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Journal articles on the topic 'Soap trade'
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1
Verrall, Maggie. "Soap giants trade blows over tests." Nature 369, no. 6481 (June 1994): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369511b0.
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Oladejo, Mutiat Titilope. "The City-Village Interface in Ibadan (Nigeria)." JWEE, no. 1-2 (July 2, 2021): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.28934/jwee21.12.pp147-163.
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In general accounts of black soap production, it is traced to West Africa. And prominent across, Ghana, Benin Republic, Cote de Ivoire and Nigeria. However, this paper examines the nature of entrepreneurship associated with black soap production and trade in Ibadan of the twentieth century. The work analyses how women dominated the industry and its interface between the village and Ibadan city markets. The work locates the characteristics of innovation and market development imaged by women to earn livelihoods in black soap trade in Ibadan city and village. The paper uses the Asuwada sociation theory to explain the entrepreneurial resilience of women in Olode village. The work uses the historical approach to examine the city-village interface. Oral interviews were conducted with women involved in production and trade since the early twentieth century.
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Nader, Nader, Rafael Alexandrou, Iasonas Iasonas, Andreas Pamboris, Harris Papadopoulos, and Andreas Konstantinidis. "Smart Out-of-Home Advertising Using Artificial Intelligence and GIS Data." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 13206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21729.
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This demonstration paper introduces the Smart Out-of-Home Advertising Platform (SOAP), which leverages Geographic Information Systems (GIS) data and state-of-the-art Artificial Intelligence (AI) approaches to provide: (i) a documented, data-informed pricing model for billboards, which can be used to justify billboard prices to advertisers; and (ii) a set of non-dominated solutions (each corresponding to a different allocation of billboards to a given campaign) that explores the trade-offs between multiple conflicting objectives (e.g., cost and coverage). To the best of our knowledge, SOAP is the first to tackle such challenges in the context of Multi Objective Optimization (MOO).
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Khvalkov, Evgeny. "The Commercial Significance of the Venetian Tana in the 1430s." Eminak, no. 4(28) (December 31, 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33782/eminak2019.4(28).351.
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In the XIII – XV centuries medieval Europe has made progress in trade and transition to market economy, which resulted in the foundation of a number of Venetian and Genoese overseas colonies in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea area. The stability of Pax Mongolica had a positive effect on long-distance trade with the Central and Eastern Asia and India. In the XV century the goods from the Eastern Europe prevailed over those from the Central and Eastern Asia, especially the slaves. In exchange the Venetians and the Genoese imported cotton, woolen, and silk fabrics, raw cotton, rice, soap, glass, ceramics, jewelry and swords. The stabilization in the region and the rise of trade was a trend running through the first half of the fifteenth century. The 1430s were the time of the greatest prosperity of the Venetian trade in the Northern Black Sea during the whole fifteenth century.
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Nwogu, Mary Imelda Obianuju. "Registrable and Non-Registrable Trademarks under the Nigerian Law." European Journal of Law and Political Science 1, no. 5 (November 16, 2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejpolitics.2022.1.5.38.
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A trademark is a mark used in relation to goods for trade in Nigeria. It could be a device, brand, heading, label, name, signature, word, letter, or a combination thereof (Trade Marks Act, Cap. T13 s. 67(1), Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), 2004). For a mark to be beneficial to the owner under the Law and have proprietary interest, it must be registered. It could be registered in part A or Part B of the trademarks register (Trade Marks Act, Ss. 9(1) and 10(1)). Not all marks can be registered under the Law, hence there are registrable and non-registrable marks under the Trade Marks Act. The owner of a Registered trademark has the exclusive right to the use of that trademark in respect of the goods in which it is registered (Procter and Gamble Co. v. Global Soap and Co. Ltd.& Anor, (2013)). It is my recommendation that all marks used in trade should be registered so that the owner will reap from the fruit of his labor by having a monopoly right and action in infringement.
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Chasanah, Uswatun, Aulia Nursyifa, Juhaeri Juhaeri, and Imam Sofi’I. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19 melalui Pembuatan Sabun Cuci dari Minyak Jelatah sebagai Upaya Mengurangi Pencemaran Lingkungan." JPKMI (Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Indonesia) 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36596/jpkmi.v2i1.111.
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Abstrak: Ditengah Pandemi COVID-19 membuat masyarakat melakukan berbagai aktivitas di dalam rumah, sehingga menimbulkan kejenuhan terutama ibu rumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan berbagai aktivitas yang dapat dilakukan di rumah, salah satunya dengan memberdayakan ibu rumah tangga dalam pembuatan sabun cuci dari minyak jelatah. Tujuan dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini adalah untuk memberdayakan masyarakat dalam upaya mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan oleh limbah minyak jelantah. Metode pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah memberikan penyuluhan kepada masyarakat melalui aplikasi zoom di komunitas masyarakat Puri Mawar Tangerang Banten. Hasil dari pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini ialah seluruh peserta memahami materi tentang pembuatan sabun cuci dari minyak jelatah, adanya peningkatan keterampilan masyarakat dengan cara mempraktekan pembuatan sabun cuci dari minyak jelatah, selain itu peserta sangat antusias untuk berdiskusi tentang berbagai upaya inovatif yang dapat dilakukan ibu rumah tangga dalam mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan. Pemberdayaan masyarakat ini sangat bermanfaat bukan hanya mengurangi pencemaran lingkungan dari limbah rumah tangga, tetapi dapat meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat karena sabun cuci yang dihasilkan dapat diperjual belikan.Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, people do various house activities, resulting in saturation, especially housewives. Therefore, various activities can be done at home, one of which is empowering housewives to manufacture laundry soap from barley oil. This community service aims to empower the community to reduce environmental pollution by jelantah oil waste. The community service method is to provide counseling to the community through zoom application in the puri mawar community Tangerang Banten. The result of this community service is that all participants understand the material about laundry soap from barley oil. There is an improvement in people's skills by practicing laundry soap from barley oil. Also, participants are very enthusiastic about discussing various innovative efforts that housewives can make in reducing environmental pollution. This community empowerment helps reduce environmental pollution from household waste and increase people's income because it can trade the resulting laundry soap.
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Heersink, Christiaan G. "Selayar and the Green Gold: The Development of the Coconut Trade on an Indonesian Island (1820–1950)." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (March 1994): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400006676.
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In the colonial period many Europeans considered coconuts a lazy man's crop. For the Indonesian population, however, they were a profitable form of cultivation, especially from the 1880s when the European oil and fats industry increasingly started to use copra, the dried kernel of the coconut, as a raw material for the production of soap and later also for margarine. Around one-third of world copra exports originated in the Netherlands Indies (Table 1), and copra was especially important for the economy of East Indonesia, where in 1939 it constituted 80 per cent of the total volume and 60 per cent of the total value of exports. In some parts of Indonesia copra even received the nickname of “green gold”. European involvement in coconut cultivation and the coconut trade nonetheless was limited. In the first half of this century, coconut growing was dominated by the indigenous population, which accounted for 94 per cent of Indonesian production, while Chinese merchants dominated the intermediate trade in copra.
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POPOVA, Anastasia Alekseevna, and Tatiana Nikolaevna POPOVA. "THE STATE OF DYNAMICS OF EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF SOAP AND DETERGENTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF RUSSIA." Актуальные исследования, no. 3-2 (2023): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51635/27131513_2023_3_2_29.
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Lumban Tobing, Herdianta, and Bayu Pratomo. "ANALYSIS OF OIL PALM PRODUCTION DATA IN PEATLAND OF PT SINAR GUNUNG SAWIT RAYA MANDUAMAS DISTRICT CENTRAL TAPANULI REGENCY." Jurnal Rimba Lestari 2, no. 1 (November 14, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/rimbalestari.v2i1.124.
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Oil palm is one of the essential vegetable oil-producing plants. Moreover, palm oil is a good trade commodity, and in the future, it is believed that palm oil will not only be able to produce various products such as butter, cooking oil, or soap but also can be a substitute for fuel oil. This study aims to compare crop production in coastal and non-coastal peatlands. This study uses secondary data, including production, rainfall, and fertilization data from the last five years. The results show that Block F2 (on the beach) has the highest production, with a value of 2,442,572 kg/ha. In comparison, Block B2 (non-coastal) has a lesser amount, with a value of 1,818,710 kg/ha.
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André-Nestor, Yedagne De. "Fabrication Du Savon Kabakrou Et Ses Conséquences Sur Les Acteurs Principaux De Gbintou Dans La Commune De Bouaké (Côte d’Ivoire)." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 32 (November 30, 2016): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n32p441.
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For the inhabitants of Gbintou (a district of the town of Bouaké), manufacture traditional soap, kabakrou, is the main economic activity of survival. In fact, this activity is a source of wealth, but a risky source of wealth. Indeed, the actors face many difficulties in the manufacturing process (raw material supply, health difficulties) the point of wanting to simply abandon the trade. The implementation of the socio-anthropological functionalist method and the study of this activity helped to understand that apart from raw material acquisition difficulties and illnesses it generates (contact urticaria, infections broncho lung), the company suffers from a lack of garish consequent functional organization and sanitary hygiene. Thus, it is desirable to set up an association or cooperative well equipped to train and organize stakeholders and better manage the entire manufacturing process.
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Marchuk, Volodymyr. "THE ILLEGAL TRADE ON THE VOLHYN’ SECTION OF THE POLISH-SOVIET BORDER DURING 1920–1924." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Ostrozʹka akademìâ". Serìâ Ìstoričnì nauki 1, no. 30 (November 30, 2020): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2409-6806-2020-30-14-20.
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The article is dedicated to the issue of the illegal trade on the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border. The customs policy was a part of the state’s foreign policy and the smuggling has arose and developed as a counteraction to this policy. The foreign policy of the state and the domestic economic situation have determined the causes of smuggling, the range and channels of smuggled goods’ transportation. The Soviet Ukraine and the Second Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth have suffered significant losses as a result of the First World War and the Soviet-Polish wars and were in the highly difficult economic conditions. Smuggling was an inevitable consequence of the industrial goods and food shortage. During 1920 – 1924 the Volhyn’ section of the Polish-Soviet border becomes a place of an active illegal trade between Poland and Soviet Ukraine. Unsettled border on both sides, weak security contributed to the spread of smuggling, which mainly the local people took part in. During the period studied, the range of smuggled goods has changed – in the 1920 – 1921 period, together with manufacture, the greater part of the smuggled goods were consumer goods, such as: spices (bay leaF. pepper, cinnamon), tea, coffee, cacao, chocolate, matches, candles, blacking, soap, etc. The flow of smugglers, as well as the goods’ quantity, was not always the same and, first of all, depended on the border’s security both, form the Polish and Soviet side; however, it was inconsistent. In further, the consumer goods disappear from the list of smuggled goods, being replaced with of all sorts of manufactured goods.
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Rabo, P. D., D. U. Zarmai, B. A. Jwanya, and S. H. Dikwahal. "The Role of Fisheries Resources in National Development: A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 18 (July 2014): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.18.20.
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This paper on the role of Fisheries resources in National development is aimed at highlighting the role of Fishery products in Nation building. Fishery products of finned Fish species like Cod, Flounder, Salmon, Catfish, Goldfish, Sea urchins, Shrimps, King crab, Halibut, Mollusk and Echinoderms that come from both capture Fisheries and Aquaculture provide employment, food security, improves welfare, nutrition and a healthy population. Also serve for International trade and foreign exchange in goods like Leather and polishing materials that come from the skin of Cartilagenous Fishes. Ice Fish, dried and canned Fishery products, Salmon roe (egg) and Fish oil used for the manufacture of Soap and Medicinal Oils like the Cod Liver Oil. Fish intake also reduces the condition atherosclerosis thereby combating cardiovascular diseases. However, the Fishery Subsector has some constraints such as by Catch, improper funding, poor input Facilities, Poverty in Fishing Communities, Water barriers, effect of climate change and lack of comprehensive Man power development and training programmes. It is therefore recommended that Government, Donor agencies and international trade unions make effort to increase the educational and capital base of small-scale Farmers; distinguish between Farmed and Wild products, provides Comprehensive Man power and training programmes for all Cadre, providing transportation systems for better appreciation and Productivity in the fishery sub-sector. Laws and by-laws should also be enacted to prevent indiscriminate fishing to avoid over exploitation and extinction of our Aquatic Species.
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Rabo, P. D., D. U. Zarmai, B. A. Jwanya, and S. H. Dikwahal. "The Role of Fisheries Resources in National Development: A Review." International Letters of Natural Sciences 18 (July 3, 2014): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-8u06a5.
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This paper on the role of Fisheries resources in National development is aimed at highlighting the role of Fishery products in Nation building. Fishery products of finned Fish species like Cod, Flounder, Salmon, Catfish, Goldfish, Sea urchins, Shrimps, King crab, Halibut, Mollusk and Echinoderms that come from both capture Fisheries and Aquaculture provide employment, food security, improves welfare, nutrition and a healthy population. Also serve for International trade and foreign exchange in goods like Leather and polishing materials that come from the skin of Cartilagenous Fishes. Ice Fish, dried and canned Fishery products, Salmon roe (egg) and Fish oil used for the manufacture of Soap and Medicinal Oils like the Cod Liver Oil. Fish intake also reduces the condition atherosclerosis thereby combating cardiovascular diseases. However, the Fishery Subsector has some constraints such as by Catch, improper funding, poor input Facilities, Poverty in Fishing Communities, Water barriers, effect of climate change and lack of comprehensive Man power development and training programmes. It is therefore recommended that Government, Donor agencies and international trade unions make effort to increase the educational and capital base of small-scale Farmers; distinguish between Farmed and Wild products, provides Comprehensive Man power and training programmes for all Cadre, providing transportation systems for better appreciation and Productivity in the fishery sub-sector. Laws and by-laws should also be enacted to prevent indiscriminate fishing to avoid over exploitation and extinction of our Aquatic Species.
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Merniawanda, Annisa, and Noviaty Kresna Darmasetiawan. "Collaborative Entrepreneurship sebagai Strategi Pt. X dalam Menghadapi Krisis di Masa Pandemi Covid-19." Syntax Literate ; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 8, no. 6 (June 21, 2023): 4354–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v8i6.12494.
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X has three services, namely pest control, garden maintenance, and general trade. During the COVID-19 pandemic, only the general trade service operated normally. PT. X identified an opportunity due to the increased demand for health and hygiene support equipment as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, when PT. X obtained a project for the procurement of hand sanitizers and handwashing soap, they realized that they were not fully capable of handling the project entirely due to resource constraints. PT. X decided to collaborate with a partner company that had expertise and experience in the production of health support equipment. The research aims to identify the reasons why PT. X turned to collaborative entrepreneurship, how to operate collaborative entrepreneurship, and the role and implementation of social capital theory in building trust in the process of creating collaborative entrepreneurship as a strategy to overcome the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The research uses a qualitative method with primary data obtained from interviews with informants from PT. X and secondary data obtained by observing the situation faced by PT. X. The results of this study indicate that PT. X successfully survived this COVID-19 pandemic. This research is expected to provide insights into the collaborative strategies adopted by PT. X in overcoming the crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the application of social capital theory in building trust in cooperation with business partners.
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Bangura, Isata Adama. "The impact of Multimodal Strategy Intervention Program on Hand Hygiene Compliance at a University Teaching Hospital in Sierra Leone (Ola During Children’s Hospital)." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (October 2020): s498—s499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.1178.
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Background: Hand hygiene (HH) is considered a primary measure necessary for reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Despite its significance, the lack of compliance among healthcare workers continues to be a problem throughout the world. The Ebola outbreak in our country has accelerated efforts to strengthen the health system in Sierra Leone. The WHO multimodal strategy on HH is an integral approach to the reduction of HAIs. Objectives: We sought to improve HH compliance among healthcare workers, to maintain a culture of safety in the healthcare facility, and to implement evidence-based practices for improved patient outcomes. Methods: A WHO multimodal strategy for direct observation of HH was adapted. We observed clinical staff (doctors, nurses and community health officers) in the intensive care unit (ICU), resuscitation ward (Resus) and emergency room (ER) from August to September 2019. A 4-day training session was conducted in 3 weeks. Provision of locally produced alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR), soap, and water emphasize the importance of HH. HH reminders were posted in all clinical areas. Healthcare worker knowledge about HH was assessed before and after the intervention. Results: We observed 1,535 HH opportunities, and only 706 HH actions were performed. Locally produced ABHR was used in 470 HH actions. Handwashing with soap and water was used in the remaining HH actions. Baseline compliance was 36% and increased to 50% in the first and second months. Healthcare worker knowledge scores at the baseline averaged 25% and increased to 65% after 2 months. HH compliance was highest in the ICU (44%), followed by the emergency ward (30%). The resuscitation ward had the lowest compliance (26%). Compliance among doctors was 32%, nurses 46%, and CHOs 22%. Conclusions: Promotion of HH is feasible and attainable and can be sustained in a resource- constrained setting using a multimodal improvement strategy. The local production, availability, and use of ABHR have significantly increased HH compliance. However, absolute compliance remains low, and a strong commitment by hospital management and healthcare workers may be needed for further improvement.Disclosures:If I am providing recommendations involving clinical medicine, they will be based on evidence that is accepted within the profession of medicine as adequate justification for their indications and contraindications in the care of patients. All scientific research referred to will conform to the generally accepted standard of experimental design, data collection and analysis.DisagreeIf I am presenting research funded by a commercial company, the information presented will be based on generally accepted scientific principals and methods, and will not promote the commercial interest of the funding company.DisagreeIf I am discussing specific healthcare products or services, I will use generic names to extent possible. If I need to use trade names, I will use trade names from several companies when available, and not just trade names from any single company.DisagreeI have disclosed all relevant financial relationships and I will disclose this information to learners.:DisagreeIsata Adama BanguraFunding: None
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Noval, Noval, Siti Malahayati, Mia Audina, Dindawati Khadijah, Farah Noor Ain, Muhammad Rizani Faisal, Farah Santika, et al. "Pembuatan Sabun Cair dari Beras untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat yang Terdampak Pandemi Covid-19." Indonesia Berdaya 3, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47679/ib.2022158.
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Since the first case in Indonesia, the government has directly handled it by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) from March 2020 to May 2020. In it, it is regulated to limit activities and stop mass activities. One of them is the city of Banjarmasin due to the highest number of cases in Banjarmasin 70 percent of the Covid-19 cases are in the city of Banjarmasin, making the city of Banjarmasin a red zone which has a very significant impact on all sectors. As the city center, the city of Banjarmasin makes the industrial, trade, service and tourism sectors the mainstay of the economy. Of course, this sector requires a large number of people, so this sector is greatly affected by the social distancing regulations. Since the onset of COVID-19, economic growth in Gudang Hirang Village has experienced a very significant decline. If more and more households lose their jobs, the more households will lose their income, which will have an impact on household consumption. When household income decreases, household consumption also decreases. One of the problems we encountered was mainly in terms of the economy. Very minimal income by relying on agricultural products causes the local economy to be less stable, so that the use of agricultural products, namely rice, to improve skills and the economic value of rice is increasing. By making preparations of rice soap and green tea leaf extract, the community becomes innovative by utilizing natural ingredients in the village to improve the economy of the people of Gudang Hirang Village RT 05. Together with representatives of residents who have previously received education on the efficacy of the ingredients used to make liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract which can treat itching. Making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract to improve the economy and overcome skin itching was seen to be useful for cadres because they could understand and be able to participate in making liquid soap, which can be seen from the results of the questionnaire before and after the training on making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract. The increase in the success percentage of the program was from 20.8% to 91.30% Sejak kasus pertama di Indonesia, pemerintah langsung melakukan penanganan dengan menerapkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dari Maret 2020 hingga Mei 2020. Didalamnya diatur agar pembatasan aktivitas dan dihentikan kegiatan yang bersifat massal. Salah satunya kota Banjarmasin akibat jumlah kasus terbanyak di Banjarmasin 70 persen dari kasus covid-19 berada di kota Banjarmasin, membuat kota Banjarmasin menjadi zona merah yang berdampak sangat signifikan kepada semua sektor. Sebagai pusat kota, kota Banjarmasin menjadikan sektor industri, perdagangan, jasa dan pariwisata sebagai andalan perekonomian. Tentunya, sektor ini yang terdampak akibat adanya peraturan social distancing. Semenjak adanya covid-19, pertumbuhan ekonomi di Desa Gudang Hirang mengalami penurunan yang sangat signifikan. Semakin banyak rumah tangga kehilangan pekerjaan, maka maka semakin banyak kehilangan pendapatan sehingga berdampak kepada konsumsi rumah tangga. Konsumsi rumah tangga juga ikut menurun. Salah satu permasalahan yang kami dapati terutama dalam hal perekonomian. Pendapatan yang sangat minim dengan mengandalkan hasil pertanian menyebabkan perekonomian masyarakat daerah kurang stabil, sehingga pemanfaatan bahan hasil pertanian yaitu beras untuk meningkatkan keterampilan dan nilai ekonomi menjadi semakin naik. Dengan membuat sediaan sabun beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau masyarakat menjadi inovatif dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam yang ada di desa untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat Desa Gudang Hirang RT 05. Bersama perwakilan warga yang sebelumnya sudah mendapatkan edukasi khasiat dari bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau yang dapat mengatasi gatal-gatal. Pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau untuk meningkatkan perekonomian dan mengatasi penyakit gatal-gatal pada kulit terlihat kebermanfaatannya oleh kader karena dapat memahami dan mampu ikut serta dalam pembuatan sabun cair tersebut, yang dapat dilihat dari hasil kuesioner sebelum dan sesudah diadakannya pelatihan pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau. Kenaikan persentase keberhasilan dari program tersebut adalah dari 20,8% menjadi 91,30%.
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Kalumbi, Limbani R., Chisomo Thaulo, Eleanor E. MacPherson, and Tracy Morse. "Perspectives and Practices on Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene from a Fishing Community along Lake Malombe, Southern Malawi." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 15, 2020): 6703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186703.
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People living in fishing communities have a high burden of preventable water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases but have often been neglected in research and policy. We explored practices and perspectives on WASH among fishing villages around Lake Malombe, Malawi. We employed a mixed methods design, and data were initially collected through participant observations (five weeks), followed by a second phase of qualitative interviews (n = 16), focus group discussions (n = 7), and quantitative surveys (n = 242). We observed that safe water sources were scarce; latrines were basic; and handwashing facilities were limited. Seventy-one percent (n = 174) of households collected water from unsafe sources (open wells and the lake). Eighty-six percent (n = 207) of households had basic short-term latrines. Twenty-four percent (n = 59) of households had handwashing facilities with soap. Qualitative data supported these observations and identified additional factors which compounded poor WASH practices including, a high transient population associated with the fishing trade, poor infrastructure design and construction which lacked consideration of the environmental factors, context and social and cultural norms. As such, fishing communities are underserved and marginalised with constrained access to WASH services, which must be addressed through behaviour-centered and context appropriate solutions.
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VOLLAARD, A. M., S. ALI, H. A. G. H. VAN ASTEN, I. SUHARIAH ISMID, S. WIDJAJA, L. G. VISSER, Ch SURJADI, and J. T. VAN DISSEL. "Risk factors for transmission of foodborne illness in restaurants and street vendors in Jakarta, Indonesia." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 5 (October 2004): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268804002742.
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In a previous risk factor study in Jakarta we identified purchasing street food as an independent risk factor for paratyphoid. Eating from restaurants, however, was not associated with disease. To explain these findings we compared 128 street food-vendors with 74 food handlers from restaurants in a cross-sectional study in the same study area. Poor hand-washing hygiene and direct hand contact with foods, male sex and low educational level were independent characteristics of street vendors in a logistic regression analysis. Faecal contamination of drinking water (in 65% of samples), dishwater (in 91%) and ice cubes (in 100%) was frequent. Directly transmittable pathogens including S. typhi (n=1) and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (n=6) were isolated in faecal samples in 13 (7%) vendors; the groups did not differ, however, in contamination rates of drinking water and Salmonella isolation rates in stools. Poor hygiene of street vendors compared to restaurant vendors, in combination with faecal carriage of enteric pathogens including S. typhi, may help explain the association found between purchasing street food and foodborne illness, in particular Salmonella infections. Public health interventions to reduce transmission of foodborne illness should focus on general hygienic measures in street food trade, i.e. hand washing with soap, adequate food-handling hygiene, and frequent renewal of dishwater.
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Pinto, L. C. L., L. M. O. Morais, A. Q. Guimarães, E. D. Almada, P. M. Barbosa, and M. A. Drumond. "Traditional knowledge and uses of the Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. (Pequi) by “quilombolas” of Minas Gerais, Brazil: subsidies for sustainable management." Brazilian Journal of Biology 76, no. 2 (April 5, 2016): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.22914.
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Abstract Local knowledge of biodiversity has been applied in support of research focused on utilizing and management of natural resources and promotion of conservation. Among these resources, Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) is important as a source of income and food for communities living in the Cerrado biome. In Pontinha, a “quilombola” community, which is located in the central region of State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, an ethnoecological study about Pequi was conducted to support initiatives for generating income for this community. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and crossing. The most relevant uses of Pequi were family food (97%), soap production (67%), oil production (37%), medical treatments (17%), and trade (3%). Bees were the floral visitors with the highest Salience Index (S=0.639). Among frugivores that feed on unfallen fruits, birds showed a higher Salience (S=0.359) and among frugivores who use fallen fruits insects were the most important (S=0.574). Borers (folivorous caterpillars) that attack trunks and roots were the most common pests cited. According to the respondents, young individuals of Pequi are the most affected by fire due to their smaller size and thinner bark. Recognition of the cultural and ecological importance of Pequi has mobilized the community, which has shown interest in incorporating this species as an alternative source of income.
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Kurnia, Ida, Tundjung Herning Sitabuana, Alexander Sutomo, and Cliff Geraldio. "MARITIME BORDER BETWEEN INDONESIA AND THE PHILIPPINES." International Journal of Application on Social Science and Humanities 1, no. 1 (February 20, 2023): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ijassh.v1i1.25901.
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Indonesia is the largest archipelago in Asia and even in the world which has 17,508 islands. The scattered islands can be used as tourist attractions and can be used as natural resources, helping the country's economy. Speaking of international law, the enforcement of national boundaries has been regulated in UNCLOS 1982 signed by 182 participating countries including Indonesia. Indonesia has ratified the agreement with Law No.17 of 1985. Regarding the Philippines, relations between Indonesia and the Philippines with the provisions in UNCLOS 1982, related to the agreement on the exclusive economic zone of the two countries agreed in 2014 in its implementation have run into trouble. The problem is that Miangas Island is closer to the Philippines than Indonesia. The thing that is contested between Indonesia and the Philippines is Miangas Island. Miangas Island is one of the islands located in the outermost region of Indonesia and to reach Miangas Island itself takes a long time. The distance to reach Miangas Island is closer than the Philippines. There is a fact that on Miangas Island there is often illegal trade. Illegal goods that are often traded on Miangas Island with the Philippines are coca-cola, Pepsi, laundry soap, and others. In addition, fishing and other criminal acts such as oil theft often occur in the Indonesian Sea around Miangas Island. As a result of the theft, it caused significant state losses. Based on this experience, Indonesia must be more vigilant in dealing with the problem of Miangas Island. Considering the island of Miangas is outside the territory of Indonesia. In this case, Indonesia can establish a sea border post, which can then be followed by the development and provision of infrastructure, which in turn can prosper the population on Miangas Island. Thus Indonesia's sovereignty can be maintained and from the economic aspect will bring benefits and can improve the economy of the Indonesian people. Research methods in this case use normative research methods. The approaches used are legal approaches and historical approaches.
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Sifneos, Evridiki. "On Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship of the Olive-oil Economy in the Aegean: The Case of Lesvos Island." Historical Review/La Revue Historique 1 (January 20, 2005): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hr.178.
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<p>This article summarizes the conclusions of a study on entrepreneurial activities related to the cycle of the olive-oil economy in Lesvos, an island in the North-Eastern Aegean, from the eighteenth century until the middle of the twentieth century. It is based on research and observations drawn from a multiform primary material, such as companies' records, communal and family archives, consular and administrative reports, as well as secondary sources which allow comparisons with other oleiferous regions and connect the economy of Lesvos to the broader Aegean and Mediterranean environment.</p><p>It points out that the single cultivation phenomenon, though associated to the economy of risk, obeyed to the market's command and was prepared by the abolition of the governor's monopoly on the oil trading and the consequent opening of the market. This enabled the Christian ottoman subjects to develop the administration of intensive olive growing, mechanized oil extraction and trade expansion. Olive oil and soap were the two basic commodities of the island's export revenues that were commercialised, despite their low quality, into a wide range of port and island markets of the Asia Minor coast, the Aegean islands and the Black Sea. Moreover, the article explores the type of commercial and industrial enterprises and the characteristics of the olive-cycle entrepreneurs. It concludes with the commercial crisis suffered from the major political and economic changes of the twentieth century and the consequent reorientation of Lesvos' businessmen towards Crete and Piraeus, the olive manufacturing centres of the Neohellenic state.</p>
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Prasetya, Sukma Perdana, Jun Suryanti, Nuansa Bayu Segara, Hendri Prastiyono, and Muhammad Ilyas Marzuqi. "Implementation of Learning Through Research Internships for Social Science Education Students in Micro Enterprises at the Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro Pondok Pesantren." LANGGAM International Journal of Social Science Education, Art and Culture 2, no. 02 (August 28, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/langgam.v2i2.127.
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The Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka Program (MBKM) is one of the flagship programs of the Ministry of Education and Culture, which aims to encourage students to master various knowledge that is useful for entering the world of work. One form of learning activities offered is apprenticeship/practice. Internship aims to provide opportunities to apply theories that have been learned in lectures, as well as the application of general and specific skills in the world of work. Through the Kedaireka Matching Fund (MF) 2023 program, the Social Science Education study program, Unesa partnered with Micro Enterprises at the Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro, holding research internships. Research internships are attended by ten students for one semester. Data collection techniques used interviews with all research subjects, including documentation in the form of internship program manuals and student internship reports. Internship activities at Al-Fatimah Islamic Pondok Pesantren include three main activities, namely: workshops, observations, and entrepreneurial practices. During the internship, students make various household cleaning products such as detergent, dish soap, perfume and so on. Students also sell household cleaning products, whether marketed directly to consumers, trade fairs or marketing using online media. The results of the activity show that the apprenticeship program at Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro Pondok Pesantren Micro Enterprise provides hands-on learning experience for Social Sciences Education students to manage entrepreneurship starting from managing trademarks, optimizing production, optimizing marketing and managing cooperatives. The internship experience also adds soft skills, so that students are ready to compete and open up new business opportunities.
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Prasetya, Sukma Perdana, Jun Suryanti, Nuansa Bayu Segara, Hendri Prastiyono, and Muhammad Ilyas Marzuqi. "Implementation of Learning Through Research Internships for Social Science Education Students in Micro Enterprises at the Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro Pondok Pesantren." LANGGAM: International Journal of Social Science Education, Art and Culture 2, no. 02 (August 28, 2023): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/langgam.v2i02.127.
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The Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka Program (MBKM) is one of the flagship programs of the Ministry of Education and Culture, which aims to encourage students to master various knowledge that is useful for entering the world of work. One form of learning activities offered is apprenticeship/practice. Internship aims to provide opportunities to apply theories that have been learned in lectures, as well as the application of general and specific skills in the world of work. Through the Kedaireka Matching Fund (MF) 2023 program, the Social Science Education study program, Unesa partnered with Micro Enterprises at the Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro, holding research internships. Research internships are attended by ten students for one semester. Data collection techniques used interviews with all research subjects, including documentation in the form of internship program manuals and student internship reports. Internship activities at Al-Fatimah Islamic Pondok Pesantren include three main activities, namely: workshops, observations, and entrepreneurial practices. During the internship, students make various household cleaning products such as detergent, dish soap, perfume and so on. Students also sell household cleaning products, whether marketed directly to consumers, trade fairs or marketing using online media. The results of the activity show that the apprenticeship program at Al-Fatimah Bojonegoro Pondok Pesantren Micro Enterprise provides hands-on learning experience for Social Sciences Education students to manage entrepreneurship starting from managing trademarks, optimizing production, optimizing marketing and managing cooperatives. The internship experience also adds soft skills, so that students are ready to compete and open up new business opportunities.
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Hong, Youwei, Xinbei Xu, Dan Liao, Taotao Liu, Xiaoting Ji, Ke Xu, Chunyang Liao, Ting Wang, Chunshui Lin, and Jinsheng Chen. "Measurement report: Effects of anthropogenic emissions and environmental factors on the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA) in a coastal city of southeastern China." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 11 (June 16, 2022): 7827–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-7827-2022.
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Abstract. To better understand the formation of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), aerosol samples with a 4 h time resolution were collected during summer and winter in the southeast of China, along with online measurements of trace gases, aerosol chemical compositions, and meteorological parameters. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for PM2.5-bound secondary organic aerosol (SOA) tracers, including isoprene (SOAI), α/β-pinene (SOAM), β-caryophyllene (SOAC), and toluene (ASOA). The average concentrations of total SOA tracers in winter and summer were 38.8 and 111.9 ng m−3, respectively, with the predominance of SOAM (70.1 % and 45.8 %), followed by SOAI (14.0 % and 45.6 %), ASOA (11.0 % and 6.2 %) and SOAC (4.9 % and 2.3 %). Compared to those in winter, the majority of BSOA tracers in summer showed significant positive correlations with Ox (O3+NO2) (r = 0.443–0.808), HONO (r = 0.299–0.601), ultraviolet (UV) (r = 0.382–0.588) and temperature (T) (r = 0.529–0.852), indicating the influence of photochemical oxidation under relatively clean conditions. However, in winter, BSOA tracers were significantly correlated with PM2.5 (r = 0.407–0.867), NO3- (r = 0.416–0.884), SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813), and NH3 (r = 0.440–0.757), attributed to the contributions of anthropogenic emissions. Major BSOA tracers in both seasons were linearly correlated with aerosol acidity (pH) (r = 0.421–0.752), liquid water content (LWC) (r = 0.403–0.876) and SO42- (r = 0.419–0.813). The results indicated that acid-catalyzed reactive uptake onto sulfate aerosol particles enhanced the formation of BSOA. In summer, the clean air mass originated from the ocean, and chlorine depletion was observed. We also found that concentrations of the total SOA tracers were correlated with HCl (R2=0.545) and chlorine ions (r = 0.280–0.639) in PM2.5, reflecting the contribution of Cl-initiated volatile organic compound (VOC) oxidations to the formation of SOA. In winter, the northeast dominant wind direction brought continental polluted air mass to the monitoring site, affecting the transformation of BSOA tracers. This implied that anthropogenic emissions, atmospheric oxidation capacity and halogen chemistry have significant effects on the formation of BSOA in the southeast coastal area.
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Wardoyo, Stedi. "Strategi Dagang Dan Permasalahan Toko Jepang Di Hindia Belanda Sebelum Perang Dunia II." IZUMI 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.8.1.38-51.
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(Title: Strategy Of Commerce And Issues Of Japan Shop In The Netherlands Indies Before World War II) The early of 20th century was a turning point of Japanese economic activities in Dutch East Indies, along with increasing number of Japanese population, especially in Java. In that era, Japanese trading activities that dominated by Japanese goods pitchman like textiles, drugs, soap and the other daily necessary untill suburb of Java, changed into permanent economic activities in the form of a small shop that popular among Javanese society in that era as Toko Jepang or Japanese Store. In the end of 1910 untill early 1940s, Japanese store’s activities were growing and increasing to become an icon in the economic relation between Japan and Dutch East Indies. During that period, there was increase and decrease in Japanese store’s activities, but at the world economic crisis in 1920s, Japanese Market was able to survive, even Japanese products from Japanese Store was better than Chinese and European products. Japanese store, that popular among indigenous was known for it’s good service, cheap price and good quality products. This research is trying to find how Japanese store can build it’s connection and the factors that supporting and obstacling Japanese store’s growth in that era. In this research, besides the diaries of Japanese immigrants such as Jagatara Kanwa and Nanyou no Seikatsu Kiroku, Japanese newspaper of Touindo Nippou was used as main sources. Content analysis was applied as a method to determine the contents in those sources which were relevant to the topic of this research. It can be concluded that the success keys of Japanese store was marketing strategies that supported by a strong trade connection, beside another factors like the success of observing people’s needs and product marketing strategy.
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Zhurilo, Dmitry Yurievich, and Аndrew Alekseevych Larin. "ACTIVITIES OF KHARKIV POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE DURING THE GERMAN OCCUPATION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Actual problems of Ukrainian society development, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2227-6890.2021.1.02.
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The article examines the activities of employees of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute who remained in Kharkiv during the nazi occupation during the Great Patriotic War. These employees were unable to leave the city on time due to the poor organization of the evacuation of the institute. Difficult circumstances forced many of them to cooperate with the occupiers. However, this cooperation did not give much to the invaders, but it helped most of the scientists of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute to survive and preserve the buildings of the institute, library collections and laboratory equipment. The names of outstanding scientists and teachers who were in the occupation are given. The horrors of the new government are shown: hunger, cold, the death of civilians. Most of the teachers and staff of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute were forced to exchange their own things, jewelry, and building materials for food. The facts of violation of international law by German troops are given. It is shown that the German authorities promoted small-scale handicrafts, retail trade, and the provision of household services. However, the main goal of the German troops was to provide the German army with food, equipment, transport, housing, as well as sending young people and the able-bodied population to forced labor in Germany. The German press was engaged in disinformation, spreading false assurances about the happy life of Eastern workers in Germany, about introducing them to European culture, about their rest and leisure. It is described that thanks to the activities of an outstanding chemist, Professor Pavel Didusenko, it was possible to establish the production of matches and soap. Thanks to the implementation of these essential necessities, scarce in wartime, it was possible to save the lives of a large number of employees of the Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute.
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DAS, SHASWATI. "The Image of Bharatiya Nari as Projected by Indian Television Soap-Operas." Dev Sanskriti Interdisciplinary International Journal 7 (January 31, 2016): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36018/dsiij.v7i0.78.
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Television soaps and serials in private television channels have swept the Indian market in the last few decades. These soap operas have been upholding the socio-cultural patterns of the country through their contents. In the construction of Indian cultural landscape Indian women and their roles in society are the most vulnerable sites. The linkage of national identity and tradition with Indian women’s roles in society places them in a problematic position, given the patriarchal nature of Indian society. Soap operas on Indian television mostly depict women as homely and tradition-bound. Though there are portrayals of educated, professional women but they are also shown to find solace in the family. This paper tries to trace the image of the Indian Woman that has been endorsed by the Indian soap operas since its beginning and in doing so it tries to explore the implications of certain myths and ideologies that drive the story writers and the producers to de-recognize the changes in the contemporary society and to fall back on projecting stereotypical images; thus giving preference to social identity while ignoring individual identity of a woman.
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Dossou-Yovo, Hubert Olivier, Valentin Kindomihou, Fifanou Gbèlidji Vodouhè, and Brice Sinsin. "Assessment of the Diversity of Medico-Magic Knowledge on Four Herbaceous Species in Benin." Scientific World Journal 2021 (May 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6650704.
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Background. Ethnobotanical knowledge on four herbaceous species, Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass., Momordica charantia L., Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., and Scoparia dulcis L., in Benin was investigated. Methods. Herbal medicine traders in six different markets were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The linear regression test was performed to check for the influence of respondent’s age on ethnobotanical uses they hold. Relative frequency citation, fidelity level, use value, and Rahman similarity index were calculated to assess the diversity of medico-magic knowledge. The Informant Consensus Factor is not applicable in this study since we are dealing neither with the diversity of medicinal plants used by a community of people nor with a great number of plant species used for medicinal purposes, nor the diversity of plant species used in the treatment of a specific or group of ailments. Results. The respondent's age did not influence the ethnobotanical uses they hold on the species. All thirty-six informants surveyed traded Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Momordica charantia L., and Scoparia dulcis L., and the majority traded Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. The respondent's age does not influence the diversity of ethnobotanical uses they hold on the study species. Purchase in traders’ own markets was the predominant source of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn., Momordica charantia L., and Scoparia dulcis L. while Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. was mostly purchased in other more distant markets. A noticeable proportion of traders also collect Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. and Momordica charantia L. from wild populations. Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was the species most demanded by customers followed by Momordica charantia L. Traders confirmed the scarcity of all species in recent years and climate change and destruction of natural habitats for logging were the most cited causes. The entire plant of Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. was used mainly to treat malaria, diabetes, and constipation, and decoction with oral administration was the most frequent preparation for malaria treatment. To treat diabetes, informants mixed Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. with Momordica charantia L. used as a decoction with oral administration. Momordica charantia L. was also used to treat measles and chicken pox. Acmella uliginosa (Sw.) Cass. and Scoparia dulcis L. were mostly used for their spiritual use for luck, predominantly by chewing fresh leaves or flowers, and by bathing with the ground plant mixed with soap, respectively. Overall, Momordica charantia L. had the greatest use value followed by Phyllanthus amarus Schumach. & Thonn. The majority of traders do not plant the species. Conclusions. The harvesting and trade of the species threaten their natural populations and urgent tools, including in situ and ex situ conservation, are needed to ensure their long-term sustainable exploitation.
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Retnowati, Rurini, and Bambang Poerwadi. "The Effort to Improve The Economic Value Of Patchouli Oil: The Controlled Esterification at Production of The Aroma Compounds Base on Patchouli Oil." Jurnal Teknik Industri 8, no. 1 (February 26, 2008): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/jtiumm.vol8.no1.67-70.
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Patchouli oil is an excellent of the Indonesian essential oil, because 45% of essential oil government-reserve is gained from it. Patchouli oil is commonly used in soap industrial, hair tonic, mouthwash, and high quality perfume. In the utilizing, patchouli oil is mixed with other essential oil, such as: clove oil, rose oil, and vetiver oil; since the fixative nature with flavor substance could chain the other essential oil. The fixative nature and the odor resistance come from the tertier alcohol substance, e.i.: patchoulic alcohol as its main component. Although it has long odor resistance, as an aroma substance, the odor of patchouli oil has less strong. As the base character of aroma substances determined by ester component compiler, so it is interesting to study the esterification reaction controlling the amount of ester product. In this research, patchouli oil was converted into the ester substance by esterification reaction using anhydride acid and ZnCl2 catalyst. The esterification was optimized to various concentration of ZnCl2 catalyst from 1–5% and to obtained the most preferred ester dan patchoulic alcohol ratio. Characterization of trade patchouli oil and the product of esterification were conducted based on determining the physical nature, such as: density and refraction index, and also the patchouli oil component's profile from chromatogram and mass spectrum resulted from GC and GC-MS analysis. To know most preferred ester and pachoulic alcohol ratio, using hedonic test with 25 panelists was conducted. The research resulted that the esterification reaction of patchouli oil using anhydride acid could be done by using ZnCl2 catalyst. Characterization result using GC indicated that the component's profile change under esterification condition; while characterization result using GC-MS showed the existence of patchoulic acetate substance. Variation of anhydride acid composition affected the ratio profile of patchoulic acetate and patchoulic alcohol. Hedonic test results showed that panelists'most preferred ratio of patchoulic acetate and patchoulic alcohol is 0.7934.
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Nedić Grujin, Katarina, Tanja Lužaić, Lato Pezo, Branislava Nikolovski, Zoran Maksimović, and Ranko Romanić. "Sunflower Oil Winterization Using the Cellulose-Based Filtration Aid—Investigation of Oil Quality during Industrial Filtration Probe." Foods 12, no. 12 (June 7, 2023): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12122291.
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Waxes, phospholipids, free fatty acids, peroxides, aldehydes, soap, trace metals and moisture present in crude sunflower oil have a negative effect on the oil quality and are, therefore, removed during the refining process. Waxes crystallizing at low temperatures are removed during winterization by cooling and filtration. Waxes have poor filtration characteristics and an industrial filtration process must be enhanced by the use of filtration aids, which improve filter cake structure and properties, and consequently prolong the filtration cycle. Today, traditional filtration aids (diatomite, perlite, etc.) being used in the industry are frequently replaced by cellulose-based aids. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of oil filtration assisted by two cellulose-based filtration aids on the chemical parameters (wax, moisture, phospholipids, soaps, and fatty acids), oil transparency, carotenoids, and Fe and Cu content of sunflower oil obtained in an industrial horizontal pressure leaf filter. In order to investigate the mentioned parameters, the following techniques were used: gravimetric (waxes and moisture content), spectrophotometric (phospholipids and carotenoid content and oil transparency), volumetric (soaps and free fatty acids content) as well as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Fe and Cu content. An artificial neural network model (ANN) was employed for the prediction of removal efficiency based on the chemical quality, oil transparency, Fe and Cu content in oils before filtration, as well as filtration aid quantity and filtration time. Cellulose-based filtration aids had multiple beneficial effects; on average, 99.20% of waxes, 74.88% of phospholipids, 100% of soap, 7.99% of carotenoids, 16.39% of Fe and 18.33% of Cu were removed.
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Balaev, Mikhail. "The Effects of International Trade on Democracy: A Panel Study of the Post-Soviet World-System." Sociological Perspectives 52, no. 3 (September 2009): 337–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2009.52.3.337.
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The author examines the relationship between democracy and international trade using post-Soviet countries as a historical example of a world-system. World-systems theory and alternative theories are employed to create theoretical models of democracy, and pooled timeseries regression is applied, using an index of democracy as the dependent variable and two sets of theoretically distinct control variables. The author finds a negative relationship between core periphery trade and democracy and a positive relationship between trade openness and democracy in the periphery. The author draws three conclusions. First, international trade deserves more attention as a link between economic and political processes in world-systems analysis. Second, contrary to conventional analysis, the structure of core-periphery trade shows that the core uses its economic ties to politically exploit the periphery. Last, it is necessary to distinguish between core and noncore international trade in world-systems and political analysis.
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Aryani, Adriana Sari, Yulian Syahputri, and Hermawan Hermawan. "VALUE CHAIN PALM OIL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ON THE POLYOL POLYESTER PATHWAY." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v2i2.964.
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Palm oil is one of important Indonesia's export commodities. In 2017, the export value of palm oil and its derivatives (excluding oleochemicals and biodiesel) penetrated US $ 22.97 billion. The bright prospect of the palm oil commodity in the world vegetable oil trade encouraged the Indonesian government to develop an integrated palm oil industry. On the other hand, some downstream petrochemical products have begun to experience difficulties in raw materials, including Polyurethane. Polyurethane is a polymeric material from polyols and isocyanates which are widely used as packaging. Polyol itself is a polyether produced from the petroleum fraction. The polyol industry can be developed in the industrial tree branch of glycerol / glycerin in the large palm oil industry tree. Glycerin is generally the most end product of the palm oil fractionation industry, after cooking oil, margarine, shortening, and soap. In addition, glycerin is also a by-product of fatty acid esterification during biodiesel production. The value chain analysis carried out in the palm oil industry chain shows that polyol production has added new pathways that can extend the palm oil downstream industry chain. Analysis carried out on the main chain and the combined oil palm industry chain has been successfully used to map the polyol industry value chain on the palm oil track. The extension of the palm oil industry value chain on the polyol industry pathway can unite the industry with the chain of production of the petrochemical industry, in this case polyurethane, which at least can help substitute raw materials. A more detailed analysis of the perceptions of the role of the polyol industry in two directions, namely the palm oil industry chain with the polyurethane industry shows that there is a very large intersection of interests. Almost all perceptions of the role of key value chain activities in the polyurethane industry can be covered by the role of the value chain main activities in the palm oil polyol industry. Both value chains can be said to complement and complement each other. The production of polyester polyols can be absorbed by the needs of the polyurethane industry.
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STORCK, WILLIAM. "Trade surplus plummets as chemical imports soar." Chemical & Engineering News 76, no. 22 (June 1998): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n022.p010.
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Pessoni, Laurence, Cloé Veclin, Hind El Hadri, Cyril Cugnet, Mélanie Davranche, Anne-Catherine Pierson-Wickmann, Julien Gigault, Bruno Grassl, and Stéphanie Reynaud. "Soap- and metal-free polystyrene latex particles as a nanoplastic model." Environmental Science: Nano 6, no. 7 (2019): 2253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9en00384c.
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Additive free, morphology control, and ageing surface mimicking, are the key parameters defining the alternative NPT models and their effects towards the NPT-trace metals interactions for environmental applications.
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Evelyn, Evelyn, Edy Saputra, Komalasari Komalasari, and Syelvia Putri Utami. "Community training in dishwashing-liquid soap making from waste cooking oil." Riau Journal of Empowerment 1, no. 2 (January 17, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/raje.1.2.9.
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Cooking oil that has been used more than once is not good for health due to exposure to carcinogens. Waste cooking oil causes pollution to the environment. Waste cooking oil can be used as a raw material for making liquid soap. The objective of this activity was to introduce the knowledge and train Batu Basurat community in making dishwashing-liquid soap from waste cooking oil. The method consists of location survey, training preparation, interactive training, monitoring, and evaluation. Dishwashing-liquid soap was made by mixing preheated waste cooking oil and potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 60-70 °C for one hour until trace was formed. Then, the mixture was kept agitated every 15 minutes for 2-3 hours until it becomes more solidified and transparent. Liquid soap was made by dissolving in warm water and addition of lemon essence as a deodorizer. Batu Basurat villagers showed a great interest in the activity, showing by enthusiasm and involvement in the training. Evaluation results showed that 100% community understood on making homemade dishwashing-liquid soap and 90% community agreed that liquid soap from waste cooking oil has a commercial potential, which could increase entrepreneurship ability and economic growth of Batu Bersurat villagers.
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van der Waal, Margriet. "Dirty politics: The stories of soap in South Africa." Frontiers of Narrative Studies 8, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fns-2022-2021.
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Abstract During the global Covid-19 pandemic, the practice of extensively washing one’s hands with soap and water became ubiquitous worldwide. In this contribution, I look at how cultural references to soap have been productive in producing social identities in South Africa. By utilizing Nira Yuval-Davis’s (2006) distinction between belonging and the politics of belonging, I trace how stories and narratives featuring soap that circulate in the South African cultural archive refer to specific cultural templates or social imaginaries. These stories and narratives perform different functions: they signify categories of social belonging, enable social subjects to identify with specific subject locations, and are utilized to both confirm and patrol the borders of these categories of belonging in acts that may be described as the “politics of belonging.”
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Vyas, Preeta Hemang. "Incentive Outlay Ratios in Fast Moving Consumer Goods Sector in India." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 30, no. 4 (October 2005): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920050404.
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Inflationary trends in the economy have led to increased media costs forcing many companies to increase their expenditure on sales promotion activities. It has been recognized that well-planned sales promotion activities have a strategic role to play in brand building and enhancing customer loyalty. This study examines the nature of schemes offered in the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) category, finds out the ratio of incentive and outlay (which the consumer is expected to make/pay to avail sales promotion offers), explores the relationships, finds out the rationale behind these offers, and provides guidelines to managers designing sales promotion activities. Eight different product categories were selected for the study. Information on actual offers made in these categories in a quarter was compiled and tabulated through content analysis in terms of brand, maximum retail price (MRP), offer (size of the incentive offered), nature of the scheme, pack being promoted, and outlay. The following findings emerged from the data gathered and analysed: Variations in incentive outlay (I/O) ratios across product categories revealed that non-food category exhibits more variations (range) than food category. The level of incentive offered in non-food category was higher than that of food category. Bonus pack followed by free gift and price-offs were the popular tools used across product categories indicating use of similar type of schemes without much innovation. More often, medium to large pack-size was promoted in all categories except the toilet soap category indicating �load the consumer� as the main objective and thereby warding off competition temporarily. The findings suggest that managers need to be creative to create an impact; otherwise, consumers would tend to be less loyal to any brand in a category and drift from one promoted brand to another. They need to give careful thought as to what objectives need to be achieved from whom (loyal, competitive loyal, switchers or non-users). They also need to do a proper analysis by linking sales during promoted period to overall sales, baseline sales, competing brand sales, and impact on trade and consumer behaviour and evolve guidelines with respect to terms and conditions of the offer in terms of size of the incentive, terms, whether immediate or delayed incentive, what efforts are required on the part of the consumer, etc. Before determining the size of incentive to be offered to the consumers, managers need to consider several factors such as level of competition, available budget for the brand, reputation of the company introducing a brand, consumer behaviour, competitive promotional offers, and level of price of a brand vis-�-vis competition. A study of I/O ratios across product categories reveals interesting practices followed by companies. Exploring reasons behind such practices would give insights to managers as to why practices differ from theory and provide guidelines in managing these activities.
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Đukić, Petar, and Slaviša Đukanović. "Konfuzija u energetskoj tranziciji – svet i Srbija danas." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXV, no. 3 (2023): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee22-3.17d.
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The extraordinary circumstances due to the pandemic have been lasted for almost three and a half years. During that period unexpected new challenges arose in the development of humanity. It is understandable, since most events in today's world are defined as different crisis situations, which are characterized by: slowing down of global growth and international trade, almost unrestrained inflation as a global phenomenon, turbulence in the energy and food markets, finally an unprecedented war in Europe, geopolitical tightening of relations between the bearers of global power, followed by widely applied mechanisms of various economic and political sanctions. All this could easily lead to the de facto interruption of global climate action, the organized fight against poverty, harmful inequalities and humanitarian trials in many parts of the world. As one of the key challenges of global harmonization of economic practice and economic policy for the purpose of a better future, energy transition is largely becoming a victim of unwillingness to agree and to dialogue, especially among key global rivals for economic-technological and military dominance in the world. Conceptually, the energy transition remains, at least on paper, in the focus of all policies and documents and strategies as part of the green transition. However, in practice, it turns out that strategic decisions are always victims of tactical adjustments of policies and practices in the short and medium term. Humanity is once again at a turning point: either it will return to the practice of global cooperation, painstaking harmonization and actions that include climate policy, the social and human aspects of the energy transition and industrial transformation in the context of the common goals of stopping the increase in global temperature at the level of 1.5 degrees comparing to the preindustrial era, or climate plans and actions will collapse like a soap bubble dominated by short-term economic, military and technological goals. Serbia belongs to the countries with above-average climate changes intensity, and its energy sector is among those with the highest harmful emissions, as well as the highest share of coal (over 50%) in the production of final energy. The restructuring of its economy and economic-technological structure in the process of energy transition will be exposed to high social and psychological challenges, which especially concern local and regional communities and public energy companies. Controversial news and signals arrive from the political scene to a large part of employees in the energy sector. Part of these controversies and misunderstandings originate from the international public scene affected by the growth and debt crisis, inflation and new confrontations. Confrontations in our region confrontation, along the global, may be strong challenges in the coming period. Despite everything, the energy transition in the world is an unstoppable process, which has climatic, ecological, resource, social and cultural goals, which should be insisted upon in every conceptual crisis.
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Yasir, Yasir. "Political Economy of Religious and Cultural Symbols in the Soap Opera of Tukang Bubur Naik Haji At RCTI." Al-Ulum 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.30603/au.v15i1.220.
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Television is a very influential media and important tool in capital accumulation. This study aims to reveal the use of Islamic and Betawi ethnic symbols, workers, and also the audiences of Tukang Bubur Naik Haji (TBNH) soap opera at RCTI. This research used a political economy of communication perspective. The data were collected by using interview, observation, documentation, and literature study. The result shows that the religious symbols of Islam and Betawi culture have been exploited as comodity to be traded. Those symbols have been commercialized dan manipulated through the use of sensational, provocative, and hyperbole words or sentences to entertain audiences and to attract the advertisers. The hyper-comercialization and politicization of symbols caused the soap opera workers and Moslem audiences have been exploited.
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Weber, Carolyn Ann. "Celebrating trailblazing women: Soar, Elinor lesson plan." Social Studies Research and Practice 14, no. 3 (November 18, 2019): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ssrp-03-2018-0011.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to use Soar, Elinor, a 2011 NCSS notable trade book, to teach a short unit on remarkable women in traditionally male dominated fields. Students will research trailblazing women, create a project to teach others about their chosen trailblazer and represent their choice at a trailblazing women banquet. Design/methodology/approach Students will be supported in their research into trailblazing women through reading books about women who struggled to realize their dreams of succeeding in difficult professions. Findings This lesson plan gives students an opportunity to investigate the struggles of women throughout history to enter male dominated professions. Originality/value The value of this lesson plans is to provide students an opportunity to study women who have made a difference through breaking down barriers. Students will be able to learn about a variety of different women, who are not often studied in social studies classes.
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Dewi, SE.,MM, Dr Dian Masita, Ikhwan Faisal, Anisa Yulia Al Munawaroh1, Ririn Kurniawati, and Anton Yuda Sumanto. "Pelatihan Pembuatan Natural Bar Soap Berbasis Eco Enzyme Bersama Pkk Kecamatan Beruntung Baru, Kalimantan Selatan." Jurnal Pengabdian ILUNG (Inovasi Lahan Basah Unggul) 3, no. 2 (November 21, 2023): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ilung.v3i2.10287.
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This Community Service Program is a continuation program of the socialization and training program including the use of eco enzyme with the PKK Beruntung Baru District in 2021. The community has felt the benefits and has proven the benefits of eco enzyme for agriculture, health and even for a substitute for bath soap. However, eco enzyme has disadvantages for some people including not foaming and feeling sticky on the skin and some people do not like the aroma. Eco enzyme has social value so it is not allowed to be traded. Based on this background, the PKM team took the initiative to carry out a follow-up program, namely training in making natural bar soap based on eco enzyme which is competitive and has high economic value so that it can improve the economy and welfare of the Beruntung Baru sub-district community. The methods that will be used in this PKM activity are lectures, simulations or demonstrations and direct practice of making eco enzyme-based natural bar soap. Based on the results of the evaluation of the Eco Enzyme-based Natural Bar Soap Making Training activities carried out by the PDWA Year 2023 Team from the Lambung Mangkurat University Eco Enzyme Study Center, this is the right solution in overcoming partner problems and the results of the pre and post test evaluation of the entire PDWA Th 2023 program implemented by the ULM Eco Enzyme Study Center through the Eco Enzyme-Based Natural Bar Soap Making Training at PKK Kec. Beruntung Baru, Kab. Banjar, South Kalimantan Province can be categorized as very successful
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Sari, Ghani Nurfiana Fadma, Endang Sri Rejeki, Taufik Turahman, Mamik Ponco Rahayu, and Nuraini Harmastuti. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN NATURAL HERBAL SOAP SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KEWIRAUSAHAAN PKK DESA TRIYAGAN." Bengawan : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2024): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.46808/jurnal_bengawan.v4i1.110.
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The residents of Karangturi in Triyagan village, located in Mojolaban sub-district of Sukoharjo regency, require further training to enhance family health care using readily available traditional materials. They also need motivation to start home-based industries to boost entrepreneurship and the local economy. Hence, there is a necessity for educational and training programs focused on making Natural Herbal Soap.This community service initiative is divided into two segments:Firstly, providing education on the health benefits of traditional natural ingredients. Secondly, offering training on creating Natural Herbal Soap by combining oils (olive oil and coconut oil) with an alkaline solution (NaOH), which will produce a thick liquid known as trace. This mixture is then blended with essential oils (green tea, chamomile, lemongrass) and left to solidify.The objective of these activities is to equip the community with the skills to make Natural Herbal Soap easily and with low capital investment. This skill can be a viable option for enhancing family entrepreneurship and improving daily family health.
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Lin, Hongjian, Darrin M. Haagenson, Dennis P. Wiesenborn, and Scott W. Pryor. "Effect of trace contaminants on cold soak filterability of canola biodiesel." Fuel 90, no. 5 (May 2011): 1771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.01.029.
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Rudiuk, Veronika. "ENTREPRENEURSHIP ACTIVITY OF PRINCES FROM SANGUSHKO FAMILY IN XIX – AT THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY IN VOLYN." Journal of Ukrainian History, no. 39 (2019): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-4611.2019.39.2.
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The article deals with the entrepreneurial activity of Sangushki in Volyn, first of all, their contribution to the industrial development of the region, the application of advanced technologies in their estates, and the peculiarities of the management of the family’s representatives and their enterprises. The branch affiliation of the factories of their Slavutsky ordination and methods of increasing the efficiency of work on them is considered. The place of enterprises of the Sangushki family in the structure of industry of Volyn province, the contribution of the princes in stimulating expansion of the network of financial and credit institutions in the region is described. The place of Sangushki at the time of the financial-industrial circles of the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries was highlighted. The activity of the Sangushko princes is considered in order to reorganize the landowner's latifundias for their transformation into modern agrarian enterprises. The influence of political events in Ukrainian provinces on the economic development of enterprises owned by representatives of this kin is highlighted. The main sources of income of Slavuta ordination in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are described. The author made a wide coverage of economic development in the vicinity of the princes Sangushko during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It was noted that the main sources of income at the beginning of the nineteenth century were agricultural products (grain, fruits, vegetables, cattle, and forest), then, due to the use of modern technologies, mechanization of production using steam engines, processing of own products, obtained here at the end of the XIX century, Sangushkos managed to create an economically strong company with diversified sources of profit, since a significant part of the products was processed by local factories (paper, candle, soap, sugar, cloth, beer pitch, lumber, porcelain, refined) and distilleries, mills. The main resource base for the success of the princes as entrepreneurs served large land masses that they owned. Significant role in the achievement of economic success of Sangushkos played the application of modern technologies and methods of production, withdrawal from the traditional system of using serf labor, attracting foreign specialists. Sangushkos also created enterprises that produced the products needed to service their enterprises and the local population, among such iron ore, vinegar and paint plants. In addition, in order to stimulate the development of trade and business in the native land, Sangushkos established a system of credit pay offices, which provided loans to local residents, with preferential treatment for those who traded and serviced the needs of the population (for shoemakers, bakers, barkeepers). In addition, Sangushkos were involved in the creation of the Slavuta Commercial Bank, which served the needs of not only local residents, but even foreigners. Sangushkos also managed to open businesses that did not directly engage in the production of goods and served the needs of the population, among such the author mentioned medical institutions. For the sale of products Sangushkos actively participated in local fairs, signed contracts for the supply of products to the markets of cities of the central provinces of the Russian Empire and abroad. The author reviews the historiography devoted to the issues of entrepreneurship development in the 19th century on the territory of the Right-Bank Ukraine and in particular among representatives of the Polish-Lithuanian nobility, including representatives of the Sangushkos family. Also, the researcher used in the study the archival materials and the results of local lore explorations devoted to studying the history of the Sangushko family in Volyn. The Polish revolts of 1830-1831 and 1863-1864, economic crises in the Russian empire at the end and the beginning of the 20th century, as well as fires, which caused significant damage to the city and the buildings of enterprises, influenced negatively the economic development of the enterprises of the Sangushkos. In general, a direct active participation in the economic life of the princes of Sangsushko turned their estates and town of Slavuta into one of the main industrial centers of Volyn at the beginning of the 20th century.
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Lavigne, Marie. "Les relations économiques Est-Ouest 1975-1985 : Bilan et perspectives." Études internationales 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/701276ar.
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The "golden age" in East-West trade is over since 1975. However, the period following the beginning of the world crisis, up to 1980, was not so gloomy as it was expected in the mid seventies. Although at a reduced rate, compared with the previous period, there was a significant increase in trade and especially exports of Eastern Europe to the West. Apart from the Polish case, indebtedness of Eastern Europe did not soar in dramatic proportions, and some countries achieved a stabilization of their trade balance with the West at the end of the decade; East-West industrial cooperation developed; the adverse political climate, which deteriorated sharply in 1980, did not stop trade flows and did not entail a reorientation toward Comecon of East European trade ; notwithstanding the standstill of Comecon EEC negociations, several important arrangements were signed between the Common Market and individual Comecon member countries. The prospects up to 1985 are not very bright, especially when considering the recession in Western economies, the structural difficulties impeding the reform movement in the East European economies, the Polish crisis, the financial difficulties of some other countries. The future of East-West trade is linked to the energy constraints of the Eastern bloc, its agricultural situation ; it may benefit from the developments in the socialist integration process.
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Rodriguez-Colina, Enrique, Michael Pascoe-Chalke, and Miguel Lopez-Guerrero. "Performance Trade-Offs for Wavelength Striping Optical Switching Using a Novel Star Architecture." Advances in Optical Technologies 2016 (February 11, 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1875357.
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This work describes various performance trade-offs that arise from the use of a technique for optical switching under various network topologies. Such switching operation can be summarized as follows: (a) user data are divided into fixed-length fragments, (b) each fragment is assigned to a different wavelength, and (c) all wavelengths are simultaneously switched to the egress links. This concept of dividing user data into several wavelengths to be simultaneously switched is called wavelength striping and its purpose is to reduce latency and increase throughput for short distance interconnects. We depart from previous work where a building block implementing this basic switching function has been built around semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs). In this paper, we investigate diverse trade-offs that arise from the use of this switching approach in different network topologies. One of the main issues addressed in this paper is the relation between cascadability and bit error rate (BER). In this case, our results indicate that a switch fabric can cascade up to five stages without exceeding a BER of 10−9 and without incurring in power budget problems. We also show that the performance degradation, introduced by cascading SOAs, can be compensated with a star interconnect architecture that is introduced. Other issues addressed in this paper are the effect of scalability on cost and the effect of latency on TCP performance and reliability.
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Utama, Erdi Guna, Evinna Cinda Hendriana, and Sukardi Sukardi. "Pengaruh Model KOOPERATIF QUIZ-Quiz Trade Berbantuan Media Audio Visual Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPS SD." Jurnal IKA PGSD (Ikatan Alumni PGSD) UNARS 13, no. 1 (June 21, 2023): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pgsdunars.v13i1.3091.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe quiz-quiz trade berbantuan media audio visual terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas IV SDN 53 Singkawang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kuantitatif dengan metode eksperimen jenis quasi eksperimental dengan bentuk nonequivalent control group design. Populasi penelitian seluruh siswa kelas IV SDN 53 Singkawang dengan teknik pengambilan sampel berupa teknik sampel jenuh (total sampling). Penelitian ini menggunakan dua kelas yaitu kelas eksperimen yang diberi perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe quiz-quiz trade berbantuan media audio visual dan kelas kontrol yang menggunakan metode konvensional. Instrumen penelitian berupa lembar soal hasil belajar. Uji prasyarat yang dilakukan adalah uji normalitas dengan menggunakan rumus Chi-kuadrat dan dilakukan uji homogenitas menggunakan rumus Fisher (F) untuk melihat kesamaan varian pada kedua kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh hasil belajar IPS antara kelas yang diberikan perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe quiz-quiz trade berbantuan media audio visual dengan kelas yang menggunakan metode konvensional yang dianalisis menggunakan uji t.
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Howard, Judith A. "Tensions of Social Justice." Sociological Perspectives 46, no. 1 (March 2003): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2003.46.1.1.
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The achievement of social justice is vital to the future of human civilization. Debates about social justice are deeply complicated, however, as evident in the range of responses to the events of September 11, 2001. In this essay I trace micro-level phenomena and processes that contribute to understanding social justice and the tensions that surround it. I argue that the Western social contractarian conception of justice does not incorporate the legacies of historical inequities and therefore is less useful than conceptions of justice that emphasize compassion, need, and forgiveness. I review a wide-ranging social psychological literature on social cognitive and social interactive dynamics that both contribute to and could be used to minimize social inequities, emphasizing dynamics of social categorization and ways in which social power shapes the construction and use of social categorization. I argue that the achievement of social justice will require not only institutional interventions but, in the end, that individuals act for justice.
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Landwehr, Sebastian, Scott D. Miller, Murray J. Smith, Thomas G. Bell, Eric S. Saltzman, and Brian Ward. "Using eddy covariance to measure the dependence of air–sea CO<sub>2</sub> exchange rate on friction velocity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 6 (March 28, 2018): 4297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-4297-2018.
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Abstract. Parameterisation of the air–sea gas transfer velocity of CO2 and other trace gases under open-ocean conditions has been a focus of air–sea interaction research and is required for accurately determining ocean carbon uptake. Ships are the most widely used platform for air–sea flux measurements but the quality of the data can be compromised by airflow distortion and sensor cross-sensitivity effects. Recent improvements in the understanding of these effects have led to enhanced corrections to the shipboard eddy covariance (EC) measurements.Here, we present a revised analysis of eddy covariance measurements of air–sea CO2 and momentum fluxes from the Southern Ocean Surface Ocean Aerosol Production (SOAP) study. We show that it is possible to significantly reduce the scatter in the EC data and achieve consistency between measurements taken on station and with the ship underway. The gas transfer velocities from the EC measurements correlate better with the EC friction velocity (u*) than with mean wind speeds derived from shipboard measurements corrected with an airflow distortion model. For the observed range of wind speeds (u10 N = 3–23 m s−1), the transfer velocities can be parameterised with a linear fit to u*. The SOAP data are compared to previous gas transfer parameterisations using u10 N computed from the EC friction velocity with the drag coefficient from the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) model version 3.5. The SOAP results are consistent with previous gas transfer studies, but at high wind speeds they do not support the sharp increase in gas transfer associated with bubble-mediated transfer predicted by physically based models.
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Prayitno, Prayitno, Bambang Widiono, and Anang Takwanto. "TRAINING FOR MAKING FLOOR CLEANER (CARBOL) ON BUSINESS GROUP IN SUKONOLO VILLAGE – KECAMATAN BULULAWANG – KABUPATEN MALANG." Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jabdimas.v9i2.199.
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The "Berkah Jaya" Business Group is one of the business groups in Sukonolo Village - Kecamatan Bululawang which is engaged in the trading business, where the products traded, among others: food, beverages, soap, floor cleaner, hand soap, toothbrushes, and others. The goods sold in this business group are obtained from large markets in Malang. On the other hand, good customer products can be made simply by using raw materials that are readily available in Sukonolo Village. The purpose of community service (PPM) is to provide/transfer experience and skills in making and entrepreneurship of floor cleaners in the business group - Sukonolo Village – Kecamatan Bululawang. PPM activities in the form of training were attended by 32 participants from business group members, with trainers from chemical engineering staff and assisted by several students The PPM activity was carried out at the Sukonolo Village Hall using the presentation, discussion, and practice of making floor cleaner. The results of the PPM showed that the participant's interest and enthusiasm for participating in the activity were very high, which was indicated by the ability of participants to make floor cleaner independently and the results of the questionnaire given, where 90% of participants stated that they were very satisfied