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1
Fuls, Janice L., Nancy D. Rodgers, George E. Fischler, Jeanne M. Howard, Monica Patel, Patrick L. Weidner, and Melani H. Duran. "Alternative Hand Contamination Technique To Compare the Activities of Antimicrobial and Nonantimicrobial Soaps under Different Test Conditions." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 12 (April 25, 2008): 3739–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02405-07.
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ABSTRACT Antimicrobial hand soaps provide a greater bacterial reduction than nonantimicrobial soaps. However, the link between greater bacterial reduction and a reduction of disease has not been definitively demonstrated. Confounding factors, such as compliance, soap volume, and wash time, may all influence the outcomes of studies. The aim of this work was to examine the effects of wash time and soap volume on the relative activities and the subsequent transfer of bacteria to inanimate objects for antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soaps. Increasing the wash time from 15 to 30 seconds increased reduction of Shigella flexneri from 2.90 to 3.33 log10 counts (P = 0.086) for the antimicrobial soap, while nonantimicrobial soap achieved reductions of 1.72 and 1.67 log10 counts (P > 0.6). Increasing soap volume increased bacterial reductions for both the antimicrobial and the nonantimicrobial soaps. When the soap volume was normalized based on weight (∼3 g), nonantimicrobial soap reduced Serratia marcescens by 1.08 log10 counts, compared to the 3.83-log10 reduction caused by the antimicrobial soap (P < 0.001). The transfer of Escherichia coli to plastic balls following a 15-second hand wash with antimicrobial soap resulted in a bacterial recovery of 2.49 log10 counts, compared to the 4.22-log10 (P < 0.001) bacterial recovery on balls handled by hands washed with nonantimicrobial soap. This indicates that nonantimicrobial soap was less active and that the effectiveness of antimicrobial soaps can be improved with longer wash time and greater soap volume. The transfer of bacteria to objects was significantly reduced due to greater reduction in bacteria following the use of antimicrobial soap.
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Geraldo, Ingrid M., Allan Gilman, Milind S. Shintre, and Shanta M. Modak. "Rapid Antibacterial Activity of 2 Novel Hand Soaps: Evaluation of the Risk of Development of Bacterial Resistance to the Antibacterial Agents." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 29, no. 8 (August 2008): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/589723.
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Objective.To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of and risk of organisms developing resistance to 2 novel hand soaps: (1) a soap containing triclosan, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride added to a soap base (TPB soap); and (2) a soap containing farnesol, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and benzethonium chloride added to a soap base (FPB soap). Tests also included soaps containing only triclosan.Design.The risk of emergence of resistant bacterial mutants was investigated by determining the susceptibility changes after repeated exposure of bacteria to the drugs and soaps in vitro. The effectiveness of the soaps was evaluated using an in vitro tube dilution method, a volunteer method (the ASTM standard), and 2 pig skin methods.Results.The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of triclosan against Staphylococcus, aureus increased 8- to 62.5-fold, whereas those of TPB and FPB (both alone and in soap) were unchanged. In vitro, TPB and FPB soaps produced higher log10 reductions in colony-forming units of all tested organisms (4.95-8.58) than did soaps containing triclosan alone (0.29-4.86). In the test using the pig skin and volunteer methods, TPB soap produced a higher log10 reduction in colony-forming units (3.1-3.3) than did the soap containing triclosan alone (2.6-2.8).Conclusion.The results indicate that TPB and FPB soaps may provide superior rapid and broad-spectrum efficacy with a lower risk of organisms developing resistance than do soaps containing triclosan alone. Pig skin methods may be used to predict the efficacy of antibacterial soaps in the rapid disinfection of contaminated hands. Hand washing with TPB and FPB soaps by healthcare workers and the general population may reduce the transmission of pathogens, with a lower risk of promoting the emergence of resistant organisms.
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Osabohien, Emmanuel, Paul N. Diagboya, and Alexander A. Odagwe. "Comparative Characterization of Soaps Prepared from Plant-sourced Alkali Solutions and Caustic Soda." Unidel Journal of Science, Technology and Innovations 1, no. 1 (December 29, 2024): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15316527.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> One of the basic ingredients of modern soap making is synthetic alkali such as caustic soda or lye (NaOH). The utilization of plant-based alkalis to make soap has been compared to the use of synthetic caustic alkalis (sodium hydroxide). Synthetic alkalis cause significant adverse effects on the environment which may be drastically reduced by using plant-based alkalis. Nigeria is an agrarian economy ranked among the first five largest producers of both plantain (<em>Musa paradisiaca</em>) and oil palm (<em>Elaeis guineensis</em>) in the world, thus generating large amounts of wastes from both plants. Hence, to reduce these wastes and effluents from synthetic alkali, improve environmental aesthetics, and create a new economy, plant-based alkalis were produced from the ashes of unripe plantain peels (UPP) and oil palm bunches (OPB) and used for soap making and the as-prepared soap were compared to soap from synthetic caustic soda. Alkali and soap properties such as alkali strength, mineral contents, soap solubility, soap pH and conductivity, lathering, moisture contents, and bulk density of the soaps were compared. Results showed that UPP had higher ash content than the OPB, though both ashes contained high mineral contents especially for Na and K. The UPP had slightly higher soap pH and conductivity than the OPB. Soap from the synthetic caustic soda (SCS) lathered more than both the biomass-based soaps in both distilled and hard water, though the biomass-based soaps have better solubility compared to the SCS soap. The textures of the biomass-based soaps were slightly softer than the SCS soap, and the bulk density of the UPP was far higher than those of the OPB and the SCS. The pH values of both plant-based soaps were higher than the SCS pH as well as the usual pH values of soaps to be used for skin wash (pH 8 to 10) and thus should not be used as skin wash as it is likely to irritate the human skin. The soaps may be used for laundry, dish washing, and other cleaning purposes.
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Shailong, C.N, Oforghor, A.O, and Olua, E.B. "Comparative Analysis of Produced Organic Soap from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and Some Selected Commercial Soaps." Middle East Journal of Applied Science & Technology 06, no. 02 (2023): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46431/mejast.2023.6212.
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Comparative Analysis of Organic Soap Produced from Garlic Juice-Benni-Seed Stalk Ash Extract and Coconut Oil and some Selected Commercial Soaps. The method used involved Collection of Benni-seed stalk and preparation of Alkali, Collection and Extraction of Coconut Oil, Collection of Garlic Bulb and Preparation of the Garlic Juice- based Alkaline. The produced soap was characterized based on physical characteristics (Soap Types, Colour, Texture, Aroma and Cleaning efficiency), pH of the soap samples, Foaming Stability, water hardness Test and Wash Fastness Properties Test. The result of the study shows that variation occurred among soap types as a result of addition of colouring matter such as dyes and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids. The pH of all the soaps falls within the range pH of (7-8) improving soaps quality but to regulate the pH level which will not contribute to the harshness of hands and skin. In terms of foaming stability, result obtained from GBC Soap was the best due to its solubility in water. Analysis of Soap hardness in soft water and hard water shows that Bright Soap had the highest value (8.5) in soft water which made it the best among other soap products. Premier Soap had the best ability to maintain the quality of fabric material when washed in water.
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I.L., Gold,, Okunwaye, T., Onyia, D.C., Akpose, I.O., Imoisi, O.B., and Asiriuwa, N.U. "Physicochemical Properties of African Black Soap Prepared with Alkali Derived from (Empty) Oil Palm Fruit Bunches." Asian Journal of Research in Biochemistry 14, no. 4 (May 6, 2024): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajrb/2024/v14i4290.
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The use of oil palm biomass in black soap production was carried out. The soap was prepared using different oils; Palm kernel oil (PKO), Tallow oil (TO), Palm oil (PO), Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and their blends (PKO:PFAD:TO:PO) at 0.5 ratio each. The physiochemical properties of the different oils and their blends were studied. The moisture content, bulk density, foaming stability, pH, solubility of metallic salts and surface tension of the different black soaps produced were analyzed. The results of the oils and their blends had free fatty acid values between (2.56 - 49.48) %, saponification values of (231.4 - 450.20) KOH/g and relative densities of (0.97-1.008) g/ml. The results indicated that the moisture content ranged from (6.0 -7.4) % for all soaps, with the lowest (6.0%) observed in PKO, the highest (7.4%) observed in soaps made with PO and PKO:PFAD:TO:PO blends. The bulk density of the soaps ranged from (0.55 - 0.94) g/cm3. The PKO: PFAD soap had the highest foam stability of 7.4cm and PKO soap (2.08cm) the lowest. The soap produced with various oils and their blends showed a neutral pH in the range of 7.25 -7.38. The metallic salts NaCl, KCl and HgCl2 were soluble in the soap solution with no precipitate formed while MnCl2, PbCl3, and CuCl2 salts precipitated out of the soap solution. The surface tension of water was lowered at different rates by the soaps. The black soap produced with the oils and their blends met the standard quality specification for commercial soaps within the geographical area of manufacture.
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T.Manjula*, T. Manjula*, L. Dhanush Adhithiyan, M. Krishnamoorthy M. Krishnamoorthy, C. Navayugan C.Navayugan, and R. Padhmanathan R.Padhmanathan. "XXX." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 09, no. 05 (May 2024): 305–10. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-0905305310.
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Herbal soap is a natural soap to conventional soap that is Often made using herbs and plant-based ingredients. The use of herbal soap provides various benefits, such as healing the skin, provide natural fragrance, provide Smoothing; it is made using natural ingredients that do not harm The environment and is biodegradable numerous chemical toxins and microorganisms present in the atmosphere may cause chemical infection and damage to the skin cosmetics alone are not sufficient to take care of the skin. Herbal soap ingredients use neem, tulsi, and turmeric, neem leaf and seed were found effective against dermatophytes, turmeric shows anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties and tulsi shows anti viral activity. Herbal soap preparations are medicines or pharmaceuticals because they include antibacterial and antifungal agent.Herbal soaps are also effective in curing different skin problems. These soaps also contain glycerin, which is generally not used in marketable soaps.
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Putri, Ridona Zulyeni. "LATEST INNOVATION: ECO-FRIENDLY SOLID SOAP FROM COCONUT, PALM, AND OLIVE OILS." SEMESTA: Journal of Science Education and Teaching 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/semesta/vol6-iss2/209.
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Natural soaps made from vegetable ingredients are increasingly popular nowadays, especially those known as natural soaps. The vegetable oil content of plants makes it called natural) and its advantage lies in its ability to moisturize the skin without leaving potentially harmful chemical residues. The research method used is a laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis, so that it can provide information regarding the manufacture of solid soap. In this research on making solid soap, a pH test analysis or degree of acidity was carried out. pH is used to determine the alkaline and acidic levels of a solution. Acidity is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the water solvent. Soap that has a high pH occurs due to soap hydrolysis. A good soap pH value is soap that has a pH of around 7. Organoleptic testing on solid soap that has been made is carried out by observing the aroma, amount of foam and texture of the soap. This test aims to determine the quality of the soap that has been made. Making organic solid soap is expected to be able to produce products that are safe and of course comfortable for the skin without any side effects and are environmentally friendly. Soap that has a high pH occurs due to soap hydrolysis.
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Zhang, Jiaodi, Ana K. Pitol, Safari Kinung’hi, Teckla Angelo, Aidan M. Emery, Adam Cieplinski, Michael R. Templeton, and Laura Braun. "The lethal effect of soap on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in water." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 18, no. 7 (July 29, 2024): e0012372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0012372.
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Background Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease which is spread through skin contact with water containing Schistosoma cercariae. Drug treatment has been the main control method, but it does not prevent reinfection. The use of soap can be a complementary measure to reduce transmission. Therefore, this study investigates the quantitative effect of different soaps on the mortality of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Methodology Four soaps including two powder soaps (Kleesoft and Omo) and two bar soaps (B29 and Rungu) which are used in a schistosomiasis-endemic Tanzanian village were studied. S. mansoni cercariae were exposed to powder soaps of 0 (control), 10, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mg/L and to bar soaps of 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1000 mg/L. The highest concentration of 1000 mg/L was selected based on the laboratory-estimated average soap concentration during handwashing. Cercariae were observed under a microscope after 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of exposure to determine their survival. Conclusions All four soaps can kill S. mansoni cercariae and this lethal effect was related to soap concentration and exposure time. At the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L, all cercariae were dead at 5 minutes post-exposure with two powder soaps and Rungu, while 100% cercarial death was achieved between 5 minutes to 15 minutes for B29. Almost all cercariae survived after being exposed to 10 mg/L powder soaps and 100 mg/L bar soaps for 60 minutes. Powder soaps were more lethal than bar soaps. Considering the widely varying concentrations of soap during real-world hygiene activities and the necessity for a very high soap concentration to eliminate all cercariae in a short 5-minute exposure, providing the efficacy of soap in preventing schistosomiasis becomes challenging. Future studies should investigate whether soap can influence alternative mechanisms such as creating a barrier to skin, thereby providing protection.
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Udoh, Anthony P., Aniekan U. Akpan, and Dominic J. Akpan. "Metal Ion Improved Properties of Burning Candle." European Journal of Advanced Chemistry Research 2, no. 4 (October 13, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejchem.2021.2.4.77.
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Irvingia gabonensis seed oil was extracted, characterized, and used in the production of metallic soaps of calcium, magnesium, and aluminium for application as hardeners for candle wax. The percentage free fatty acid (as oleic acid) is 2.76, the acid value is 5.50, unsaponifiable matter is 0.12 and the viscosity is 205.70×102 Kgm-1S-1. The seed oil contains eight fatty acids; the most abundant being myristic acid with 54.39% followed by lauric acid with 36.83%. The percentage saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are 93.19%, 6.27% and 0.54%, respectively. The free fatty acid content of the soaps is in the order aluminium soap > magnesium soap > calcium soap. The metallic content of the soaps revealed that aluminium soap has the highest metallic content of 8.10% while that of calcium and magnesium soaps have 0.03% and 0.02% metallic contents, respectively. The melting points of the soaps prepared also followed a similar pattern. The aluminium soap exhibited mild acidic nature while calcium and magnesium soaps were basic. Although the lumens of the metallic soap candles were similar to that of local commercial candles which served as control, the candles had higher melting points and reduced burning rate. It is concluded from these that the metallic soaps make the candles harder and, longer lasting during burning and of greater value to the common user. Production of candles with metallic soaps as additives is highly advocated.
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Jithendran, R. "Formulation and Evolution of Polyherbal Soap: A Review Article." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 547–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33746.
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Abstract: The polyherbal soap are the one which contains nature herbal ingredients. Many herbal plants and products combines to from polyherbal product. These soaps arise to avoid the synthetic soap. This herbal soap reduces the side effect effects and gives good results to the human. Now a days herbal soap plays major role in the society. It avoids the pathogen infection caused by the environment. Keywords: polyherbal soap, formulation, Antimicrobial
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Uduma, Uduma A., Gowon A. Jacob, Abubakar Hussaini, Sani Suleiman, and Maria B. Uduma. "Formulation and Characterization of Black Medicated Soap using Waste Agricultural Products with Blended Oils." Journal of Science Research and Reviews 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2025): 53–62. https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2025.v2i2.66.
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The saponification technique, which involves reacting triglyceride-containing oil/fat with caustic soda (NaOH) are used to formulate soaps. However, the fatty acid makeup of various oils varies, which accounts for the various qualities of the soaps made from them. The X-ray fluorescence examination performed on the agricultural wastes ashes revealed the existence of potassium oxide (K2O) and sodium oxide (Na2O) as the primary components in the ashes. The plantain peel, cocoa pod, and palm tree bunch ashes were also analyzed using a flame photometer, and the results showed that the K: Na ratio was 2:1. KOH and NaOH were combined in a 2:1 ratio to serve as the real lye utilized in the saponification of the blended oils. The sequence of PKO >HPO >BTO were determined by analyzing the oils for saponification number (SN), iodine value (IV), unsaponifiable matter (UM), and acid value (AV). Nine distinct soap samples were formulated by blending three different oils in varying ratios. The combination of 150 cm3 of palm kernel oil, 90 cm3 of hump oil, and 60 cm3 of beef tallow oil was shown to be the best formulation. This oil blend was discovered to have an iodine number of 77.96±0.72 and a saponification number of 249.57±0.78, both of which are greater than the individual values. As a result, soap made with a combination of these oils has superior qualities than soap made from individual oils. Based on SON indices for evaluating soap quality, the evaluation of the formulated soaps revealed that the soap's quality was in the following order: soap made from plantain peel extract was superior to soap made from cocoa pod extract, and soap made from cocoa pod extract was superior to soap made from palm tree bunch extract. Given that both the control and soap solution's, antimicrobial activity rises with concentration, the antimicrobial screening results of the soaps were largely good. Agricultural waste of plantain peel, cocoa pod, and palm tree bunch ashes, can be used to make good, biodegradable, and ecologically friendly organic soaps. For the first time in the history of soap technology globally, hump fat blend was used to formulate excellent organic medicated soap
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Kunatsa, Yvonne, and David R. Katerere. "Checklist of African Soapy Saponin—Rich Plants for Possible Use in Communities’ Response to Global Pandemics." Plants 10, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050842.
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Plants that exhibit foaming properties when agitated in aqueous solutions are commonly referred to as soapy plants, and they are used in different communities for washing, bathing, and hair shampooing. The frothing ability of these plants is attributed to saponins which are also well-documented to possess antimicrobial attributes. In the light of COVID-19, soap and hand hygiene have taken center stage. The pandemic has also revealed the low access to running water and commercial soaps in many marginalized and poor communities to the detriment of global health. Thus, soapy plants, either in their natural form or through incorporation in commercial products, may be a relevant additional weapon to assist communities to improve hand hygiene and contribute to curbing COVID-19 and other communicable infections. This review paper was compiled from a review of literature that was published between 1980 and 2020. We found 68 plant species, including those which are already used as traditional soaps. Our findings support the potential use of extracts from soapy plants because of their putative viricidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal activities for use in crude home-based formulations and possibly for developing natural commercial soap products.
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Shehu, Aliyu, Oluwole Joshua Okunola, and Uduma A. Uduma. "DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NANO-ENHANCED SOAP WITH ENHANCED PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES." FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES 9, no. 1 (January 31, 2025): 196–204. https://doi.org/10.33003/fjs-2025-0901-3029.
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The development of nano-enhanced soap offers a groundbreaking approach to enhancing the physicochemical and antimicrobial attributes of conventional soaps. This study compared the prepared soap with two commercially available soaps, examining parameters such as physicochemical properties, antimicrobial efficacy, and minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations. The physicochemical analysis indicated that the prepared soap met regulatory standards for pH, solubility, hardness, and total fatty matter (TFM), confirming its suitability for human use. Specifically, the produced soap exhibited the following properties: pH = 6.30±0.02, Hardness = 1.3±0.02 cm, Foamability = 6.9±0.02 cm, Solubility = 80±0.02 s, and Total Fatty Matter (TFM) = 55±2%. Despite slightly reduced foamability due to the absence of foam enhancers, the prepared soap retained effective cleaning capabilities. Antimicrobial testing using the disc diffusion method demonstrated the soap's broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal species, with efficacy increasing in a concentration-dependent manner. Unlike the two commercially available soaps used for comparison, which each exhibited high activity against specific pathogens, the prepared soap consistently inhibited all tested pathogens. This broad-spectrum activity highlights the superior antimicrobial properties of the prepared soap. It exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/L and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 100 mg/L for all pathogens, outperforming the commercially available soaps. Overall, the prepared soap demonstrated enhanced physicochemical characteristics and balanced antimicrobial efficacy, positioning it as a versatile hygiene product capable of addressing a wide range of microbial infections. Its wide-spectrum activity against all pathogens and superior physicochemical properties underscore...
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Koomson, John, Bennetta Koomson, Benjamin Asare, and Richard Ofori. "Studies on the use of locally manufactured soaps as alternative collectors for the flotation of iron ores." Journal of the Ghana Institution of Engineering (JGhIE) 24, no. 3 (December 5, 2024): 36–40. https://doi.org/10.56049/jghie.v24i3.190.
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Industrially approved collectors are known to be expensive in the mining sector, which raises production costs. This research shows how three locally manufactured soaps can be used as an alternative for collectors in the flotation process. The chemical composition of the iron oxide sample was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The soaps were graded according to total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, and lather volume to demonstrate their quality. The iron oxides, which made up 67 % of the total weight, were floated with naphthalene as a frother and locally manufactured soaps, namely Key soap, Alata soap, and Azumah Blow soap, at a collector dosage of 0.6 ml, 1 ml, and 1.4 ml. This was done to establish which soap is the most efficient collector and the dosage that results in the best recovery. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used to determine the iron content that reported in the feed, concentrates and tailings. Optimum collector dosage was 1 ml, with Alata soap generating the highest recovery of 70.5 %, which compares well with conventional collectors used in iron oxide flotation. The studies also revealed that the total fatty matter, free caustic alkali, and lather volume of locally made soaps have a positive influence on the flotation of iron oxide. However, only Key soap met all the specifications for soaps by the Ghana Standards Authority.
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Akash, Gaikwad* Aniket Gudur Rini Punathil Sanket Dharashivkar. "Herbal Soaps: A Natural Alternative for Skin Care." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 2 (February 18, 2025): 1505–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14886844.
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Chemicals that might damage skin are included in the majority of commercial soaps and detergents. An excellent substitute is to use natural herbal soap and detergents. They promote relaxation and stress relief. The creation of an herbal soap using plant extracts is urgently needed because chemical-based soaps contain harsh chemicals that can harm skin. Certain plants are suitable for use in any herbal soap due to their recognized antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-scar, anti-spot, anti-acne, and anti-wrinkle effects. Using neem, tulsi, green moong dal, coffee, green tea, sugar, cocoa powder, and other primary components, five distinct soap compositions were created for the current study based on the various skin types. Color, odor, texture, pH, moisture content, foam formation and form retention capability, antibacterial activity, skin irritation, and other assessment criteria were assessed for the manufactured soap compositions. The soap produced the best results and was deemed safe for eating when the results were compared to the standard.
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M., Swetha, Abutaher Muskaan, Naman, Suman Choudhary D., and Rama Rao T. "A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Soap for Anti-Acne Activity." International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2024): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11298298.
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Natural fatty acids react with sodium or potassium ions to produce soap, a common cleaning solution. Water has a cleansing effect because it bonds to the carboxylic group, while the negative ions in the hydrocarbon chain draw oil and grease. Diverse kinds of soaps are available to meet diverse demands. These include synthetic soaps created through chemical processes and natural soaps prepared from just natural materials. There are also Syndet bars, which contain a mixture of synthetic detergents. To guarantee proper use, it is important to recognize these differences. For example, dish soap should be used for dishes rather than for personal hygiene. Furthermore, soap is available in a variety of forms, including laundry soap that is liquid, powder, or gel; toilet soap that is rated according to Total Fatty Matter (TFM); and beauty soaps that are tailored to particular skin types. Medicated soaps include antimicrobial and antifungal qualities that are beneficial for treating a variety of skin issues. Novelty soaps distinctive forms and patterns make bathing more enjoyable. Transparent soaps with a high glycerin content offer mild cleaning. They are frequently glycerin-based. Generally composed of natural ingredients, handmade soaps provide a safer option than commercial goods. Polyherbal soaps combine plants and herbs to offer medicinal advantages, promoting skin health through their restorative qualities. Physical characteristics like as clarity and odor, pH levels, cleaning effectiveness, amount of moisture, and saponification values are among the physical factors that evaluation tests check for quality and efficacy. Clinical metrics such as the number of acne lesions and assessments of sebum production are evaluated in conjunction with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Knowing these features of soap makes it easier to choose the best choice for your needs, whether they are therapeutic, skincare, or personal hygiene-related.
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Ladigbolu, Tope Adejoju, and Bamidele Rasak Olajide. "Farmers’ proclivity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information in Southwest Nigeria." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ats-2018-0018.
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Abstract Given the soap opera’s potential to engender behaviour learning and meet the information needs of farmers, this paper sought to establish farmers’ propensity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information in Southwest Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to draw representative samples (150 farmers) in this study. Using interview schedule, data were elicited on farmers’ personal characteristics, awareness about the use of soap opera, perceived benefits of soap opera and proclivity to use it for sourcing agricultural information. Data were analysed using descriptive (frequencies, percentages, means) and inferential (Chi-square and PPMC) statistics at P = 0.05. Farmers’ age, years of schooling and household size were 52.1 ± 11.4 years, 10.5 ± 4.6 years and 5.9 ± 2.4 persons, respectively. Majority of the farmers (86.0%) had heard about soap opera and 76.0% heard of different soaps in the last couple of years and more than half (53.3%) had heard of different soaps from both radio and television. However, 90.7% did not know any kind of soap opera that was used to promote agriculture. More than half of the farmers (56.7%) had high inclination for sourcing agricultural information using soap opera. There was a significant correlation between farmers’ perceived benefits (r = 0.36; P = 0.00) and proclivity to use soap opera for sourcing agricultural information. Farmers’ positive proclivity to use soap implies that soap opera strategy has potentials to benefit farmers as a source of agricultural information; therefore, soap opera should be considered as veritable avenue for agricultural information dissemination in Southwest Nigeria.
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Najem, Ashwaq H. "Sensitivity of some types of Gr+ and Gr- bacteria to some types of commercial soaps." Al-Kitab Journal for Pure Sciences 8, no. 01 (January 13, 2024): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/kjps.08.01.p2.
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The use of soap is one of the most important means of ionic cleansing and getting rid of some types of bacteria that may be harmful and present on the skin, especially after using the toilet, as part of them may remain on the surface of the skin, causing some pathological injuries, and the ability of soap to remove or eliminate these germs varies according to the soap type and the period of its use in washing, the study aimed to determine the ability of some types of liquid soap to eliminate different types of Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The plate method was used to find out the sensitivity of each of the types of bacteria(Klebsiella, E.coli Staph aureus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus,) towards types of liquid soaps produced by international companies, including Bivy, Dettol, ActiveX, Lifebuoy, Oud, using the tablet method, and it was determined The minimum inhibitory concentration for each type of liquid soap (depending on the bacterial species used). Klebsiella E.coli showed high sensitivity to Dettol soap, while Pseudomonas and Staph aureus bacteria showed high sensitivity to Bivy soap. Streptococcus bacteria appeared to be highly sensitive to Lifebuoy soap, and the sensitivity of bacterial species to the rest of the soaps varied between medium and weak.
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Adeyemi, Adewale Fatai. "Evaluation of Sodium and Potassium Soaps Prepared from Beeswax: Adding Value to Material." International Journal of Chemistry and Materials Research 10, no. 1 (July 26, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/64.v10i1.3076.
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This study investigated the potential of producing quality soaps from beeswax with a view to widening its applications and providing alternative to the high demanding fats and oils. Its potassium and sodium soaps were prepared by hot method and their properties examined. The FTIR spectroscopy indicated carboxylate band at 1560.46 cm−1 for both soaps, which is, however, absent in the original beeswax, showing that metal ions associated with the COO− ions in monodendate structures. The soaps have good qualities with respect to pH, foam ability, longevity, hardness, free alkali and total fatty matter, with the potassium soap having higher qualities. The foam ability and stability of the potassium soap were comparable to those of some commercial toilet and laundry soaps. The sodium soap, however, has better lubricating properties due to its unstable foam and low water solubility. Both prepared soaps showed lower antibacterial activity than tested antiseptic soaps but displayed almost the same activity with those of tested toilet soaps. The results showed that beeswax has the potential to serve as a good alternative to the conventional fats and oils in soap industry.
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Delinska, Nikolaya, Mariyana Perifanova-Nemska, Ivanka Petrova, Vanya Gandova, and Gabor Zsivanovits. "Physical and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained using red hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.)." BIO Web of Conferences 122 (2024): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201011.
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Sensory profile of cosmetic products, including soaps, is essential to consumer perception. Therefore, soap manufacturers, using new and alternative raw materials, strive to improve the appearance of soaps, their consistency, their ability to foam, the feeling of cleanliness, the feeling on the skin after use, etc. The aim of this research is to determine the quality and sensory characteristics of soaps obtained with hot pepper seeds oil (Capsicum annuum L.) – an alternative raw material from waste plant products. Four different soap variations were crafted, employing diverse combinations of palm oil, coconut oil, and hot pepper seed oil in their formulations. Certain quality attributes of the soaps were assessed, including hardness, stickiness, and surface tension. Also, the sensory evaluation was made. The conclusions drawn from the study align with the findings obtained through physicochemical and chemical analyses of the soap samples. The results affirm the potential of hot pepper seed oil for cold process soap production, albeit within a restricted range to 10 %.
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Shashank, Tiwari1 Sadhana Singh*2 Amisha Kumari3 Abhay Rajvanshi4 Vandana Sharma4. "Formulation And Evaluation Of Ficus Religiosa Herbal Soap." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (September 8, 2024): 374–85. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13731677.
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The majority of commercial soaps contain chemicals and synthetic components that can be unpleasant or harmful to the skin. Human skin requires specialized therapy for healing, enhanced skin tone, and the look of radiant health.Another potential approach is to use natural herbal soaps. Our study's objective was to create herbal hygienic soap using an antibacterial ingredient and the cold process technology. Herbal soap was prepared using Shikekai, Lemon oil, neem, Ethanol, Glycerin, Steric acid, Soft Paraffin, Ficus religiosa (Active ingredient),and NaOH (lye) and different extracts were included into basic saponification reaction. The herbal formulation was prepared and evaluated for the analysis of pH, moisture content, foaming index, foam retention time, saponification, soluble matter, antimicrobial testing using different concentration of soap solution comparing with standard. The herbal soap has satisfactory antimicrobial results as compared to antibiotic. Moreover, oils used are added to treat various skin infection and for daily usage. Most of the commercial soaps contain chemicals that can be harmful to the skin and using a natural herbal soap can be a good alternative. Herbal soaps are made using natural herbs and ingredients that are healthier and beneficial for the skin and are less likely to cause any damaging effect. Some of the natural soap manufacturers also use aroma therapy and herbal treatments to offer the best skin treatment solution for your skin. Made of rare herbs and 100% natural ingredients, herbal soaps have found to be highly beneficial for the skin. It is generally known that soap is produced by the saponification of a triglyceride (fat or oil). In the process the triglyceride is reacted with a strong alkali such as; potassium or sodium hydroxide to produce glycerol and fatty acids salt.
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L.E, Yahaya, Adeji O., Igbinadolor R.O, Okunade A.F, Akinola C.O, Odeyemi E.F, and Paul A.M. "Antiseptic Properties of Cocoa Pod Husk Herbal Soap." Asian Journal of Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (April 10, 2025): 152–61. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajocs/2025/v15i2366.
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The antiseptic properties of two soaps prepared with the leaves of Azadirachta indica (NEM) and Moringa oleifera (MRG) were evaluated. The study employed Inhibitory activity sensitivity test using Agar-well Diffusion Method to test the antimicrobial activities of the soap samples on four bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeuroginosa) and two fungi (Trichophyton spp. and Candida albicans) and minimum Inhibitory concentration (MIC) obtained using regression analysis. The physical properties of the prepared soap including hardness, foamability and pH were evaluated and results were in consonant with the standard. The soap samples, MRG and NEM exhibited higher antiseptic properties against the bacteria and fungi tested. Regression analysis showed that Moringa soap exhibited lower MIC against E. coli (0.00077 mg/mL) and C. albicans (0.0851 mg/mL), Neem soap showed higher antifungal activity against T. rubrum (0.00000099 mg/mL) and B. subtilis while both soaps exhibited poor efficacy against P. aeruginosa. The contact time of the soap samples on the test organisms was not a determining factor in the inhibitory behavior of the samples. The ability of these soaps to inhibit pathogens at low concentrations highlights their potential as natural alternatives to synthetic antiseptics which will warrant the assessment of their synergistic effect, long-term stability and efficacy.
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I. U., Nwankwo, Edwards K. C., Itaman V. O., Udensi C. G., and Unah O. G. "Antibacterial Activities of Medicated and Antiseptic Soaps on Staphylococcus Aureus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Wound Infection." Academic Journal of Life Sciences, no. 83 (December 29, 2022): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/ajls.83.39.45.
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Soaps and other cleaning chemicals have been widely utilized for various cleaning purposes for a long time. As the skin is the first line of defense, most bacteria like Pseudomonas aureginosa and Staphylococcus aureus reside and are the primary cause of skin infections.The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial effects of medicated soap (tetmosol) and antiseptic soap (premier cool) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from wound samples. The antibacterial activity of medicated and antiseptic soapswas investigated against test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well and disk diffusion methods. After serial dilution, different concentrations of the various soap samples in the range of 200 mg/ml to 62.5 mg/ml were prepared (using sterile distilled water). The result of this study showed that the antiseptic soap “Premier cool” was found to be most effective against all the bacteria strains tested. The antiseptic soap had the highest zone of inhibition (19.00 ± 1.42 mm) against Staphylococcus aureus and 15.00 ± 0.34 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the highest dilution used (200mg/ml). The medicated soap “Tetmosol” exhibited a minimal antibacterial activity against the isolates with a zone of inhibitions of 16.00 ± 0.48 mm 14.00 ± 1.41 mm for Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that antiseptic soap (Premier cool) had better MIC and MBC of 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml, respectively, on Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml, respectively. Medicated soap (Tetmosol) had a higher MIC of 25 mg/ml and MBC of 50 mg/ml for Staphylococcus aureus. For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the MIC and MBC were 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml. The present work has shown that Staphylococcus aureusand Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to assayed medicated (Tetmosol) and antiseptic (Premier cool) soaps. This study proved that all the soaps samples had antibacterial activity against all the tested bacterial strains. Still, Premier cool soap is the most effective soap against all the given bacteria and should be the first choice for daily use. It is recommended that further studies should be done on antimicrobial resistance, both phenotypic and genotypic, concerning prolonged use of medicated and antiseptic soaps.
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Morgan, Frank. "Soap Bubbles and Soap Films." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 607, no. 1 Mathematical (November 1990): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb22749.x.
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Kabara, Jon J. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054017.
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Sukawaty, Yullia, and Husnul Warnida. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN HANDMADE SOAP METODE DINGIN PADA ANGGOTA PKK GUNUNG KELUA KOTA SAMARINDA." Jurnal Abdi Masyarakat Kita 1, no. 1 (January 23, 2021): 54–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33759/asta.v1i1.123.
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We are using soap to remove dirt and bacteria in the skin. Traditionally, soap is made from vegetable oils and lye with simple home tools like pan and stove. Materials for handmade soap is not expensive and easily available, but it gives us a luxury bath. The reaction between fatty acid and lye in soap produces glycerin, a good humectant, to keep our skin supple and moist. Commercial soap manufacturer make it a practice to remove the glycerin that is produces during the saponification process. Hence, handmade soap does not dried out skin, like the commercial soap product. This activity aimed to (1) sharing information about PKK community in Gunung Kelua RT.37, and (2) to teach the community how to make a handmade soap with cheap materials that easily available. This activity used dialog method to discuss the benefit of soaps, soap materials, and sop-making practice. The practice of making soap is demonstrated in front of audience, and many audiences had a hand in practice. This activity then evaluated. The result is all audience has understood how to make soap and were able to practice soap-making.
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Gautam, Madhab, and Prajwal Acharya. "Physico-Chemical Parameterization of some Commercially Available Toilets and Laundry Soaps in Tansen, Palpa." Tribhuvan Journal 2, no. 1 (November 30, 2023): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tribj.v2i1.60219.
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Nepalese market has witnessed an impressive upsurge in the production and consumption of a variety of soaps in recent times since 2022 after covid pandemic. The physicochemical parameterization determines the quality, competency and cleaning properties of soap so that we urge sagacious use of these soaps to keep skin healthy. Due to scant knowledge about the quality of soaps, there is need to assess them. Ten parameters namely foam height, surface tension, pH, moisture content, conductance, total fatty matter, total alkali, free caustic alkali and chloride content of commercially available toilet (Dettol, Lifebuoy, Liril, Lux, No.1, Haldi Kanti, Neem Kanti and Neem Chiuri) and laundry soap (Aaha, Darshan, Dhoni and Xpert) samples collected from local market of Tansen were determined using different standard documented method of analysis. The physicochemical parameters examined in collected different soap samples are found as; foam height (20-120) ml, surface tension (38.857-67.192) dynes/cm, pH (6.67-10.54), moisture content (6.68-34.40) %, conductance (115-327) µs/cm, Total Fatty Matter or T.F.M. (42-85.10) %, total alkali (0.31-1.178) %, free caustic alkali (0.54-0.91) % and chloride content (0.1-0.69) %, indicating most of examined parameters for soap were in standard limit as quality criteria set by Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 286: 1978 except that of free caustic alkali content in laundry soaps. This study has recommended public to use toilet soap for bathing purpose as it removes dirt more and laundry soap are found to have good cleansing action for clothes.
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Antonić, Bojan, Dani Dordević, Simona Jančíková, Bohuslava Tremlova, and Ivan Kushkevych. "Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils." Processes 8, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101219.
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The study aimed to describe the utilization of waste frying oils, originated mainly from households, in home-made soap production and to emphasize the advantages of soap biodegradation in comparison to biological treatment of oils. The physicochemical analyses of soaps were used to check the differences between the samples made of fresh and fried oils. Significant (p < 0.05) difference between the soaps made of fresh/fried olive oil pair was obtained, while the rapeseed sample pair did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde (MDA) exhibited notable differences with an increase from 1.94 μg/g to 2.33 μg/g for olive oil fresh/fried pair and from 3.43 μg/g to 4.10 μg/g for rapeseed–palm oil fresh/fried pair. The studies addressing the soap biodegradation process revealed that soaps are degrading up to four times faster than oils in waste processing plants. Literature data showed the syntrophic ways of soap degradation and degradation solely done by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Obtained results, same as literature data, indicated that soaps produced from fried plant oils represent acceptable products from the economic and environmental point of view. Soap production can be considered one of the possible ways toward reduction of waste oil disposal.
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Kabir, Fatima Mohammad, A. U. Uduma, and Maria B. Uduma. "An Overview of the Chemistry and Utilization of Detergents, both Soap and Non-Soap." Journal of Science Research and Reviews 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2024): 72–80. https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2024.v1i2.62.
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This analysis explores the fundamental contrasts between detergent soaps and non-soap detergents, concentrating on their chemical makeup, cleaning methods, environmental impact, and applicability for diverse uses. Traditional soaps are made from natural fats and oils, which results in a biodegradable cleaning agent. Non-soap detergents, on the other hand, are made synthetically and frequently have better cleaning capabilities, but their limited biodegradability may cause environmental issues. In order to determine the best option depending on particular cleaning requirements, this study examines the trade-offs between these two cleaning chemicals, taking into account variables including water hardness, skin sensitivity, and sustainability consequences. According to this overview, the dynamic development, formulation, and use of soaps and soapless detergents are primarily driven by chemistry and chemical principles. The aim of this study therefore, is to conduct extensive survey on the chemistry and utilization of detergents, both soap and non-soap.
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Bashirat Abdulsalam, Dauda Hassan Lamuntani, and Mohammed Momodu Lawal. "Effect of Oil Type in Soap Production with Its Implication on Quality and Cost of Production." International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology 11, no. 4 (July 25, 2024): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/ijsrst24114114.
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The study examined the effect of oil - type in soap production. An attempt was made to identify the oil-type that is suitable and applicable in quality soap production. Three types of oil were used for soap production, namely, palm kernel oil, coconut oil and groundnut oil. The soap produced with each oil was subjected to test for lather formation, pH and texture test to determine their quality. Palm kernel oil and coconut oil soaps exhibit pH value of 9 each and groundnut oil soap exhibits pH value of 10. Palm kernel oil soap forms lather readily followed by coconut oil and lastly ground groundnut oil. Palm kernel oil produced the hardest soap followed by coconut oil and the least is groundnut oil. This shows that palm kernel and coconut oils produced a better quality soap in terms of lather formation. Their pH Value also show that their soap is less caustic and safe to use on both fabric and skin and their texture show that they last long for laundry which indicates their economic value.
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Sharma, Jyoti, Manjula Mehta, and Sonia Bhonchal Bharadwaj. "Contamination of ‘in-use’ bar soaps in dental clinics of University hospital." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 12 (November 24, 2021): 6061. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20214615.
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Hand carriage of bacteria is an important route of transmission of infection in health care settings. Hand washing continues to be the most effective mechanism of prevention of the spread of infection in hospitals. In this study the ‘in-use’ bar soaps in the dental hospital were sampled to look for the presence of microorganisms on their surfaces. All the soaps which were sampled yielded the growth of microorganisms on them. The isolated microorganisms are Bacillus, Micrococci, Staphylococci and gram-negative bacilli. Since the use of ‘in-use’ bar soaps function as reservoir of microorganisms so contact free soap dispensers, soap strips or liquid soap should be used in hospital settings to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
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Ningrum, Dini Kusuma, Andi Eko Wiyono, and Winda Amilia. "EVALUASI MUTU SABUN PADAT DENGAN PENAMBAHAN VARIASI EKSTRAK ETANOL TEMBAKAU (Nicotiana tabacum L.)." EnviroScienteae 17, no. 2 (September 18, 2021): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v17i2.11494.
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The extract of tobacco leaves can also be used as a natural addition in making a hard soap. Hard soap from tobacco extracts produced must comply with the quality requirements specified by Indonesian National Standard (abbreviated SNI-3532: 2016). The objective of this study is to evaluate the quality of solid soap preparations with the addition of variations in the ethanol extract of tobacco. The method used is a laboratory experimental method using descriptive analysis. The concentration of tobacco extract used was 0 g, 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 4.8 g. A testing parameter is used including water content, total fat, ethanol-insoluble, alkaline free, chloride content, and non-soapy fat as well. The result of study indicates that a hard soap containing of water content range between 13,45% to 14,37, total fat range between 65,88% to 66,63%, ethanol-insoluble range between 3,97% to 4,31%, alkaline free range between 0,056% to 0,0584%, chloride content range between 0,61% to 0,87% and non-soapy fat range between 0,3% to 0,36%. The results of the study for solid soap obtained is in accordance with Indonesian National Standards so that this kind of soap is safe for use by the public.
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Sari, Myra Wardati, Cengristitama Cengristitama, Pendi Riswandi, and Dian Puspitasari. "Workshop of bar soap making from waste cooking oil to the students guardian of learning class sabumi muslim homeschooling community in Sariwangi, West Bandung Regency." Jurnal Pemberdayaan: Publikasi Hasil Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/jpm.v6i1.4859.
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Community service in the form of a workshop on making solid soap from used cooking oil with the Sabumi Homeschooling Community aimed to utilize used cooking oil waste and reduce pollution caused by household waste, provide knowledge to the community about making solid soap, and open up entrepreneurial opportunities for the community. In general, the guardians of the Sabumi Homeschooling community and their students with raw materials derived from unused materials/daily household waste. The methods used the form trials of making soap from used cooking oil, counseling about waste cooking oil and making soap theoretically, demonstrations of making solid soap from used cooking oil raw materials, hands-on workshop on making solid soap from a mixture of palm oil and coconut oil raw materials, as well as assistance, reports, and consultations on solid soap printing results. This activity produces solid soap made from used cooking oil (pH 12), as well as solid soaps made from a mixture of palm oil and coconut oil. During the mentoring period, all participants were able to identify the process of curing solid soap, and 2 participants duplicated the process of making solid soap at home with their children
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Mohamoud Ali, Abdullahi, Abdolahi Mohamed Adawe, Said Rajab Abdullahi, and Mohamed Kassim Awow. "WHITENING AND COLOR IMPROVING IN TOILET SOAP MANUFACTURE WITH THE STUDY OF SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 01 (January 31, 2022): 945–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/14128.
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Soap is one of the most effectual cleaning agents in water. Soaps are prepared by the process of saponification reaction. Sodium and potassium salts soap is used for both laundry and antiseptic purposes. Toilet soap is the perfumery and cosmetic product and serves for personal hygiene, so it should have the broadest possible range of specific characteristics. This study was undertaking to address the raw material in soap and method of saponification and manufacturing usage. The study was also conducted some of the physical and chemical properties such as: (pH, Total dissolve solids (TDS), free alkali, saponification valueof toilet soaps). The study revealed that soapbleaching is usually done to improve color, remove impurities and improve taste. Sodium chloride and sodium silicate were used as bleaching chemicals as well as improving the color the toilet soapmanufacture.
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Sutrisno, Sutrisno, Siti Marfu'ah, Husni Wahyu Wijaya, and Tri Prasetia Mena. "Metal soaps of virgin coconut oil: Synthesis, characterization, and its potential physicochemical sunscreen." Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 55, no. 1 (January 9, 2025): 143–52. https://doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2025.3456.
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Salts of fatty acids with metals other than sodium and potassium are known as metal soaps. Triglyceride oil is an excellent source of fatty acids. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a source of fatty acids, with the main content being lauric acid. This study aimed to synthesize zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and calcium soaps from VCO and test their activity as sunscreens. Metal soaps were synthesized from VCO by a double decomposition reaction through sodium-VCO (Na-VCO) soap followed by trans-saponification of Na-VCO soap with chloride salts of zinc, aluminum, magnesium, and calcium giving Zn-VCO, Al-VCO, Mg-VCO, and Ca-VCO, respectively. Changing the sodium with Zn, Al, Mg, and Ca lowers the melting point, particularly Za-VCO soap, melting in the 101–126 °C range. Trans-esterification of Na-soap with those metal ions gave a high yield of up to 88.0 %, which supported the similar FTIR spectra for all metal-VCO soap except the peak shifting in 1750–1250 cm-1 as COO- stretching vibration. The SPF values of soaps of Na-VCO, Zn-VCO, Al-VCO, Mg-VCO, and Ca-VCO are 0.43, 13.77, 3.66, 11.27, and 19.41, respectively. Metal soaps (Zn-VCO, Al-VCO, Mg-VCO, and Ca-VCO) have the potential to act as sunscreen, and Na-VCO is not potential as sunscreen. Sunscreen activity of Ca-VCO > Zn-VCO > Mg-VCO > Al-VCO.
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Uduma, Uduma A., Simeon Terkuma Orverem, and Maria B. Uduma. "Production and Analysis of Laundry Soaps from Blended Oils." Journal of Science Research and Reviews 2, no. 2 (April 15, 2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.70882/josrar.2025.v2i2.63.
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Stearic acids or any other fatty acids' sodium or potassium salts are what soaps are. The saponification method, which involves reacting triglyceride-containing oil with caustic soda (NaOH) to produce soap, is how they are made. However, the fatty acid makeup of various oils varies, which accounts for the various qualities of the soaps that are created from them. The aim of this study is to produce and analyze laundry soaps made from blended oils. Four different kinds of oils were used in this study. Four distinct soap samples were created by blending them in varying proportions. To determine which soap was the best, all soap samples were compared for their cleansing and lathering qualities, and the blend of palm kernel oil, palm stearin, beef tallow, and cotton seed oil at 3:1:3:3 ratio was determined to be the best with 76.4% total fatty matter (TFM) and 98.30% yield. The blends were examined for a variety of properties and compared with those found in the literature. The saponification and iodine values of the individual oils were also examined, and the results showed that soap made with the four oils in the 3:1:3:3:3 ratio had superior qualities to soaps made with other blends, was most cost-effective and ideal for laundry. Various characteristics of these samples were examined.
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Nugrahini, Febrina, Nining Sugihartini, and Laela Hayu Nurani. "Pengaruh Jenis Minyak Terhadap Sifat Fisik Sabun Mandi Cair." Jurnal Surya Medika 6, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/jsm.v6i1.1614.
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Soap is obtained from the saponification reaction that occurs between oil and alkaline solution. Various kinds of oils used in soap making also affect the quality of soap. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of oil type on the physical properties of liquid bath soap. This research was divided into 3 groups, coconut oil group (A), VCO oil group (B), and olive oil group (C). Liquid bath soap obtained from each type of oil is tested based on SNI provisions including a soap quality test (oil characteristics test, organoleptic test, pH test, specific gravity, total plate count), viscosity test, and antioxidant test. Liquid bath soap of the three types of oil has the same shape, color, and odor. Coconut liquid soap, VCO, and olives respectively have a pH value of 6.64; 6.9; 6.52. (P = 0,000) Specific weight 1.0511; 1.0427; 1.0425. Viscosity 558cps; 686; 420. (p = 0.003) IC50 3547.36; 4523.46; 3542.02. (p = 0.035). Bath soaps that best meet SNI requirements are those made with olive oil.
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Ainiyah, Roisatul, Cahyaning Riniutami, and Muhannad Illayan Massadeh. "Inhibition of Carica Solid Soap to the Growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis Bacteria." E3S Web of Conferences 374 (2023): 00029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202337400029.
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Carica (Carica pubescens Lenne & K. Koch.) contains various nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, and active substances that can be used for skin care, and to bath soap products. The purpose of this research was to determine the inhibition of Carica soap to the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The method used in this study was agar diffusion. Samples in this research were 12 Carica soaps with different formulation, and a control using papaya soap that has been circulating on the market. The results of the study were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 5 %. The results showed that the significance value was 0.472 > 0.05 so there was no significant difference between the soap formulations on the inhibition zone of the S. epidermidis bacteria. The highest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 1 (1.38 cm), the lowest inhibitory zone is in soap with formula 7 (1.1 cm), while the papaya soap inhibition zone (positive control) is 1.7 cm. Suggestion from this research is to reformulate Carica soap to improve its quality.
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BETNA DEWI, BETNA. "Uji Standar Mutu Sabun padat transparan minyak atsiri sereh wangi ( Cymbopogon nardus L )." Jurnal Penelitian dan Kajian Ilmiah Kesehatan Politeknik Medica Farma Husada Mataram 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2021): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33651/jpkik.v7i2.242.
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Transparent solid soap is a bar-shaped soap with a transparent appearance, resulting in a softer foam on the skin and appearance is more shiny than other types of soap. Soap quality standards are needed to determine the quality of soap. This research aims to find out the quality standards of soap formula whether it meets SNI standards. Quality standard tests from the study were taken from transparent soap formulations using the active substances of fragrant lemongrass essential oil on a VCO basis made by the watering method (Fx). Evaluation of the quality standards of transparent solid soaps of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a free alkaline test, pH test, water content test using a comparison soap containing essential oils circulating in the market (Fy). Quality standard test results on the Fx and Fy formulas are on the verge of pH 9-11 meeting SNI standards. While the results of fx and Fy formula testing on water content testing > 15% and alkali free > 0.1% so it does not meet SNI standards. So the transparent solid soap formula of fragrant lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus L) has not met the required SNI standards.
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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308809.3308829.
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Boisse, I., X. Bonfils, and N. C. Santos. "SOAP." Astronomy & Astrophysics 545 (September 2012): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219115.
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Rossel, Sven H., and Bent Albrechtsen. "Soap." World Literature Today 67, no. 1 (1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40148957.
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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3292040.3219632.
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JACOBS, MADELEINE. "Soap." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 4 (January 22, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n004.p005.
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Scully, Ziv, Mor Harchol-Balter, and Alan Scheller-Wolf. "SOAP." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 2, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3179419.
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McMillan, Sally J. "SOAP BOX OR BOX OF SOAP." Information, Communication & Society 13, no. 6 (September 2010): 820–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13691180903362470.
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Heinze, John E. "Bar Soap and Liquid Soap-Reply." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 253, no. 11 (March 15, 1985): 1561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1985.03350350054018.
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Indirani, C., K. Meenambika, D. Indhumathy, and V. S. Kavinkumar. "Preparation of soap using a steam extraction process from leaves of Azadirachta indica, Ocimum basilicum, Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis Flowers, Acalypha indica, and Aloe barbadensis Leaflets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1057, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1057/1/012007.
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Abstract Soaps are used widely by humans in many aspects. Exclusively, the emergence of the SARS-Cov-2 virus made people wash their hands frequently to disinfect the virus to prevent virus infection. Soaps made of herbals possess constituents that goodness the skin as well to rejuvenate the mind and body factors. Dried leaves of Basil, Neem and Acalypha Indica, Aloe vera, and Hibiscus flower are used here to prepare homemade soap. The steam distillation process is an imperative process by which the oils are used from raw materials like dried leaves for the preparation of soaps. Extracts obtained from the herbal plants are used as additives in the preparation of soap that would be added besides the lye and other constituents. Lye preferred here is Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and the cast shapes utilized here in determining the soap shape are Elliptic and Rectangle. pH value, the total fatty matter is determined using respective methodologies, and the materials used in the preparation of soap are estimated using the accessible software called SoapCalc Recipe Calculator. Soaps made using the mentioned ingredients are safe and robust for cleaning the skin and hands.
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Sukeksi, Lilis, Ari Destriadi, and Kevin Nicholas. "Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sebagai Bahan Antioksidan." Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU 13, no. 2 (September 28, 2024): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jtk.v13i2.10283.
Full textAbstract:
Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a fruit native from tropical area that has antioxidant activity. This study aims to produce transparent soap with pedada fruit antioxidant enhancing agents and the observation of transparent soap quality in accordance with SNI 03-3532-1994 and antioxidant activity of transparent soap. Research began with pre-treatment process, namely extraction of mangrove apple enhancing agent by maceration and infundation method using methanol and water solvent. The obtained extracts were then added as variation of coconut oil soap production formula. The obtained soaps were then tested for free alkali rate, free fatty acid rate, moisture content, foam stability, pH and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the obtained soap shows that with the formulation by 0.5 g of methanol maceration extract of mangrove apple resulted in soap with IC50 antioxidant activity of 122.30 μg/mL.
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Ganchev, Donyo. "Biocidal Action of Sunflower Oil Based Soaps towards Bread Mould." Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Studies 3, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeas.2022.3.2.4.
Full textAbstract:
The antifungal action of soaps prepared from sunflower oil (pure and amended with various organic materials) was examined towards bread mould. The results show that at 2-2.5 % percent concentration, pure (without any amendment) sunflower oil-based soap can completely block the development of mould on bread, just like 70 % ethanol solution. Amendment of the soap with different organic materials like dry shells from Rapana venosa, dry mapple leaves, dry olive pits, and so on can cause differences in the action of the soap towards mould. The highest effectiveness was observed in the soaps enhanced with Rapana venosa dry shells and dry pumpkin seeds.