://doi.org/10.11647/obp.0333.08.

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This chapter delves into the distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics, focusing on the latter’s aim of deriving knowledge about unknown population parameters from observed data. It introduces estimation theory, the first of two primary pillars of inferential statistics, following a foundational discussion on sampling theory. The chapter begins by exploring key concepts such as populations, samples, and the importance of sampling methods, distinguishing between random and biased sampling. Practical sampling methods such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, snowball
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Martin-Löf, Anders. "Threshold limit theorems in the theory of rumors, snowball sampling and epidemics." In Stochastic Processes in Epidemic Theory. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-10067-7_17.

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Ostovar-Namaghi, Seyyed Ali. "Chapter 11. Phenomenology." In Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rmal.6.11ost.

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This chapter aims to showcase Phenomenology as a research methodology by presenting EFL learners’ experience of proficiency maintenance in a context where English has no social function. The study started with a participant who was able to maintain her proficiency and then sampled other participants who shared the same experience through snowball sampling. Transcendental phenomenology was chosen to explore the participants’ subjective experience of the phenomenon under study in an objective manner. To achieve this objective, a reflexive account of the researcher’s preconceptions of proficiency
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Conference papers on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Heeler, Angela E. "Applying Social Networks to Snowball Sampling of a ‘Hard-to-Reach’ Population and to Illustrate Qualitative Findings." In 2024 11th International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security (SNAMS). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/snams64316.2024.10883801.

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Vashistha, Aditya, Edward Cutrell, and William Thies. "Increasing the Reach of Snowball Sampling." In CSCW '15: Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675148.

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On-at, Sirinya, Marie-Francoise Canut, Andre Peninou, and Florence Sedes. "Deriving user's profile from sparse egocentric networks: Using snowball sampling and link prediction." In 2014 Ninth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdim.2014.6991421.

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Weech, Shelton. "Climate Change, Snowball Sampling, and Discourse-based Interviews: A Mixed Method for Studying Networked Rhetorics." In SIGDOC '23: The 41st ACM International Conference on Design of Communication. ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3615335.3623007.

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Ranathunga, J. D. R., C. Hadiwattege, and T. M. P. N. Thennakoon. "Augmenting performance of prefabricated MEP modular systems via BIM integration." In World Construction Symposium - 2024. Department of Building Economics, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/wcs.2024.20.

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Within the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sectors, prefabrication is an emerging technology which concerned with the construction production process and serves as a manufacturing platform to improve productivity and safety management. Whether they are located off-site or on-site, the coordination and fabrication of Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) systems have consistently presented challenges. MEP designers lack the necessary expertise to create detailed models for prefabrication, but designers proposed enhancing collaboration with fabricators to develop installat
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Quazi Richi, Mehrin, and Rumana Ferdousi Siddique. "RELIGIOSITY RELATED TO LIFE SATISFACTION, LOCUS OF CONTROL AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS." In International Conference on Business, Economics, Law, Language & Psychology, 26-27 April 2023, London. Global Research & Development Services Publishing, 2025. https://doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2025.308309.

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The proportion of non-religious individuals has been increasing rapidly over the last decade. Consequently, the interest in knowing whether there are any distinct psychological differences between those who believe in the creator and those who do not is also growing. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the association between religiosity and life satisfaction, locus of control, and defense mechanisms, and the differences between religious and non-religious individuals in terms of these factors. In this paper, data were collected from 90 non-religious individuals (atheists, and ag
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JAYATUNGE, D. A. S. R., A. P. K. D. MENDIS, and VIJITHA DISARATNA. "SUFFICIENCY OF THE POLICIES RELATED TO CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN SRI LANKA." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.15.

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Public policy on construction will reflect the economic, political, social, and cultural status of Sri Lanka. The construction industry in Sri Lanka has faced many issues in the recent past because of unsuccessful government policies. Therefore, an effective national policy for the construction industry has become necessary. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the existing construction policies. The empirical data required were collected by interviewing ten experts, who were selected using snowball sampling. The collected data were manually analysed using content an
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Srikantha, K. N. T., and A. J. Fernando. "Examining successful female entrepreneurs in Sri Lanka: an exploratory study." In International Conference on Business Research. Business Research Unit (BRU), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/icbr.2023.17.

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The purpose of this research is to sightsee the successful female entrepreneurs and the factors that contribute to their success while facing challenges in conducting their businesses, based on a case study in the Panadura division. This paper adopts the purposive sampling cum snowball sampling method which leads to a qualitative-based case study. Data is collected from a total of 10 women entrepreneurs who are provided financial facilities from a microfinance company in the Panadura division and all of whom resided and operated their business in Panadura. The sample is created including start
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Parbhoo-Ebrahim, Naaliah, and Ina Fourie. "Pathways to research participant recruitment in a challenging information behaviour context: South African cold case investigators as exemplar." In ISIC: the Information Behaviour Conference. University of Borås, Borås, Sweden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47989/irisic2026.

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Introduction. Research participant recruitment is challenging – especially in vulnerable, stigmatised, high security, poorly demarcated contexts and contexts with diverse and interchangeable job labelling and poorly centralised reporting infrastructures. Cold case investigators in South Africa is an example of the latter. Method. Scoping literature review of information behaviour and other disciplines to note challenges and solutions in research participant recruitment. Analysis. Brief review of challenges noted in research methodology textbooks and applied thematic analysis mapped to problems
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MAYOORASAKITHIAN, T., M. D. T. E. ABEYNAYAKE, and K. L. A. K. T. LIYANAGE. "IMPLEMENTATION OF SCL PROTOCOL TO ENSURE THE CONSTRUCTION SUSTAINABILITY DURING THE EXECUTION STAGE." In 13th International Research Conference - FARU 2020. Faculty of Architecture Research Unit (FARU), University of Moratuwa, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/faru.2020.23.

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In the Sri Lankan construction industry, the wrong industry practices and undefined areas about delay and disruption in the contract causes the disputes. Significantly, the disputes cause controversial issues in the quality of the working relationship. Accordingly, the negative impact on the working relationship affects construction sustainability during the execution stage. Here, the implementation of the SCL protocol for the claim management would overcome the above mentioned problem. The aim of the research was designed with modifying the SCL protocol to best suit the Sri Lankan claims mana
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Reports on the topic "Snowball sampling"

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Bobashev, Georgiy, R. Joey Morris, Elizabeth Costenbader, and Kyle Vincent. Assessing network structure with practical sampling methods. RTI Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0049.1805.

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Using data from an enumerated network of worldwide flight connections between airports, we examine how sampling designs and sample size influence network metrics. Specifically, we apply three types of sampling designs: simple random sampling, nonrandom strategic sampling (i.e., selection of the largest airports), and a variation of snowball sampling. For the latter sampling method, we design what we refer to as a controlled snowball sampling design, which selects nodes in a manner analogous to a respondent-driven sampling design. For each design, we evaluate five commonly used measures of netw
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Zanoni, Wladimir, Jimena Romero, Nicolás Chuquimarca, and Emmanuel Abuelafia. Dealing with Hard-to-Reach Populations in Panel Data: Respondent-Driven Survey (RDS) and Attrition. Inter-American Development Bank, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005194.

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Hidden populations, such as irregular migrants, often elude traditional probabilistic sampling methods. In situations like these, chain-referral sampling techniques like Respondent-Driven Surveys (RDS) offer an effective solution. RDS, a variant of network sampling sometimes referred to as “snowball” sampling, estimates weights based on the network structures of friends and acquaintances formed during the sampling process. This ensures the samples are representative of the larger population. However, one significant limitation of these methods is the rigidity of the weights. When faced with pa
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ดำรงโรจน์วัฒนา, พงษ์ชัย, та วุฒิวงศ์ วิมลศักดิ์เจริญ. แบบจำลองเชิงบูรณาการเพื่อแลกเปลี่ยนเรียนรู้ เรื่องการใช้ประโยชน์ทรัพยากรจากระบบนิเวศป่าไม้อย่างยั่งยืน: ปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างทรัพยากรและผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง อำเภอเวียงสา จังหวัดน่าน : รายงานผลการดำเนินงาน. จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย, 2018. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2018.61.

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งานวิจัยนี้เป็นงานต่อยอดจากการศึกษาในปีที่ผ่านมา มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อวิเคราะห์ปฏิสัมพันธ์ระหว่างผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องในการจัดการป่าชุมชนกับทรัพยากรของป่าที่สำคัญ และสร้างแบบจำลองเชิงบูรณาการในรูปแบบเกมสวมบทบาทสมมุติโดยมีคอมพิวเตอร์ช่วยประมวลผล (computer-assisted role-playing game) การศึกษาทำโดยการสัมภาษณ์ผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องโดยใช้วิธี snowball sampling และสร้างแบบจำลองโดยใช้ Cormas (Common-pool resource management agent-based simulation) platform ผลการศึกษาพบว่าผู้มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องที่สำคัญ ได้แก่ ชาวบ้าน องค์การบริหาร ส่วนตำบลไหล่น่าน คณะผู้วิจัย เจ้าหน้าที่ป่าไม้ และยังมีอีก 2 กลุ่ม ที่ปัจจุบันยัง
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Sum, Sreymom, and Pirom Khiev. Contract Farming in Cambodia: Different Models, Policy and Practice. Cambodia Development Resource Institute, 2015. https://doi.org/10.64202/wp.104.201508.

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Contract farming (CF) is increasingly seen as an effective mechanism to maximise the inclusion of and benefits for small-scale farmers, while giving some control over production to agribusinesses without requiring land ownership. In Cambodia, CF takes many forms and involves food and industrial crops, yet the different CF models and contract types have not been identified. Farmers and contractors have encountered many problems in obtaining reliable benefits from and sustaining CF schemes. The research objectives were to identify and evaluate the various models of CF practiced in Cambodia, expl
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