Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'SOC recovery'

Att ha möjlighet till återhämtning är viktigt för hälsan. I denna studie är det återhämtning från arbetet efter arbetstidens slut som står i fokus, det vill säga den som företrädesvis sker på fritiden. Med fritid avser jag i denna intervjustudie den tid vi inte ägnar åt lönearbete. Fritidsintressen, föreningsliv, olika engagemang är aktiviteter som konkurrerar om vår tid. Det kan ibland vara ren återhämtning men ibland åtaganden som ökar stressen. Om utrymmet för återhämtning är ringa eller inte existerar finns en ökad risk för bland annat stressrelaterade besvär. Faktorer som är avgörande för vår återhämtning och fritid finns på individnivå, i vårt arbete, i vår psykosociala miljö och på samhällsnivå. Dagens folkhälsopolitik fokuserar på bestämningsfaktorer vilket är "faktorer i samhällsorganisationen och människors livsvillkor och levnadsvanor som bidrar till hälsa eller ohälsa". Människor verkar inom olika ramar, har olika resurser och reagerar olika på stressorer vi ställs inför. Enligt Aaron Antonovskys så har individer olika motståndskraft, vissa förblir friska, klarar sig bra trots stora påfrestningar vilket hänger samman hur de hanterar sina motgångar och sin förmåga att göra tillvaron sammanhängande (KASAM, Känsla Av SAMmanhang).

Syftet har varit att undersöka hur (dubbel)arbetande kvinnor upplever och skapar sina återhämtningsmöjligheter på fritiden. Vidare för att belysa och skapa reflektion kring situationer som, kanske till stor del i det dolda kan ge ohälsosamma effekter. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av intervjuer i semistrukturerad form. Analysen visade att kvinnorna hade en medvetenhet om återhämtningens betydelse. Att kunna göra egna val och prioritera var viktigt för återhämtningen och gav dem en känsla av meningsfullhet och att de hade kontroll. Det som främst konkurrerade om utrymmet för återhämtning var arbetet och familjelivet, även om det sistnämnda också gav återhämtning. Det som upplevdes som återhämtande varierade och kunde vara allt från att vila till fysisk aktivitet.

To have a possibility to recover is important for a person's health. Here the focus is on the recovery from work after the working hours, in effect the one that generally happens at our time of leisure. With leisure I anticipate in this context the time that we don't spend working within payed labour. Leisure interests, association commitments, engagements and so forth are activities that compete for our time. It can sometimes be pure recovery but sometimes commitments that increase stress. If room for regeneration is poor or nonexistent there is an increased risk for among other things, stress related troubles. Factors that are decisive for how our recovery and our time of leisure will look, exists on an individual level, in our psychosocial and on a communal level. Today's public health politics focus on decision factors which are "factors in the organization of society and humans living concurrences and living habits that has an impact on good health or poor health". We have different frames to operate in, different resources and we meet and react differently to all kinds of stress factors. According to Aaron Antonovskys, individuals have different levels of resistance. Some remain healthy and manage themselves well, in spite of great demands which have to do with how we handle our obstacles and our ability to give our way of life continuity (SOC, sense of coherence).

 

The focus on this work is on the recovery and leisure of women, i.e the experience and management of the individual recovery abilities during the leisure time. The purpose with the assignment has been to clarify how (dual) working women experience and manage their recovery opportunities. This to illuminate and create reflection about life situations that maybe to large degree concealed can produce unhealthy outcomes.

In the following essay, I will present my fieldwork that I've conducted in Radhakund India. For three weeks I was living in a hindu monastery (eg. ashram) that primarily houses a group of swedes who have formerly suffered from substance-abuse and have gone through medical detoxification, rehabilitation and 12-step treatment. They have all eventually taken up the religious/spiritual practice that the monastery focuses on; meditative and ritual practice in the tradition of gaudiya-vaishnavism. The monastery, namned Bhajan Kutir Ashram, was formed by the psychologist and author Torbjörn Fjellström, who himself is a practitioneer of gaudiya-vaishnavism. Besides rituals and meditation, pilgrimage to Radhakund is part of the religious practice and tradition these people adhere to. My ambition has been to investigate if their religious/spiritual practice in this tradition has been helpful in their recovery. My conclusion is that they have recovered through the cognitive and emotive tools, analytically called Sense of Coherence (SOC) that are found both in the 12-step treatment and the gaudiya-vaishnava-tradition. While the 12-step treatment has helped the respondents to recover from substance-abuse, their religious/spiritual practice in the context of gaudiya-vaishnavism is seen as a natural continuation of the 12 steps and a deepening of its principles. Another theoretical conclusion drawn from the material is that the way the respondents describe recovery, is practically impossible to separate from their religious/spiritual practice and perspectives.

Les activitats industrials com són les industries papereres, farmacèutiques, minera, de processat d’aliments, etc. generen aigües residuals amb un alt contingut de sulfat. El sulfat com a tal no resulta altament perjudicial per a la salut, però si s’aboca en rius o sistemes de clavegueram, els microorganismes coneguts com bactèries reductores de sulfat (sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB) el poden transformar en sulfur d’hidrogen. El sulfur d’hidrogen és un compost que fa mala olor, és corrosiu i s’ha demostrat tòxic inclús a baixes concentracions. Per aquests motius el tractament d’efluents rics en sulfat és indispensable. A més a més, la recuperació de sofre elemental d’aquests efluents per poder ser reutilitzat com a fertilitzant o matèria primera a la indústria és una oportunitat de recuperació de recursos en el marc de l’economia circular. Els sistemes bioelectroquímics (bioelectrochemical systems, BES) són una tecnologia innovadora basada en l’habilitat d’alguns bacteris d’intercanviar electrons amb un elèctrode sòlid. Últimament, l’estudi dels BES s’ha focalitzat en el tractament d’aigües residuals i en la recuperació de productes gràcies a l’activitat dels microorganismes que colonitzen els elèctrodes. En aquesta tesi s’ha estudiat l’ús de BES per al tractament i recuperació de compostos de sofre, concretament, el tractament d’aquestes aigües residuals amb sulfat. El sistema permet la reducció de sulfat en un biocàtode mentre en l’ànode succeeix l’electròlisi d’aigua per generar el flux d’electrons necessari. Els microorganismes que colonitzen la superfície del càtode utilitzen l’hidrogen generat a partir dels electrons per transformar el sulfat en sulfur d’hidrogen. No obstant això, els resultats obtinguts han demostrat que gràcies a l’electròlisi de l’aigua que té lloc a l’ànode es produeix un flux d’oxigen cap al càtode que permet el creixement dels microorganismes capaços de produir sofre a partir del sulfur d’hidrogen, anomenats bacteris oxidants de sulfur (sulfide oxidising bacteria, SOB). Per tal de millorar l’eliminació de sulfat i la producció de sofre es va estudiar com el pH del compartiment del càtode i el potencial de càtode podien influir en el procés. Es va observar que el pH neutre (pH = 7) era més beneficiós ja que un pH àcid (pH = 5.5) podria inhibir l’activitat de les SRB i un pH bàsic (pH = 8.5) requeria de més energia per aconseguir resultats similars a causa de la limitació en la producció d’hidrogen a un pH elevat. En quant al potencial del càtode, es va poder observar que a menors potencials, major eliminació de sulfat, però a partir d’un potencial de -1.0 V vs. SHE, el sistema no podia augmentar la velocitat d’eliminació. A més a més, també s’ha estudiat el tractament d’aigua residual real procedent d’un sistema de dessulfuració de gasos de combustió. S’ha observat que amb l’aigua real l’eliminació de sulfat es reduïa, però en canvi la producció de sofre elemental augmentava. Finalment, com que el flux d’oxigen de l’ànode al càtode no es podia controlar amb els sistemes anteriors, s’han dissenyat dues noves configuracions per poder millorar la producció de sofre elemental. La primera ha consistit en l’addició d’una cel·la electroquímica per tal d’oxidar el sulfur d’hidrogen en l’ànode permetent el control del potencial i així poder-ne controlar la producció. La segona configuració ha consistit en l’addició d’una cel·la de combustible amb un càtode exposat a l’aire aprofitant la capacitat del sulfur d’hidrogen a ser oxidat en un ànode espontàniament i així produir energia en comptes de requerir-la en el procés d’oxidació.
Las actividades industriales tales como las industrias papeleras, farmacéuticas, minera, de procesado de alimentos, etc. generan aguas residuales con un alto contenido en sulfato. El sulfato como tal no resulta muy perjudicial para la salud, pero si se vierte en ríos o sistemas de alcantarillado, los microorganismos conocidos como bacterias reductoras de sulfato (sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB) lo pueden transformar en sulfuro de hidrógeno. El sulfuro de hidrógeno es un compuesto que huele mal, es corrosivo y se ha demostrado tóxico incluso a bajas concentraciones. Por estos motivos, el tratamiento de efluentes ricos en sulfato es indispensable. Además, la recuperación de azufre elemental de estos efluentes para poder ser reutilizado como fertilizante o materia prima en la industria es una oportunidad de recuperación de recursos en el marco de la economía circular. Los sistemas bioelectroquímicos (bioelectrochemical systems, BES) son una tecnología innovadora basada en la habilidad de algunas bacterias de intercambiar electrones con un electrodo sólido. Últimamente, el estudio de los BES se ha focalizado en el tratamiento de aguas residuales y en la recuperación de productos gracias a la actividad de los microorganismos que colonizan los electrodos. En esta tesis se ha estudiado el uso de BES para el tratamiento y recuperación de compuestos de azufre, concretamente, el tratamiento de estas aguas residuales con sulfato. El sistema permite la reducción de sulfato en un biocátodo mientras en el ánodo se produce la electrólisis del agua para generar el flujo de electrones necesario. Los microorganismos que colonizan la superficie del cátodo utilizan el hidrógeno generado a partir de los electrones para transformar el sulfato en sulfuro de hidrógeno. Sin embargo, los resultados obtenidos han demostrado que gracias a la electrólisis del agua que tiene lugar en el ánodo se produce un flujo de oxígeno hacia el cátodo que permite el crecimiento de microorganismos capaces de producir azufre a partir del sulfuro de hidrógeno, llamados bacterias oxidantes de sulfuro (sulfide oxidizing baceria, SOB). Para mejorar la eliminación de sulfato y la producción de azufre se estudió como el pH del compartimento del cátodo y el potencial de cátodo podían influir en el proceso. Se observó que el pH neutro (pH = 7) era más beneficioso ya que un pH ácido (pH = 5.5) podría inhibir la actividad de las SRB y un pH básico (pH = 8.5) requería más energía para conseguir resultados similares debido a la limitación en la producción de hidrógeno a un pH elevado. En cuanto al potencial del cátodo, se pudo observar que a menores potenciales, mayor eliminación de sulfato, pero a partir de un potencial de -1.0 V vs. SHE, el sistema no podía aumentar la velocidad de eliminación. Además, también se ha estudiado el tratamiento de agua residual real procedente de un sistema de desulfuración de gases de combustión. Se ha observado que con el agua real la eliminación de sulfato se reducía, pero en cambio la producción de azufre elemental aumentaba. Finalmente, dado que el flujo de oxígeno del ánodo al cátodo no se podía controlar con los sistemas anteriores, se han diseñado dos configuraciones nuevas para mejorar la producción de azufre elemental. La primera ha consistido en la adición de una celda electroquímica para oxidar el sulfuro de hidrógeno en el ánodo permitiendo el control del potencial y así poder controlar la producción. La segunda configuración ha consistido en la adición de una celda de combustible con un cátodo expuesto al aire aprovechando la capacidad del sulfuro de hidrógeno a ser oxidado en un ánodo espontáneamente y así producir energía en vez de requerirla en el proceso de oxidación.
Industrial activities such as paper, pharmaceutical, mining, food processing, etc. generate wastewater with high sulfate content. Sulfate as such is not very harmful to health, but if it is poured into rivers or sewage systems, the microorganisms known as sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) can transform it into hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulfide is a compound with bad odour, is corrosive and has been shown toxic at low concentrations. For these reasons, the treatment of sulfate-rich effluents is essential. In addition, the recovery of elemental sulfur from these effluents in order to be reused as fertilizer or raw material in the industry is an opportunity to recover resources in the framework of the circular economy. Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) are a novel technology based on the ability of some bacteria to exchange electrons with a solid electrode. Lastly, the study of the BES has focused on the treatment of wastewater and the recovery of products thanks to the activity of the microorganisms that colonize the electrodes. In this thesis, the use of BES for the treatment and recovery of sulfur compounds was studied, specifically, the treatment of these wastewaters with sulfate in a biocathode. The system allows the reduction of sulfate at a biocatode while at the anode electrolysis of water occurs to generate the necessary electron flow. The microorganisms that colonize the surface of the cathode use the hydrogen produced from the electrons to transform the sulfate into hydrogen sulfide. However, the results obtained showed that thanks to the water electrolysis that takes place at the anode an oxygen flow to the cathode is generated, allowing the growth of microorganisms capable of producing sulfur from hydrogen sulfide, called sulfide oxidizing bacteria (SOB). The influence of pH of the cathode compartment and the cathode potential was studied in order to improve sulfate removal and sulfur production. It was observed that neutral pH (pH = 7) was more beneficial since an acidic pH (pH = 5.5) could inhibit the activity of the SRB and a basic pH (pH = 8.5) required more energy to achieve similar results due to the limitation in the production of hydrogen at a high pH. Regarding the potential of the cathode, it could be observed that lower potentials led to greater sulfate removal rate, but from a potential of -1.0 V vs. SHE, the system could not increase the removal rate. In addition, the impact of real wastewater coming from a flue gas desulphurization system in the system was also studied. It was observed that with real water the sulfate removal decreased, however, the production of elemental sulfur increased. Finally, since the oxygen flow from the anode to the cathode could not be controlled with the previous systems, two new configurations were designed to improve the production of elemental sulfur. The first one consisted in the addition of an electrochemical cell to oxidize the hydrogen sulfide at the anode, allowing the control of the potential and thus controlling the production. The second configuration consisted in the addition of a fuel cell with a cathode exposed to the air taking advantage of the capacity of the hydrogen sulfide to be oxidized at an anode spontaneously and thus produce energy instead of requiring it in the oxidation process.

Le carbure de silicium (SiC) est un matériau qui est considéré comme un semi-conducteur à large bande interdite ou une céramique suivant ses applications en microélectronique ou comme matériau nucléaire. Dans ces deux domaines d'application les défauts générés par l'implantation/irradiation d'ions (dopage, matériau de structure) doivent être contrôlés. Ce travail est une étude des défauts générés par l'implantation de gaz rares suivant les conditions d'implantation (fluence et température). La déformation élastique a plus particulièrement été étudiée dans le cas d'implantation de xénon à des températures pour lesquelles la recombinaison dynamique empêche la transition amorphe. Un modèle phénoménologique basé sur le recouvrement des cascades a été proposé pour comprendre l'évolution de la déformation maximale avec la dose. Des observations complémentaires en particulier par microscopie électronique à transition nous ont permis de préciser la nature des défauts créés et d'étudier leur évolution sous recuit. La formation de cavités a été observée pour des conditions sévères d'implantation/recuit ; ces cavités sont de nature différente (vide ou pleine) suivant la répartition du xénon. Cette étude est également reliée aux propriétés de gonflement sous irradiation, gonflement qui doit être anticipé dans les domaines d'application du SiC
Silicon carbide is a material that can be considered as a wide band gap semiconductor or as a ceramic according to its applications in microelectronics and in nuclear energy system (fission and fusion). In both fields of application defects or damage induced by ion implantation/ irradiation (doping, material structure) should be controlled. This work is a study of defects induced by noble gas implantation according to the implantation conditions (fluence and temperature). The elastic strain buildup, particularly in the case of xenon implantation, has been studied at elevated temperatures for which the dynamic recombination prevents the amorphization transition. A phenomenological model based on cascade recovery has been proposed to understand the strain evolution with increasing dose and for different noble gases. In addition, with the help of transmission electron microscopy the evolution of defects under subsequent annealing was studied. The formation of nanocavities was observed under severe implantation/annealing conditions. These cavities are of different nature (full of gas or empty) according to the xenon and damage distribution. This study is also linked to swelling properties under irradiation that should be projected in the SiC application fields

Continuous Fiber Reinforced Ceramic Composites (CFCC's) are being currently investigated as potential materials for high temperature applications such as combustor liners in stationary gas turbines. The creep behavior of woven Enhanced SiC/SiC composites was studied at temperatures from 600 to 1200 °C and at 140 to 220 MPa stress levels. Most researchers studying the creep behavior of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) use the time hardening model and rate equations for expressing the dependence of creep strain on time, temperature and stress. Such laws, although simple and easy to use, are inadequate to represent the creep behavior over a range of stress levels and temperatures and cannot be used to quantify the pest phenomenon commonly observed in CMCs. Hence, these laws were modified to include the pest phenomenon and an empirical equation was developed that can be used to represent the creep behavior at various stresses and temperatures. The modified equation was used in the finite element analysis and the results were compared with the time and strain hardening models. Microscopic observations on the fractured surfaces revealed the pseudo-ductile behavior of the material at high temperatures. A quasi-static test was conducted at 1200 °C to determine the unloading response of the material. The stress-strain response of the composite demonstrates a hysterisis loop and a small amount of permanent strain, which are characteristic of the CMC's [3]. Finally, a test was conducted at 1200 oC to investigate the recovery behavior of the material. The material exhibits a tendency to recover the accumulated creep strain as well as the small permanent strain upon unloading, if sufficient time is allowed for recovery.

The creep data were also modeled using the representations such as Monkmon-Grant and Larsen-Miller equations. A modified Monkman-Grant equation was used to model the stratification of the creep strain rate data with temperature. A finite element model based on the plasticity theory was developed to simulate the quasi-static cyclic behavior of the material. Though the loading behavior of CMCs can be modeled using the bilinear or multilinear kinematic hardening plasticity models, the unloading behavior as predicted by the models is entirely different from the experimentally observed behavior. Hence, these models were modified to correctly predict the stress-strain behavior. The model, which was input via a user defined subroutine into the ANSYS finite element program uses the concept of state or internal variables to define the unloading portion of the stress-strain curve. The results were compared with the test data and they show very good agreement. The model was then used to predict the stress-strain response of a plate with a notch. The results from the analysis were compared with the experimental data and they show good agreement if average values of strains are considered.
Master of Science

Orientador: Carlos Roberto Spindola
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A biodiversidade no Brasil é considerada uma das maiores do planeta. Parte significativa desta permanece desconhecida. Nesse caso, encontra-se a fauna de solo. Além da importância ecológica, esses organismos têm se revelado fundamentais para o bom funcionamento do sistema edáfico. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e identificar grupos taxonômicos da macrofauna de solo e estabelecer os respectivos índices ecológicos em: áreas florestais conservadas e em recuperação da degradação por mineração; e áreas sob manejo agrícola - biodinâmico e tradicional. Para tanto, foram realizadas coletas utilizando-se os métodos - Pitfall traps e TSBF. Os animais coletados foram identificados em grandes grupos taxonômicos e contabilizados para se obter densidades, riquezas e índices ecológicos. Os resultados indicam que a densidade de grupo, associada à riqueza e índices ecológicos, contribui de forma importante para um entendimento integrado. Os solos em processo de recuperação apresentaram valores que diferiram entre si, principalmente nas camadas mais superficiais. Pastos com braquiária podem ser diferentes entre si com relação à macrofauna de solo, principalmente em favor do manejo biodinâmico com maior diversidade de espécies vegetais. Finalmente, modelos matemáticos das densidades podem contribuir com a análise ou previsão das condições do solo. Porém, estudos complementares são necessários, reforçando a possibilidade de tornar viável o uso de organismos da macrofauna de solo como bioindicadores ambientais
Abstract: Biodiversity in Brazil is considered one of the greatest on the planet. Important part of it has kept unknown and many species have been extinguished quite before scientifically identified, mainly because of the small size of those organisms or the restricted access to them. That may be particularly the case of soil fauna. Besides their ecological importance, those organisms have played fundamental role for a good work of edaphic system. The objective of this work is to analyze and identify taxonomic groups of soil macrofauna, establishing the respective ecological indexes at: conserved rainforest and in recovery process from degradation by tin mining areas; and areas under biodynamic system and conventional management. In order to that, collects were taken by using two methods - Pitfall traps and TSBF. The collected animals were identified into broad taxonomic and counted to determine their densities, richness and ecological indexes. The general results suggest that the density of each animal taxonomic unit, associated to richness of groups and ecological indexes, supplies in an important way for a global understanding. Soils in different recovery process showed different results, mainly within the superficial layers. Biodinamyc managed pastures with Brachiaria sp may be different between each other about epigeic and edaphic macrofauna, mostly where greater diversity of consorted plant species are present, even in conventional management approach. Finally, mathematical models for density may contribute to analyze and forecast the soil conditions. Nevertheless, additional studies are necessary in order to make possible the use of soil macrofauna as environmental bioindicators
Doutorado
Análise Ambiental e Dinâmica Territorial
Doutor em Ciências

A cana-de-açúcar é uma das principais culturas em países tropicais. O Brasil, além de ser o maior produtor mundial, é também líder em produção de açúcar e álcool. Atualmente, a maior parte da cana-de-açúcar cultivada no Brasil encontra-se em condições , como resultado, a cultura é sujeita ao déficit hídrico em alguns estágios. Portanto, é essencial entender as respostas fisiológicas e moleculares da planta à disponibilidade de água. Nesse contexto, as análises de metabolômica e proteômica objetivam identificar diferentes vias metabólicas e proteínas relacionadas ao mecanismo de defesa e de recuperação. Plantas de Saccharum spp com sete meses de idade foram submetidas a diferentes condições hídricas, déficit e reidratação, e amostras controle foram mantidas irrigadas. A identificação do perfil metabólico primário foi realizada através da cromatografia gasosa combinada com espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). Para identificação das proteínas nucleares, as amostras complexas foram digeridas, e posteriormente, sequenciadas por (LC-MS). As análises estatísticas entre os tratamentos (PLS-DA) mostraram diferenças significativas tanto para metabólitos quanto para as proteínas. Um total de 86 metabólitos foram identificados, onde 8 compostos foram preferencialmente abundantes no estresse, e 10 na recuperação e, portanto, podem ser utilizados como marcadores. Alguns desses compostos participam de vias metabólicas comuns, como biossíntese de alcaloides derivados da ornithine, lysine e nicotinate e de biossíntese de fenilpropanoides. Metabólitos que não participam dessas vias mas foram, pelo menos, duas vezes mais abundantes nos tratamentos quando comparados ao controle também foram discutidos, para o déficit destacam-se galacturonic acid-1-phosphate, pyroglutamic acid e creatinine e para recuperação methyl dihydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid e 2-hydroxypyridine. Um total de 761 proteínas foram identificadas, sendo 21 nucleares e responsivas ao déficit hídrico, e 32 nucleares e relacionadas ao processo de recuperação. As classes funcionais das proteínas relacionadas ao déficit são de tradução e processo de oxidação-redução, e das proteínas da recuperação são de tradução e proteólise envolvida no processo catabólico proteico. A combinação de diferentes técnicas nesse estudo revela uma dinâmica regulatória complexa no mecanismo de tolerância da cana-de-açúcar ao déficit hídrico.
Sugarcane is one of the main crops in tropical countries. Brazil, besides being the world\'s largest producer of this crop, is also a leader in sugar and ethanol production. Nowadays, most of the sugarcane growing in Brazil is under rain-fed conditions, as a result, the culture is subject to water deficit at certain stages. Thus, it is essential to understand the physiological and molecular plant responses to water availability. In this context, the metabolomic and proteomic analyses aims to identify different metabolic pathways and proteins related to the mechanisms of tolerance and recovery. Samples of seven month old plants of Saccharum spp were subjected to different water conditions, deficit and rehydratation, whereas control samples were kept irrigated. The identification of primary metabolite profile was performed by Gas-Chromatography combined with Mass- Spectrometry (GC-MS). To identify nuclear proteins, the complex samples were digested and then sequenced by LC-MSE. Statistical analyses among treatments PLS-DA showed significant differences in both metabolites and proteins of Saccharum spp in different conditions. A total of 86 metabolites were identified, where 8 are preferably abundant in water stress and 10 in recovery, thus, they can be used as markers. Some of these compounds are present in common pathways like biosynthesis of alkaloids derived from ornithine, lysine and nicotinic acid and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Metabolites that do not participate in these pathways, but that were at least two times more abundant in treatments when compared to control, were also discussed. They were galacturonic acid-1-phosphate, pyroglutamic acid and creatinine that were related to deficit condition and methyl dihydrogen phosphate, phosphoric acid and 2-hydroxypyridine to recovery. A total of 761 proteins were identified, of which 21 were nuclear and drought responsive and 32 were nuclear and recovery responsive. The functional classes of water stress proteins are translation and oxidation-reduction process and of recovery proteins are translation and proteolysis involved in cellular protein catabolic process. The combination of different techniques in this study revealed a complex regulatory dynamics in the mechanism of sugarcane water stress tolerance that have not been discussed in the literature.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época...
The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter’ production, the biogas’ production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem besonders kritischen Ausschaltvorgang bipolarer Leistungsdioden, bei dem das im Durchlass vorhandene Ladungsträgerplasma abgebaut wird. Schwerpunkt ist dabei die Untersuchung von zwei ungewollten Phänomenen, die während des Ausschaltens auftreten können. Diese sind ein plötzliches Abreißen des Rückstroms während der Kommutierung und eine Zerstörung der Diode mit einem lokalen Aufschmelzen in der aktiven Fläche. Betrachtet wird dazu der Ladungsträgerberg, der sich während des Schaltvorgangs bildet. Durch die Analyse des Verhaltens der Ladungsträgerbergfronten, lässt sich sowohl der Einfluss von Schaltbedingungen auf den Plasmaabbau als auch der Unterschied von anodenseitigen und kathodenseitigen Stromfilamenten erklären. Die Erkenntnisse werden auf das moderne Diodenkonzept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes) angewandt. Das Potential von CIBH-Dioden zur Verbesserung der Höhenstrahlfestigkeit und Stoßstromfestigkeit wird aufgezeigt. Schließlich wird das neue Anodenemitterkonzept IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) vorgestellt, welches in Kombination mit CIBH die Gesamteigenschaften von Dioden maßgeblich verbessert. Die aktuelle Version Dissertation_Roman_Baburske_2011_11_21.pdf ist um einige Tippfehler bereinigt
This work concerns the reverse-recovery process of bipolar power diodes. The focus is the investigation of two undesirable phenomena. These are the sudden strong reverse-current decay and the destruction of the diode with a local melting of the chip in the active area. The plasma layer, which arises during the switching period, is considered. An analysis of the plasma-layer front dynamics allows an understanding of the influence of switching parameters on the plasma extraction and the different behavior of anode-side and cathode-side filaments. The results of the analysis are used to describe the operation of the modern diode concept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes). The potential of CIBH diodes to improve cosmic-ray stability and surge-current ruggedness is investigated. Finally, a new anode-emitter concept called IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) is introduced, which improves in combination with CIBH the overall performance of a power diode

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The application of swine wastewater in soils characterized as an efficient way to reduce fertilizer use and alternative destination for the waste. However, applications are not always made at the right time, in an amount that it considers its composition and also the needs of crops, which could result in contamination levels of soil, water and plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and environmental aspects of the use of swine wastewater and chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.) under conditions of drainage lysimeters for no tillage in the sixth cycle of cultivation. For this experiment was conducted in 24 drainage lysimeters, at Western Paraná State University´s Agricultural Engineering Experimental Nucleus, which soil was classified as Distroferic Red Latosoil, where they were applied prior to sowing four layers of swine wastewater (ARS), (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 N) and two levels of mineral fertilizer (AD), (0 and 40 kg ha-1) as urea at sowing as well as coverage. At the time occurrence of precipitation the leachate were collected for analysis of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and at the beginning, middle and end the cycle, samples for determination of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, N and N-NO3-. Also during the study, three collections were made at different times of soil before sowing and application of ARS, middle and end of the cycle for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of bases (V%), sum of bases (SB), organic matter, potential acidity (H + Aℓ+3), P , N, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Na. And yet the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calculated for material and soil leachate, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to the ground. To determine the nutrient levels at the beginning of silking, leaf samples were collected from corn for later analysis of nutrients: total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Na. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in factorial 4 x 2 (four doses of ARS and two doses of AD) with three replications. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level, and growth data and leaf nutrient content submitted to regression analysis. The combined effect of ARS with AD, promote changes in soil properties: H + Aℓ +3, CEC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn and Na. In the material in the leachate pH, EC and Mg. On the levels of macro and micronutrients foliar these had values of P, Ca, Mg and S above the recommended N and K were below, whereas micronutrients are adequate. The higher doses favored higher results for plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, absolute growth rate, on eating disorders and productivity data.
A aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura em solos caracteriza-se como maneira eficiente de redução do uso de fertilizantes, além de ser alternativa para destino do resíduo. Porém, nem sempre as aplicações são feitas no momento adequado, em quantidade que considera a sua composição e as necessidades das culturas. Tal fato poderá resultar em níveis de contaminação de solo, água e planta. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos agronômicos e ambientais da utilização da água residuária de suinocultura e adubação química na cultura do minimilho (Zea mays L.), em condições de lisímetros de drenagem em sistema plantio direto no sexto ciclo de cultivo. Para isso foi conduzido experimento em 24 lisímetros de drenagem, no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da UNIOESTE, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, no qual foram aplicadas, anteriormente à semeadura, quatro lâminas de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS), (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N), e dois níveis de adubação química mineral (AD), (0 e 40 kg ha-1), na forma de uréia na semeadura e também como cobertura. No momento da ocorrência de precipitações coletaram-se amostras do percolado para análise de pH e condutividade elétrica (CE) e, no início, meio e final do ciclo da cultura, amostras para determinação do pH, CE, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ntotal e N-NO3-. Ainda durante a realização do estudo, foram feitas três coletas de solo em momentos distintos: antes da semeadura e aplicação da ARS, e no meio e final do ciclo, para determinação de pH, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), saturação por bases (V%), somas das bases, matéria orgânica, acidez potencial (H + Aℓ+3), P, Ntotal, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Na. Além disso, foram calculadas a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) para material percolado e solo e a porcentagem de sódio trocável (PST) para solo. Para a determinação de níveis de nutrientes no início do embonecamento, foram coletadas amostras da folha de minimilho para posterior análise de nutrientes: Ntotal, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe e Na. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de ARS e duas doses de AD), com três repetições. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. Os dados de crescimento e os teores de nutrientes foliares, foram submetidos à análise de regressão. O efeito da ARS, combinado com AD, promoveu alterações nos atributos do solo: acidez potencial, CTC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn e Na. No material percolado no pH, CE e Mg. Sobre os teores de macro e micronutrientes foliares, observou-se que estes apresentaram valores de P, Ca, Mg e S acima dos recomendados, N e K, estiveram abaixo, enquanto que os micronutrientes apresentaram-se adequados. As maiores dosagens favoreceram maiores resultados para estatura da planta, área foliar, índice de área foliar, número de folhas por planta, taxa de crescimento absoluto e agiram também sobre os dados de produtividade.

La demande croissante de toujours plus de débit pour les télécommunications entraine une augmentation de la fréquence de fonctionnement des liaisons séries. Cette demande se retrouve aussi dans les systèmes embarqués du fait de l'augmentation des performances des composants et périphériques. Afin de s'assurer que le train de données est bien réceptionné, un circuit de restitution d'horloge et de données est placé avant tout traitement du coté du récepteur. Dans ce contexte, les activités de recherche présentées dans cette thèse se concentrent sur la conception d'une CDR (Clock and Data Recovery). Nous détaillerons le comparateur de phase qui joue un rôle critique dans un tel système. Cette thèse présente un comparateur de phase ayant comme avantage d'avoir une mode de fenêtrage et une fréquence de fonctionnement réduite. La topologie spéciale utilisée pour la CDR est décrite, et la théorie relative aux oscillateurs verrouillés en injection est expliquée. L'essentiel du travail de recherche s'est concentrée sur la conception et le layout d'une restitution d'horloge dans le domaine millimétrique, à 80 Gbps. Pour cela plusieurs prototypes ont été réalisés en technologie BiCMOS 130 nm de STMicrolectronics
The increasing bandwidth demand for telecommunication leads to an important rise of serial link operating frequencies. This demand is also present in embedded systems with the growth of devices and peripherals performances. To ensure the data stream is well recovered, a clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit is placed before any logical blocks on the receiver side. The research activities presented in this thesis are related to the design of such a CDR. The phase detector plays a critical role in the CDR circuit and is specially studied. This thesis presents a phase comparator that provides an enhancement by introducing a windowed mode and reducing its operating frequency. The used CDR has a special topology, which is described, and the injection locked oscillator theory is explained. Most of the research of this study has focused on the design and layout of a 80 Gbps CDR. Several prototypes are realized in 130 nm SiGe process from STMicroelectronics

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior
Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira
Banca: Júlio Cesar Pascale Palhares
Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura
Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa
Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter' production, the biogas' production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

O trabalho tem por objetivo à análise jurídica do plano de recuperação e suas consequências práticas, questionando até que ponto o objetivo de um acordo imposto será alcançado, tendo em vista os diferentes interesses em jogo. A primeira parte é dedicada ao exame das disciplinas da recuperação, traçando um histórico evolutivo deste instrumento a partir da concordata. Neste ponto, são apresentadas as teorias quanto a sua natureza jurídica. A segunda parte, por sua vez, aponta breves considerações de como o direito alienígena disciplina a recuperação. Na terceira parte, o trabalho analisa a recuperação como jogo estratégico, pois existem riscos inerentes a sua execução. Isso porque, do ponto de vista econômico, o plano de recuperação, por ser contrato incompleto, impõe riscos, por portar variáveis não previstas, como por exemplo, a mudança de política econômica ou a crise financeira mundial. Assim sendo, o trabalho analisa as possibilidades de renegociação dos termos do plano, bem como as soluções que podem ser usadas quando da incompletude. Neste sentido, analisa os mecanismos da arbitragem, da governança coorporativa e da cláusula hardship, além dos princípios da boa-fé objetiva, função social do contrato, função social da empresa e teoria da imprevisão. Como a recuperação judicial e extrajudicial representam meios de reestruturação que beneficiam a coletividade de interessados: estando de um lado o devedor que pretende obter prazos para o cumprimento de suas obrigações; de outro lado os credores que visualizam uma forma de obter seus créditos, ainda existem outros (credores) que poderão discordar da proposta. Para sanar esta possibilidade (do credor buscar a solução individual de seus interesses em contraposição àqueles coletivos dos credores) a Lei 11.101/05 criou a modalidade impositiva, na qual se impõe aos dissidentes o acordo dos que aderiram voluntariamente. Por este motivo, há divergências quanto a natureza jurídica do plano de recuperação. Neste sentido, a quarta parte do trabalho traz considerações quanto a natureza jurídica dos planos de recuperação judicial e extrajudicial.
The aim of this work is assess the legal analysis of a judicial recovery plan and its practical consequences, questioning to what extent the objective of an agreement will be reached if come into force, given the different interests at stake. The first part deals with the consideration of the disciplines of recovery, tracing the evolutionary history of this instrument from a point of concordata. At this point, theories as to their legal nature are presented. The second part, in turn, brings brief considerations of how the foreign laws discipline the recovery. In the third part, the paper examines the recovery as a strategic game, since there are risks inherent in its execution. From an economic point of view, these risks arise from an incomplete contract carrying unforeseen variables, for instance, the change in the economic policy as well as the world wide financial crisis. So, the paper analyzes the possibilities of renegotiating the terms of the plan, as well as solutions that can be used when the incompleteness. In this sense, analyzing the mechanisms of arbitration, corporate governance and the hardship clause, in addition to the principles of objective good faith, the contract´s social function, the company\'s social function and theory of unpredictability. As the judicial and extrajudicial´s recovery represents means of restructuring, which benefits the collective of the people involved: on one side the debtor who wishes to obtain deadlines for compliance with its obligations, on the other side creditors who see a way to get their credits back, and also there are others (creditors) who may disagree with the proposal. To address this possibility (the creditor seeking the solution of his individual interests as opposed to those collective interests of creditors) Law 11.101/05 created the imposing form, which is imposed on dissidents, the agreement of those who joined voluntarily. For this reason, there are differences of opinion about the legal nature of the recovery plan. In this sense, the fourth part of the work brings the legal considerations in plans and extra-judicial recovery.

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A recordação livre de listas de palavras é uma tarefa que tem sido utilizada para avaliar os efeitos da privação de sono prévia na memória declarativa, porém os resultados são controversos. Uma possível explicação é a “impureza” da tarefa, pois o número total de palavras recordadas reflete o uso de diferentes tipos de memória e estratégias de organização de informações, algumas das quais podem não ser prejudicadas durante a privação de sono. Nosso objetivo foi estudar os efeitos de duas noites de privação de sono e uma noite de recuperação de sono na recordação imediata de listas de palavras considerando a recordação pela curva de posição serial, que pode refletir o uso de diferentes estratégias e tipos de memória. Investigamos também a susceptibilidade à interferência. Para este fim, 24 voluntários jovens saudáveis foram alocados em um de dois grupos experimentais: duas noites de privação total de sono seguidas de uma noite de recuperação de sono (n=11) ou três noites de sono normal (grupo controle; n=13). Os voluntários leram e recordaram, em voz alta, cinco listas de quinze palavras não relacionadas, uma de cada vez, no período da tarde, num momento basal e após as três noites subsequentes. Na análise de variância (ANOVA com medidas repetidas) não foi observada diminuição na recordação livre durante a privação de sono quando da comparação direta entre grupos em cada uma das posições e sessões de testes, tampouco aumento da suscetibilidade à interferência. Porém, houve melhora no desempenho em ambos os grupos em relação ao desempenho basal ao longo do experimento relativo às palavras nas primeiras e posições seriais intermediárias, indicando o desenvolvimento de estratégias de recordação de memórias declarativas. Porém, este aprendizado ocorreu antes no grupo controle e foi evidenciado no grupo privado somente após a recuperação de sono. Não houve alteração da recordação das palavras nas últimas posições seriais, indicando que a memória fonológica de curto prazo foi preservada. Conclui-se que a privação prévia de sono não prejudica a memória ou aumenta a interferência, e permite o desenvolvimento de estratégias, mas pode diminuir a vantagem no uso dessas estratégias de aprendizagem. Contudo, o uso dessas estratégias é equivalente à do grupo controle após uma noite de recuperação de sono.
Free recall of word lists is a task that has been used to evaluate the effects of prior sleep deprivation on declarative memory, but the results are controversial. A possible explanation for this is task impurity, because the total number of words recalled reflects use of different types of memory and strategies for organizing information, some of which may be spared by sleep deprivation. We studied the effects of two nights of total sleep deprivation and one night of recovery sleep on immediate recall of word lists considering recall by serial position, which can reflect the use of different strategies and types of memory. We also assessed susceptibility to interference. To this end, 24 healthy young volunteers were allocated to one of two groups: two nights of total sleep deprivation followed by one night of recovery sleep (n = 11) or three nights of normal sleep (group control, n = 13). Participants read and remembered aloud lists of five lists of fifteen unrelated words, one at a time, in the afternoon, a baseline and after three subsequent nights. In the analysis of variance (ANOVA with repeated measures) was not reduction in free recall during sleep deprivation when a direct comparison between groups in each of the test sessions was carried out, nor increase of susceptibility to interference. However, there was an improvement in performance in both groups throughout the experiment considering baseline performance relative to the first and intermediate serial positions, suggesting the development of recall strategies of declarative memories. This type of learning, however, occurred in the control group earlier in the study and was evident in the deprived group only after recovery sleep. There was no change in recall of words in the last serial positions, indicating that phonological short-term memory was preserved. We conclude that prior sleep deprivation does not affect memory or increase interference, and allows the development of strategies, but may decrease the advantage in using these learning strategies, which returns to control levels after one night of recovery sleep.
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem besonders kritischen Ausschaltvorgang bipolarer Leistungsdioden, bei dem das im Durchlass vorhandene Ladungsträgerplasma abgebaut wird. Schwerpunkt ist dabei die Untersuchung von zwei ungewollten Phänomenen, die während des Ausschaltens auftreten können. Diese sind ein plötzliches Abreißen des Rückstroms während der Kommutierung und eine Zerstörung der Diode mit einem lokalen Aufschmelzen in der aktiven Fläche. Betrachtet wird dazu der Ladungsträgerberg, der sich während des Schaltvorgangs bildet. Durch die Analyse des Verhaltens der Ladungsträgerbergfronten, lässt sich sowohl der Einfluss von Schaltbedingungen auf den Plasmaabbau als auch der Unterschied von anodenseitigen und kathodenseitigen Stromfilamenten erklären. Die Erkenntnisse werden auf das moderne Diodenkonzept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes) angewandt. Das Potential von CIBH-Dioden zur Verbesserung der Höhenstrahlfestigkeit und Stoßstromfestigkeit wird aufgezeigt. Schließlich wird das neue Anodenemitterkonzept IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) vorgestellt, welches in Kombination mit CIBH die Gesamteigenschaften von Dioden maßgeblich verbessert. Die aktuelle Version Dissertation_Roman_Baburske_2011_11_21.pdf ist um einige Tippfehler bereinigt.
This work concerns the reverse-recovery process of bipolar power diodes. The focus is the investigation of two undesirable phenomena. These are the sudden strong reverse-current decay and the destruction of the diode with a local melting of the chip in the active area. The plasma layer, which arises during the switching period, is considered. An analysis of the plasma-layer front dynamics allows an understanding of the influence of switching parameters on the plasma extraction and the different behavior of anode-side and cathode-side filaments. The results of the analysis are used to describe the operation of the modern diode concept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes). The potential of CIBH diodes to improve cosmic-ray stability and surge-current ruggedness is investigated. Finally, a new anode-emitter concept called IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) is introduced, which improves in combination with CIBH the overall performance of a power diode.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:36:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Calixto Silva Neto 1.pdf: 2800121 bytes, checksum: 5ac0686f78e5828008716ac22f09a175 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-11-17
This study aims at the analysis of the human-computer interaction within the scope of digital inclusion, through the perspective of Information Science by performing a reflection on the Brazilian Government Program for Digital Inclusion. The human-computer interaction is discussed as a component of the process of dissemination and recovery of information through computers, as well as whether digital inclusion is agreeable to endusers, and if proximity of the areas of Computing and Information Science is provided. Information Science and humancomputer interaction are presented through their stories, objectives, evolution and justification. Several variables implied therein are discussed such as the computer, software, memory, metaphors, mental model and digital inclusion. Research, conducted through data search and a questionnaire, aimed at assessing results of the Brazilian Government Program of Digital Inclusion in Elementary Schools.
Estudo sobre an?lise do papel da Intera??o Humano- Computador na inclus?o digital, pela perspectiva da Ci?ncia da Informa??o, fazendo uma reflex?o do Programa de Inclus?o Digital do Governo Brasileiro. Discute a Intera??o Humano- Computador como uma componente do processo de dissemina??o e recupera??o da informa??o, por meio de computadores, analisando se a inclus?o digital ocorre com agradabilidade aos usu?rios a ela destinados, e promove uma aproxima??o entre as ?reas da Computa??o e da Ci?ncia da informa??o. Apresenta a Ci?ncia da Informa??o e a Intera??o HumanoComputador com suas hist?rias, objetivos, evolu??o e justificativas. Discorre sobre as diversas vari?veis implicadas no caso, como o computador, softwares , mem?ria, met?foras, modelo mental e a inclus?o digital. Pesquisa, por meio de levantamento de dados e question?rio, para investigar em escolas de Ensino Fundamental alguns dos resultados do Programa de Inclus?o Digital do Governo Brasileiro.

Die Effektivität keramischer Wärmeübertrager kann durch eine feinere Strukturierung der Oberflächen gesteigert werden. Dies kann durch die Integration textiler Urformen anstatt der konventionell im Schlickguss hergestellten gröberen Geometrien erfolgen. Für Strukturierungen in Form von wandgebundenen Halbbögen werden die Ergebnisse umfangreicher experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen zu den wärmetechnischen und strömungsmechanischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der mittels numerischer Simulation durchgeführten Parameterstudie werden verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine optimierte Anordnung der Halbbögen gegeben, um das Verhältnis von Wärmeübergang zur Druckverlust zu verbessern. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse belegen die Richtigkeit der gewählten Randbedingungen und Vereinfachungen im numerischen Modell. Des Weiteren wurden die Strömungsstrukturen mit laserdiagnostischen Messmethoden umfangreich charakterisiert.

碩士
國立中央大學
電機工程研究所
95
This thesis proposes a new rapid charger based on a fuzzy state-of-charge (SOC) estimation in Reflex TM charging method for the sealed lead-acid battery of the electric vehicle (EV). It includes an energy recovery stage which can save energy instead of conventional one which uses static resistance to discharge the batteries. The efficiency of conversion is up to 85% and power factor is up to 0.99. Charging time from SOC 0% to 70% is about 10 minutes. Moreover, this thesis proposes a novel fuzzy SOC estimator which uses normalized parameter and open circuit voltage to estimate SOC of batteries accurately. In the high current charging, the proposed SOC estimation can avoid a situation of undercharge or overcharge; note that the overcharge will shorten the battery lifetime. The charging control and the SOC estimation are based on fuzzy theorem, implemented by a digital signal controller (dsPIC30F6010). The SOC of batteries is estimated while the system is charging the battery and the estimated error is maintained within an acceptable range (±5%). The thermal rise can also limited under 8°C to avoid damaging the batteries. Moreover, this system uses an equivalent internal resistance to calculate the internal resistance of the batteries. During the Reflex TM charging, the controller can self-tune the discharging time according to the internal resistances, which reduces the thermal rises and the lifetimes for the batteries. Finally, experimental results are provided to verify the performance of the system and the feasibility of the proposed SOC estimation in this thesis.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
資源工程研究所
101
In Si-ingot slicing process, a great amount of spent silicon sawing slurry is produced. Several materials in the spent silicon sawing slurry are worthy of recovery, such as glycol liquor, silicon, silicon carbide. Developing a low-cost and simple recycling process will help decrease the amount of waste and reduce the manufacturing cost. The purpose of this study is to recover silicon and silicon carbide from spent silicon sawing slurry by sedimentation and centrifugation using various carriers. The experimental results show the settling velocity of waste powders in carrier-X was faster than in other carriers, and its settling belonged to dispersed form, which was helpful of the separation of Si and SiC. When solid content was 30 wt.% for a 30-min settling using carrier-X, Si content of the upper layer increased from 30.62 wt.% to 70.3 wt.%, Fe content decreased from 7.13 wt.% to 0.87 wt.%, and the recovery percentage of Si was 68.9 wt.%. And Si content of the lower layer decreased to 1.12 wt.%, Fe content decreased 0.37 wt.%, and the recovery percentage of SiC was about 53.7 wt.%. In centrifugation experiments with 300 rpm for 1 hour, when solid content was 10 wt.%, Si content of the upper layer increased to 88.6 wt.%, Fe content was 2.6 wt.%, but the recovery percentage of Si was only 10.4 wt.%. With the operation of magnetic separation, the highest Si content reached 89 wt.% and Fe content was only 0.85 wt.%. Fe removal fraction was 88.1 wt.%, and the recovery percentage of Si was 20.2 wt.%. This study separated and concentrated Si and SiC from spent silicon sawing slurry successfully using low energy consuming, simple and environmental friendly method.

With growing environmental concerns and sustainability movements, renewable energy source (RES) penetration is increasing and expected to have a steady growth in the coming years. Power systems have encountered several inherent technical challenges, resulting from either low inertia contribution by the increased RES or the displacement of fossil fuel generation systems within the network. The decreased system inertia and the decline in power reserve capacity are affecting the dynamic and transient stability performance of the power system adversely and this adverse impact will continue to increase due to further RES penetration in electric power systems. In this context, this thesis contributes new knowledge to the modelling of droop controlled BESS for enhancing damping capability and transient stability of large-scale power networks with different level of RES penetration. The BESS with conventional Proportional Integral (PI), and two new PI-lead and lead-lag controlled BESS with coordinated charge control are given wider attention. In the initial stage, a wind farm is designed to perform frequency control in a microgrid. A sectional droop gain method is adopted for regulating doubly fed induction generation (DFIG) power output. It is observed that the proposed multi-gain droop control method demonstrates superior performance than the conventional approach. However, DFIG has a certain limit of providing under-frequency support as a result of inherent incapability of regulating incoming wind speed. Hence, a more reliable energy source is required to secure the stability of the system. Realizing these facts, comprehensive simulation studies have been carried out to explore various RES penetration level and dynamic response capability of the system undergoing multiple contingencies. Simulation results demonstrate that generator control and system loading conditions have significant impact on damping capability in primary frequency control. However, results with active power regulated BESS exhibit its effectiveness in enhancing primary frequency controllability of the system regardless of generator control and system loading conditions in power grid as RES penetration increases. Furthermore, a new state of charge (SOC) adaptive charging strategy is proposed for recovering battery SOC to ensure BESS reliability against future contingencies. The new adaptive SOC strategy defines separate levels of SOC charging limit than that of the maximum SOC limit to ensure sufficient SOC excursion for over-frequency events. In the next stage, a droop controlled BESS is modelled and investigated to control simultaneous voltage and frequency responses of the system by regulating its active and reactive power independently. The performance of BESS is compared with the state- of-the-art technology Static Compensator (STATCOM), while the system is exporting a large amount of power across the network under various contingency studies. It is shown via simulation studies that STATCOM fails to secure voltage and frequency stability of the system in the occurrence of a single or multiple adjacent faults. On the contrary, the incorporated BESS with active and reactive regulating capability remains successful in maintaining the stability of the power system. Also, lead-lag controlled BESS has demonstrated improved performance than PI and PI-lead controlled BESS. In the final stage of research, the effectiveness of BESS in a charging station is explored to avoid transformer overloading, provide PV smoothing and to increase the charging capacity of the station. Simulation studies showed that BESS can effectively reduce transformer overloading and as a result it prolongs its lifespan and provide grid services when charging station has no load demand.

碩士
淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
97
In silicon wafer manufacturing, a large number of sawing waste and silicon kerf loss were produced during cutting process. Therefore, in addition to recovering the abrasives with high economic value, silicon carbide, recycling silicon kerf may be a good solution to reduce the high cost of silicon feedstock for solar cells. This study investigated recovery of silicon and abrasives from sawing waste using electric field. The experiments can be divided into the following parts, including separation of silicon and silicon carbide of simulated slurry and plant slurry, in two tank with different structures; metal removal from sawing waste. Finally, instead of silicon carbide, the separation of silicon and alumina was also studied herein. According to the properties of particles and theoretical calculation, the moving velocity, angle and horizontal displacement of settling particles will be subject to density, particle size, charges on surface, resulting in different separation performance. The experimental results showed with appropriate conditions, the contents of silicon and silicon carbide in separated powders would be increased, where silicon carbide content could increase from 72 wt.% of original plant slurry to 91 wt.%, and silicon content could increase from the 24 wt.% to 90 wt.%. At the same time, iron could also be removed, and its content was below the detected limiting of ion-coupled plasma instrument (1 ppb). It was found separation performance of silicon and alumina was better than that of silicon and silicon carbide due to the larger charged difference between silicon and alumina than that between silicon and silicon carbide. Instead of using toxic medium or strong acid, herein, the recovery of silicon and silicon carbide with electric field was proved, and iron impurities were removed at the same time.

碩士
國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
92
The major cause for acid-rain phenomena is the emission of SO2 from power plants that burn fossil flues, and the major cause for greenhouse effect is the emission of CO2 from power plants. It is important to recover and concentrate SO2, NO2 and CO2 from flue gas in solving those problems. Pressure swing adsorption is a feasible process in treating such problems. This study uses a two-stage vacuum swing adsorption process, with each stage composed of a three-bed six-step operation. Simulation is performed for the bulk separation of SO2/NO2/CO2/N2 (0.5/0.13/18/81.37 vol %) system. The first stage of SO2-VSA (vacuum swing adsorption) utilizes Dowex MWA-1 as adsorbent, and the second stage of CO2-VSA utilizes 13X zeolite as adsorbent. This study uses the equilibrium model and the pressure drop can be neglected. We assumed instantaneous equilibrium between the solid and gas phase with non-isothermal operation. The 0.5%SO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 6.31% in the product with a recovery of 90%, the 0.13%NO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 0.96% in the product with a recovery of 52%, and the 18%CO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 73% in the product with a recovery of 86%. The effects of operating variables such as P/F ratio, adsorption pressure, desorption pressure, and steps time are investigated on the performance of this study.

碩士
國立中央大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
94
This study uses a two-stage vacuum swing adsorption process to separate SO2, NO2 and CO2 from flue gas. Simulation is performed for the bulk separation of SO2/NO2/CO2/N2 (0.5/0.13/18/81.37 vol %) system. The first stage of SO2-VSA (vacuum swing adsorption) utilizes Dowex MWA-1 as adsorbent to recover SO2 and NO2, and the second stage of CO2-VSA utilizes 13X zeolite as adsorbent to recover CO2. The equilibrium mixture adsorption in SO2-VSA and CO2-VSA can be expressed by the loading ratio correlation (LRC) and extended Langmuir isotherm, respectively. This study uses the equilibrium model and the pressure drop can be neglected. We assumed instantaneous equilibrium between the solid and gas phase with non-isothermal operation. In operating process, the waste stream of SO2-VSA is taken as the feed stream of CO2-VSA. Two-stage vacuum swing adsorption process is simultaneously simulated. The 0.5%SO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 6.43% in the product with a recovery of 92.13%, the 0.13%NO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 1.00% in the product with a recovery of 54.99%, and the 18%CO2 in the feed can be concentrated to 71.88% in the product with a recovery of 84.31%. The effects of operating variables such as tank volume, P/F ratio, adsorption pressure, desorption pressure, and steps time are investigated on the performance of this study.

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Hochleistungsdioden aus den Halbleitermaterialen Silizium und Siliziumkarbid. Analysiert werden die statischen und dynamischen Schalteigenschaften. Bei den SiC-Bauelementen handelt es sich um unipolare Schottky-Dioden und bei den Silizium-Dioden um bipolare pin-Dioden. Bei den SiC-Schottky-Dioden liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Analyse des statischen Durchbruchverhaltens von Randstrukturen und auf der Untersuchung der Selbsterwärmung bei Einzel- und Mehrpulsbelastung. Bei den bipolaren Silizium-Dioden wird das Durchbruchverhalten bei niedrigen und hohen Stromdichten untersucht. Aus den Sperrcharakteristiken, die positiv und negativ differentielle Widerstandsäste aufweisen, lassen sich Schlussfolgerungen auf das dynamische Verhalten ziehen. Das Abschaltverhalten (reverse recovery) der mit Plasma überschwemmten Bauelemente wird zuerst im Hinblick auf den Einfluss von Strukturparametern untersucht, um die prinzipiellen Einflussgrößen zu erläutern. Dann folgen die Ergebnisse zur Filamentbildung, die bei den hohen Belastungen der Bauelemente während des Kommutierungsprozesses auftreten können. Die auftretenden Filamentstrukturen werden analysiert und - soweit möglich - Einflussgrößen herausgearbeitet. Schließlich wird noch auf den Einfluss von Randstrukturen auf das Filamentierungsverhalten, die als Inhomogenität in jedem Bauelement vorhanden sind, eingegangen.

Die Effektivität keramischer Wärmeübertrager kann durch eine feinere Strukturierung der Oberflächen gesteigert werden. Dies kann durch die Integration textiler Urformen anstatt der konventionell im Schlickguss hergestellten gröberen Geometrien erfolgen. Für Strukturierungen in Form von wandgebundenen Halbbögen werden die Ergebnisse umfangreicher experimenteller und numerischer Untersuchungen zu den wärmetechnischen und strömungsmechanischen Eigenschaften vorgestellt. Basierend auf den Erkenntnissen der mittels numerischer Simulation durchgeführten Parameterstudie werden verschiedene Empfehlungen für eine optimierte Anordnung der Halbbögen gegeben, um das Verhältnis von Wärmeübergang zur Druckverlust zu verbessern. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse belegen die Richtigkeit der gewählten Randbedingungen und Vereinfachungen im numerischen Modell. Des Weiteren wurden die Strömungsstrukturen mit laserdiagnostischen Messmethoden umfangreich charakterisiert.:0 Verwendete Symbole und Formelzeichen IV 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Lösungsansatz 2 1.3 Zielstellung und Struktur der Arbeit 4 2 Stand der Technik 5 2.1 Vorwort 5 2.2 Kennzahlen zur Charakterisierung von Rekuperatoren und Wärmeüber-trageroberflächen 6 2.3 Strömungszustände und Strömungsprofile 13 2.3.1 Grenzschichten von Strömungen 13 2.3.2 Laminare Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten und im Rechteckkanal 14 2.3.3 Turbulente Strömung zwischen zwei parallelen Platten 15 2.3.4 Kenngrößen, Längen- und Zeitmaße von turbulenten Strömungen 16 2.4 Umströmung von Zylindern und Wärmeübergang an Zylindern 19 2.4.1 Quer angeströmter Zylinder, Wirbelablösung und Kármánsche Wirbelstraße 19 2.4.2 Hufeisenwirbel um einen wandgebundenen Zylinder 25 2.4.3 Zylinder in Wechselwirkung miteinander und Zylinder in Tandempaarung 27 2.4.4 Quer angeströmter Zylinder parallel zu einer Wand 28 2.5 Weitere den Wärmeübergang steigernde Strukturen 29 2.5.1 Rohrbündel 30 2.5.2 Stabrippen – „pin fins“ 31 2.5.3 Zweidimensionale Rippengeometrien 33 2.5.4 Gedrehte Bleche und andere Einbauten in Rohrquerschnitten 36 2.5.5 Turbulatoren 38 2.5.6 Poröse Körper 39 2.5.7 Drähte als wärmeübergangsteigernde Struktur 40 2.6 Wärmeübertrager für Industriegasbrenner 41 3 Numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen der neuentwickelten Wärmeübertragerstruktur 45 4 Numerische Untersuchungen bezüglich des Strömungsfelds um die Bogenstrukturen 49 4.1 Randbedingungen und Vernetzung der numerischen Simulation 49 4.2 Bemerkungen zum Turbulenzmodell 54 4.3 Validierung des numerischen Modells am leeren Kanal 59 4.4 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 63 4.5 Parameterstudie zur Anordnung und Anzahl der Bögen 70 4.5.1 Variation der Bogendichte 70 4.5.2 Variation der Anordnung der Bögen zueinander bei konstanter Bogendichte 75 4.5.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei konstanten Randbedingungen 78 4.5.4 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 80 4.5.5 Variation des Bogendurchmessers D 82 4.5.6 Bemerkung zum Anstellwinkel 83 5 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 85 5.1 Versuchsaufbau 85 5.2 Versuchsdurchführung und Auswertung 88 5.3 Vergleich des Versuchsstandes mit Untersuchungen für Spaltströmungen 90 5.4 Referenzmessungen mit metallischen Wärmeübertragerstrukturen 93 5.4.1 Ergebnisse für die Grundgeometrie 93 5.4.2 Variation der Kanalhöhe 96 5.4.3 Variation der Kanalhöhe bei umgekehrten Randbedingungen 97 5.5 Messung mit keramischen Strukturen 98 6 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Strömungsverhalten 101 6.1 Versuchsaufbau 101 6.2 PIV-Messungen 104 6.2.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip 104 6.2.2 Messaufbau 105 6.2.3 Versuchsergebnisse 106 6.3 LDA-Messungen 111 6.3.1 Allgemeines zum Messprinzip und zur Versuchsdurchführung 111 6.3.2 Validierung des Versuchsstandes 114 6.3.3 Strömungsprofile aus der LDA-Messung 117 6.3.4 Wirbelablösung im Bogennachlauf 130 6.3.5 Skalen der Strömung 144 7 Anwendungsbeispiel: Rekuperatorbrenner 151 7.1 Brennerprototyp und Versuchsdurchführung 151 7.2 Versuchsergebnisse und Auswertung 153 8 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 157 9 Literaturverzeichnis 161 10 Anhang 173 10.1 Messtechnik des Windkanals 173 10.2 PIV-Messtechnik 175 10.3 LDA-Messtechnik 176 10.4 Versuche mit dem Rekuperatorprototypen 177