Journal articles: 'Soccer for women'

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Hofmann, Annette R. "Soccer, Women, Sexual Liberation." German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 36, no. 1 (March 2006): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03176026.

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Butler, B. Nalani. "Women, Soccer and Transnational Migration." International Journal of Sport Communication 9, no. 1 (March 2016): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2015-0112.

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Pielichaty, Hanya. "Pleasure and the Sanctuary Paradox: Experiences of girls and women playing soccer." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 6 (June 30, 2019): 788–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690219857023.

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Arguably, girls’ and women’s soccer in England is currently experiencing amelioration in terms of participation numbers, media coverage and general public interest. Although, lurking behind these favorable statistics and the pretence of new developmental strategies sits soccer’s cultural millstone, weighing down social progression and limiting the credibility afforded to the game. This paper seeks to unearth how girls and women negotiate their experiences of playing against this backdrop of inferiority by giving them a ‘voice’. The study is explored through a lens of ‘performative pleasure’ as a theoretical standpoint for understanding the basis of activity which involved qualitative methods enagaging with 57 female players aged between 8 and 31 years. The examination uncovered that despite barriers to participation and the management of social stereotyping, girls and women found pleasure through playing. Soccer provided the players with a ‘safe space’ to experience leisure, but ironically this refuge was often needed in response to soccer-based teasing and ‘banter’: conceptualized as the Sanctuary Paradox. The current findings have implications for the management and execution of cultural change within sporting environments.

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Barchi, Francis, Millan A. AbiNader, Samantha C. Winter, Lena M. Obara, Daniel Mbogo, Bendettah M. Thomas, and Brittany Ammerman. "“It Is Like Medicine”: Using Sports to Promote Adult Women’s Health in Rural Kenya." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052347.

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Despite the well-documented health benefits of recreational sports, few opportunities exist in lower- and middle-income countries for adult women to participate in recreational physical activities. An explanatory sequential mixed methods approach was used to explore associations between an innovative soccer program for adult women and self-reported health status. Cross-sectional survey data were collected in 2018–2019 from 702 women in the Nikumbuke Project, a health and literacy program in southeastern rural Kenya, followed by focus group discussions with 225 women who also participated in the Project’s soccer program. Quantitative findings suggest that women who participated in soccer had 67% greater odds of reporting good or excellent health than their non-soccer playing peers. Thematic analysis of qualitative data indicated that women credited soccer with less pain, fatigue, and stress, as well as weight loss and reduced dependence on medicine for hypertension, pain, and sleep problems. Women equated health benefits with greater ease and efficiency in completing chores, reduced worries, youthful energy, male-like strength, and pleased husbands. Soccer programs for adult women may be particularly effective interventions in settings where access to health care is limited and where lack of opportunity to engage in physical aerobic activity increases women’s risks for poor health outcomes.

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Coates, Dennis, and Meredith Webber. "Pay and Performance in Men’s and Women’s Football: Comparing the MLS and NWSL." International Journal of Sport Finance 18, no. 4 (November 2023): 222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32731/ijsf/184.112023.04.

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The purpose of this research is two-fold; first, to assess whether men and women football players “perform the same work,” as required for wage discrimination, and second, to compare pay and performance for men and women players in the top professional soccer leagues in the US. We utilize data from Major League Soccer and the National Women’s Soccer League over the period 2016 through 2019 to compare how performance translates into team success in the two leagues and to forecast the salaries of women players for comparison with the men. Our results show that the determinants of win production are the same for the men’s and women’s teams, indicating that men and women do similar work. Additionally, the average woman player would earn more than the average male player if performance were compensated the same way in both leagues for the same number of games.

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Hong, Fan. "Soccer: A world sport for women." Soccer & Society 4, no. 2-3 (June 2003): 268–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970512331390945.

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Kim, Chaewoon, and Chanwoo Park. "The Women Who Fall in Love with Soccer: Focused on College Women Soccer Club Participant’s Experience." Korean Journal of Lesure, Recreation & Park 45, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26446/kjlrp.2021.9.45.3.1.

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Tierney, Ryan T., Michael Higgins, Shane V. Caswell, Jessica Brady, Krista McHardy, Jeffrey B. Driban, and Kurosh Darvish. "Sex Differences in Head Acceleration During Heading While Wearing Soccer Headgear." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 578–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.6.578.

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Abstract Context: Researchers have indicated that female soccer players may be at greater risk of concussion compared with their male counterparts. Soccer headgear is marketed for reducing head acceleration and risk of concussion. Objective: To determine the effect of sex and soccer headgear on head impact kinematics and dynamic stabilization during soccer heading. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Research laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Forty-four college-aged soccer players (29 women, 15 men). Intervention(s): Using a head impact model, participants performed 4 soccer headers under 3 headgear conditions (control, Head Blast Soccer Band, and Full90 Select Performance Headguard). Main Outcome Measure(s): Dependent variables assessed before soccer heading were head-neck anthropometrics and isometric neck muscle strength, and those assessed during soccer headers were resultant linear head acceleration, Head Injury Criteria (HIC36), and superficial neck muscle electromyography. Statistical analyses included multivariate and univariate analyses of variance with repeated measures, independent-samples t tests, appropriate follow-up analyses of variance and post hoc t tests, and Pearson product moment correlations (α = .05). Results: Head acceleration in women was 32% and 44% greater than in men when wearing the Head Blast (21.5 g versus 16.3 g) and Full90 Select (21.8 g versus 15.2 g), respectively (P < .05). Compared with men, women exhibited 10% greater head accelerations (20.2 g versus 18.2 g) during the control condition (P = .164). Conclusions: Female soccer players exhibited greater head accelerations than their male counterparts when wearing headgear. Our results are important clinically because they indicate that soccer headgear may not be an appropriate head injury prevention tool for all athletes.

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Li, Ruikang. "The Inferior Position of Female Soccer Sports Comparison Between Female Soccer and Male Soccer." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 4 (November 17, 2022): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v4i.2760.

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Overall, the essay is mainly about the women’s soccer games due to nowadays people’s over-widening interests about women’s soccer games and women’s World Cup. I focused on basically three prospectives of women’s soccer games and especially focused on the disparity between women’s soccer games and men’s game.There is huge disparity between male players’ salary and female players’ salary, there is also huge difference of public acceptance about women’s soccer game and men’s soccer games(especially the different reasons which drove audiences watch the game)In addition, the investments of women soccer clubs is fortunately increasing in China mainly because the government support and more and more companies already realized the huge market behind women’s soccer game as well.

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Hunter, Jr., Richard J., Hector R. Lozada, and Gary H. Kritz. "Sex Discrimination, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Equal Pay, and Title IX as Applied to the Women’s National Soccer Team." Journal of Politics and Law 14, no. 4 (July 22, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n4p55.

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This article presents the issues of sex discrimination, working conditions, and equal pay raised in the legal dispute between the United States Soccer Federation and the Women's National Soccer Team. The authors study the application of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Pay Act of 1963, and the implications of applying Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 to the U.S. Soccer Federation. The authors conclude by offering some observations and suggestions on the practical course of action that the US Women’s Soccer Team may consider in attempting to solve its dispute with the Federation.

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D V, Gidu. "Level of the specific motricity of the begginers women soccer players (10-12 years old)." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIX, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i1-049.

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Aim. The aim of this study is to assess the level of the specific motricity of the beginer women soccer players. Method. In this study were participated 20 women soccer players from Selena SN Constanta junior team. To investigate the specific abilities of girls there were used tests mentioned by the literature: juggling, the precision of the shot, controlled speed dribling, kicking ball, dribbling through cones. Results. At all tests our girls obtaining significant smaller values than those proposed by our Federation for boys same age (10-12 years old).Conclusions. The level of specific motricity in beginer women soccer players from our junior team is one unsatisfactory.

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Dalpian, Paulo Roberto Chaves, Vivian Suslik Zylbersztejn, Zeno Batistella, and Carlos Alberto Vargas Rossi. "Fanatical women and soccer: an exploratory study." Soccer & Society 15, no. 4 (August 19, 2013): 564–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.828598.

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Agel, Julie, Elizabeth A. Arendt, and Boris Bershadsky. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in National Collegiate Athletic Association Basketball and Soccer: A 13-Year Review." American Journal of Sports Medicine 33, no. 4 (April 2005): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546504269937.

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Background Female collegiate athletes have been reported to have a higher rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury compared to male collegiate athletes. This finding has spawned a branch of research focused on understanding and preventing this injury pattern. Purpose To determine if the trends reported in 1994 have continued. Study Type Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods The National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System database was reviewed for all data relating to men's and women's basketball and soccer anterior cruciate ligament injuries for 1990 to 2002. Results No significant difference was seen in basketball comparing frequency of contact versus noncontact injuries between men (70.1%) and women (75.7%). Male basketball players sustained 37 contact injuries and 78 noncontact injuries. Female basketball players sustained 100 contact injuries and 305 noncontact injuries. In soccer, there was a significant difference in frequency of injury for male (49.6%) and female (58.3%) athletes when comparing contact and noncontact injuries (χ2 = 4.1, P <. 05). Male soccer players sustained 72 contact injuries and 66 noncontact injuries. Female soccer players sustained 115 contact injuries and 161 noncontact injuries. The magnitude of the difference in injury rates between male and female basketball players (0.32-0.21, P =. 93) remained constant, whereas the magnitude of the difference in the rate of injuries between male and female soccer players (0.16-0.21, P =. 08) widened. Comparing injury within gender by sport, soccer players consistently sustained more anterior cruciate ligament injuries than did basketball players. The rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury for male soccer players was 0.11 compared to 0.08 for male basketball players (P =. 002). The rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury for female soccer players was 0.33 and for female basketball players was 0.29 (P =. 04). The rates for all anterior cruciate ligament injuries for women were statistically significantly higher (P <. 01) than the rates for all anterior cruciate ligament injuries for men, regardless of the sport. In soccer, the rate of all anterior cruciate ligament injuries across the 13 years for male soccer players significantly decreased (P =. 02), whereas it remained constant for female players. Conclusions In this sample, the rate of anterior cruciate ligament injury, regardless of mechanism of injury, continues to be significantly higher for female collegiate athletes than for male collegiate athletes in both soccer and basketball. Clinical Relevance Despite vast attention to the discrepancy between anterior cruciate ligament injury rates between men and women, these differences continue to exist in collegiate basketball and soccer players. Also demonstrated is that although the rate of injury for women is higher than for men, the actual rate of injury remains low and should not be a deterrent to participation in sports.

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Silva-Santos, Sandra, Pedro Bezerra, Ricardo Lima, Susana Rafaela Martins, and Bruno Silva. "Women Refereeing In Soccer: Differences In Retention Strategies Between Portugal And Spain Soccer Federations." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 55, no. 9S (September 2023): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000982168.91129.de.

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Dai, Weiqi. "Problems with Chinese Soccer Development and Corresponding Solutions." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 5 (November 23, 2022): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v5i.2973.

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China women ‘s soccer has an increasing influence on Chinese football and the notability of the team had risen significantly. However, there is low participation of women in football in China due to several reasons including lack of sports engagement, lack of education in schools, lack of broadcasting of women football, and lack of funds for development. This essay presents numbers of ways can China Football Association, Government, and social media to execute to encourage more participation of women’s soccer. In terms of China Football Association, encouraging more competition can attracts audience and build positive female model to teenagers. As for government, subsiding schools that lack of money for facilities and education. Turn to social media, broadcasting women’s soccer to different platform can allow more people to notice it. Some previous data shows that these ways can effectively facilitate the development of women’s football in China.

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Alahmad, Tahani A., Audrey C. Tierney, Pauline Boland, and Amanda M. Clifford. "Injury Risk and Prevention Strategies Among Saudi and Irish Amateur Women Soccer Players – A qualitative study." International Journal of Physical Therapy Research & Practice 3, no. 4 (April 29, 2024): 190–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.62464/ijoprp.v3i4.19.

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Abstract This qualitative study aimed to explore how Saudi and Irish women amateur soccer players perceive soccer-related injury risk and prevention, including barriers and facilitators to the implementation of prevention strategies. Online interviews were conducted with 36 amateur women soccer players (20 Saudi and 16 Irish) of 18 years and older. Findings were analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Three main themes were identified; (1) “we don’t have enough knowledge about injury prevention” (2) implementing injury prevention measures varies across players and teams, and (3) “we love the game…but we are undervalued”. The biopsychosocial characteristics of the players influenced their experiences on injury prevention in all three themes. Tailored educational programmes for women, their coaches, and parents of younger players, as well as provision of the required support for amateur teams are recommended to encourage participation and implementation of evidence-based injury prevention strategies, taking player’s biopsychosocial characteristics into account.

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Kim, Kibaek, and Jaepil Ha. "From Viewers to Participants: Analyzing the Mediating Effect of Women Viewers’ Satisfaction between Sportainment Show Team Identification and Intention to Participate in Sports." IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) 35, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2023.35.1.156.

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A recent sports show named Kick a Goal is gaining massive popularity from the Korean public as it provides different sports drama that includes fair competition and unification of women via sports. While the program’s effect has been widely mentioned in the mass media, a scarcity of research has been conducted in academia regarding its effect on women’s actual participation in soccer. Hence, this study established a statistical model that analyzes whether being fans of a starring team in a women’s soccer sportainment show affects women’s actual participation in playing soccer. Samples were recruited from women who identified themselves as either fan of the Kick a Goal program or those who play soccer(futsal), utilizing an online survey. A total of 237 responses were received, with 162 valid responses utilized to analyze the model. As a result, the model showed team identification had a direct effect on viewer satisfaction and an indirect effect on the intention to participate in soccer(futsal). In addition, viewer’s satisfaction led to the intention to participate in soccer(futsal), when the intention led to the action to participate in soccer(futsal). Discussions were provided mainly on how televised sports show may contribute to women’s participation in sports. Practical implications included suggestions to make the teams starring in sportainment show more attractive to grow the team’s fanbase. Based on this study’s results, the increased fanbase will eventually lead to an increased population who actually participate in sports.

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Garrison, J. Craig, Joe M. Hart, Riann M. Palmieri, D. Casey Kerrigan, and Christopher D. Ingersoll. "Comparison of Knee-Joint Moments in Male and Female College Soccer Players during a Single-Leg Landing." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 14, no. 4 (November 2005): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.14.4.332.

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Context:Although kinematic analyses are helpful in describing movement differences between genders, kinetic data might further explain the predisposing factors contributing to potential injury during athletic landing maneuvers.Objective:To determine whether there are differences in knee moments between male and female varsity college soccer players during a single-leg landing.Design:Preexperimental with static group comparison.Setting:Motion-analysis laboratory.Participants:16 varsity college soccer players (8 men, 8 women).Intervention:Subjects performed 5 single-leg landings from a height of 60 cm.Main Outcome Measures:Peak internal rotation, valgus, varus, and extension knee moments calculated from raw ground-reaction forces and kinematic data.Results:Significant gender differences were present (P= .020), with men exhibiting 31% greater mean peak knee-varus moments than women when landing on a single leg from 60 cm (P= .020).Conclusions:Male soccer players demonstrate greater knee-varus moments than female soccer players during single-leg landing. This might be valuable in designing clinical treatment and prevention programs for ACL injuries.

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Forbes, R. "Smoke-free soccer: US women take the lead." Tobacco Control 5, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.5.2.105.

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Toro-Román, Víctor, Francisco J. Grijota, Diego Muñoz, Marcos Maynar-Mariño, Sara Clemente-Gil, and María C. Robles-Gil. "Anthropometry, Body Composition, and Physical Fitness in Semi-Professional Soccer Players: Differences between Sexes and Playing Position." Applied Sciences 13, no. 3 (January 17, 2023): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13031249.

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Performance in soccer has been associated with specific morphological characteristics. Few studies have simultaneously compared the relationships between physical fitness and body composition in both sexes. This study aimed (i) to analyze the differences in anthropometric parameters, body composition, and physical fitness between sexes and playing position in soccer players and (ii) to determine the relationship among anthropometric and body composition parameters to physical fitness parameters according to sex. A total of 50 soccer players (men: n = 26; women: n = 24), participated in the study. Assessments of nutritional intake, anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness (isometric strength, maximal aerobic capacity, and vertical jump) were carried out. Differences between sexes were observed in all anthropometric and body composition parameters (p < 0.001). There were differences between midfielders and forwards in fat percentage (p < 0.05). Regarding physical condition, differences were found between sexes in all tests performed (p < 0.001). In men soccer players, there were significant correlations between body composition and aerobic capacity (p < 0.05), while in women soccer players, there were correlations with isometric strength tests (p < 0.05). Anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness differed between sexes. Fat percentages were different among playing positions. There were relationships between anthropometry and body composition with physical fitness. Knowledge of anthropometric and fitness characteristics by playing position and gender in soccer players could help develop specific training programs.

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Magee, Meghan K., Brittanie L. Lockard, Hannah A. Zabriskie, Alexis Q. Schaefer, Joel A. Luedke, Jacob L. Erickson, Margaret T. Jones, and Andrew R. Jagim. "Prevalence of Low Energy Availability in Collegiate Women Soccer Athletes." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5040096.

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(1) Background: Limited information exists on the prevalence of low energy availability (LEA) in collegiate team sports. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of LEA in collegiate women soccer players. (2) Methods: Collegiate women soccer athletes (n = 18, height: 1.67 ± 0.05 m; body mass: 65.3 ± 7.9 kg; body fat %: 24.9 ± 5.6%) had their body composition and sport nutrition knowledge assessed in the pre-season. Energy availability was assessed mid-season using a 4-day dietary log and activity energy expenditure values from a team-based monitoring system. A validated screening tool was used to screen for LEA. (3) Results: The screening tool classified 56.3% of athletes as at risk of LEA (<30 kcal/kg of FFM); however, the actual dietary intake identified 67% as LEA. Athletes identified as non-LEA consumed significantly more absolute (p = 0.040) and relative (p = 0.004) energy than LEA athletes. (4) Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of LEA among collegiate women soccer athletes. Although previously validated in women endurance athletes, the LEA screening tool was not effective in identifying those at risk of LEA in this sample of athletes.

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Barnes, Brett C., Leslie Cooper, Donald T. Kirkendall, T. Paul McDermott, Barry D. Jordan, and William E. Garrett. "Concussion History in Elite Male and Female Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 3 (May 1998): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260031601.

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A unique feature of soccer is the purposeful use of the head for controlling, passing, and shooting a soccer ball. Some concern has been expressed in the literature on the cumulative effects of heading on soccer players. Certain neurophysiologic and neuropsychologic changes have been reported in current or retired players, with heading being blamed. A major factor that could influence some of the findings is a player's history of concussive episodes, which are known to influence brain function. These episodes can occur during aspects of the game other than heading. We interviewed all male and female soccer players (N 137, average age 20.5 years) who competed at the U.S. Olympic Sports Festival in 1993. The mechanisms of injuries, frequency, and sequelae were determined. There were 74 concussions in 39 male players (grade I 50) and 28 concussions in 23 female players (grade I 19). For the men, 48 of the 74 episodes were from collisions with another player. For the women, 20 of 28 were from such collisions. Headaches, being “dazed,” and dizziness were the most common symptoms reported. Based on concussion history, the odds are 50% that a man, and 22% that a woman, will sustain a concussion within a 10-year period. The data indicate that concussions from player-to-player contact are a frequent hazard in soccer. Head injuries incurred this way may be more of an influence for published findings of physiologic and psychologic deficiencies than routine heading of the soccer ball.

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Jin, Peng, Zheqi Ji, Tianyi Wang, and Xiaomin Zhu. "Association between sports expertise and visual attention in male and female soccer players." PeerJ 11 (October 19, 2023): e16286. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16286.

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Background Visual attention plays a crucial role in daily living and in sports, affecting an athlete’s performance and thus, potentially, the outcome of a match. However, studies assessing the association between the level of sports expertise and visual attention have yielded mixed results. This study was conducted to examine whether visual attention could be developed with increased sports expertise, and whether visual attention differed between male athletes and female athletes. Methods A total of 128 participants were included in this study: 64 first-level national soccer athletes recruited from college soccer teams (considered elite athletes; 32 men and 32 women with similar soccer performance requirements and training experience), and 64 physical education college students with limited soccer experience (considered novice athletes; 32 men and 32 women with matched soccer experience). To assess visual attention, we used a multiple object tracking (MOT) task with four targets among a total of 10 objects moving at a fixed speed of 10°/s in random directions across a computer monitor screen. Tracking accuracy on the MOT task was calculated for each participant as the proportion of correctly selected targets. A univariate analysis of variance was performed, with group (expert, novice) and sex (male, female) as independent variables, and tracking accuracy on the MOT task as the dependent variable to assess whether sports expertise or sex influenced visual attention. Simple effects tests followed by comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were used, and effect size calculations were performed using Cohen’s f statistic. Results Tracking accuracy on the MOT task was significantly affected by sports expertise (F(1,124) = 91.732, p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.425), with accuracy among expert soccer athletes superior to that among novice soccer athletes. Moreover, a statistically significant interaction between sports expertise and sex was detected (F(1,124) = 7.046, p = 0.009, η P2= 0.054). Better tracking performance was observed for male soccer players (mean [SD], 0.39 [0.12]) than for female soccer players (mean [SD], 0.27 [0.08]); p < 0.01; d=1.17; r = 0.51) but only in the novice group. No significant sex difference was detected in tracking performance between elite male soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.51 [0.09]) and elite female soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.49 [0.11]). Conclusion These findings confirm previous results indicating that long-term extensive sports training develops visual attention as assessed by MOT performance and extend previous findings to include soccer athletes. The findings of a sex difference in visual attention among novice soccer players but not among elite soccer athletes who had similar performance requirements and training experience suggest that long-term extensive training may minimize the sex difference in visual attention.

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Danielsen, Line Dverseth, Arne Martin Jakobsen, Derek M. Peters, and Rune Høigaard. "Considerations Perceived by Coaches as Specific to Coaching Elite Women’s Soccer Teams." Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 5 (February 10, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v5i.130311.

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This study investigated challenges perceived by coaches when working with elite women’s soccer teams. Six men and four women coaches with experience in the first Norwegian League or Norwegian national team participated. Semi-structured interviews were carried out, and the data was analyzed using thematic interpretational analysis. Participants identified professionalism, early-career termination, mental characteristics, intrateam communication, romantic relationships, access to the locker rooms (men only), and team selection (women only) as the specific challenges they face when coaching these teams. The findings are discussed in relation to ensuring that good performance and development are achieved when coaching elite women’s soccer teams and helping future coaches optimize their coaching techniques when working with elite women players.

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Bahjat, Abu Tame, Sama Lahlooh, Mohamed Baaziz, Ali Aloui, and Abderraouf Ben Abderrahman. "The Effect of Practice on The Level of Performance of Some Basic Soccer Skills Among Young Women in Palestinian Clubs." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 11, no. 5 (May 31, 2024): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.115.16688.

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The study aimed to identify the level of skillful performance of some basic soccer skills among young female players in Palestinian clubs, in addition to identifying differences in the level of performance according to the variable years of playing: 1-2 years, 3 years or more. To achieve this, the researchers used the descriptive approach, using and conducting skill tests (running with the ball, passing, controlling the ball, shooting, hitting the ball with the head), on a stratified random sample of (89) emerging female soccer players. The results of the study showed that the level of skillful performance of some basic soccer skills among female soccer players in Palestinian clubs was between average and good, in terms of the averages of the skill tests under study, as the average results of the ball running test was (17.01)/s, and the average passing skill was (11.6) times, controlling the ball had an average of (14.87) times, shooting skill with an average of (14.43) times, and hitting the ball with the head had an average of (4.04) times. The results of the study showed that there are no differences in the level of skillful performance among female soccer players depending on the variable years of playing, with the exception of the controlling the ball skill, for the benefit of three years or more. The researchers recommended the necessity of working to improve and develop the level of skill performance for basic skills among female soccer players in Palestinian clubs and this is through continuity of training.

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Jenkins, Walter L., Clyde B. Killian, D. S. Williams, Janice Loudon, and Suzanne G. Raedeke. "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Female and Male Athletes." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 97, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0970371.

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Background: It has been shown that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are more prevalent in female athletes than in male athletes. Soccer and basketball are considered high-risk sports for ACL injury in female athletes. Several studies have reported a relationship between ACL injury and measures of foot structure. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between foot structure and ACL injury rates in female and male soccer and basketball players. Methods: One hundred five soccer and basketball players (53 women and 52 men) were recruited and divided into an ACL-normal group (n = 89) and an ACL-injured group (n = 16). Two measures of foot structure (subtalar joint neutral position and navicular drop test values) were recorded for each subject. An independent t test and a paired t test were used to analyze differences in ACL status, foot structure, and sex. A χ2 analysis determined whether the prevalence of ACL injury was independent of sport. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the foot structure measures between women and men. Female soccer and basketball players had an ACL injury rate seven times that of male players. Conclusions: Values derived from subtalar joint neutral position measurement and the navicular drop test were not associated with ACL injury in collegiate female and male soccer and basketball players. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 97(5): 371–376, 2007)

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Landahl, Göran, Peter Adolfsson, Mats Börjesson, Clas Mannheimer, and Stig Rödjer. "Iron Deficiency and Anemia: A Common Problem in Female Elite Soccer Players." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 15, no. 6 (December 2005): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.6.689.

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The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia among elite women soccer players. Hemoglobin, serum iron, serum total iron binding capacity, and ferritin were determined in 28 female soccer players called up for the national team. Of the investigated female soccer players, 57% had iron deficiency and 29% iron deficiency anemia 6 months before the FIFA Women’s World Cup. It is concluded that iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia is common in female soccer players at the top international level. Some might suffer from relative anemia and measurement of hemoglobin alone is not sufficient to reveal relative anemia. Regular monitoring of hemoglobin concentration and iron status is necessary to institute iron supplementation when indicated.

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Reinhard, Marc-André, Simon Schindler, Dagmar Stahlberg, Matthias Messner, and Nadine Mucha. "“I Don’t Know Anything About Soccer”." Swiss Journal of Psychology 70, no. 3 (January 2011): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185/a000050.

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A great deal of research has been dedicated to the difficulties women face in business management domains because they lack the required “masculinity” in terms of masculine skills and traits. Previous work has shown that when males are judged, failures in typical feminine tasks can signal high masculinity and can therefore become an asset in terms of attributed occupational success in a typical masculine job (i.e., manager position). However, jobs at lower levels of organizational hierarchies differ in their trait requirements, with some jobs requiring mostly typical feminine traits and others mostly typical masculine traits. The present study therefore tested and found support for the hypothesis that personal weaknesses and strengths in a feminine or masculine domain guide recruiters’ inferences about a candidate’s gender prototypicality. These inferences, in turn, predict job-suitability ratings for sex-typed jobs. It is shown that for women, too, stating weaknesses can sometimes be more advantageous than stating strengths.

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Alexiou, Helen, and Aaron J. Coutts. "A Comparison of Methods Used for Quantifying Internal Training Load in Women Soccer Players." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 3 (September 2008): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.3.320.

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Purpose:The purpose of this study was to compare the session-RPE method for quantifying internal training load (TL) with various HR-based TL quantification methods in a variety of training modes with women soccer players.Methods:Fifteen elite women soccer players took part in the study (age: 19.3 ± 2.0 y and VO2max: 50.8 ± 2.7 mL·kg−1·min−1). Session-RPE, heart rate, and duration were recorded for 735 individual training sessions and matches over a period of 16 wk. Correlation analysis was used to compare session-RPE TLs with three commonly used HR-based methods for assessing TL.Results:The mean correlation for session-RPE TL with Banister’s TRIMP, LTzone TL and Edwards’s TL were (r = 0.84, 0.83, and 0.85, all P < .01, respectively). Correlations for session-RPE TL and three HR-based methods separated by session type were all significant (all P < .05). The strongest correlations were reported for technical (r = 0.68 to 0.82), conditioning (r = 0.60 to 0.79), and speed sessions (r = 0.61 to 0.79).Conclusion:The session-RPE TL showed a significant correlation with all training types common to soccer. Higher correlations were found with less intermittent, aerobic-based training sessions and suggest that HR-based TLs relate better to session-RPE TLs in less intermittent training activities. These results support previous findings showing that the session-RPE TL compares favorably with HR-based methods for quantifying internal TL in a variety of soccer training activities.

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Ayuso-Moreno, Rosa Mª, Juan Pedro Fuentes-García, Hadi Nobari, and Santos Villafaina. "Impact of the Result of Soccer Matches on the Heart Rate Variability of Women Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 9414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179414.

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The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a match lost and a match won on post-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) in semi-professional female soccer athletes. A total of 13 players, with a mean age of 23.75 (5.32), from the Cáceres Women Football Club of the Spanish Second National Division participated in our study. They were evaluated in two microcycles which correspond to a match lost and a match won. For each microcycle, baseline and post-competitive measures were collected. Results indicate that HRV was significantly reduced before a match lost and won. Significant differences in HRV variables were observed when compared the lost match, and the match won. Results highlight the importance and usefulness of analyzing the HRV as an indicator of post-competitive fatigue in semiprofessional soccer players. Therefore, a competition’s results could be considered a relevant variable to consider when programming training load.

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Can, Filiz, Ilker Yilmaz, and Zafer Erden. "Morphological Characteristics and Performance Variables of Women Soccer Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, no. 3 (August 2004): 480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200408000-00015.

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Andersson, Rebecca, and Natalie Barker-Ruchti. "Career paths of Swedish top-level women soccer players." Soccer & Society 20, no. 6 (February 12, 2018): 857–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2018.1431775.

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Helle, C., K. Bjerkan, and H. Holm. "DIETARY INTAKE OF THE NORWEGIAN WOMEN??S SOCCER TEAM." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 5 (May 2001): S72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200105001-00408.

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Can, Filiz, Ilker Yilmaz, and Zafer Erden. "Morphological Characteristics and Performance Variables of Women Soccer Players." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18, no. 3 (2004): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/12032.1.

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Hart, Lawrence E., Holly J. Silvers, and Bert R. Mandelbaum. "Preseason Conditioning to Prevent Soccer Injuries in Young Women." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 11, no. 3 (July 2001): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200107000-00016.

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Chalabaev, Aïna, Philippe Sarrazin, Jeff Stone, and François Cury. "Do Achievement Goals Mediate Stereotype Threat?: An Investigation on Females’ Soccer Performance." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 30, no. 2 (April 2008): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.2.143.

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This research investigated stereotype threat effects on women’s performance in sports and examined the mediation of this effect by achievement goals. The influence of two stereotypes—relative to the poor athletic ability and the poor technical soccer ability of women—were studied. Fifty-one female soccer players were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, introducing the task as diagnostic of athletic ability, technical soccer ability, or sports psychology. Next, they filled out a questionnaire measuring achievement goals and performed a soccer dribbling task. Results showed that compared with the control condition, females’ performance significantly decreased in the athletic ability condition and tended to decrease in the technical soccer ability condition. Moreover, participants endorsed a performance-avoidance (relative to performance-approach) goal when the stereotypes were activated. However, this goal endorsement was not related to performance. The implications of these results for understanding the role of stereotypes in gender inequalities in sports are discussed.

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Douchet, Tom, Allex Humbertclaude, Carole Cometti, Christos Paizis, and Nicolas Babault. "Quantifying Accelerations and Decelerations in Elite Women Soccer Players during Regular In-Season Training as an Index of Training Load." Sports 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9080109.

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Accelerations (ACC) and decelerations (DEC) are important and frequent actions in soccer. We aimed to investigate whether ACC and DEC were good indicators of the variation of training loads in elite women soccer players. Changes in the training load were monitored during two different selected weeks (considered a “low week” and a “heavy week”) during the in-season. Twelve elite soccer women playing in the French first division wore a 10-Hz Global Positioning System unit recording total distance, distance within speed ranges, sprint number, ACC, DEC, and a heart rate monitor during six soccer training sessions and rated their perceived exertion (RPE). They answered the Hooper questionnaire (sleep, stress, fatigue, DOMS) to get an insight of their subjective fitness level at the start (Hooper S) and at the end of each week (Hooper E). A countermovement jump (CMJ) was also performed once a week. During the heavy week, the training load was significantly greater than the low week when considering number of ACC >2 m·s−2 (28.2 ± 11.9 vs. 56.1 ± 10.1, p < 0.001) and number of DEC < −2 m·s−2 (31.5 ± 13.4 vs. 60.9 ± 14.4, p < 0.001). The mean heart rate percentage (HR%) (p < 0.05), RPE (p < 0.001), and Hooper E (p < 0.001) were significantly greater during the heavy week. ACC and DEC showed significant correlations with most outcomes: HR%, total distance, distance per min, sprint number, Hooper index of Hooper E, DOMS E, Fatigue E, RPE, and session RPE. We concluded that, for elite women soccer players, quantifying ACC and DEC alongside other indicators seemed to be essential for a more complete training load monitoring. Indeed, it could lead to a better understanding of the reasons why athletes get fatigued and give insight into neuromuscular, rather than only energetic, fatigue.

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Rizzo, Terry L., Paul Bishop, and David Tobar. "Attitudes of Soccer Coaches Toward Youth Players with Mild Mental Retardation: A Pilot Study." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 14, no. 3 (July 1997): 238–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.14.3.238.

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Attitudes and selected attributes of youth soccer coaches (N = 82, 18 women, 63 men, and one person who did not identify his/her gender) toward coaching a player with mild mental retardation (MMR) were assessed by Coaches’ Attitudes Toward Players With Disabilities (CAP-S) survey. Intereorrelations among 11 variables were reported. The highest were r = .72 between belief and attitude, and r = .57 between belief and intention. Results from a stepwise selection multiple regression procedure showed that as perceived soccer coaching competence increased, beliefs about coaching a player with MMR showed greater agreement. Results also indicated that, as perceived soccer coaching competence increased, attitudes and intention toward coaching a player with MMR improved. Perceived soccer coaching competence explained only a small amount of the variance for beliefs, attitudes, and intentions.

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Fasting, Professor Kari. "Meaning of Recreational Sport in the Lives of Norwegian Women." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 7, no. 1 (April 1998): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.7.1.141.

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The questions asked in this paper are: what is it that women who participate in recreational sport appreciate most or enjoy most about their sports? What are the differences and similarities among women who participate in aerobics, tennis or soccer? Thirty one Norwegian women (ages 19 to 36 years) participated in the study. The research method used was qualitative interviews. The music and the rhythm were mentioned most often by the women practicing aerobics. The availability of the sport was a major factor for the tennis players. These were in contrast to the soccer players for whom the social aspect of the sport dominated. A theme that occurred across the different sports was related to physicality and to the use of the body. It is clear from the data that the women found that being physically active was positive and pleasurable, and that some of the findings challenge the norms of female physicality.

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Gonçalves, Lillian, Filipe Manuel Clemente, Joel Ignacio Barrera, Hugo Sarmento, Francisco Tomás González-Fernández, Markel Rico-González, and José María Cancela Carral. "Exploring the Determinants of Repeated-Sprint Ability in Adult Women Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 4595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094595.

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This study aimed to explore the main determinants of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in women soccer players considering aerobic capacity, sprinting performance, change-of-direction, vertical height jump, and hip adductor/abductor isometric strength. Twenty-two women soccer players from the same team participating in the first Portuguese league were observed. Fitness assessments were performed three times during a 22-week cohort period. The following assessments were made: (i) hip abductor and adductor strength, (ii) squat and countermovement jump (height), (iii) change-of-direction test, (iv) linear sprinting at 10- and 30-m, (v) RSA test, and (vi) Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1. Positive moderate correlations were found between peak minimum RSA and adductor and abductor strength (r = 0.51, p < 0.02 and r = 0.54, p < 0.01, respectively). Positive moderate correlations were also found between peak maximum RSA and adductor and abductor strength (r = 0.55, p < 0.02 and r = 0.46, p < 0.01, respectively). Lastly, a moderate negative correlation was found between fatigue index in RSA and YYIR1 test performance (r = −0.62, p < 0.004). In conclusion, abductor and adductor isometric strength-based coadjutant training programs, together with a high degree of aerobic endurance, may be suitable for inducing RSA in female soccer players.

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Joo, Chang-Hwa. "Epidemiology of soccer injuries in Korea women national team for 5 years." Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation 18, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12965/jer.2142698.349.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of injuries in female national soccer players. The injuries data were recorded by Korea Football Association medical staff using the Daily Medical Report provided by the Asian Football Confederation during a total 21 training camps and friendly and official matches from January 2014 to December 2018. A total of 483 players in the national team training camps and matches participated in the study, of which 377 players experienced more than one injury. Sports injuries accounted for 89% of the total 1,019 injuries; general diseases accounted for the remaining 11%. The number of injuries per 1,000 exposure hours was higher in matches than in training sessions. Most injuries that occurred during training and matches involved the lower extremities (79%). The most common injury diagnosed during training and matches was muscle rigidity (45%), followed by contusions/hematomas/bruises (22%) and sprain (15%). The largest proportions of injuries in terms of absence from soccer play were minimal injury (67%), followed by mild (29%), moderate (3.5%), and severe (1%). As conclusion, the characteristics of injuries during training sessions and matches were different. Rehabilitation and injury prevention programs need to developed for female soccer players to improve the players’ performance.

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Andrew, Matthew, Laura Finnegan, Naomi Datson, and James H. Dugdale. "Men Are from Quartile One, Women Are from? Relative Age Effect in European Soccer and the Influence of Age, Success, and Playing Status." Children 9, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9111747.

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The relative age effect (RAE) is characterised by an overrepresentation of athletes born earlier in the selection year. Whilst an RAE is consistently evident in male soccer, examinations in female players remain limited. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of sex, as well as age, success, and playing status in European soccer players. The sample consisted of a total of 6546 soccer players from 55 soccer nations that competed in recent European Championship qualification campaigns. Results indicated an evident RAE in male [p = 0.017] but not female [p = 0.765] players. Male players were over-represented by players born in the first quartile for the U17 [p < 0.001] and U19 [p = 0.001] levels, however, this over-representation did not transfer to senior levels. No RAE was observed at any level for female players. Inside each age group, a slight selection bias towards those born in the first quartile for successful squads was observed but did not significantly differentiate between qualification status for either male or female players. Results from this study highlight the disparity in RAE prevalence between male and female players and raise further questions regarding the value of selecting relatively older players to metrics of success, transition, and selection for senior international soccer.

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Brito, Pedro, Júlio A. Costa, Pedro Figueiredo, and João Brito. "Simulated Soccer Game Protocols: A Systematic Review on Validated Protocols That Represent the Demands of the Game." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 38, no. 1 (October 6, 2023): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004604.

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Abstract Brito, P, Costa, J, Figueiredo, P, and Brito, J. Simulated soccer game protocols: A systematic review on validated protocols that represent the demands of the game. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 192–205, 2024—Several laboratory and field testing protocols have been developed attempting to simulate the activity pattern and physiological demands of soccer. In the present systematic review, we aimed to analyze and discuss the appropriateness, strengths, and limitations of soccer-specific simulated tests. A systematic review of the literature was conducted based on the PRISMA guidelines. Studies conducted in soccer, simulated soccer match tests, and validated simulation protocols performed on-the-field or on a treadmill were considered. No sex restriction was applied, and age >18 years (i.e., adults) was considered. At least 1 outcome measure (e.g., neuromuscular performance, external load, internal load, or psychometric state) of post-simulated-match test or protocol had to be reported. Within the 14 studies included, the average methodological quality of the included articles was 0.61 ± 0.09 (mean ± SD) of 1. Overall, 9 validated protocols were identified. In the protocols, only amateur, university, or semiprofessional soccer players were analyzed. Only one study evaluated female soccer players. None of the studies evaluated the effect on performance over the 2–3 days after the protocol. Accelerations and decelerations, and changes in direction typically present in a game have not been clearly described in any protocol. Future research should address this issue and validate soccer-specific protocols in women.

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Stewart, Walter F., Namhee Kim, Chloe S. Ifrah, Richard B. Lipton, Tamar A. Bachrach, Molly E. Zimmerman, Mimi Kim, and Michael L. Lipton. "Symptoms from repeated intentional and unintentional head impact in soccer players." Neurology 88, no. 9 (February 1, 2017): 901–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000003657.

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Objective:To determine the rate and differential contribution of heading vs unintentional head impacts (e.g., head to head, goal post) to CNS symptoms in adult amateur soccer players.Methods:Amateur soccer players completed baseline and serial on-line 2-week recall questionnaires (HeadCount) and reported (1) soccer practice and games, (2) heading and unintentional soccer head trauma, and (3) frequency and severity (mild to very severe) of CNS symptoms. For analysis, CNS symptoms were affirmed if one or more moderate, severe, or very severe episodes were reported in a 2-week period. Repeated measures logistic regression was used to assess if 2-week heading exposure (i.e., 4 quartiles) or unintentional head impacts (i.e., 0, 1, 2+) were associated with CNS symptoms.Results:A total of 222 soccer players (79% male) completed 470 HeadCount questionnaires. Mean (median) heading/2 weeks was 44 (18) for men and 27 (9.5) for women. One or more unintentional head impacts were reported by 37% of men and 43% of women. Heading-related symptoms were reported in 20% (93 out of 470) of the HeadCounts. Heading in the highest quartile was significantly associated with CNS symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 3.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57–6.37) when controlling for unintentional exposure. Those with 2+ unintentional exposures were at increased risk for CNS symptoms (OR 6.09, 95% CI 3.33–11.17) as were those with a single exposure (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.69–5.26) when controlling for heading.Conclusions:Intentional (i.e., heading) and unintentional head impacts are each independently associated with moderate to very severe CNS symptoms.

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Boden, Barry P., Donald T. Kirkendall, and William E. Garrett. "Concussion Incidence in Elite College Soccer Players." American Journal of Sports Medicine 26, no. 2 (March 1998): 238–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260021301.

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A unique aspect of soccer is the use of the head for directing the ball. The potential for resultant head injuries has been the focus of discussions worldwide. Prior work has attributed neuropsychologic deficits to the cumulative effects of heading, without evaluating concussion rates in soccer players. We prospectively studied the seven men's and eight women's varsity soccer teams in the Atlantic Coast Conference during two seasons to document concussion incidence. The 29 concussions diagnosed over the 2 years in 26 athletes, 17 (59%) concussions in men and 12 (41%) in women, resulted from contact with an opponent's head (8, 28%), elbow (4, 14%), knee (1, 3%), or foot (1, 3%); the ball (7, 24%); the ground (3, 10%); concrete sidelines (1, 3%); goalpost (1, 3%); or a combination of objects (3, 10%). Twenty concussions (69%) occurred in games; none resulted from intentional heading of the ball. The basic incidence was 0.96 concussions per team per season. The overall incidence was 0.6 per 1000 athlete-exposures for men, and 0.4 per 1000 athlete-exposures for women. By concussion grade, there were 21 (72%) grade 1, 8 (28%) grade 2, and no grade 3 concussions. These findings suggest that concussions are more common in soccer than anticipated and that acute head injuries may have potential for long-term neuropsychologic changes.

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Sebastiá-Rico, Jaime, Jose M. Soriano, Jesús Sanchis-Chordà, Miguel Alonso-Calvar, Pedro López-Mateu, David Romero-García, and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz. "Dietary Habits of Elite Soccer Players: Variations According to Competitive Level, Playing Position and Sex." Nutrients 15, no. 20 (October 10, 2023): 4323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15204323.

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Soccer is a sport practiced worldwide by both men and women, where nutrition plays a fundamental role in the performance of soccer players, providing them with the nutrients necessary for energy, muscle recovery and injury prevention. The aim of this study is to describe the dietary habits in elite soccer players and their association with their competitive level, playing position and sex. A descriptive and non-experimental comparative study was conducted during the 2021–2022 competitive season. A total of 105 players belonging to a Spanish elite soccer team completed a food frequency questionnaire (FCFQ). It was observed that male players presented a higher consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods (p < 0.05), fermented foods (p = 0.014), frozen foods (p = 0.049) and red meat (p = 0.012) compared to female players, with the exception of lean meats, which were higher in females (p = 0.012). Furthermore, the U16-15 categories stand out for consuming carbohydrate-rich foods such as pasta (p = 0.000), bread (p = 0.004) and sweets (p = 0.046), as well as frozen foods (p = 0.002). Finally, alcohol consumption is higher in the senior categories (42.9%), where men are more likely to drink mixed drinks (6.2%), and beer and wine by women (10.7%). Practically no differences were found between the playing positions. In conclusion, differences were found in FCFQ according to competitive level and sex.

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Edwards, David A., and Bulent Turan. "Within-person coupling of estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol in women athletes." PeerJ 8 (January 24, 2020): e8402. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8402.

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Purpose In variety of settings cortisol and testosterone are positively “coupled.” That is, within-person fluctuations of cortisol and testosterone levels occur in parallel—increases and decreases in one hormone are associated with corresponding increases and decreases in the other. The present report explored hormone coupling in women athletes in two studies selected because they included measurements of salivary levels of cortisol, testosterone, and estradiol—a hormone that has been only infrequently studied in the context of competitive athletics. Methods Consenting members of Emory University’s varsity volleyball and soccer teams gave saliva samples on multiple occasions in the run-up to and over the course of two different intercollegiate contests. Results Volleyball and soccer players showed remarkably similar hormone-specific patterns of increase in relationship to the different stages of competition—before warm-up, after warm-up, and after competition. For both the volleyball and soccer team, Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) analyses showed estradiol as being significantly coupled with testosterone which was also coupled with cortisol. Conclusions This is, apparently, the first report of significant within-person coupling between estradiol and testosterone in the context of competitive athletic stress. These two hormones may be coupled in a wide variety of circumstances not limited to ones involving sport competition, and results reported here should encourage exploration of the extent to which coordinated fluctuations in estradiol, testosterone, and cortisol levels are present in other, more neutral settings and the ways in which the coordination of these fluctuating hormone levels may benefit human performance.

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Liu, Qianyu. "Fangirl or Qualified Fan: Identity Construction of Female Chinese Soccer Fans." Communications in Humanities Research 13, no. 1 (November 20, 2023): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/13/20230381.

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Research on sports fans has increased in line with Chinas ambition to become a leading sports nation. However, studies regarding female Chinese soccer fans are still insufficient. Based on semi-structured interviews with Chinese female soccer fans and cyber ethnography, findings suggest that apart from similar identity construction practices to male fans, female fans show typical motivations and behaviors in the establishment of fan identity. This is mainly about emphasis and display of emotions, which reflect traits of female gender roles. Because of the social expectation that women play an expressive role when female fans enter the soccer field, which is dominated by instrumentality and masculinity, they may face mild or severe rejection. As a result, their identity as soccer fans may also be threatened. The study concludes that female fans are able to construct their identity in unique ways and that their criteria for becoming qualified fans are influenced by internalized gender role norms.

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Claringbould, Inge, and Johanna Adriaanse. "‘Silver Cups Versus Ice Creams’: Parental Involvement With the Construction of Gender in the Field of Their Son’s Soccer." Sociology of Sport Journal 32, no. 2 (June 2015): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2014-0070.

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This study explores parents’ gendered meanings in their involvement with their son’s soccer participation. We use Bourdieu’s (1985; 1990; 2012) theoretical perspective of fields, positions, habitus and taking positions to examine the way in which parents in two Dutch soccer clubs reconstruct and negotiate gendered meanings through expressions, positioning and power relations within the field of their son’s soccer. The findings suggest that, within this field, a subdivision exists between the ‘main’ field, represented by masculine meanings, and the subordinated ‘serving-the-main’ field, represented by feminine values. The study contributes to a better understanding of the processes involved in the construction of gender in both subfields and highlights the way in which women who enter the ‘main’ field can be theorized as ‘space invaders’.

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Oliveira, Rafael, Ruben Francisco, Renato Fernandes, Alexandre Martins, Hadi Nobari, Filipe Manuel Clemente, and João Paulo Brito. "In-Season Body Composition Effects in Professional Women Soccer Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212023.

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This study aimed to analyze anthropometric and body composition effects in professional soccer women players across the early and mid-competitive 2019/20 season. Seventeen players (age, height, body mass, and body mass index of 22.7 ± 6.3 years, 167.5 ± 5.6 cm, 60.7 ± 6.6 kg and 21.6 ± 0.2 kg/m2) from a Portuguese BPI League team participated in this study. The participants completed ≥80% of 57 training sessions and 13 matches. They were assessed at three points (before the start of the season (A1), after two months (A2), and after four months (A3)) using the following variables: body fat mass (BFM), soft lean mass (SLM), fat-free mass (FFM), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), total body water (TBW), and phase angle (PhA, 50 Khz), through InBody S10. Nutritional intake was determined through a questionnaire. Repeated measures ANCOVA and effect sizes (ES) were used with p < 0.05. The main results occurred between A1 and A2 for BFM (−21.7%, ES = 1.58), SLM (3.7%, ES = 1.24), FFM (4%, ES = 1.34), ICW (4.2%, ES = 1.41), TBW (3.7%, ES = 1.04). Furthermore, there were significant results between A1 and A3 for FFM (4.8%, ES = 1.51), ICW (5%, ES = 1.68), and PhA (10.4%, ES = 6.64). The results showed that the water parameters improved over time, which led to healthy hydration statuses. The training load structure provided sufficient stimulus for appropriate physical fitness development, without causing negative disturbances in the water compartments.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Soccer for women'

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